1. Hind from indus river, greek named india.

2. 3 rd century bc Prakrit served as lingua franca of country..all ashokha inscription written in

prakrit
3. Later Sanskrit came 4 th century ad : guptas period
4. Ramayanam and mahabaratam in tamil and banaras and taxila was in Sanskrit
5. Varna and caste was formed in north india which spread over all over india…even after
conversion of muslim and Christians ..caste prevailed.
6. Materials:
7. People buried in south india with articles and jewels, such article were called megaliths
8. Archaelogy : study of the people…
9. Coins:
10. Study of coins called as numismatics.
11. name Curreny came in paper later in the 14 th century.

12. Copper , gold ,bronze, potin ,silver or clay coins…clay coins in gupta period…no banks they
stored it in earthen vessels.

13. Later coind mention, name of kings gods and dates.

14. All these are post maurya and gupta period.

15. Inscription: study of inscription is called as epigraphy.

16. Old writings and old inscriptions called as paleography.

17. History of maurya and post maurya & gupta is called as corpus inscriptionum indiacarum.

18. Inscription ,ostly now found in mysore Epigraphist.

19. Harappan : pictures , asoka ..brahmi script also kharosthi script….brahmi script was spread all
over india.

20. Ashoka pillar inscription was fund by tublaq…who was able to read was james princip of east
india company.

21. Allahabad inscriptios of samudragupta.

22. Over all inscriptios were written in languages pratrik, Sanskrit, tamil telugu.

23. Literary sources

24. . indian knew writing early then 2500 bc, written is prakrit language in plam leaves , brick bark…

25. Mauscripts written on leather

 26. Hindus religious literature , mahabarat, ramayanam, veda, puranas, epics…

27. Rig veda…circa 1500 to 1000 B.c contains prayes, stories.

28. Athurva veda and yajur veda …brahmanas and uparushads 1000 to 500 bc

29. Uparushads contains philosophical speculations.

30. Mahabharata is old in age 1o th century b.c to 4th century a.d

31. Foreign accounts…chineese, romans and greeks visitors of india..

32. alexander invaded in 324 b.c and Chandragupta maurya assassination 322 b.c founded by greek
has set an sheet anchor in indian ancient chronology

33. historical senses: india did not write any history at all…whereas greks did…

34. the puranas speak of four ages called krita, treta, dvapara and kali.

Geography:

1. india comprises of 22 states and 9 union territories…….india, Pakistan and bangaldesh india sub
continent divided into… now india has 29 states 7 union territories.

Old stone age:

1. Man has been living from 500,000 b.c ,….

2.The olden stone age or palaeohthic is developed in india in the pleistoccne period or ice age.
3. the palaeohthic age comprises of three phases.
1. early or lower palaeohthic : soan in pujab now in Pakistan…mirzapur district in
uttarprades…hand axes and stones..ice age…
2. middle stone age or middle palaeohthic : are all based upon flakes.. narmada…thungabadra
river find the artifacts…

3. upper palaeohthic phases : last pahse of ice age …..use baldes and bruines…andhara, Karnataka,
Bhopal and chotanagpur plateau..

1. The modern human ( homo sapiens) only came in upper palaeohthic age.
2. The last stone age came to end around 8000 B.c.
3. After which Neolithic age ( 2500 b.c to 1000 b.c)came…
4. New stone age: from 8000 b.c
5. No changes found in flora and fauna…

6. An intermediate stone age culture called mesoltihic age…between stone age and new age…

7. Continued upto 4000 b.c

8. Parasurama became the important axe wielding hero..

9. From 9000 b.c to 3000 b.c progress of technology in western asia as people developed the art
of cultivation, domestication of animals and weaving …

10. Crops: rice wheat and barley…

Stone copper phase:

1. Chalcolithic phase: end of Neolithic phase..they started using copper….south eastern part of
rajasthan and west part of Maharashtra…
2. Stone ae used pottery…
3. They domesticated animal…grow masur dal…black gram…green gram ..grass pea…
4. Fish in Bengal…house made of mud ….slowly development hua..
5. Silk,cotton, weaving…
6. Spindle whorls discovered in malwa plains.
7. Buried pppl in north to south position.
8. Except in alluvial plains and thick forest all over the chalcolithic era was found.
9. They started cookinfg, eating and stroing in copper pots…
10. Limitations chalcolithic age was…many children died ,…they were rual…no knowledged
about art of writing and copper was less…they did not know the art of mixing to make
bronze metal..
11. Chotanagpur plateau consists of wide range of copper…
12. Copper hua..bronze age…which is harappan civilizarion…
Harappan civilization:
1.It arose in the north west part of sub continent.
2. the harappan coered area of Pakistan(Baluchistan), Punjab ,Sindh, Gujarat and rajasthan.
3. only six can be regard as cities eventhough 250 were known.
4.harappa in Punjab and mohenjadaro in Sindh. Two imp cities
5.six cities were chanhu-daro in the south of mohenjadaro. Lothal in Gujarat and kalibangan
in north rajhasthan, banwali in hissar district in Haryana …

