Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AND ORE-DEPOSITION
BY
R. W. V A N DER VEEN, M . E. f
Professor of Economie Geology, Polytechnical University of Delft, Membcr of the
American Inatitute of Mining and Metallurgie»! Engineera, of the Chemical,
Metallurgical aad Mining Society of South Africa and of the Royal Inatitute of
Engineers of Holland.
WITH A N INTRODUCTION BY
J. F. KEMP
Professor of Geology in the School of Mines, Colombia University, New York
Past-president of the Geological Society of America, of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers, of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, and of the
Society of Economie Geologists. Foreign Correspondent of the Academy of Sciences
of Oslo, of the Geological Society of Stockholm, of the Geological Society of
London, and the Geological Society of Belgium
VOLUME I
T H E H A G U E — G. NAEFF — 1925
In memory of the late
Professor R U D O L F W I L L E M V A N D E R V E E N
by C. SCHOUTEN.
On the morning of the 3rd of April 1925 came the sad news
of the premature death of our highly esteemed professor R. W.
VAN DER VEEN, M . E .
For years already he had been suffering from stones in the
kidneys and once in 1912 he had had to undergo an opera-
tion. And now thirteen years later his aged mother, his belo-
ved wife and his three young children have to suffer the anguish,
that a second operation with the ensuing complications brought
about his death at the age of 42.
Born on the 27th of January 1883 at Buitenzorg (Dutch
East Indies) he visited the primary school there. At the age
of twelve, his parents took him With them to Holland to com-
plete his studies and, going back to India, they left him with
his relations at Middelburg (Holland). Here he attended the
secondary school till 1900 and in 1901 he was for the first
time admitted to the Membership of the Polytechnical College
at Delft.
During his study he already distinguished himself as a dili-
gent and intelligent worker and in 1906 he obtained his degree
as a mining engineer. Then he was for some months assistant
in the Laboratory of Mineralogy and after that he went to
Famatina in the Argentine, where he was engaged as mining
engineer in two different copper mines successively. For the
same Company he went later to Tucsuhuma in Bolivia, where
he was charged with the management of the development,
exploitation and mechanical concentration of tin ore.
Having returned to Holland, he was invited to give advice
about a gold field in British India. The exploration which he
performed there, unfortunately led him to the conviction
that further investigation would be of no use and he came
back to Holland. Some months afterwards he got a commis-
VI IN MEMORY.
tely he could just finish before his death the first volume,
but it was alas not given to him to see the publication com-
pleted.
I hope and I am sure, that his book wül find its way as it
deserves.
His death was premature, because his life was still so füll
of promise.
We will hold his memory in lasting esteem.
C H A P T E R II.
Constitution diagrams 15
Binary systerns 16
E u t e c t i c and e u t e c t o i d i c t e x t u r e . . 22
Transformations in solid solutions. 24
Literature 26
C H A P T E R III.
Investigationofspecimens 27
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of the m i n e r a l s . . . 27
Hardness — Polish—Color—Reflection —Inter-
na! reflections — Color of the powder — Polarized
light — Etching —Electrolytic etching—Etching
by heating — Crystal shape and texture — Twin-
ning —Analyses — Thin sections — Literature. 27—39
X CONTENTS.
Page.
Questions Concerning Ore-formation 39
Texture — Idiomorphic minerals — Metasoma-
tism — Segregations — Recrystallization —
Paragenesis 40—50
O r d e r of D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e M i n e r a l s 50
Abbreviations 53
Nomenclature list 53
A b b r e v i a t i o n s of m i n e r a l n a m e s . . 57
L i s t of r e a g e n t s 57
Literature 59
Descriptlve part.
N a t i v e s e m i-m e t a 1 s.
Arsenic 65
Antimony 68
Arsenic — Antimony (Allemontite) 70
Tellurium 74
Bismuth 75
Native metais.
Copper 82
Silver 90
Silver Amalgam 103
Gold 105
Platinum 116
Iron 121
Lead 125
L i s t s.
Minerals with colored powder 127
Minerals which occur often idiomorphic (euhedral)
opp. 128
Minerals with pronounced colors 129
Minerals with internal reflection 132
List of figures 137
Index to figures 157
General Index 160
(llustrations.
INTRODUCTION.
T E C H N I Q U E OF E X A M I N A T I O N .
MlCROSCOPICAL ARRANGEMENT.
The difference between the mineralogica] and the metallo-
graphic or mineragraphic microscope is in the method of Ulu-
minating the object. In the latter a reflector situated directly
above the objective, generally reflects the hght, by which the
opaque object is iUuminated.
In rnineragraphic examination normal or vertical illumination
is used. Obhque hght may be used for the recognition of intemal
reflexes of transparent minerals, though polarized vertical hght
by x nicols has the same effect.
Fig. 2.
Scheme of representation of vertical illumination. 1. Diaphragm;
2. Diaphragm; 3. Vertical illuminator; 4. Objective; 5. Object;
6. Ocular diaphragm. a = Plane glass- and b is prism illumination.
PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS.
G r i n d i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g . The preparation of the
sections is of very great importance for correct observation.
Not only must the surface be free from scratches and pits as
much as possible, but also it must not be chemicaüy changed.
An ore-specimen generaüy consists of minerals differing in
hardness. In the aüoys in metaüography the difference in hard-
ness of the components is much slighter as a rule, so that to
TECHNIQUE OF EXAMINATION. 7
G r i n d i n g - a n d p o l i s h i n g powder. Theoretically
the method of polishing above mentioned seems only possible
with powders which are only a little harder than the mineral
to be polished. It follows that for the polishing of the ores with
a hardness of 2—9 one ought to have seven or, better still,
fourteen different polishing powders. So e.g. a surface in which
pyrite (H. 6,5), arsenopyrite (H 5,5—6), pyrrhotite (H 3,5—4,5),
chalcopyrite (H 3,5—4) and galena (H 2—2,5) occur, ought
to be polished successively with powders of a hardness of
8 CHAPTER I.
F i g . 4.
Fig. 5.
F i g . 6. F i g . 7.
F i g . 8.
TECHNIQUE O F EXAMINATION. 9
Grinding.
1. O n the specimen a flat section is ground on an iron
wheel of about 25 c m . diameter driven at 300 R . P . M . w i t h
carborundum mixed w i t h water (No. 220). The number of
revolutions and the abrasive to be used is of no great impor-
tance, provided that the latter is hard and not too coarse.
I t can also take place on an emery-wheel kept wet, or on an
iron wheel w i t h emery-powder.
2. The edges of the ground section are rounded off on an
emery-stone or on the wheel above mentioned. This serves t o
prevent tears i n the cloth of the lap-wheels to be used next.
3. O n a horizontal glass plate grinding takes place by hand
w i t h carborundum (60 minutes-powder) and water. This must
be done very carefully, t i l l a fine compact section is obtained,
as this saves time for the following treatments.
4. O n a polished copper wheel or on a wooden one w i t h an
ebonite plate which is spanned w i t h fine linen or fine cotton of
20 threads a centimeter i n both directions, one continues t o
grind. The ebonite plate is placed i n such a w a y that while the
wheel is screwed onto its axis the plate is pressed outward i n
the center b y this axis, which causes the cotton to be more
tightly spanned. To span the cotton a slit is made i n the border
of the wheel, i n which a cord can be placed or an elastic band.
The diameter of this wheel m a y be about 22 c M . driven at
1400 R . P . M , While grinding, one wets the cotton or the linen
from time to time i n the middle of the wheel w i t h carborundum
i n water (60 minutes-powder). F o r this wetting and also for
those following we can use an „ e r l e m e y e r " w i t h a pierced cork
through which is put a short glass tube tapering i n front.
E v e r y now and then a few drops are shaken out of the bottle
onto the wheel.
The grinding on this whéel is important when hard ores
are present. W i t h middling hard ores and soft ores this treat-
ment can be omitted.
5. F i n a l l y we grind on a wheel like the one just mentioned
w i t h the same covering and driven w i t h the same speed, but
now we wet w i t h diamantine-powder (hardness 9) (provided b y
K R A N T Z & C o . Bonn.) i n water. N o w the grinding is finished
and for hard ores the polishing is over as well. The middling-
hard ores and the soft ores are not yet t o t a l l y free from scratches.
10 CHAPTER I.
The total treatment takes not longer than 5—10 minutes for
most ores. Specimens with very hard minerals as e.g. pyrite,
cassiterite and others take some more time.
