X IIIIC S M F E , 1994, New Delhi, India / XIII CIMSTF, 1994.

New Delhi, Inde

DESIGN OF THE FOUNDATIONS LOADED BY OVERTURNING MOMENT

STABILITE DES FONDATIONS DE BLOCS SOUMIS A UN MOMENT

A. F. B olt E. Dem bicki G.A. Horodecki

Technical University of Gdansk

Gdansk, Poland

SYNOPSIS: T h is paper d e s c rib e s th e s im p lif ie d methods an a n a ly s is o f th e u lt im a t e b e a rin g c a p a c ity and lo a d - d is p la c e -

ment a n a ly s is o f th e r i g i d b lo c k fo u n d a tio n embedded in s o i l s u b je c te d to l a t e r a l lo a d s and an o v e rtu r n in g moment. P ro ­
posed fo rm u la s were developed w ith re g a rd to s o i l p a ra m e te rs , geom etry o f fo u n d a tio n and s u b s o il s u rfa c e around th e fo u n ­
d a tio n ., The proposed method s h o u ld be used f o r each r i g i d in u n d a tio n w ith r e l a t i v e de p th 0 . 2 < D /B < 2 loaded by o v e r t u r ­
n in g moment.

RESUME: Le document p r e sente des méthode de c a lc u l a c tu e lle s u t i l i s é e s pour le dim ensionnem ent des fo n d a tio n s de s u p p o rts
a é rie n s e t en p a r t i c u l i e r , lig n e s de t r a c t io n é le c tr iq u e s .

INTRODUCTION loaded at the top of the perine+er by a re la tiv e ly small

A d ire c tly embedded b lo c k as th e fo u n d a tio n f o r s u p p o rtin g
s t r u c t u r e s i s s t i l l used in th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f d i s t r i b u ­
t io n and tra n s m is s io n li n e s . These uses g iv e us a wide
range o f d i f f e r e n t g e o te c h n ic a l c o n d itio n s , fo u n d a tio n
shapes, d i f f e r e n t g e o m e tric a l p a ra m e ters o f th e s o i l s u r ­
fa c e around th e fo u n d a tio n . The a n a lyse s o f th e t y p ic a l
use cases in d ic a t e t h a t most o f them a re in th e range
0 . 2 < D / B <2 and can be regarded as r i g i d fo u n d a tio n s .
The main ty p e s o f s u b s o il c o n d itio n s a re :
- fo u n d a tio n i s s o i l medium w itn a f l a t s u rfa c e ,
- fo u n d a tio n on a s lo p e ,
- fo u n d a tio n c lo s e t o a tre n c h .
C o n s id e rin g th e r i g i d b lo c k embedded in s o i l and
v e rtic a l compressive force Qv> a r e la tiv e ly small horizon
t a l shear force QH and a large overtuning moment Q ^Q o ad
e c cen tricity QM/QH> 6 meters).
The b lo c k w i l l te n d to move round t o a c e n te r o f r o ­
t a t io n , g e n e ra tin g r e s i s t i n g fo rc e s by th e s o i l mass.
There a re l a t e r a l r e s i s t i n g fo rc e s on th e f r o n t fa c e o f
th e b lo c k above th e c e n te r o f r o t a t io n and a t th e back
o f fo u n d a tio n below th e c e n te r o f r o t a t io n and r e s i s t i n g
fo rc e s under th e base. They a re c o n s id e re d to re p re s e n t
th e in t e g r a t io n o f th e n e t s tr e s s components (no rm al and
shear s tr e s s e s ) produced by th e movement o f th e b lo c k due
t o a p p lie d e x te r n a l o v e r tu r n in g moment and com pression
and sh e a r fo rc e s . We s h o u ld assume t h a t f o r th e b lo c k
fo u n d a tio n ,th e s id e f r i c t i o n on th e w a lls p a r a lle l to

F ig . 1 The main ty p e s o f s u b s o il c o n d itio n s F ig . 2 G eneral scheme o f th e fo u n d a tio n