6. Pre harappar (early harappan ) or harappan culture.

7. mohanjadaro and Harappa comprises of its own citadel or acropolis…it had it own town
planning…below citadel was the lower town with people in brick houses.
8. remarkable feature is grid system…right angles road and better sewage system…
9.great bath found in mohanjadaro in the citadel was the grat brick work
10.mohanjadaro largest building is granary ..great granary at mohennjadaro…harappa
citadedl had six granary…
11. use of baked brcks in mesopotamia and burnt bricks…found here..
12. health and cleanliness was best in harappan civilization,…no other culture had..
13.vegetation , domestication of animals..bulls for ploughing fields and terracotta.evidence
of horses came in mohanjadaro..elephants and rhinoceros...but animals were not that much
use…
14. technology and crafts : bronze age…mixing tin and copper..
15. copper were obtained from khetri region of rajasthan.axe saws knives and spears.
16.seal making, gold making and boat making…pottery, beads were made.
17.trade: curreny wat they use was no idea..but exchange of goods were done..they know
use of wheels ,carts…harappan had commercial links with rajasthan,Afghanistan and iran…
Mesapotamia text spoke trade between Dilmun and meluha..makan..
18.political organization: no temples were found…except great bath no myth was
there..they were class of merchants who ruled.
19. In harappan number of terracotta metal women figures are found which hsows embryo
of women..the mother earth as fertility god..
20. in indus there is a male god, the male god is represented in the seal with three heads
and horns. With posture of yogi surrounded by elephant tiger and rhinoceros..and has
buffalo below the throne. Which in modern india correlates to pashupathi …then siva…in
general…
21.tree and animal worship..pepal tree…they believed in ghosts..atyur veda..
22. script: harappan invented the art of writing…not letters but pictures.
23.art of measurement was there in harappan culture…weigh in 16 s range…
24.harappan pottery : lothal..great pottery experts.
25. seal ..about 200 seals were found..seals from kahlibanjan.
26.images, terracotta figurines: fire baked earthern clay “terracotta”.they used as toys or for
worship.
27.harappa culture exsisted between 2500 b.c to 1750 b.c
 Adventures of Aryans or rig veda

1. Aryans were orgnated in somwere area east of the alps..eurasia. they followed indo
European languages….goats horses dogs..pine and maple…
2. Found their amin occupation pastoral..then agriculture.
3. Aryans first appeared in iran..indoiranian lived there..then they came to india as
Aryans..specified in the rig veda..
4. Rig veda : is the collection of prayers offered to Agni, indra, Mitra, varuna and other godds
by various families of poets and sagas.
5. Rig veda comprises of ten mandals , 2 nd 9 form theamin,,…other two the new age…
6. Avesta old Iranian textbook..which is similar to rig veda.
7. Earlier than 1500 b.c he Aryans appeared in india. ..eastern Afghanistan, unjab, uttar
Pradesh..
8. Indus and Sarasvati is mentioned in rig veda,,now saravati has been lost in rajhastan sands.
9. The Aryans first settled in india the land was called as land of seven rivers.
10. Rig veda often talks about dasasa …..dasyus ….empowered ones trasadasyu…they were soft
with dasasa..but hostile with dasyus…
11. Defeat of sambara by divodasa.
12. Purandara breaker of forts…
13. Aryans fought with pre Aryans and also among themselves.
14. Interior fight divided them into fve panchajana..
15. Bharatas and the other ten kings fougth ..battle of ten kings…fought on the river parushini
…bharats won and shake hand with the purus and formed new rule called kurus …kurus with
the panchals ruled the upper gangetic basin..
16. Material life: horse chariots, ploughshare was mentioned..which is made up of wood…
17. The terms of wars in rig veda is due to cows and the search to find cows gavisthi or serach of
cows.
18. Cow was of great importance there.
19. Tribal polity: kings named rajan ..heriditary also a samity tribal assembly elects them.
20. Some tribal assemblies ..saha,samith,vidhata, gana , sardha.
21. Functionary seems to be purohita…two preist played imp role was vasishtha and visvamitra.
22. Senant who used spears and axes and swods…
23. Theft of cows..so they kept spies..
24. The people who own the authority of pasture lands were called vrajapati..
25. Jana…janapada territory which was not used…they gave primary loyality to them.
26. Marriage was there…love exsisted…at age of 17 , 17..no child marriage..widow marriage..
27. Social divisions: color discrimination was there..aryans were fair..while their inahbotans
were dark…varna is the term for it…dasas and dasyus were treated as slaves.
28. Division based on occupation started but not so sharp..
29. Rig vedic gods: indra played the war of lord..purandara..breaker of forts…hyms..rain god…
30. Sun god second…then fire Agni…varuna …water third poition…
31. Soma god of palnts…Maruts personify the storm…female diets ..such as ushas, aditi
appearance of dawn..
32. Male god were more prominent . prayer played an imp role in rig veda..
The later vedic phase ( transition to state and social formation)

1. Expansion in the later vedic veda ( 1000 to 600 B.C)

2. Vedic period hua after rig veda…
3. Vedic hymns and mantras are know as samhitas ..rig veda Samhita is the oldest vedic
text….modified collection knows as sama veda Samhita….. yajur veda samitha …comprises
rituals , social and poitical miieu…
4. Sama Atharva veda ..is about chrms and spells to ward off evils and diseases…
5. In the ganjetic basin and in the later vedic era….while digging fount the painted grey bowls and
earthen bowls are called as panted grey ware (PGW).
6. Also used iron weapons….
7. Bharatas and purus together formed kurus rule…..they occupied the upper potrion of doab
,called as kurukshethra or the land of kurus …
8. Middle portion of doab panchals were there….
9. Kuru-panchal together spread over upper and middle parts of doab…
10. Set up capital at hastinapur…..
11. Battle of bahrata is main history of the kuru tribe….which is the epic famous mahabarata.
12. Mahabaratam fought between the pandavas and kauravas….950 B.C
13. From traditions we learn that hastinapur was ruined and the remains of kuru clans moved to
kausambi near allahbad….
14. Panchala kingdom consists of bareilley, bhadaun, farukhabad are famous for their philosophy
and Brahmana theologians.
15. Towards end of vedic period ..people moved to east part of doaB…EAST UTTAR PRADESH and
videha in north bihar..
16. Kosala Is associate with story of rama..but not mentioned in the vedic book.