For ores with a hardness of more than 5,5—6 the treatments
3 and 4, are important. For these as well as for 5 rather much
time must be taken. Then 6 can be either omitted or limited
to a minimum. For ores with a hardness 4—5 all treatments
must be executed with about equal length of time. For 4 and
5 half a nunute till one ntihute suffices, for 6 about 1—2 mi-
nutes. Sometimes 4 can be omitted, but only when more time
is given to 5. For soft ores 4 can be omitted, but 6 has to be
executed more carefully.
When a piece has many minerals, very different in hardness,
it is desirable to do 3 very carefully, to give little time to 4
and much time to 5. Then 6 must be short, as otherwise the
reliëf becomes greater than is desirable.
TECHNIQÜE OF EXAMINATION. 11
must not be turned during the grinding and the polishing, but
alternatively kept in two perpendicular directions.
Technical arrangement.
For the reasons mentioned above vertical wheels are preferable
to horizontal wheels. Moreover, when more than one wheel is
used the movement can be transmitted by a horizontal trans-
mission axis driven by an electromotor. With horizontal wheels
this transmission becomes intricate and each wheel must be
used with a separate electromotor. If one cannot make great
expenses one wheel driven by an electromotor with different
transmissions suffices and then the wheel must be changed
for each treatment. This takes time and is more difficult than
when one can use more wheels. The best thing is to take a
separate wheel for every treatment. Three wheels and one glass
plate suffice for the most extensive grinding-apparatus. In the
figures 5, 6, 7 are represented some wheels driven by belt and
by separate electromotor. A small wheel is seen in figure 8,
which can be used for polishing purposes.
MOUNTING OF SPECIMENS.
The polished surface must be perpendicular to the axis of
the microscope, or parallel to the plane of the stage. Several
methods can be applied. The piece is fixed with some kind
of wax or other on an object-glass. The lower surface of this
object-glass must be placed parallel to the polished section.
The method mentioned by Murdoch consists in accurately
turning copper rings different in height till upper and
lower border are parallel. The diameter of the ring must be
smaller than the length of the object-glass. The best thing is
to take long object-glasses (English size) because then the
diameter of the rings need not be so small and also because
we get a more accurate labelling.
The wax-bar is taken, the one end is heated and the piece
is pressed into the hot wax-bar. While the wax is stül soft the
lower part with the specimen is cut off. Now the specimen is laid
with its polished surface on a glass-plate, so that the bit of wax
points upwards; a ring is chosen the upper border of which is
somewhat lower and the ring is laid around it. The object-
glass is well heated and laid on the wax with its center. Through
T E C H N I Q U E O F EXAMINATION. 13
the heat the wax melts and the glass sinks due to its own weight
till it rests with both sides on the ring. If we heat the object-
glass the pressing of it against the wax is no longer necessary,
and a more accurate horizontal orientation is obtained while
breaking of the glass is avoided at the same time.
Small handpresses are manufactured also, by means of which
the piece can be pressed horizontally into the wax on the object-
glass.
The object-glass may be provided on both ends with a label,
on which the number and other desirable data may be men-
tioned.
Serviceable wax may be made in different ways. Sealing
wax may be used provided one first makes sure whether it holds
well on glass.
P o r o u s a n d l o o s e a g g r e g a t e s of minerals can be
treated in exactly the same way, when they are cooked for
some time in Canada-balsam without any volatile parts, just
as is done with thin sections of porous rocks. The temperature
may not be high to prevent chemical changes. The section
when polished is treated with xylol, which causes the balsam
to become dim.
L o o s e g r a i n s are laid on the glass plate, the heated
wax is pressed on them; they are polished as usual and moun-
ted in the same way.
D e l i c a t e c r y s t a l s like copper- and silver-dendrites
can be transmitted to melted wax.
S a n d s a n d s l i m e s can be mixed with some melted
wax, which mixture can be treated like ore after cooling.
First attention must be paid tothecomposition and alien ingre-
dients of the wax itself.
General literature.
I. W. CAMPBELL. The Microscopie Examination of Opaque
Minerals. Econ. Geology. Vol. I, 1906, 751.
II. W. M . D A V Y and C . M . F A R N H A M . Microscopie Exami-
nation of the Ore Minerals. New York, 1920.154 pgs.
III. B. GRANIGG. Zur Anwendung Metallographischer Me-
thoden auf die Mikroskopische Untersuchung von Erzlager-
statten. Metall u. Erz, 12, 1915, 189—200; 13, 1916, 169—177;
17, 1920, 57—61.
14 CHAPTER I.
CONSTITUTION DIAGRAMS.
BlNARY SYSTEMS.
F o r binary systems the abscissae represent the concentra-
t i o n of the mixture or of the solution, the ordinates being the
thermodynamic potential (see fig. 9 1). Pressure and tempe-
rature are supposed to be constant, the pressure is atmospheric.
The vertical at point A represents 100 % of the component
A , the vertical at B represents 100 % B. A mixture of A and B
is represented b y a vertical line, the horizontal distance of
which from B, indicates the percentage of A , and the horizon-
t a l distance of which from A indicates the percentage of B.
When the s o l u b i l i t y i n the l i q u i d s t a t e
i s c o m p l e t e the 2 of a l l solutions from 0—100 per cent B
b u i l d a curve convex to the horizontal axis. The two compo-
nents may be completely or incompletely soluble i n the solid
state i n a l l proportions. The solution i n the solid state is called
" s o l i d solution" *) W h e n we consider the solid solutions which
freeze out of a melt as homogeneous solid phases, we can re-
present their 2 at a given temperature and pressure b y a curve,
just as w i t h the liquid solutions.
Considering these solid phases we have three possibilities:
a. The two components are soluble i n a l l proportions i n
the liquid state; they form a continuous series of solid solutions.
b. The components are incompletely soluble i n the solid state;
they are not miscible i n a l l proportions.
c. The two components crystallize into 2 crystal systems
(isodimorphous).
Not only isomorphous components but also chemically very
different components build solid solutions. The isomorphy of
the components is commonly favorable to the existence of
solid solutions, but there are many exceptions. A n example
is the occurrence of the solid solutions of ZnS and CuFeS , 2
T y p e IV. The c o n t i n u o u s f f e e z i n g c u r v e
has a t r a n s i t i o n p o i n t and the s o l i d solu-
t i o n s d o n o t f o r m a c o n t i n u o u s s e r i e s , (see
fig. 11).
This type results when the tangential points of the concave
part of the solidus curve in the c-2 diagram always remain
on one side of the intersection point of both curves. The C-T
diagram is given by V I . With D E the solid solutions D G
coëxist as in type 1.1' is the transition temperature, below which
sohd solutions along C F coëxist with melts C E . The melt E
is in equihbrium with 2 sohd solutions F and G which lie both
on the same side of E . For this reason the melt E never results
from fusion of G and F. E is called an i n c o n g r u e n t m e l t .
When cooling proceeds: L i q . E -f- Sohd G<-> Sohd F ; when
the temperature- is raised Liq. E + Sohd G •*- solid F . This
is called the p e r i t e c t i c r e a c t i o n .
The curves with incongruent melting point are important
for the study of resorption phenomena in igneous rocks and
in magmatic ore deposits and for the occurrence of the "reac-
tion rims" (kelephitic zones) e.g. between augites and feldspars,
around ilmenite and olivine, etc.
a. Melts of the composition C-E freeze into homogeneous
sohd solutions (field fi) when we assume that H F is vertical.
When H F is not vertical these solutions, however, may result
to be unstable at a lower temperature and may split up into
different solid solutions.
In the same way melts of the composition a-D freeze into
homogeneous phases.
b. Melts of the composition a-c and c-E first form sohd
solutions corresponding to a'-G and c'-G, till t' is reached or
point E and G. Then the peritectic reaction sets in. If sohd
G is superabundant during the reaction, the melt E is used
up and two solid phases F and G arise. If liq. E is superabun-
dant sohd G disappears and liq. E and sohd F remain, which
will follow the rules of the C F and C E curves. Between a c
the former will result, between c E the latter. Rule I and II
hold good here.
T y p e V . T h e s o l i d s o l u t i o n s do not f o r m
a c o n t i n u o u s series, the f r e e z i n g curve
h a s a e u t e c t i c p o i n t. (see fig. 12).