461
th e lo a d d ir e c t io n f o r d r i l l e d s h a f t fo u n d a tio n c o u ld be
o m itte d . O b s e rv a tio n s made in f u l l s c a le and model t e s ts
and n u m e ric a l a n a lyse s in d ic a t e t h a t th e a c tiv e p re s s u re
on th e back s id e o f th e p e rim e te r i s v e ry s m a ll and f o r
c o h e s iv e o r wet s o i l s does n o t e x is t . I t means t h a t gene­
r a l model c o u ld be s i m l i f i e d by o m ittin g th e fo rc e s in
a c t iv e zones on th e back o f h a lf o f th e p e rim e te r and
above th e c e n te r o f r o t a t io n and in f r o n t o f th e fo u n d a ­
t io n below t h i s c e n te r .
The g e n e ra l t h e o r e t ic a l model was developed by B o lt
(19 7 6 ) and more p re c is e ly d e s c rib e d in works by Dem bicki
and o th e rs (1 9 7 7 ,1 9 7 8 ), B o lt and o th e rs (1 9 8 9 ), B o lt
(1 9 9 1 ). I t is assumed t h a t th e fo u n d a tio n is r i g i d , in
t h i s m ethod. F or a l l p r a c t ic a l purposes th e s t r a ig h t
fo u n d a tio n has t o be c a te g o riz e d as a r i g i d one when:
D on a s t r u c t u r e f o r a lo n g o r c o n tin u o u s p e r io d , t r a n s ie n t
< 2
Ë37iT
where:
EJ - bending s t if f n e s s o f th e fo u n d a tio n ,
k - h o r iz o n t a l modulus o f subgrade r e a c tio n o f th e
s o i l fo u n d a tio n system .
THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS
The g e n e ra l scheme o f fo u n d a tio n and d e s c r ip tio n ta ke n
in proposed method a re shown in f ig u r e 2 .
The u lt im a t e e q u ilib r iu m c o n d itio n
The u lt im a t e e q u ilib r iu m o f th e c a lc u la te d v a lu e o f ap­
p lie d fo rc e s o r moments and u lt im a t e c a p a c ity o f th e
s o i l s u rro u n d in g th e fo u n d a tio n r e q u ir e s th e achievem ent
o f th e f o llo w in g c o n d itio n :
v a r i a b i l i t y o f th e s o i l p r o p e r tie s and s tr e n g th ,k N ;
Q| = m Q n i (3)
Yn - fa c t o r o f th e consequences o f f a i l u r e , ( i n each c a ­
se f o r a v a lu e o v e r one a s p e c ia l economic and s t a ­
t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is i s needed);
Qnl - c h a r a c t e r is t ic v a lu e o f u lt im a te c a p a c ity o f s o i l -
fo u n d a tio n system ;
m - a s tr e n g th ( r e s is ta n c e o r c a p a c ity ) r e d u c tio n f a c ­
t o r w it h re g a rd to th e v a r i a b i l i t y o f th e s o i l p ro ­
p e r t ie s and s tr e n g th .
The e x te r n a l lo a d s e le c tio n
The lo a d s f o r fo u n d a tio n s o f s u p p o rtin g s tr u c tu r e s can be
c la s s if ie d as s te a d y - s ta te lo a d s (th o s e t h a t a re imposed
(1)
lo a d s imposed on a s t r u c t u r e f o r a s h o rt tim e d u r a t io n ) ,
c o n s tr u c tio n lo a d s (im posed d u rin g th e e r e c tio n o f s t r u c ­
t u r e and d u rin g th e e r e c tio n o f s t r u c t u r e and d u rin g w ire
i n s t a l l a t i o n ) , m aintenance lo a d s (a r e s u lt o f m aintenance
a c t iv itie s ) .
The d e sig n v a lu e o f th e a p p lie d r e s u lt a n t lo a d Qr a c c o rd i­
ng t o th e P o lis h s ta n d a rd PN-80/B-03322 can be a chieved
by s e le c tin g a lo a d f a c t o r 7( c o rre s p o n d in g t o th e p a r t i ­
c u la r load component as fo llo w s :
Q r = i r r Q n i (4 )
where: ¡=1
Qnj - th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic v a lu e o f th e component o f
a p p lie d lo a d kN,
7fi - lo a d f a c t o r a p p lie d to component i a c c o rd in g
to t a b le 2 .
Table 2. V alues o f th e lo a d f a c t o r "ft