The PGW iorn pahse culture and the later vedic culture from 100 B.C

1. Iron found in ghandhara area in Pakistan and Baluchistan….later rajasthan..up..pinjab…

2. Agriculture…also ploughing…satapatha Brahmana speaks about ploughing in length.
3. Father of sita , Janaka king of videha lend his hands for plough…
4. Balrama is called the wielder of plough brother of Krishna…
5. Barley….rice and wheat became their stable crops…
6. Smith and smelters..iorn …makng person…
7. …pottery..pwg…grey ..copper continued……jewel workers mentioned…
8. Later vedic settlements lasted for 3 centuries…
9. Commerce was there
10. Political science: vidhata completely ruined…the samite and sabha dominated by nobels and
brahmanas.
11. Kings were based on certain rituals…rajasuya( sacrifice, which was confirmed super power on
him)..asmavedha ( a royal horse ran uninterrupted to check contrl) vajyepa9 chariot race).
12. During this time collection taxes were done…sangrihitri.
13. Social organization: the later vedic society were divided into four varnas called brahmanas,
rajanyas, Kshatriyas, vaisyas and sudras.
14. Brahmanas : priest ..main varnas..
15. Rajanyas who represented the warrior nobles ….
 16. Vaisyas are the common people….kshatriyas were the collected tribal of vaisya…
17. All the four varnas together called upanayana according to the vedic mantras…
18. Imposition disabilities on sudras..
19. Kings i.e rajanyas…and the brahmanas seeker of livelihood…and vaisyas are forced to do
anything
20. The worst position was given to sudra he was the slave to another..
21. Charot or the rathakara was entitled as the sacred thread ceremony..
22. Women were given lower positions..
23. The institution of gotra …where cows kept but later common ancestor…the people same gotra
cannot marry..
24. The four asramas : brahmachari ..student…grihastha householder ----vanaprasatha ..partial
retirement..samyasa..full retirement..were not well established int eh vedic times..
25. Gods,rituals and philosophy : Indra and agn and prajapati the creator was main
26. Some f the other minor gods were rudra the god of animals, Vishnu the preserver and the
protected to lead a stable life
27. Pushans were god of sudras ..they took care of cattle..pushans..
28. Brahma as the supreme god…

Jainism and bhuddhism:

1. 2 religious sects practiced in north east india..jainism and bhuddhism were important.
2. Origin: the Kshatriyas reaction against domination of brahmans led to new religion.
3. Vardhana Mahavira : Jainism and Gautama bhuddha : bhuddhism. Were both Kshatriyas
clans.
4. Other reason is the new agricultural economy of north east region.
5. The procees o erosion and flooding …the killing cows and bullocaks stood in advancement of
new agriculture.
6. Cities that refer to new agriculture areas are kusinagar, banara,vaisali, rajgir.
7. Use of coins for commerce started…they were puched marked coins..15 century B.c started.
8. Jain and bhud…followed non violence to have no discrimination..
9. Third :Dharmasutras : Leading money interest,..a person who lived on interest were
condemned by them.
10. Bhud and jain were allowed to life a simple life, they were not allowed to touch gold and
silver. People also wanted to return to Pre-iorn age from the machine life.
11. Vardhmana mahavira and Jainism : born in 540 B.C. in a village near vasali, bihar …
12. His father was Kshatriya clan and hs mother was princess of Lichhavi , so it was easy from his
to preach ..
13. At age of 30 he left everything (asetic) and started to wander everywhere. He never
changed clothes from past 12 hours. At the age of 42 he attained kaivalya and he was
known as mahavira the great…died at age of 72 years in 468 B.c a place called pavapuri near
Rajgir.
14. Doctorines of Jainism: five doctorines of mahavira…Do not lie, do not have property , do not
steal…., do not commit violence ,,be a brahmacharya always…( mahivra add the fifthe
principle..)
15. His predecessor asked to cover the upper and lower parts of body..while mahvira asked to
be empty.
16. Later the Jainism was divided into two svetambaras ( white clothes) and digambaras ( no
clothes).
17. Spread of Jainism : Jainism was spread in south and west of india.followers were 14,000.
In south Karnataka, Chandragupta maurya , (322-298 B.c) gave up his throne and became a
jain. The second cause was the great famine that took place in maghada 200 year after detH
OF MAHAVIRA……southern were began to call digambaras and the maghadans as
svetambaras…jainsism spread in Karnataka , jain monastic establishments called basadis.
Alos spread in kalinga .orrissa,…also seen in districts of tamil nadu …also malwa, Gujarat and
rajasthan…
18. Contributions of Jainism: mitigate the varna evil orders.they adopted pratrik language and
removed the sankrit…also their literature was written in ardhamagadhi at place vallabhi..
Great center of education…sarasuni..where out grew Marathi language..jain earlier their
important works were written in aphabrahmasa and its first grammar…jauna literatue
consists of epics, novels, manuscripts..

19. Gautama Buddha and Buddhism..: Gautama bhudda or siddharta was the contemporary of
mahavira. Born in 563 B.C. in shakya Kshatriya family in kapilvastu.
His father was elected a the raja of the kapilvastu, mother was princess of kosalana dynasty.
20. He was married but had no interest in it…at he age of 29 he left home, he attained knowled
at 35 year at bodh gaya under pepal tree….budha died at age 80 ..at place kusinagar.
21. Doctorines of bhuddism: atma and misery is life…if a person controls his desires he attains
nivarna and free from the miseries of the world.
22. He recommmedn the eight fold path (astangika marga) and comprised of right of
observation, determination,speech,action,livelihood,exercise,meditation and memory.
23. He also laid the code of conducts, do not covert the property of others, do not tell lie, do not
comit violence, do not use intoxicants, do not indulge in corrupt practices.
24. Special features of bhuddism and causes of its spread: Buddhism did not recognize the god
and atma this was major revolution in the religious country of india.
People of maghada easily responded to bhudd..the method adopted by bhudda led to
spread.
Calmness was the main moto her…he ws very calm..
25. Use of pali, the language of people also lead to spread. He organized the sangha, it was
open to any one indiscrimante of any sex or religion.
26. Three main elements in bhuddisnm , Buddha, sangha, dhamma. The monarch of
maghada,kosala,kausambi practiced this religion.
27. After the death of Buddha, the great famous maurya king asoka, spread the bhuddhism to
cebtral asia, west asia, sri lankha, Burma, Tibet, china and japan still practice..
28. It disappeared but still in china, japan and burma they follow.
29. Cause of decline of bhuddhism : by 20 the century ad bhuddhism became extinct in india.
30. The main cause was brahmanas , to meet the bhuddhis challenge they refrmed certain
norms and rules. They stressed the need of cattle and wealth, and promised a place in
heaven.
31. Bhudda monks gave up pali and took sankrit language.
32. The new form of bhuddhsm was known as Vajrayana. One disadvantage was that bhuuda
think women as the lust. Later also Turkish invaders depleted it.
33. Importance and influence of Buddhism: bhuddhism left a mark in india.
They asked not to accumulate wealth instead grow crops…and give alms to poor…
Code of conduct, restrictions on food, sex and dress. no gold or silver should be attained.
Bhuddha took a account of change in life and material possession and strengthened them
idealoically.
They made an important impact in society by keeping doors open for women and sudras.
They boosted the cattle wealth of country.
The text suttanipata declares the cattles to be the givers of food ,beauty and happiness (
annada vannada sukhada )
The created awareness in the culture and intellect. The place of superstition was aken by
logic.
The greek and the indian sculptures worked toghether to create a new kind of art of north
west frontier of india which is known as Gadhara art.