22 CHAPTER II.
dendrites in the melt <lïgs. 97, 99). Now the remaining eutectic
melt cannot be undercooled with respect to the component
which was crystallizing out before the eutectic point was
reached. This phase continues to form below the eutectic tempe-
rature t' till supersaturation for the second component has
reached its maximum. This may be the reason why in many
alloys e.g. silver-copper (fig. 97), the primary crystals of copper
are surrounded first by a thin layer of the other component
(silver), before the eutectic texture develops. These crystals
often seem to determine the pattern of the eutectic cells of
which they generally form the centers.
Solid solutions of type V will crystallize in the same way
as those above mentioned.
The texture o f a e u t e c t o i d is almost similar to a
eutectic one and is the result of the same process described
above, taking place i n a s o l i d s o l u t i o n , which b r e a k s
d o w n along a similar diagram into two new phases.
toidic point E is reached, and then the rest will split up into a
mixture of the components B and B'. This mixture will show
under certain circumstances a fine "graphic intergrowth" of
both phases.
Literature.
I. H . W. B A K H U I S ROOZEBOOM. Erstarrungspunkte der Misch-
krystalle zweier Stoffe. Zeitsch. f. Phys. Chemie. 1899,385—412.
II. H . W . B A K H U I S ROOZEBOOM. DieHeterogeneGleichgewichte.
III. H . W. B A K H U I S ROOZEBOOM. Umwandlungspunkte
bei Mischkrystalle. Zeitsch. f. Phys. Chemie 1899.
IV. FINDLAY. The Phase Rule.
V. H . SCHNEIDERHÖHN. Anleitung zur Mikroskopischen
Bestimmung der Mineralien, etc, 1922.
VI. H . SCHNEIDERHÖHN. Entmischungserscheinungen in-
nerhalb von Erzmischkrystallen und ihre Bedeutung für Lager-
stattenkunde und Aufbereitung. Metall u. Erz. Vol. 19, 1922,
501—508. and 517—526.
VII. G. TAMMANN. Krystallisieren und Schmelzen.
VIII. G. TAMMANN. Aggregatzustande, 1922.
I X . R. VOGEL. Ueber Eutektische Krystallisation. Zeitsch.
f. Anorg. Chemie, 76, 1912, 425—436.
X . W. ROSENHAIN. Solid solutions. Trans. Am. Inst. of
Min. a. Met. Engineers Vol. L X I X , 1923.
CHAPTER III.
INVESTIGATION OF SPECIMENS.
t
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MINERALS.
For the identification of the minerals the following pheno-
mena have to be observed and determined, if necessary:
reflection capacity, hardness, color, capability of being
polished and character of the polished surface, cleavages,
conduct with regard to chemical reagents, conduct in polarized
light, internal reflection, color of the powder, crystal-habit,
inner crystal-structure, twinning, intergrowth.
many bits to fly off, due to which pits originate in the section,
bounded by the planes of cleavage of the mineral. Very characte-
ristic of this fact is e.g. galena, where these cleavage- triangles
often suffice to recognize the mineral (fig. 22).
The section of very soft minerals often becomes a little
uneven e.g. native gold, silver and bismuth, while chalcopyrite
excels in smoothness of surface and the ease with which it can
be polished.
distüled water pour into 500cc boiling water and add 0,83 gram
Seignette salt (KNa tartrate); let it boil a short time till the
precipitate turns gray, filter when warm.
The object-glass to be covered with a silver coating is care-
fully cleaned successively with H N 0 conc, K O H conc,
8
Etching by s t r o n g i l l u m i n a t i o n can be
applied succesfully to distinguish some silver ores.
Literature.
I. F. POCKELS, Lehrbuch der Krystalloptik.
II. J . F. KOENIGSBERGER. Eine neue Methode für die
Mikroskopische Metallographie. C. B . f. Mineralogie, etc. 1901,
195; Metallurgie, V I , 1909, 605.
III. H . SCHNEIDERHÖHN (M. B E R E K ) . Aiüeitung zur Mikros-
kopischen Bestimmung und Untèrsuchung von Erzen etc.
besonders im Auffallenden Licht. 1922.
IV. E . SAMPSON. Notes on the Deterniination of Aniso-
tropism in Metahic Minerals. Econ. Geol. Vol. X V I I I , 1923, 775.
V. P . D R U D E . Wied. Ann. 36, 1889, 548; 39, 1890, 537.
II.
R e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . Recrystallization-phenomena are
sometimes observed. On closer observation large grains appear
to consist of smaller equally orientated grains. The phenomenon
is observed in glacier-ice (see Tammann, Aggregatzustande)
and may also occur in ores. In galena it is not rare. Copper of
Lake Superior shows another typical recrystallization pattern,
(fig. 87) well known in metallography. This recrystallization
generally points to a heightened temperature after deposition,
combined with or preceded by pressure. Recrystallization-
diagrams for different metais have already been studied
in metallography. For minerals nothing has been done in this
respect. For the pure metais we can find some indications in
the metallographic examinations, although we must always
take into consideration that in the laboratory of nature many
unknown circumstances exist which are different from those
which reign in the laboratoria of mankind.
O R D E R OF T H E DESCRIPTION OF T H E MINERALS.
N O M E N C L A T U R E LIST.
F i b r o u s : made up of fibres.
F o l i a t e d , f o l i a c e o u s : when the laminae are thin
?|*and separable.
L a m e l l a r : plates or leaves.
H y p i d i o m o r p h i c : partly bounded by crystal faces,
hypaiitomorphic, subhedral.
I d i o m o r p h i c : completely bounded by crystal faces,
automorphic, euhedral.
M e t a c r y s t : (pseudo-phenocryst),xenoblast,idioblast,a
crystal developed later in a rock or an ore, a secondary
crystal or metasome.
P h e n o c r y s t : an idiomorphic, primary crystal in a
groundmass of smaller crystals or glass.
P o i k i l i t i c : mottled, when one mineral contains
numerous inclusions of other nünerals of no table size.
R a d i a t e d , d i v e r g e n t : when the crystals radiate
from a center without producing stellar forms (stibnite).
R e t i c u l a t e d : When the fibres or columns cross in
various directions, similar to a net.
S t e l l a t e d : when the fibres radiate from a center in
all directions and produce star-like forms (wavelite).
P a r a m o r p h i s m : see allotropy.
P o l y m o r p h i s m : see allotropy.
P o l y s y n t h e t i c t w i n n i n g : repeated twinning.
P o l y s y m m e t r y : the laminae of polysynthetic twinning
may be so thin as not to be visible with a'microscope, so
that the crystal exhibits all the physical properties which
are characteristic of a crystal possessing the higher sym-
metry.
P s e u d o m o r p h i s m : t h e change of a crystallized mineral
so that its form no longer belongs to its chemical compo-
sition.
P s e u d o s y m m e t r y : when the typical crystal form of
a substance so nearly approaches to that of a crystal with
higher symmetry that it may be mistaken for it.
S t r u c t u r e : large features of rock bodies and ore bodies,
or inner crystal habit.
T e x t u r e : small features of rocks and ores and rnineral
aggregates: c r y s t a l l i n i t y , g r a n u l a r i t y and
f a b r i c or p a t t e r n .
56 CHAPTER III.
T e x t u r e s of m i n e r a l a g g r e g a t e s .
A l l o t r i o m o r p h i c - g r a n u l a r : when all. mineral
grains are allotriomorphic.
C r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c : a type of secondary texture,
exhibiting the inner symmetry of the crystalline sub-
stance of the grains with deposits of another rnineral
lodged parallel to the cleavage-, twinning-, or gliding
planes; or when secondary deposits are arranged parallel
to the crystallographic axes. (figs. 17—20, 44, 46).
E u t e c t i c o r e u t e c t o i d i c : see also graphic
intergrowth; intergrowth of minute particles of the com-
ponents of the eutectic mixture, which crystallize simul-
taneously. (figs. 14, 48, 64—67).
G r a n u l a r : grains; when more or less regular polyhedra
occur it is called polyhedral, equi-granular. (fig. 23).
G r a p h i c i n t e r g r o w t h : if crystals of two kinds
mutually penetrate one into another, so that each main-
tains its crystallographic orientation, in parts which
are irregularly shaped along the contact with one another;
more complicated than mutual intergrowth, and in a
smaller scale with sharper curves and lines correspon-
ding with crystal features, generally demonstrating
eutecticum or eutectoid. (figs. 48, 64, 65, 66, 67).