( 2)
Yn ' Of - Q| Load f a c t o r s Yt f o r
w o rk in g c o n d itio n s
Load
Table 1. The s tr e n g th re d u c tio n f a c t o r m norm al a c c id e n ta l
Dead lo a d s (lo a d s f o r s t r u c ­ 1 .1 ( 0 .9 )
t u r e , fo u n d a tio n and s o i l on
Method o f e v a lu a tio n
F o u n d a tio n e n la rg e d base)
No f o r s o i l pa ra m e ters
te c h n o lo g y Ic e lo a d s 1 .4 1.0
Wind lo a d s 1.3
1. 1 Poured c o n c r e t e , d r ille d
T ension lo a d s 1.3
s h a f t s , d i r e c t embedment
1.2 P r e fa b r ic a te d fo u n d a tio n
in s e r te d in th e b o re h o ls
o r to e x c a v a tio n and th e E v a lu a tio n o f th e u lt im a t e b e a rin g c a p a c ity
space between th e w a lls 0.75 0 .7
o f e x c a v a tio n and fo u n d a ­ The u lt im a t e b e a rin g c a p a c ity o f th e fo u n d a tio n QMnf is
t i o n f i l l e d w it h concrete expressed as th e u lt im a te r e s u lt a n t moment around th e
o r o th e r s tro n g m a te r ia ls c e n te r o f r o t a t io n a t th e d e p th z0 by th e fo llo w in g
1 .3 D ir e c t ly embedded founda fo rm u la :
t i o n in t o th e wide excava ÛMnl= V, •v2 •v3 •v4 •N p •y d •D^ (5 )
t i o n and f i l l e d w ith con­
t r o l l e d d e n s itie s o f th e where:
f i l l m a te r ia l Dmin ■ m in im a l embedment le n g th o f fo u n d a tio n , m;
YD - average e f f e c t i v e u n it w e ig h t o f s o i l above
2. D ir e c t ly embedded fo u n ­ 0.75 0 .6 5 0.6 th e embedment d e p th , kN/m;
d a tio n in t o th e wide Nr - d ia m e n s io n le s s b e a rin g c a p a c ity f a c t o r e s t a b l is ­
e x c a v a tio n and f i l l e d hed as u ltim a te moment Nn = Muk/yp • Dmjn f o r r i g i d
w ith s o i l w ith o u t con­ square fo u n d a tio n s w ith th e d im e n s io n le s s v e r t i c a l
t r o l l e d d e n s itie s lo a d f a c t o r V5 = 1 as f u n c t io n o f th e c h a r a c t e r is ­
t i c v a lu e o f s o i l in t e r n a l f r i c t i o n d and r e l a t iv e
w id th o f th e fo u n d a tio n base p = B/Dmjnin range
where: 0 .2 < B /D mjn < 2. Values o f Np a re shown in ta b le 3.
Qr - th e d e s ig n v a lu e o f th e a p p lie d r e s u lt a n t lo a d s F o u n d a tio n geom etry and geom etry o f s u rro u n d in g s o i l ,
( r e s u lt a n t h o r iz o n t a l lo a d QHr, r e s u lt a n t v e r t i c a l in flu e n c e o f v e r t i c a l components o f a p p lie d lo a d s and
compressed lo a d Qyr ) , kN; o r a p p lie d r e s u lt a n t mo­ co h e sio n in co h e s iv e s o i l s a re expressed by f a c to r s v-| , V2 ,

O
f ment Q|y|f , kNm;
- th e d e s ig n v a lu e o f u ltim a te b e a rin g c a p a c ity o f
s o il- f o u n d a t io n system w ith re g a rd to th e
v3 , v4 , v5 , v6 ■
v^l+c- 1-In
B
(6)

462
where : CuD w h e re :
(7 ) Q^ni - u ltim a te r e s u lt a n t moment from e q u a tio n ( 5 ) , kNm;
'7 d -D
h - h e ig h t o f a p p lic a tio n o f h o r iz o n ta l lo a d CL above
th e s o i l s u rfa c e , m; n
Table 3. B e a rin g c a p a c ity f a c t o r Np zQ - d e p th t o th e c e n te r o f r o t a t io n below th e s o i l
s u rfa c e , m;

X 0.20
5°

0.10
10”