Territorial state and first Magadhan Empire:

1. The use of iron in the 6th century b.c lead to large territory region. And established large
area ..kings were able to meet their requirement and spread all over ..
2. People owed strong alliance to Janapada.
3. The Mahajanapadas: in the age of bhuddha we find 16 mahajanapadas…north of
vindhyas and extended to bihar…
4. Maghada , kosla, vatsa,Avanti. East the kingdom Anga. ..anga was swallowed by
maghada..
5. Maghada grow and was the leading state of the time.
6. North of ganga was the tirhut was the state of vajjis which included eight clans.
7. Lichchhavis was the most powerful among all at their capital vaisali.
8. Another kingdom was kasi at capital Varanasi.
9. Kosala included a important city called ayoddha ( in ramyana)…Kasi was captured by
kosala.
10. Kosala also include kapilavastu ( birth place of bhudda).
11. In neighbor hood of kosala lied a clans independent called mallas, they lay at capital
kusinara where bhudda died. Also the vatsas , kuru clan at kausambhi Allahabad.
12. In central malwa , the state avantis was divided into north part Ujjain and south part
mahushamati
13. The political history of india from 6 th century b.c was fight fr supremacy.
14. Ultimately the maghada raised the power and owned an empire.
 15. Rise and growth of magadhan empire: Maghada came into prominence under the
leadership of Bimbisara- haryankka dynasty. He started the policy of conquest and it
ended in kalinga war of asoka bimbisara. He also streghtneded his positons by marrying
3 wives.
16. Kosala king daughter and acquired kasi village as dowry, his second wife chellana was a
lichchavvi princes from vaisali, third was madra caln of Punjab chief.
17. Maghada rival was Ujjain ( avantis). They remained friends.
18. Maghadha was paramount power and contained 80,000 village under him.
19. The earliest capital of maghada was rajgir.
20. Bimbisara rulled till 52 years roughly according to Buddhism ( 544 b.c to 492 B.c)
21. His successor was his son Ajatasatru (492-460 B.C) he killed his father.
22. Ajatastru occupied kosala by marrying his daughter.
23. Invaded vaisali also…
24. Avanti defeated vastas of kausambi and threathened to acquire magahda.
25. Ujjain he acquired and captured Avanti. Greatest thng..
26. Nandhas was the most powerfull rulers of the maghada. Later they became weak.
27. Cause of maghadhan success : other reason was the availability of iron in rajgir made
them to make weapons to attack other ppl.
28. Other advantage was geographical area at thei two capitals Rajgir and pataliputra ( near
ganga).
29. Pataliputar was a true water-fort (jaladurga). Due to irrigation in gangetic plain. Also
they benfited the rise of towns and coins.
30. Also enjoyed military organization, they used 6000 elephants.
31. Maghadha overall was able to establish the first emperor in india.

Iranian and Macedonian invasion:

Iranian:

1. The iran ruler Darius penetrated the north west part of india in 516 B.C.
2. Xerxes , the successor of darius included india in their war between greek.
3. Result of the contact was mainly due to trade and commerce. The Iranian brought a script into
india called kharosthi script. ( right to left like Arabic). Because of irans …greeks came to know
about the wealth in india.
Alexandrs invasion:

1. In the 4 th century b.c greeks and irans fought for their supremacy in the world.
2. Alexander of Macedonia finally destroyed the Iranian empire. He conquered Iraq,iran and
from iran he marched toward india. As Herodotus , the father of history painted indian in a
such a manner he was tempted to invade india.
3. The political part north west of india was not good so he targeted them.
4. The north west 2 territories Ambhi, the prince of taxilla and porus, whose kingdom lie
between the Jhelum and Chenab. They both must have stopped alexander but they did not
come together.
5. The Khyber pass was remained unguarded. Through which he came to india.
 6. Ambhi defeated alexander and replinsh his treasury, Alexander defeated porus but he
returned the emperor by seeing the bravery of the indian prince.
7. Effects of alexanders invasion : it led to contact with European part.
8. Most imp outcome of his invasion was the direc contact between india and greek.
9. His invasion helped in building indian chronology.
10. They tell us about the sati system : the sale of girls in the market.
11. Also alexanders invasion helped the mauryas to expand also defeat the nandas.

State and varna society in the the age of bhuddha.