H y p i d i o m o r p h i c - g r a n u l a r : when some compo-
nents are idiomorphic and the others hypidiomorphic
or allotriomorphic.
L a t t i c e t e x t u r e : Lammellar texture, segregate of
one mineral in another so that a fine network results,
like Widmannstatten pattern. (figs. 46, 51).
M u t u a l i n t e r g r o w t h : Coarse graphic intergrowth,
but not so complicated, each mineral lies within the
other in lobes and cusps.
N e t w o r k - o r m e s h t e x t u r e : a type of secondary
texture of an aggregate, marking the outlines of the
grains with deposits lodged along these lines. (figs. 14,15).
P a n - i d i o m o r p h i c - g r a n u l a r : When all mineral
grains are more or less idiomorphic.
LIST OF REAGENTS. 57
ABBREVIATIONS OF M I N E R A L NAMES USED
I N T H E FIGURES.
ap arsenopyrite
ar : argentite
bn bornite
br breithauptite
cc chalcocite
ch1 : chloantite
cp : chalcopyrite
cv : covellite
en : enargite
gn : galena
hm : hematite
mc : marcasite
mg : magnetite
n c niccolite
pg : pyrargyrite
po : pyrrhotite
pr : proustite
py : pyrite
r a : rammelsbergite
sa safflorite
s1 : sphalerite
sm : smaltite
st : stibnite
td : tetrahedrite
LIST OF REAGENTS.
H N 0 conc
3 Concentrated, G. 1,365.
HNOg One part conc. acid and one
part water.
H N 0 dil
8 145 cc. concentrated and 855
cc. water.
HC1 conc Concentrated, G. 1,19.
HC1 One part conc. acid and one
part water.
HC1 dil 161 cc. concentr. acid and 839
cc. water.
58 CHAPTER III.
C r 0 50 %
3 50 gr. in 100 water.
CrO , HC1
s C r 0 50 % and conc. HC1 in
3
equal parts.
CrOg, H N O s C r 0 50 % and conc. H N O ,
3
in equal parts.
KMn0 4 2,5 gr. in 100 water.
K M n 0 sat 4 Saturated solution in water.
AgNO s Saturated solution in water.
KCN 20 % solution in water.
HgClj saturated solution in water.
FeClj 20 % solution in water.
K,Fe(CN) 8 25 % solution in water.
K Fe(CN)
4 6 25 % solution in water.
H , S 0 conc 4 S. G. 1,84.
KC10 H S 0 3> 2 4 KClOj powder and a drop of
conc. H S 0 mixed on the spot.
2 4
Literature.
I. H . W. BAKHUIS ROOZEBOOM. Erstarrungspunkte der
Mischkrystalle zweier Stoffe. Zeitsch. f. Phys. Chemie. 1899,
385—412.
II. H . W. B A K H U I S ROOZEBOOM. Die Heterogene Gleich-
gewichte.
III. H . W. B A K H U I S ROOZEBOOM. Umwandlungspunkte
bei Mischkrystalle. Zeitsch. f. Phys. Chemie 1899.
IV. F I N D L A Y . The Phase Rule.
V. H . SCHNEIDERHÖHN. Anleitung zur Mikroskopischen
Bestimmung der Mineralien, etc. 1922.
VI. H . SCHNEIDERHÖHN. Entmischungserscheinungen inner-
halb von Erzmischkrystallen und ihre Bedeutung für Lager-
stattenkunde und Aufbereitung. Met all u. Erz. Vol. 19, 1922,
501—508 and 517—526.
V I L G. TAMMANN. Krystallisieren und Schmelzen.
VIII. G. TAMMANN. Aggregatzustande, 1922. Lehrbuch der
Metallographie, 1923.
I X . R. VOGEL. Ueber Eutektische Krystallisation. Zeitsch.
f. Anorg. Chemie, 76, 1912, 425—436.
X . W . ROSENHAIN. Solid solutions, Trans. Am. Inst. of
Min. a. Met. Engineer Vol. L X I X , 1923.
ARSENIC.
K O H conc; K C N .
T e x t u r e and c r y s t a l h a b i t . AUotriomorpmc gra-
nular, individuals often with repeated twinning (fig. 58). In
the re'niform, concentric shaly masses, generally fibrous, feathery
and like ice-flowers or scales (fig. 59). Between X nicols every
feather or scale reveals microscopie, radiating fibres, which
extinguish successively when the stage is revolved, so that
divergent interference figures are produced. The shales very
seldom appear.
D i f f . Distinguished from antimony, by etching with
K Fe(CN) , and H 0 ; not being etched by Na S; texture and
8 6 8 2 2
than in all the others examined. (fig. 60). Other specimens show
bismuth füling the dendrites, surrounded by sa. and other
Co-Ni arsenides; silver disseminated in small spots (fig. 61, 62).
J a p a n . E c h i z e n . (1). Loose crystals, coarse irregular
granular.
ANTIMONY.
Comp. Var. Antimony, containing sometimes arsenic in
solid solution.
D e s c r i p t i o n . Rhombohedral. Massive, lameUar, granu-
lar; sometimes radiated or botryoidal and reniform. If in crystals
rhombohedron prominent, sometimes tabular.
Twins: 0112, polysynthetic or multiple twins. Cleavage: c,
0001 highly perfect, 0221 distinct.
Color: tin-white. H . 3-3,5. Lustre metallic. Streak tin-white.
P y r . Fuses readily, giving white fumes and white coating
on charcoal; in the open tube a coating which volatilizes and
one which does not; flame bluish green.
MINERAGRAPHY.
P o l i s h . Polishes easily without scratches and pits.
R e f l e c t i o n . High, higher than arsenic.
C o l o r . White. Compared with arsenic slightly brighter,
white; with galena brighter white; with platinum slightly grayer.
Platinum is slightly creamy compared with antimony; silver
is brighter and creamy white, smaltite and safflorite slightly
gray arsenopyrite grayish with a suggestion of violet, pyrar-
gyrite bluish gray.umangite purple, stibnite slightly gray (same
as arsenic) compared with antimony.
P o l a r i z e d l i g h t . Extinction positions dark gray to
dark bluish gray, bright positions: bluish gray and brownish to
yellowish gray, dull, sometimes only shght variations.
E t c h i n g . K,S, conc, develops texture beautifuUy (fig.
63), also H S 0 develops good texture, giving sometimes square
a a 7
etch-figures.
+ HNO conc. (black, when adding a drop of water to the
s
Examination.
F r a n c e . A l l e m o n t , D a u p h i n é. L e s Cha-
l a n c h e s (2). (veins in gneiss with Ni-and Co-ores,Ag-ores,
stibnite, cinnabar and allemontite). Fine and coarse granular;
patches of intergrown pg, concentric shells of radiating fine
needies of st.
H a r z . A n d r e a s b e r g (1), (on silver veins; in calcite
sometimes with quartz, proustite); granular, small needies of
st. in calcite, seam of arsenic.
B o h e m i a . P z r i b r a m , M t J a m n y (2). Reniform,
concentric shells; fine granular, many pores, fine spots of arsenic.
Saxony. Freiberg, Junge Hohe Birke(l).
Plumose, iceflower-like.
70 N A T I V E SEMI METALS.
Reagens S b i n S b
'
p u r e
As in As pure,
allemontite. alone. allemontite. alone.
K2S conc 4. 4 j
Hl 4 +
H S 0 2 8 4 7 4 _ _
2min.H 0 3 % . . — 2 2 _ + +
FeCl in water . .
8 44 (4) 4 4
„ in alcohol . . 4 4 4
CuCl in water. . .
t 44 4. — (4.)
Phosph. molybden. . 4 — — 4
Na 0 , H 0 . . . .
2 8 4 2 (4) ( ) ± 4
NaOCl 4 _ ( ± ) 4
Examination.
F r a n c e. A l l e m o n t , D a u p h i n é (6). (veins in gneiss,
shaly or fine granular, two varieties: "ondulé" and lamellar);
fine granular, grains 0,1 m.m., every grain shows g r a p h i c
i n t e r g r o w t h of two components. Each component of a single
grain behaves as a single crystal between x nicols and by et-
ching (figs. 64—67). Cleavage lines run without interruption
through both components. Sometimes small patches of pr.,
veinlets of calcite with stibnite needies, single safflorite cry-
stals occur. The-As component does not tarnish so rapidly in
in the air (III).