0.13
20”

0.14
25”

0.1 9
30 ”

0 .2 7
35“

0.41
40°

0.6 4
The p o s itio n o f th e c e n te r o f r o t a t io n can be e s t a b lis T
hed from th e f o llo w in g a p p ro xim a te fo rm u la :

0 .3 0 0.1 6 0 .1 9 0.22 0.2 9 0.41 0.61 0.97 zo= ^min 1 * v6 (1 5 )

0 .4 0 0.22 0.26 0.29 0 .3 8 0.5 4 0.82 1.29
0 .5 0 0.27 0.32 0.36 0.48 0.68 1.02 1.91 where: ( no + v ^
( 1 - 2 • sin <t>uD) —0.1 -c
0 .7 0 0.43 0.50 0.57 0 .7 2 0.97 1.39 2.11 ^0= 1 ~ 75"
1.00 0.04 0.97 1.10 1.31 1.65 2.20 3.14 (160
1.20 1.26 1.44 1.64 1.91 2.31 2.96 2.96
1.50 2.19 2.49 2.81 3.18 3.71 4.54 5.92 v6= M
-1+0.1 • ( 0.7 ■c- H2)--g- (1 7 )
2.00 4.63 5.21 5.98 6.60 7.4 0 8 .6 0 10.52
i M0 = 5 f o r c o h e sive s o ils ( c u> 0)
M0 = 6 f o r c o h e s io n le s s s o ils (c = 0)
A fa c to r V2 in c o rp o r a te s p o s s ib le changes in the w id th
" c o e f f ic ie n t s from ta b le 4 .
o f ttre fouxlaticn p e rim e te r by re la tio n 'B ^ /B a n d L^/Land in th e
shape o f i t s c ro s s s e c tio n by c o e f f ic ie n t pg shown in
Table 5. Values o f c o e f f ic ie n t s n ^ ^
t a b le 4 u s in g th e f o llo w in g fo rm u la :

v2= ] 1 + | - 1 + TT
(B)
Loacf d ir e c t io n
nl n2
V e r t ic a l lo a d component f a c t o r vy.
1
from s lo p e to c r e s t 1
2
( v , - 1) (9 )
v3 = 1 + 3
t o s lo p e 1
1
4
w here:
Qvnc
v5= ( 10 ) Table 4 . V alues o f th e c o e f f ic ie n t s

V ( 11 ) C o e f f ic ie n t
Vno Gf + Gs -E K
e *
V - v e r t i c a l component o f a p p lie d lo a d , kN;
Gs - w e ig h t o f s o i l on th e fo u n d a tio n base, kN; 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.16
P1
G f - w e ig h t o f fo u n d a tio n , kN 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.80
m2
The geom etry o f th e s o i l s u rfa c e f a c t o r v^ can be 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.20
o b ta in e d by th e f o llo w in g fo rm u la : m3
1.00 1.00 0.00 0.50
^4
n ,+

( 12 )
D, e,
^exp ' ' 77 ' n2 LOAD DEFLECTION ANALYSIS
where :
S t i f f fo u n d a tio n i s s u b je c te d to r o t a t io n a g a in s t th e cen­
n 1,>n2
n j - from ta b le 5; t e r o f r o t a t io n under th e a p p lie d h o r iz o n ta l lo a d . The
V = a rc ta n ( ta n i c) (1 3 ) r o t a t io n a n g le and th e fo u n d a tio n d isp la ce m e n t in a ground
uD
le v e l a re assumed as c h a r a c t e r is t ic d isp la ce m e n t v a lu e s .
fo r r r — com puting v a lu e s i s -j=p-
D R e la tio n s h ip s between l a t e r a l s tr e s s tr a n s m itte d to
min min
D th e ground and d is p la c e m e n t i s d e s c rib e d by a fo rm u la :
D,
f o r -g -i— ^ l com p u tin g v a lu e s is — = 1 Oh = Kh • u (1 8 )
min min a b.
l D,
J4 02 + 0
fo r ------- ^ 0 . 5 com puting va lu e s i s ------------ = 0 .5
D .
min min

fo r £ i> y i t i s necessary t o use r e d u c tio n o f th e

s h e lf w id th
d' = d + Di - [c o te i-c o ty ) and ei = v ;
<t> ri _ u n d ra in e d a n g le o f in t e r n a l f r i c t i o n a t th e
d e p th 0 .