1. The sixthe century mark the beginning of the NBP Phase. ( northern black polished ware).
2. Use burnt bricks and metallic money. NBP marked the beginning of the scond urbanization in
india.
3. Many towns mentioned in pali and Sanskrit like saravati, kapilvastu,Varanasi,ayodha,
rajgir,vaisali, pataliputra, champa were in nbp phase observed.
4. Specialization in crafts morely in Varanasi.
5. Age of bhudda was the great centre of trade . coins made up of metal appear in the age of
bhudda.
6. Writing led to compilation of laws rules, book etc .also helped in demarcation of houses and
buildings.
7. Rce cotton sugarcane millests nd paddy transplant. Agricultural and non agricultural areas had
their own duty to do here.
8. Administrative system : kings enjoyed the official high position. The king ruled with the help of
lower officials like mantra,senanayaka ( commander), judge ,chief accountant and royal harem.
9. Varsakara of maghada and dirghacharayana of kosala were effective and influential ministers.
10. Army and taxations: they used horse chariots and elephants.
11. Tax : Kshatriyas and brahmans need not pay taxses. The king collected tax from the peasant
called bali..balisadhakas used to collect it. ( peasants tried to run because of the tax was written
in the bhudda age).
12. Artisans and traders also had to pay tax called saulkika or sulkadhyaksha.
13. Republican experiment: indus basin exsisted republic government. In monarchies system king
alone had taxe fully…the republic they used share with all rajas.

Age of mauryas:

1. Chandragupta Maurya : he overthrew the nandas and established his empire with help of
chanakya who is known as kautilya.
2. Chandragupta empire was from Afghanistan,Baluchistan,area of indus, orrissa,Bengal,bihar west
and north west india and the deccan leaving south.
3. Imperial organization : Megasthenes the greek ambassador send to maurya court. He wrote
adminisatraton system of pataliputra and whole maurya empire.
4. Based on megasthenes book, Maurya was an autocrat ( all power need to be in his hand).
5. King got help from council of members ( good wisdom ppl).empire was divided into province
ruled by scion of royal dynasty…each province was sub divided into smaller units.
6. Special attention was paid to administration services. Pataliputra, kausambi,Ujjai and taxila are
importan cities.
7. Capital of mauryas was pataliputra,…admin was carried by six committee each comitte consists
of five members. They look upon the sanitation,care of foreigners, collectiong details of birth
and death, regulation of measure weights and other all.
8. Office at central government maintained the two dozen departments to maintain the social and
economic conditions.
9. Accoring to the roman writer , Pliny,,,Chandragupta maurya had 600,000 foot soldiers, 30,000
foot cavallery, 9000 elephantns and 800 chariots.
10. Tax was collected, toll gate to collect tax, the stste enjoyed monopoly in liquor, mining and
manufacture of arms..
11. Chandragupta maintained a well organized administrative system and gave it a sound financial
base.

Asoka:

1. The greatest emperor of mauryas , he killed his 99 brothers for the throne.
2. Asokan edicts: Asoka was the first indian king who spoke directly through his inscriptions, his
nscription were all over the caves, pillars, some fund in Afghanistan.all written in prakrit
language.
3. Also in Afghanistan , Kharostri script and in greek aramani script,.
4. The inscription throw a light on the career,external and domestic policies.
5. Impact of the kalinga war : asoka fought only one war called kalinga war..100,000 people died
15,000 were prisoned… the war brought great sufferings in..so he abandoned the policy of
physical occupation.
6. Bherighosha was replaced by dhammaghosha. All people were asked to follow dhamma.
7. Asoka no longer treated foreign dominions as legitimate area of military conquest.
8. In short asoka tried to enlarge the area of political though influence.
9. The principle of dhamma forced on people bore fruit. He appointed rajukas to check the admin
and punish them when necessary…
10. The khandhar inscription spoke about the success of his policy with fisherman , hunters who
gave up killing and established a settled agricultural life.
11. Internal policy and bhuddhism : Asoka was converted into bhuddhism as a result of kalinga
war..
12. He sent people all over the world to convert them into bhuddhism…
13. He appointed dharmamabamatias to propagate bhuddhism and rajukas for administration nd
justice.
14. Asoka place in history : he was the greatest missionary ruler in the history of ancient india.he
bought unity by one dhamma ,one script called brahmi,one language and politically…
15. Above all asoka was notified for his policy of peace,non aggression and cultural conquest.
16. He exited power on 232 B.c 25 years of rule ..

Significance of maurya rule:

1. State control : king ….followed dharma…below king were senapati, mantra, purohit, yuvraja,
they were paid 48000 panas ..spies were appointed.
2. Economic regulations: arthsastra of kautiliya appointed 27 superintendants ( adhyakshas). Who
looked after all the economic activities.
3. Road development….
4. The amurya period constitutes a landmark in the system of taxation in ancient india…coind with
a symbol of peacock, the hill and crescent…
5. Maurya made remarkable in fied of art and culture.
6. They introduced stone masonry on a wide scale…hthe cave architecture at place pataliputra was
the knowledge involved in their polishing and transport spread far wide.
7. Earliest example is the Barbara caves,,,,at distance of 30 kms till gaya…this mdel was followed in
south and west part of india.
8. Spread of material culture: well organized state missionary…pillars were built with lot efforts
and engineering skills..( bull, capital Rampura).
9. Opened doors for trade and missionary activities. Ringed soak wells found at ropar.
10. Art of making steel spread all over india …………satavahana empire was a projection of maurya
empire…
11. Cause of fall of maurya empire: after exsit of asoka the fall started…
a) Brahmanical Reaction : the anti sacrifice of bhuddhism and maurya bought loss fr
brahmanas …they were practicing vedic culture which was not accepted by mauray…so they
had some knid of antipathy towards him.
b) Financial crisis: the enomorous army and their expenditure led to financial crisis.
c) Oppressive rule: oppressive rule in the province was the important cause for the break up of
the empire.
d) Spread of new material knowledge in the outlying areas….iorn use
e) Neglect of the north west frontier and the great wall of china: china emperor shih huang ti
built great wall of china to protect invasion..(247 -210 B.c)

The mauryan empire was fully defeated by the pushyamitra Sunga in 185 B.c they were
succeded by kanvas who were also brahmanas.