B a d e n . M ü n s t e r t h a l . (1), (veins with barite, quartz,
gn., pr.); concentric shales, the shells consist of fine inter-
growths of Sb and As, Sb dominating; As fills small spaces left
between small elongated individuals of Sb; finely radiated, plu-
mose; pr. substitutes partly both components; small patches
of ar., small sa. crystals in veinlets of quartz throughout the
whole specimen. As-comp. does not tarnish rapidly.
H a r z , St. A n d r e a s b e r g . (8), (insilverveins); mammil-
lary, reniform, in concentric shells; generally feathery, plumose,
radiating, sometimes like ice-flowers and scales; consisting of
radiating fibres of As, between which the Sb component is ar-
ranged in small irregular elongated forms (fig. 68,69), often smal-
ler than 0,001 m.m. Shells sometimes with center of an irregular
As fragment, strongly varying in composition; sometimes in
the shells rounded grains of concentrc texture (fig. 70) between
which the Sb-component lies; silver occurs in small flecks,
surrounded by sa. (fig. 68); sa. on veinlets of calcite; pr. introdu-
ced in small cracks, or planes between the shells sometimes
substitutes As and Sb, so that a pseudo-eutectic pattern results.
As-comp. does not tarnish rapidly.
St. A n d r e a s b e r g (1); cores of dyscrasite
74 NATIVE SEMI METALS.
Literature.
I. G. K A L B , Das System As-Sb in der Natur. Vortrag Vers.
d. Deutsche Min. Ges. Leipzig 1922.
II. PARRAVANO, D E CESARIS, Gazz. Chim. ital. 1912.1. 341.
III. R. W. VAN DER V E E N , Eenige opmerkingen over het
onderzoek van ertsen met opvallend licht. Voordracht, De
Ingenieur, 1922, No. 42.
TELLURIUM.
C o m p. Tellurium.
D e s c r. Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals columnar, acicu-
lar; generally fine granular, massive.
Cleavage, m (1010) perfect, c (0001) imperfect. Color and
streak: tin-white. H . 2—2,5. Brittle, somewhat sectile. Lustre me-
tallic.
P y r. B. B . fuses readily, volatilizes and oxidizes, colonng
the flame green; in open tube white fumes and white coating,
which fuses into colorless drops. With warm conc. H SO« purple-
8
—. HC1; K C N ; K O H .
T e x t u r e . Granular.
D i f f. Reflection, white color, H , bright yellow coating
with Cr0 , HC1.
8
BISMUTH.
C o m p. Bismuth.
Diagrams of Au-Bi and Ag-Bi (I) show that solid solutions
of these metais in bismuth do not exist at ordinary temperatures.
Bismuth has an enantiotropic transformation at 75° C. and pro-
bably another between 112° and 135° C. (V, VI).
D e s c r i p t i o n . Rhombohedral. Generally arborescent,
reticulated; foliated and granular.
76 NATIVE SEMI METALS.
So C h e l e u t i t e i s n o m i n e r a l b u t a n i n t e r -
g r o w t h o f b i s m u t h a n d Co-Ni a r s e n i d e s .
C o r n w a l l . R e d r u t h . (1). Granular, same arborescent
texture as Schneeberg etc. w i t h C o - N i arsenides. Seams i n
smaltite-chloantite partly replaced b y nearly submicroscopical
intergrowth of B i and B i S (fig. 85).
2 3
Literature.
I. G . J . P E T R E N K O . Zeitsch. anorg. Chem. 46 and 50, 1905
a n d 1906.
II. W . C A M P B E L L a n d C . W . K N I G H T . A microscopie E x a m i -
n a t i o n of the Cobalt-nickel Arsenides. E c o n . Geology. V o l . I,
1906, pg. 767.
Mineragraphy. 6
82 NATIVE METALS.
N A T I V E METALS.
COPPER.
Examination.
Westphalia. Mine K a u s e r s t e i m e l near Kau-
s e n. (2) (veins of limonite in Lower-Devonian). Fine granular,
(0,05 mm) and dendritic in cavities. Small bands of copper,
following concentric banding of limonite, or in irregular patches
(fig. 91). The copper is partly syngenetic with limonite and
partly later than the deposition of the limonite and has replaced
part of the limonite shells. Supergene.
H e r d o r f a/d S i e g. (1) Same as above.
In concentric shells in limonite. Limonite surrounds supergene
(rhombic) cc., which contains remnants of primary intergrowth
of bn. and cp. (fig. 45) Supergene.
N a s s a u , E m s , F r i e d r i c h s s e g e n , (1). Spear-hke,
dendritic; thickness of spears 0,05 mm. Supergene.
B e t z d o r f , A l t e n k i r c h e n (1). Fine granular. Supergene.
S a x o n y , Z w i c k a u (2) (in claystonein "rothliegende")
Spear-like, irregular granular (0,2 mm.) Supergene.
B a n a t , M o l d a v i a . (1). Spear-like, irregular granular
(0,1 mm). Supergene.
I t a l y , M o n t e C a t i n i ( l ) (with copper sulpbides in
diabases). Panidiomorphic granular, twins, (0,1 mm.).
S a r d i n i a , A l g h e r o Sassari, C a l a B o n a Mi-
ne (1). Spear-like, dendritic. Crystals radiating from centers,
every crystal surrounded by thin film of cuprite; small patches
of copper pitch ore filhng remaining openings. Supergene.
C o r n w a l l , R e d r u t h . (2) Loose dendritic crystals,
with spear-like intercrystaUine habit. Supergene.
W h e a l B a s s e t M i n e (3)
(in lodes in ki]las). Granular (0,5 mm.); copper and cuprite in
numerous veinlets in copper pitch ore and chrysokolla; cuprite
surrounds in thin films native copper, traverses it as weü
86 NATIVE METALS.
Literature.
(I) A. B E Ü T E L L . Wachstumserscheinungen des Kupfers,
COPPER. 89
SILVER.
C o m p . Silver, sometimes with Au, Pt, Cu, Bi, Hg, Sb, in solid
solution. A u and Ag form continuous solid solutions (III); Ag
may contain up to 1% Cu, 5% B i in solid solution, according
to the constitution diagrams, (III). The amount of Pt and
Sb according to the existing diagrams may be larger. Ag S 2
—. K O H ; HC1.
Sunlight or strong arc-light may etch silver when it contains
small amovmts of Ag S. Percentages up to 0,001 % Ag S may be
8 8
A wire from Kongsberg did not show any texture, only some
small inclusions were not attacked so readily as the ground-
mass. This may have been caused by a small amount of Hg.
In some cases wire silver seems to be formed in a colloidal
state. A similar phenomenon occurring at an ordinary tempe-
rature with a drop of Hg-Al alloy when left in moist air is
stated by Kremann (XIX). A desintegration of the alloy takes
place, the A l forms winding, wormlike efflorescences consisting
of A l (OH) in colloidal state (as a sohd froth). The aragonite
3
Examination.
F r a n c e. M a r k i r c h . (6) Small spots of silver in native
arsenic. No texture. (see arsenic, pg. 66).
B a d e n . W i t t i c h e n . (1) (on veins in granite with sm.,
barite, in wire-form, plates, lumps, dendrites). Granular (0,5 mm.),
twins; irregular spots in ar., with gn.; gangue is calcite.
W o l f a c h . (1) Granular (0,5 mm.), twins;
silver in irregular veinlets in quartz.
(XIV) T h u r i n g i a . H e r r e n s e g e n . (1) Silver in
galena, in calcite.
(XIV) (1) Pr. with small seam of native silver
replacing gn.
M a n s f e l d . (1) (in bituminous shales with c c , bn. and
some cp.). Fine equi-granular (0,05 mm.), rounded grains, no
twins; fine intergrowth of native silver, cc. and bn. (fig. 104)
„emulsion texture," resulted from gels.
H a r z . A n d r e a s b e r g . (3) (on veins with ar., pr. pg.
and other sulpho-antimonides and -arsenides, some nickel- and
cobalt ores, arsenic, antimony.) small flecks, together with sa.
in arsenic-antimony. (see allemontite, pg. 73 and fig. 68.
S a x o n y . F r e i b e r g . (on veins with ar., pr., pg., ste-
phanite, polybasite, gn., td., some nickel-cobalt ores, gangue
is generally calcite and carbonates, barite and some fluorite
and quartz).
Himmelsfürst. Freies-
l e b e n s t e h e n d e (1) (intersection point of 2 veins) Equi-
granular (0,2 mm.), few twins, in gn. in which fine intergrowth
of nc. surrounded by thin films of sm.; some ar. with small
flecks of frieseite-sternbergite (brown).