The r e s u lt a n t h o r iz o n ta l u lt im a t e r e s is ta n c e o f th e F ig . 3 D isplacem ent schemes f o r fo u n d a tio n s loaded by

systems can be computed as: h o r iz o n t a l fo r c e a - homogeneous s o i l ,
b - m u lt i- la y e r d s o i l
, Mnf where :
(1 4 ) u - fo u n d a tio n d is p la c e m e n t a t d e p th z,m ;
Hnf " h + z
o h - l a t e r a l s tr e s s .in d u c e d by a p n lie d lo a d ,k P a ; ^
Kh - c o e f f ic ie n t o f l a t e r a l s o i l d isp la ce m e n t,kN /m /m ;

463
 C o e f f ic ie n t o f th e l a t e r a l s o i l d is p la c e m e n t(O a v id s o n a c c o rd in g t o ( 2 3 ) ;
and o th e rs (19 0 2 )) f o r a c e r t a in s o i l la y e r i s d e s c rib e d th e number o f s o i l la y e rs from th e lo w e r s u rfa c e
by a fo rm u la : o f s u b s o il to th e fo u n d a tio n d e p th ;
/ . n0.4 th e v a lu e s o f a h o r iz o n t a l fo u n d a tio n d is p la c e ­
5-7 E» 4 ment a t th e ground le v e l u and h o r iz o n t a l d i s ­
Kh = (1 9 )
pla ce m e n t o f fo u n d a tio n a t i t s base, m;
w here: c o e f f ic ie n t o f th e l a t e r a l d e fo rm a tio n f o r th e
KHi
E_; - modulus o f d e fo rm a tio n as w ould be measured w ith la y e r i a c c o rd in g t o ( 1 9 ) , kN/m;
Ep i a p re s s u re m e te r t e s t , kPa; d e p th o f th e la y e r i and th e la y e r i -1 from th e
hi ’ hi -
L- - fo u n d a tio n w id th , m; lo w e r s o i l s u rfa c e ( f o r i = l h . _ , = 0) , m;
'i w id th o f fo u n d a tio n base, m;
D,min - fo u n d a tio n embedment d e p th , m; fo u n d a tio n le g th in th e la y e r i,m ;
I t is assumed th at the value of Ku c o e ffic ie n t is con­ c h a r a c t e r is t ic h o r iz o n t a l component o f
Hn
stan t in the given s o il layer ( f i g . 37. r e s u lt a n t lo a d kN;
Values o f fo u n d a tio n d isp la c e m e n ts a re d e s c rib e d by r o t a t io n a n g le o f th e fo u n d a tio n a c c o rd in g to
( 22 ) .
th e f o llo w in g fo rm u la e :
a ) homogeneous s o i l :
A h o r iz o n t a l fo u n d a tio n d is p la c e m e n t a t th e ground
le v e l, m: COMPARISON OF MODEL RESULTS WITH FIELD DATA

2-Qh „ Dmin + 3 * ^ 1 The G e o te c h n ic a l L a b o ra to ry o f th e Gdarisk T e c h n ic a l U n i­

u0 = - ( 20)
v e r s i t y in c o o p e ra tio n w ith COBIRTK o f P o lis h R ailw ays
V4 6-a4 + Dmin-KH l-v 7 + KH-L'v 7-Dinin
conducted f u l l s c a le t e s t in d i f f e r e n t s o i l c o n d itio n s
and f o r d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f s u b s o il c o n d itio n s . These
A h o r iz o n t a l d is p la c e m e n t o f fo u n d a tio n a t i t s base, m; f i e l d t e s t d a ta on 10 fo u n d a tio n s were used f o r a c o m p a ri-i
son o f th e proposed method r e s u lt s w ith th e f i e l d t e s t
2-Q h „ Dmin + 3 • h d a ta and g iv e q u it e re a s o n a b le r e s u lt s .
v4 ( 21 )
6 a 4 + DminKH L v 7