Central Asian contacts and their results:

1. Mauryas were succeded by a number of native rulers such as the sungas, the kanvas, and
the satavahans. ( eastern and central).
2. North western india was succeded by the ruling dynasty from central asia.
3. Indo-geeks: Greeks were the first people to invade the hindhukush…, who ruled bactria lying
south of oxus river coverded by north part ..afghanistan.
One important cause of invasion was due to weak empire in the bactria ( selucid was the
empire).
Also due to weak successor after asoka led to invasion.
In the 2nd century b.c th greeks occupied the north west part of india …larger than the
alexander…pushed forward as far as ayodhya and pataliputra..
Greeks did not establish unity ..they run two different dynasty parallel..
The famous indo geek rukler was menander (165-145 B.c). also known as milinda…
His capita was at saka,Punjab…he also invaded ganga-amuna doab…
 Milinda he followed bhuddhism by listening to Nagesena..who was also known as nagrjuna…
Milinda asked various question to nagesena and all were recorded in a book “ Milinda panho
or the questions of milinda”.
4. They issued gold coins for trade purpose with different dynasty…first time they issued gold
coins…
5. Gandhara art was also brought by greeks…the introduction of hellonistic art features called
gandhara art.
6. The Sakas: the greeks were followed by sakas who ruled much more than the greeks in
india.the sakas had five branches and each branch resided in different part of india and
ruled.
7. One was in Afghanistan and other in taxila,pujab.. taxila was their capital. Third branch
Mathura,fourth branch over western india , fifthe branch of sakas in the upper deccan.
8. Sakas against fought a Ujjain ruler vikramadtya and he won victory over the sakas in 58
century B.C vikramaditya became a coveted title and given to the people who attained
something..there were 14 vikrmadityans.
9. Saka rule was in the wetern part still…the famous saka ruker was Rudradaman I ( Ad 130-
150).
10. Rudradaman was famous because he repaired the sudarsana river…this lake was used for
irrigation and was old as that of maurya age..
11. Rudradama was the great lover of sankrit ans issued first ever inscription in sankrit.
12. The sakas rule over the north west part of india was followed by Parthians.
13. The famous Parthian king was Gondophernes.in his region st Thomas came to india to
propogate Christianity..
14. Thr parathians were followed by khusans ( who were also called as yuechis or tocharians).
15. Khusans two successive dynasty , the first dynasty was called the house of chief called
kadphises. And ruled for 28years.
16. The kadphises issued gold coin..
17. The house of kadphises were succeded by kushan ruler kanishka..they erected a moanstry
and a huge stupa or relic tower which excited the wonder of foreign travelers.
18. Kanishka was the famous ruler..
19. Kanishka rule was important due to establishment of sanka era which is used by the
government of india.
20. Then the spread of bhuddhism in Kashmir parts in the form of Mahayana.
21. Also their patron of sankrit literature.
22. The successor of kaniska was Vasudeva ….
23. They were famous for their coind ,inscription and terracotta..
24. Impact of central Asian contacts:
25. Structures and pottery : flooring and roofing in north part.
26. Trade and technology: they introduced the turbans, tuniks, trousers,sherwani, …also
caps,boots,helmetwhich were used by warriors..
27. Gold coin issue by khusans first time.
28. Polity: they bought the rule of kigship…they asked to respect the king as god…also bought
dual rule… the satrap rule was followed . dual heridatory rule was followed ..there was n
proper civilization.
29. Later the followed the military governship..it was necessary for the foreign rules.
30. New elements in indian society : the greeks, the sakas, the parathains, kushans loss their
identity in bhramanical ,the law giver “ manu” the lawgiver manu stated that sakas and
parathians wre Kshatriyas.
31. Religion: they followed Vaishnavism : Vishnu as the god. ( the god of protection and
preservation).
32. The greek ambassador Heliodorus built a pillar in honor of Vishnu in madhya pradhesh
district.
33. The greek ruler menander followed bhuddhism…
34. The khushans followed siva and the bhudda. Also Vishnu…also Krishna as an incarnation of
Vishnu.
35. Mahayana bhuddhism : the foreigners required some sensible religion..the kushand spread
the bhuddhism as Mahayana or the great wheel.
36. Gandhara art: the foreign princess were interested in arts which led to gandhara art.
37. Literature and learning : Sanskrit literature..Asaghosha wrote the biography of bhudda “
buddhacharita”.
38. He also composed saundarananda, which is fine example of Sanskrit kavya.
39. The progress of Mahayana Buddhism led to the compostion of numerous avadans.
40. Science and technology : indian astrology came to influence by greeks.also they allowed
interest in science ..medicine,botany and chemistry. These thee subject were dealt with by
charaka and susruta. The charakasamhita conatins numerous planets.
41. In term of technology also they exelled.

The Age of satavahans:

1. The most important native successors of mauryas were satavahans, the Andhara rule.
2. Puranas speak of the Andhara rule. Andhara was ruled for 300 years and they were
called as satvahana dynasty.
3. They destroyed kanvas , and took power of Maharashtra, andhara , Karnataka.
4. Gautamiputra Satakarni ( Ad 160-130)..also he spread the reigion to malwa and
Kathiawar..
5. His successor Vasisthiputra Pulumaya and set up his capital at paithan or pratisthan.
6. Aspect of Material culture : iorn they used a lot…many iorn traces were found..
7. Karimnagar and Warangal indicates the iorn workings…
8. He issued coind of lead , not gold coins as khusans did….he also issued coins of potin,
copper, bronze
9. Both the satvahans and the ikshvakus seem to exploit the mineral resource in the
deccan.
10. People grow paddy in between Krishna and Godavari..also rice..
11. Cotton, andhara was best known for its cotton products.
12. Army : elephants , cavalry, infantry.
13. Social organization : the satavahans originally seemed to have been a tribe of deccan..
14. Gautamiputra boast that he was true brahmins, he defeated the kshatria clans…he
offered brahmins a lot of wealth…also did intercaste marriage between sakas and the
satavahans. So this show that Andhra was a mix of hindu society.
 15. Increase in crafts and commerce was found in this period. Among artisians …gandhikas
or the perfumers are repeadtedly mentioned as donars..the name Gandhi came from
this name gnadhikas.
16. Satvahanas brings a interesting family structure…they used to give the king name from
their mothers name.women enjoyed…bt still they followed Patriarchal society ( the men
became the kings).
17. Pattern of administration : their administration was set forth in the dharmasatras…the
king was the head and below them were the five divine attritubutes.
18. Satvahanas claims tha the had supernatural power and some qualities of ancient gods ,
rama,bhima,kesava,arjuna.
19. The administration of rual areas were placed in the hands of gaulmikas.
20. Also he set up some military camps, he also started practice of giving tax to brahmins
and bhuddist monks..the brahmins also helped in enforcing varna system.
21. Three grades were there in satvahanas system..king..mahabhoja..senapati..
22. Religion: ..they claimed to brahmans..also they worshipped the Vaishnava gods such as
Krishna, Vasudeva.
23. Aslo bhuddhism in form of Mahayana as fund in andhara parts of Amravati and
nagarjunakonda…also in nashik and junar areas of Maharashtra.
24. Architectures: many temples were made ..two common structures were the temple
were called as chaitya and vihara..chaitya was a large number of columns….the chaitya
masterpiece is found in karla in the western deccan.
25. At nasik three viharas found..rock cut architecture was found in the Krishna Godavari
reigion..
26. Language: prakrit was there….once prakrit text called gathasaptasati is tribute to
satavhana king called hala.