H i m m e l s f ü r s t . (1) Granular
<0,2 mm.), spear-like habit, fine striae. Like spears of copper.
Plate of süver.
(1) CeUular,
(fig. 101), wire süver.
Himmelfahrt. Christi-
a n s t e h e n d e . (1) No texture, irregular etching; pseudo-
dendrites in dolomitic gangue, irregular flecks as weü; in the
dolomite occur dendrites of calcite as a result of dedolomiti-
sation, surrounded by thin seams of sa. and sm. These
dendrites are sometimes partly füled with ar., cp. and gn
Mineragraphy. 7
98 NATIVE METALS.
(fig. 32, 33, 34) and sometimes with native silver (fig. 31)
which does not precisely follow the borders of sa.
Gesegnete Bergmanns-
h o f f n u n g . (1) No texture; small flecks of silver in ar.; the
latter shows transformation twins like cc.
E d e l e B r a u n s p a t h for-
m a t i o n . (1) Equi-granular (0,2 mm.); much silver between
idiomorphic ankerite crystals; ar. in small patches in süver;
süver always together with corroded py.; py. fuü of smaü
inclusions of native süver. Py. is here the silver precipitant.
(1) Unknown locality. Coarse spear-shaped with granular sub-
texture (0,1 mm.).
J o h a n n G e o r g e n s t a d t . (1) Fine gra-
nular, between idiomorphic quartz crystals; with ar.
F ü r s t e n b e r g . (1) Feathery, dendritic;
in barite.
Annaberg. Getreue Nachbar-
s c h a f t (1) No texture, irregular emulsion-like etching;
pseudo-dendrites in native arsenic (fig. 37), some pr. in arsenic,
quartz. Enrichment zone.
M a r i e n b e r g . V a t e r A b r a h a m . (1)
No texture; pr. dendritic by metasomatism in native arsenic,
containing some flecks of native süver, sternbergite- frieseite.
Enrichment zone.
S c h n e e b e r g . (4) (on veins in contact-meta-
morphic slates with Co-Ni ores, native bismuth) Fine granular;
intergrowth with sa. See bismuth pg. 79.
S i l e s i a . S c h m i e d e b e r g (2). Smaü spots of native süver
(0,001 mm.) disseminated in native arsenic. Enrichment zone.
B o h e m i a . J o a c h i m s t h a l (3). (in veins with galena,
Co-Ni ores); Pseudo-dendrites of argentite with smaü spots
of süver in native arsenic. Enrichment zone.
N o r w a y. K o n g s b e r g . (2) (in veins in gneiss, glimmer
and amphibole schists; native süver is the principal ore, accom-
panied by some ar. gn., sl., cp. calcite, fluorite and zeoütes).
(1) Wire süver. No texture, some irregular grains and partly
thin lines like concentric shales.
(1) Coarse granular (3mm.), coarse twinning, lameüae 0,1
mm. thick. Süver in a thin vein through metamorphic schist
(fahlband). The vein contains sflver in irregular flecks between
SILVER. 99
specimen from Freiberg (fig. 33) Süver has replaced the den-
drites of calcite which resulted from the dedolomitisation of the
gangue by the solutions which at the same time deposited the
sa. and sm. around the calcite borders. Order of deposition: dolo-
mitic gangue, then sa. and sm. leaving calcite behind to fül the
dendrites, nc. br. and native süver, replacing the calcite in the
dendrites and between the first crystals in the seams, probably
continuous recrystalhzations of the dolomitic gangue. The trans-
formation of süver-dyscrasite suggests ahydrothermal deposition.
See als© (IX) fig. A, Plate XIX, and (XI).
L a R o s e M i n e (1) Fine gra- t
SILVER AMALGAM.
Examination.
P f a l z . M o s c h e l L a n d s b e r g . (1). No texture in
the middle of the silver specimen; outer layer fine granular; the
center was very difficult to polish and remained full of pits.
So this center contains more quicksilver than the outer layer;
Cr0 , H N 0 gave red coating only on the border and a brown
8 8
L i t erature.
I. E . S. BASTIN. Significant Mineral Relations in Silver Ores
of Cobalt Ontario. Econ. Geology, X I I , 1917, 290.
II. A . B E U T E L L . Ueber Zerfall des Silbersulfids in höheren
Temperaturen und die Haarsilberbildung. Zentr. bl. f. Minera-
logy, 1919, 14—28.
III. K . BORNEMANN. Die Binare Metallegierungen. Metallur-
gie III, 1906, 361.
IV. W. CAMPBELL. Ueber das Gefüge der Metalle, deren
Veranderungen durch Bearbeitung und Warmebehandlung.
Metallurgie IV, 1907, 801—825.
V. W. CAMPBELL and C. W. KNIGHT. A microscopie Examina-
tion of the Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver Deposits of
Temiskaming. Econ. Geology. I, 1906, 767.
V I . C H . H . CHADBOURN. Paragenesis of the Ores of the Silver
Islet Mine. Thunderbay Region, Lake Superior. Econ. Geology.
X V I I I , 1923, 77.
VII. K . FRIEDRICH und A . LEROUX. Ag-Cu diagram, Metal-
lurgie IV, 1907, 297.
VIII. K . FRIEDRICH und A . LEROUX. Silber und Schwefel-
silber. Metallurgie III, 1906, 361.
I X . F . N . GUILD. A Microscopie Study of the Silver
Ores and their Associated Minerals, Econ. Geology, X I I ,
1917, 290.
F. N . GUILD. Microscopie Features in Silver Depo-
sition. Mining and Scient. Press. Vol. 115, 1917, 857.
X . C. R. VAN H I S E . The Ore Deposits of the Cobalt District,
Ontario. Can, Min. Inst. Journ. Vol. 10, 1907, 45—61.
X I . W. G. MILLER. The Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver
Deposits of Teiniskaming. Rept. Ontario Bureau of Mines,
Vol. 19, 1913.
X I I . K . O E B B E K E U . M . v. SCHWARZ. Gefügebilder Gediegener
Metalle. Zeitsch. f. Krystall. Bd. 95 1923, 79.
X I I I . CHASE PALMER. Diarsenides as Silver Precipitants.
Econ. Geology, X I I , 1917, 207.
CHASE PALMER. Tetra-nickel-triarsenide, its Capa-
city as Silver Precipitant. Econ. Geology, I X , 1914, 664.
C H A S E P A L M E R . and E . S. B A S T I N . Metallic Mine-
rals as Precipitants of Silver and Gold. Econ. Geology, VIII,
1913, 140—170.
GOLD. 105
GOLD.
MINERAGRAPHY.
P o l i s h . Polishes easily, but it is difficult to avoki scratches
and irregularities. The scratches disappear on flannel disk with
finest alundum, hardly touching the flannel.
R e f l e c t i o n . High.
C o l o r . Yellow; golden yellow when compared with chal-
copyrite, which has lower reflection and is olive green when
small flecks are compared with large flecks of gold. When on
the other hand small spots of gold occur in large areas of cp.
the latter seems much more brass-yellow, especially when the
gold contains much silver. When it contains considerable
amount of silver it is paler yellow, with amount of palladium
it becomes nearly creamy white.
P o l a r i z e d l i g h t . No bright and dark positions, but
never complete extinction, often greenish.
E t c h i n g . Aq. Regia gives a good structureretching, also
CrO„ HC1, or CrO , Aq. Regia. Time of etching is variable,
s
Examination.
(V) W e s t p h a l i a . S i e g e r l a n d (1) (in graywacke,
Lower Devonian) In very small particles (0,015 mm.) and smaller
with rounded grains of heavy minerals such as: zircon, rutile
anatase, tourmaline, garnet, mg., hm., py., and platinum.
F r ance. I s è r e . L a G a r d e t t e , Bourgd'Oi-
s a n s . (1) (tertiary complex vein in post-Liassique fractures;
gold in gn., with sl. gn. py. cp., aikinite, td). Coarse granular
(1 mm.) in large flecks in gn., specimen from the upper vein
zone, with gn. cerussite, anglesite, td., cp. and cv.; deposition in
the order mentioned.
T r a n s y l v a n i a . O f f e n b a n j a . (1) (tertiary gold-
silver veins, often with tellurides). No texture; roughly concen-
tric, when etched center iridescent, while the border remains
yellow; center contains more Ag.