REFERENCES
A r o t a t io n a n g le o f th e fo u n d a tio n :
B o lt , A. (1 9 7 6 ). S t a b i l i t y o f s in g le b lo c k fo u n d a tio n .
_ fUo + Un' D o cto r t h e s is . Gdarisk T e c h n ic a l U n iv e r s it y .
9= arctan ----------1
( 22) B b lt , A. (1 9 9 1 ). Design o f th e fo u n d a tio n s f o r r a ilw a y s
overhead li n e s u p p o rt s t r u c t u r e s . P ro c. Deep Founda­
t io n s , P a r is .
where: B o lt , A ., C ic h y , W ., D em bicki E ., O d ro b iris k i, W .(1 90 9 ).
0.4 Design o f overhead l i n e s u p p o rt fo u n d a tio n s , P roc.
B3 MoD ( L
(2 3 ) X I I IC SMFE. R io de J a n e rio , p . 1189-1192.
®4 = v 7
D em bicki, E. and o th e rs (1 9 7 0 ). S t a b i l i t y o f s in g le
b lo c k fo u n d a tio n and column fo u n d a tio n w ith tr a n s v e r s a l
in flu e n c e o f c y c lic lo a d in g sequence ( f o r s t a t i c s la b s . PWN Warszawa, p . 347.
lo a d e q u a l 1) ; B o lt , A ., D e m b icki, E ., O d ro b iris k i, W. (1 9 7 0 ). S t a b i l i t é
c h a r a c t e r is t ic h o r iz o n ta l component o f th e r e s u l­ des F o n d a tio n s de B lo c s soumis à des Moments. Annales
Hn de l ’ i n s t i t u t de B â tim e n ts e t de Travaux P u b lic s .
t a n t lo a d , kN;
h - h e ig h t o f a p p lic a tio n o f th e r e s u lt a n t h o r iz o n ta l P a ris 1970 n o .3 6 0 /1 5 3 , p . 27.
fo rc e Q n n above lo w e r s u rc h a rg e , m; D a vidson, H. (1 9 8 2 ). L a t e r a lly Loaded D r ille d P ie r Re­
B - fo u n d a tio n w id th , m; s e a rc h , Volumes 1 and 2 , E le c t r ic Power Research I n ­
zQ - embedment o f th e in s ta n ta n e o u s r o t a t io n c e n te r o f s t i t u t e R eport EL-2197, P r o je c t RP 1280-1, P alo A lt o ,
fo u n d a tio n below th e lo w e r s u rc h a rg e from ( 1 5 ) , m; C a lif o r n ia .
v^ - c o e f f ic ie n t a c c o rd in g to ( 12) ; B o lt , A ., D e m b icki, E ., H o ro d e c k i, G. (1 9 9 1 ). BN-X/8939-05.
R a ilw a ys overhead lin e s . F o u n d a tio n s o f s t r u c t u r e
Kh - c o e f f i c i e n t o f l a t e r a l d e fo rm a tio n a c c o rd in g to
s u p p o rts . S t a t ic c a lc u la t io n s and d e s ig n . Gdarisk.
( 1 9 ) , kN/m;
- o e d o m e tric modulus o f c o m p r e s s ib ilit y under th e
oD
fo u n d a tio n base, kPa;

b ) m u l t i - la y e r d s o i l
A h o r iz o n ta l a fo n d a tio n d is p la c e m e n t a t th e ground
le v e l u0 and h o r iz o n t a l d is p la c e m e n t o f th e fo u n d a tio n
a t i t s base un can be a ch ie ve d from e q u a tio n s , m;
2-Q,Hn 3 ■a 2 ■ h + 2 ■ ( a3 + 3 ■ a4 ■ D min)

v4 4 a , (a 3 + 3 a 4 D min) - 3 a 2 (a 2 + 2 a4) (2 4 )

2Q Hn 6 ' a 1 ■ D min ' h + 3 ' a 2 ( D min ~ h) - 2 ■ a3

v4 4 ® i ( a 3 + 3 a 4 D m[n) - 3 a 2 (a 2 + 2 a4) (2 5 )
n
where: (2 6 )
= X v 7i ' KHi ’ Li ’ (hi _ hi - 1)

(2 7 )
a2 = X v 7i ■ Km • In ( h f - h f _ ,)
¡= 1
n (20)
a3 = Z ^ X h ì-L ì (h ? -h p _ ,)

464