The dawn of history in the deep south:

1. the megalithic background: the upland portion of the peninsula were inhabited by
the Megaliths. They were know by their burial method…they used large piece of
stones to bury the dead.
2. They did these in the belief that the dead will need them in the next life. This goods
gives us the source for their livehood..
3. They did not practice advanced method of agriclulture..
4. Their connection seems to be in tamil nadu and andhara..their beginning canbe
traced in 1000 B.c
5. The cholas,cheras and the pandyas were probably in the material culture of
megalithc phase.
6. Paddy, ragi growth.
7. Three early kingdoms: thhe southern india of peninsula situated south of Krishna
river were sub divided into cheras or kerela, cholas, pandas.
8. Pandas said to be celebrated for their perals in the megasethens script..
9. The pandya was matriarichal…womens ruled the country.
10. Heir territory lay outside the maurya empire…tamil nadu and kerala..
11. Pandyas: pandyas occupied the southern part of Madurai, tirnelvelly and ramnad.
12. Capital was tamil nadu…thei literature complied in tamil called sangam literature
before the Christian era. Pandya kings were wealth and prosperous..they did trade
with the roman empire also the followed vedic rule..brahmans..
13. The chola kingdom was called as coromandal and cholamandalam.
14. Chola was situated at north east territory of the pandyas.
15. Their center was at uraiyur famous for cotton..chola king named elora conquered sri
lanka and ruled over them.
16. Puhar ( kaveripatinam) was their capital.
17. Their wealth was due to trade in cotton..
18. Under karikala the chera emperoe ruined…and the kaveripatinam was destroyed
and overwhelmed..
19. Pallavas from north wiped out all that was there with cholas..
20. The chera or kerala…..it owed importance for their trade with the romans.their built
their temple of augustus.
21. The most important was the chera and the cholas fight…the chera combined with
pandyas…still the cholas defeated tehm.
22. Chera king was wounded backwards and he killed himself due to shame.
23. Their greatest kning was senguttvan. The red chera.
24. They were very much profited from their natural resources and trade.they grew
spices which was more demand in the western world..also they sell ivory from their
elephants.
25. And also their sea yielded pearls..silk and muslin…
26. After the second century the chera was not there…in history the main importance
was that they uled over sri lankha.
27. The purse and the sword: they trade was very important…they produce paddy ,
ragi..turmeric and spies..
28. They had elephnats by feeding them 7 ppl food..king used to travel with
elephants..also the soldiers and others wore slippers made of leathers for
protection of their feet.
29. Rise of social clasess : in the sangam age brahmins very high and they were rulling..
30. An ideal kind was the one who respected the brahmins.
31. Beginnings of Brahmins: brahman rule was there…and also with some bhuddhism
and jain. They worshipped murugan who is also called as subramaniyan.
32. Tamil life and sangam literature: sangam was school or colleage held in Madurai.

Crafts,trade,towns in the post maurya age:

1.the sakas , kushans and satvahanas and the tamil states were the most important
for their trade.

The rise of gupta empire:

1.after kushans and satavahans rule came the gupta rule..in uttar Pradesh and bihar
their rule was there..later found in mafhya praesh.
 2. Their important place was uttar Pradesh.
3. Guptas learned the use of saddles, reins,buttoned-coats,trousers boots from the khusans.
4. Their center of operation lied in Madhydesa covering Madhya Pradesh and bihar.
5. The first king was Chandragupta I . he married the lichavvi princess.(319-320 AD)
6. Samudragupta, son of Chandragupta…he was opposite of asoka…samudragupta believed in
violence and conquest.
7. He gained control over all over indian parts.. he forcibly gained control over the parts of
india…
8. The sri Lankan emperor Meghavarman sent a missionary to him to ask permission whether
he can build a bhuddist temple at gaya.
9. Chandragupta II :
He extended the limits by marriage , he married his daughter prabhavati to prince of
vakataka who belong to brahman caste..
The prince died and prabhavati became the ruler and got help from his father..
Like this he conquered most part of india …the qutub minar in delhi …the exploits called
Chandra are in it.
He acquired the title of vikramaditya.

10. Fall of empire: the gupta empire end due to the hunas invasion.
11. The hunan power was overthroughen by the malwa prince yasodharaman , he challended
the authority of gupta..