V e r e s p a t a k . (1) Granular (0,1
mm.), twins; A u between euhedral quartz crystals; py. sl. with
segregated cp.
Faczebaya (1); Granular (0,1
mm.), twins; A u in small veinlet in propylite. In the vein
GOLD. 111
also in some places, along borders and in veins through older gold,
seams of small grains (0,1 mm); many fine spots of limonite
and quartz particles disseminated in gold. The nuggets are
sometimes some hundred grams in weight. They are sharp
angular with many impressions of grit and quartz fragments.
(1) Nugget of limonite with gold; coarse granular (1 mm.)
(fig. 117, 118). In limonite minute flakes of gold concentrically
arranged with limonite shells; gold and limonite deposited
simultaneously. On the border of the larger gold a seam of smal-
ler grains (fig. 129).
(1) Mammillary nugget, with limonite. Fine granular (0,02
mm.) The small rounded prominences consist of small twinned
grains; coarser gold surrounded by the usual border of small
grains (fig. 120).
B o n i d o r o m o u n t a i n s . (1) Rounded nug-
get. Granular (0,5 mm.)
M e x i c o . O a x a c a . (1) Granular (0,1 mm.); limonite with
gold in quartz, pale yellow due to amount of silver, iridescent
when etched.
(III) E l O r o m i n e (1) Au, gn., cp., py.,
quartz, sl., contemporaneous.
U. S. of A m e r i c a . Idaho, V o o r m a n s L o d e
(1) Granular, small particles in vein quartz.
N e v a d a . C r o w n P o i n t . (1) Granular (0,3 mm.);
vein specimen with (mentioned in order of crystallization): po.,
py., sl., cp., gn.
(III) G o l d f i e l d , M o h a w k m i n e (3)
Au, yellow teüuride, td. quartz.
M o n t a n a . U n c l e Sam's L o d e . (1) Fine granular;
in quartz with some sylvanite.
(III) F a i r V i e w m i n e (1) Arbores-
cent, intergrown with pr.
(III) C a b l e mine (1) Intergrowth of Au,
tetradymite, quartz.
(III) B a l d B u t t e M i n e (1) Replace-
ment of gn. by Au.
(III) C a l i f o r n i a . Croesus mine (1) Au filling micros-
copie fissures in ap.
(IV) (1) Fine granular; in drusical
openings.
GOLD. 115
PLATINUM.
MINERAGRAPHY
P o l i s h . Polishes easily, but not entirely without scratches;
these disappear when treated on flannel disk w i t h finest alundum.
R e f l e c t i o n . High.
C o l o r . W h i t e , some varieties shghtly creamy, especiaUy
those w i t h iridosmine, when compared w i t h galena; silver is
slightly creamier.
E t c h i n g . A q . Regia and C r 0 , HC1 develop texture. The
8
along the grain borders first. Beek (I) assumes a zonal building
resulting from deposition of varying solid solutions from a melt,
so that the grains consist of different layers of varying Pt al-
loys. After longer etching, however, the whole surface of the
grain becomes covered with these fine striae. The Pt from the
nugget represented in fig. 134 showed this etching, but it is
too fine to come out in the photograph. The large grain in this
figure is a twin, one half became covered with the fine stria-
tions, the other half showed some few irregular lines. The ehlar-
ged point is another grain, which had only parahei striae.
Another n o n-m a g n e t i c variety was very hard to etch.
It * contained large inclusions of iridosmine (0,05 mm.) and
besides it was full of minute drops of it, like an emulsion.
It did not show any etching.
Another texture is shown in fig. 135. It is granular with
more or less rounded grains. After etching the grains showed
mostly on their borders the typical striations seen in the figure.
They consist of three systems of lines, which are gently cur-
ved. They seem to be cleavages produced perhaps by mecha-
nical stresses, caused by mechanical transport and choking in
the alluvial deposit (perhaps the polishing has caused the
cleavages to develop, although it was done very carefully).
This platinum contained some large inclusions of iridosmine.
These large particles of iridosmine are often hexagonal thin
flakes (I) arranged with their basal planes along the octahedral
faces of the platinum (VI), so that the same design results
as in fig. 131.
Mammillary, radiated, concentrically shaped platinum is
reported by Hussak (VI) from Condado, Min as Geraes.
G e n e s i s . The origin of platinum is magmatic. The fact
that platinum and its alloys occur in veinlets and anhedral
between euhedral pyroxene and chromite crystals of basic rocks,
accounts for its deposition as last sohdified part of these rocks.
The textures of the alloys demonstrate a break-down of sohd
solutions. Iron-oxide may be reduced by Pt so that an alloy
of Pt-Fe is built. In extreme basic rocks with high iron contents
a Fe-Pt alloy may be formed easily (IX).
The mammillary platinum from Condado seems to be secon-
dary. This Pt contained 22 % Pd, and is probably the result
of weathering of sperrylite or other Pt and A u nünerals occur-
PLATINUM. 119
Examination.
(VI) M i n a s G e r a e s . R i o A l b a c e t e . Crystallo-
graphic intergrowth of hexagonal iridosniine flakes arranged
along the octahedral faces ot platinum. Analysis: Pt-metals
82,8 % , Fe 9,62 % , insoluble (iridosmine) 7,57 % .
(VI) C o n d a d o S e r r o . Hollow, stalactitic, mammillary
shapes w i t h radiated, concentric texture; easily attacked b y
A q . Regia; P t 73,99 % , Ir 0,08 % , P d 21,77 % .
(VI) C o r r e g o d e s L a g e s . C o n c e i c a o . Concen-
tric- shaly w i t h radiated texture; P t 83,38 % , Ir 1,69 % , P d
3 . 0 3 % , iridosmine 1,64%.
U r a l . U n k n o w n placer. The flakes and grains to be examined
were sorted w i t h a magnet and divided into a. strong magnetic,
b. weak magnetic, c. non-magnetic grains.
a. s t r o n g m a g n e t i c . 1. one grain showed irregular
granular texture when etched (fig. 132), andsome coarse twins
(fig. 133); every grain showed very delicate parallel striations
which are hardry visible i n figure 132.
2. another specimen showed short lines i n three direc-
tions (fig. 131).
3. other flakes were not so strongly attacked, some showed
the same typical striations of 2 i n three directions and most of
them had some places on the borders where the attack was
similar to 1, as if the border consisted of another alloy.
4. one flake showed coarse inclusions of iridosmine (0,05
mm.) and many small globules of the same mineral (0,005 mm.);
attack along the border just as i n 3.
5. one flake d i d not show any sign of attack and had no
inclusions.
b. w e a k m a g n e t i c . Contained some small laths (0,1 m m .
long and 0,001 m m . thick) of Mdosmine; after etching some
delicate long lines at 0,1 m m . distance i n 2 intersecting systems,
some curved lines near the border; on edge lines as i n fig. 135.
c. n o n - m a g n e t i c. Some grains consist of chromite
between which platinum occurs (fig. 134); P t is anhedral;
granular when etched, w i t h a system of very delicate intersec-
t i n g or parallel short lines which appear first along the borders
120 NATIVE METALS.
L i t e r a t u r e .
(I) R . B E C K . Ueber die Struktur des Ura^chen Platins.
Ber. d. Verh. d. K . Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. Leipzig, 59, 1907, 887.
(II) B E C K — B E R G . Abrisz v. Lehre von den Erzlagerstatten,
1922.
(III) H . E . B O E K E . Grondlagen der Physik. Chem. Petrogra-
phie. Berlin 1923, 177.
(IV) M . L . D U P A R C and S. P I N A Y R U B I E S . Sur la Composition
des Sègrégations de chromite dans l a Dunite platinifère. Buil.
de la Société Franc, de Min. 36, 1913, pg. 20.
(V) M . L . D U P A R C and M . N . TIKONOWITCH. Le Platine et
les Gites platinifères de 1'Oural et du Monde. pg. 201.
(VI) E HUSSAK. Ueber das Vorkommen von Palladium und
Platin in Brasilien. Zeits. f. Prakt. Geol. X I V , 1906, 284—291.
(VII) E . ISAAC and C. T A M M A N N . Ueber die Legierungen des
Eisens mit Platin. Zeits. f. Anorg. Chem. Bd. 55, 1907, 6 3 .
(VIII) A. KNOPF. Gold-platinum-palladium lode in Southern
Nevada. U . S. Geol. Survey, Buil. 620, pg. 1.