Life is in gupta age:

1. The kind were not throned based on hereditary,

2. Judicial system was far more better than earlier times.
3. For the first time civil and criminal law was defined and demarcated.
4. For the first time each law was elaborated.
5. The bureaucracy was not developed as that of mauryas.
6. The most important gupta empire was kumaramatyas.
7. Decline of trade and rise of landed clasess: the striking development was the emergence of the
priestly landlords at the cost of local peasants.
8. Social developments: law book of narda.
9. The position of sudras and women increased this tme..also sub caste was formed.
10. Due to huan …they were grouped in to the caste rajputs.
11. They worshipped new god called Krishna.
12. untouchability started,……….chandals were the caste…they were mostly dealed in meat and
flesh…brahmans never touch them.
13. Bhuddhism and brahamanism :
14. Bhuddhism no longer got high patronage.
15. From fa-shein the china emperor we came to know most of the news about the guptas.
16. Here brahmans came to the forefront.
17. They asked to worship siva,and Vishnu….vishnupuranam was written…
18. Also classic bhagvadhgita was written which taught devotion to Krishnan and how to follow the
vradas . vishnusmriti was also named after Vishnu as the law of book.
19. Also few of the guptas worshipped siva the lord of the destroyer
20. Temples were built, the agricuktural festivals were celebrated.
21. They also build tolereance against the different religion.
22. Gupta period is also called as the golden age of india. It also built huge caves, pillars and
thrones..
23. The bhuddist university was set up at nallanda….they were poor in architecture.
24. Literature: they bought secular literature.
25. Work of kalidasa has made the gupta period very famous. He wrote Abhijnanasa kuntalam.
Which is considered to be one of the best literature piece in the world.
26. The other work is bhagvadgita…….the women and sudras still know prakrit..
27. In this period we also notice the more religious literature. The two great epics ramayanam and
mahabarat were finally compiled.
28. Science and technology: aryabhatya written Aryabhata who belonged to pataliutra.
29. This mathematician was well versed in field of mathematics and calculations.
30. In the field of astronomy “ Romaka Sidhnata” was compiled.
31. Iorn pillar manufactured in the 4th century ad near mehrault. It was impossible to do such kind
of pillar…later no one knw the art to build the same.

Spread of civilization in eastern india:

1. 1.Sign of civilization : east parts like orrissa,west Bengal,eastern Madhya

Pradesh,assam,Bangladesh…later only civilization was found.
2. Civilization means : the country should be well know in at culture and have records , tax
all…
3. In 4 to 7 th ad the eastern part was civilized.
4. Orissa and eastern and southern Madhya Pradesh : Orissa ..kalinga…and its ruler was
kharavela.

Harsha and his times:

1. Harsha’s kingdom: Harshvardhana , ( from thanesar in Haryana) came to the rule

after the gutas,
2. He captured the north part of india..but not forward his march towards the south.
3. Pataliputra fell in his era..due to trade depletion , low money…
4. Kanuaj he made his seat of power from where he extended his authority.
5. The early of the harsha reign was reconstructed from thee work of his poet
banabhatta…he wrote harishcharita.
6. Harsha was called the great hindhu empire…( but he did not spread his rule over the
south ).
7. Administration : Harsha ruled the empire as the guptas did…
 8. Revenues of harsha were divided into four parts ( Hsuan Tsang informed us about
it).
9. The revenue was divided in to for the expenditure of the king, a second for
scholars,third for endowment for officials and public servants, fourth for religious
purpose.
10. The fedral pracise of providing lands all started with him. Because too many coins
were not there with harsha.robbery led to this condition.
11. The robbers were sentenced for life long prison.
12. The reigon of harsha was important for the Chinese invasion.
13. In this era bhramans and Kshatriya led simple life but the nobles and priest led
luxurious life.
14. Harsha followed sarva then later he followed bhuddhsm

Formation of new states and rual expansion in peninsula:

1. Eventually in 7 th century A.D the pallavas of knachi, pandyas of Madurai, chalukyas of badami
emerged into three major states.
2. This phase was marked with good trade,coins,tax,towns..
3. This phase also marked a invasion of stone temples of siva Vishnu in tamil nadu . insecond
century they were ruled by meghaliths…
4. Prakrit language was there…but the tamil made sankrit as their official language in peninsula.
5. States of the deccan and south india: the vattaka power in the deccan was followed by the
chalukyas …chalukhyas were overthrown by Rashtrakutas.
6. They left behind with monuments in nagarjunakonda and dharanikota.
7. The pallavas..land of creepers…in tamil pallavas were robbers…
8. They set their empire in creepy lands…and it took time for them to get civilized…they set their
capital at kanchi..
9. The pallavas came into conflict with kadambas.
10. Kadambas ruled Karnataka…kadambas was founded by Mayurasarman. Kadambas defeated
pallavas..
11. The gangas were another tribe like the pallavas..they ruled the mysore..and was know for the
gold mines there.
12. Kalbhras in 6 th century ,,,,the evil ruler overthre many kinds and establish the rule in tamil
nadu…only the pallavas, pandyas,chalukyas together can defeat them…the Kalbhras captured
the three kings..pall,pand,chaluk…
13. Conflict between pallavas and chalukyas: 6to8…there was conflict between pallavas and
chalukhyas…the pandyas joined as the poor third..
14. They tried to cross thungabadra by pallavas..became a historical boundary for many years.
15. The most im event took place was by pulakesin II the most famous chalukya king…he defeated
the kadambas..he also defeated harsha empire…
16. In his conflict with pallavas, he reached pallava capital…but pallava paid him their northern
province for peace..
17. The pallava king narasimhavarman ……it said thst he defeated the cheras,cholas,pandavas and
thr kalbhras. He also earned the titile vikramaditya.
18. Temples: siva,Vishnu..
 19. The pallavas built a seven ratha temples at mahaballipuram or mamallapuram. The city is also
famous for the shore temple.
20. Kailasanath temple built…
21. Demands on the peasantry: they demanded lot of tax…or cereals to meet the requirements..but
later it was ruled out.

Medicine: Atharva veda …also susrutasamhita dexcribes the method of cataract operation, kidney
stone,and other ailments… also mentions 121 implements to be used for operations..and emphasis
on cleanliness nd diet..

Charakasamhita it is encyclopaedia of medicines..it descrbes the various types of leprosy,

fever,hysteria,and tuberculosis by charaka.