(IX) R. B . SOSMAN, J . C HOSTETTER. Journ. of Washington
Ac. of Sc. 5, 1915, 293. The oxides of iron. Journ. Am. Chem.
Soc. 3 8 ; 1916, 833.
(X) H . SCHNEIDERHÖHN. Mikroskopischer Nachweis v. Platin
und Gold in den Siegerlander Grauwacke.
(XI) J . F . K E M P . The geological Relations and Distribution
of Platinum and Associated Metals. Buil. U . S. Geolog. Surv.
193, 17—20.
IRON (terrestrial).
MINERAGRAPHY.
Po 1 i s h. Polishes easily.
R e f l e c t i o n . High.
C o l o r . White, when compared with silver light gray, Ag
is creamy white when compared with iron.
E t c h i n g . Depends on composition. Ferrite (alpha iron)
is attacked by picric acid in ethyl alcohol (black) which develops
texture; cementite (Fe„C) is not attacked by picric acid or dil.
HC1, so that this reagent is used for carbonous iron to develop
the intergrowth of both components. Cementite is attacked by
sodium picrate. I in alcohol develops texture as well.
+ . HC1; H S 0 dil.; H N O dil.; CuS0 (for pure iron.)
2 4 s 4
—. H N 0 conc.
3
or moist air.
O b s. Very rare, of no economie importance. Native iron
occurs generally in small particles in basalts, sometimes in
occasionally large masses (Ovifak, Discö, Greenland, with
1 —2 % Ni); in stream gravels e.g. Josephinite or nickel-iron
from Oregon; sometimes with gold and platinum in gold and
platinum washings.
IRON. 123
Examination.
B ü h l . W e i m a r . (2) (iron in basalt) Granular; iron occurs
in rounded particles in basalt, these particles consist partly
of pearlite only, partly of cementite and pearlite in coarse
intergrowth which has sometimes a crystallographic pattern.
The iron particles are generally surrounded by a thin seam of
iron oxide (fig. 136) (reaction rim) and then by pyrrhotite and
troüite. The two minerals last mentioned generally occur wit-
hout iron-center.
Troüite is slightly creamier than pyrrhotite. The iron sulphides
are anhedral and fiü the open spaces between pyroxene and
NATIVE METALS.
Literature.
(I) E . BENEDICKS. Le Fer d' Ovifak ! un Acier au Carbone
Natif. Compt. rendu X I Congrès Geol. Int. Stockholm H , 885.
(II) H . E . B O E K E . Grundlagen der Phys. Chem. Petrographie.
1923. pg. 209—213, and 525.
(III) G. TAMMANN. Lehrbuch der Metallographie. 1923, Fe-C
pg. 268—288 Fe-Ni pg. 290—294.
(IV) E . ISAAC, G. TAMMANN. Ueber die Legierungen des
Eisens mit Platin. Zeitsch. f. An. Chemie, 1907, Bd. 55, pg. 63.
(V) K . O E B E K E , M . v. SCHWARZ. Strukturen Gediegener
Metalle unter Berücksichtigung des Kupfers von Imsbach.
Zeitsch. f. Metallkunde, 19?0, 512.
(VI) Diagrams:
Fe-Ni. R . R U E R , E . SCHÜTZ, Metallurgie, 7, 1910, 415.
W . GUERTLER, G. TAMMANN, Zeitsch. Anorg. Chem. 45, 1905,
211.
Fe-C. see (IV), (II).
LEAD.
Orange realgar AsS dull grayish white 1,5—2 H . int. refl. orange, X nicols
transparent. K O H + .
Pink copper Cu pink 2,5—3 color, reflection high.
Yellowish- alabandite MnS grayish white 3.5—4 H N O , HC1 effervesces, in-
s
reagents.
(White- cassiterite SnO a gray 6—7 H , int. refl., — with all
brown) reagents.
Golden bornite Cu,FeS, pinkish brown 3 color.
brown
Reddish hematite Fe,0, white 5,5—6,5 — A q . Regia, internal re-
brown flection deep - red to
blood - red.
hauerite MnS, grayish white 4 HC1-, HNO,-, K O H - ,
X nicols dark.
Red cuprite Cu,0 bluish-white 3,5-4 HC1 +, K O H - , HNO,,
effervesces coated with
copper, int. refl. red, X
nicols sometimes colors.
cinnabar HgS grayish white 2—2,5 HC1 —, K O H —, H N O , —,
red int. refl. X nicols
dull colors.
polybasite Ag SbS, grayish white
8 2-3 HC1-, KOH-,HNO, ±,
X nicols bright colors
deep violet, int. refl.
128 MINERALS WITH COLORED POWDER. II.
I
red int. refl.
I
MINERALS WHICH OCCUR OFTEN IDIOMORPHIC (EUHEDRAL).
Smaltite . . . . . » • » " * . „
high reflection
Linnaeite .. pale pinkish Co,S 4 5.5 HNO, blackens; KCN - .
cream.
Cawiterite . . . .. pol. tetrag. gray Sn O, 6-7 H, — with all reagents, brown-yeüow internal reflections
twins, difficult polish, powder yellowish — brown —
yellowish white.
R n t j t e . . „ „ grayish white Ti O, 6-6,5 H, difficult polish, internal reflection orange, powder
" black — brown — yellow.
Stibnite pol. rhombic white Sb,S s 2 H, KOH + yellow-white precipitate, color
" X nicols grayish blue — pinkish orange, pleochroism.
Bismuthinite . . „ Bi Ss s 2 H, color, x nicols as stibnite, not so bright. HNO.+.
" KOH —, cleavage, texture HNO,.
Safflorite CoAs, 5,5-6 crystal shape, rosettes, X nicols blue - brownish yellow.
Arsenopyrite ! " ",, F e A s S
5.5-6 crystal shape, zonal etching with CrO„ HCl; HNO, dil.
" " " iridescent, x nicols green — pink or blue — brown.
3-öllinjrite ,. FeAs, 5—5.5 same as arsenopyrite, not iridescent with HNCylil,
» " *' no zonal texture, X nicols same as arsenopyrite.
Glaucodot . . . ,. .. (Pinkish) (FeCo)AsS 5 same as arsenopyrite and '°mngite^
E n a r g i t e " " „ grayish white Cu,^sS 4 3.5 H, x nicols green and blue — pinkish red or dark. KCN +.
and pinkish
Anelesite . . ,. dark gray PbSO, 3 dark gray, H, acids - . X nicols white.
Cerussite „ " " ,. PbCO, 3 dark gray. H, acids effervesces, H l yellow p.p., X nicols
" white.
B a r i t e t BaS0 4 3 dark gray. H, acids - , X nicols white.
Mülerite ! '. '. ' " " hexag. pale yellow NiS 3~3.5 color, H, x nicols bright olive-green and grayish bhie.
Hematite " .. white Fe 0, 2 5.5-6.5 H , red powder, internal reflection red, HNO, - . Aq.
Reg. - .
I l m e n i t e „ grayish white FeTiO, 5~6 H, bad polish, darker and more pinkish than mg., acids
(brown tinge) M X e
b r i h t
- c o l o r 8
(
"Mte X nicols bluish gray — pin-
kish gray.
bluish gray- cuprite Cu,0 3,5—4H N O , conc. + (coppercoating),
white isometric, x nicols slight
changes, red powder, red i n -
ternal reflection.
bluish white proustite, Ag,AsS, 2,5—3 HNO,—, HCl —, K O H 4-, x
nicols bluish gray — dark
violet, red internal reflection,
red powder.
(grayishwhite) (pyrargyrite) Ag,SbS, 2 , 5 - 3 H N O , - , HCl - . K O H + ,
same as proustite, internal
reflection not so bright, et-
ching slower.
^Purple umangite Cn,Se, 3 H N O , turns blue, X nicols
fire-red.
I „ pale purple galena Pb S? 2,5 H N 0 + , K C N —, X nicols
3
frieseite. Ag Fe Sg?
3 5 nicols black to grayish
white and brownish-
bluish.
(pale brow- (pyrrhotite) FeS(S) 3-4 K C N —, H N O , ± to - ,
nish cream) X nicols colors.
Pink copper Cu 2.5—3 iügh reflection, K C N
brown, K O H + .
breithauptite NiSb 5—6 H N O , r : 1 blackens,
K C N — , x nicols co-
lors same as niccolite.
pinkish white famatinite Cu, SbS 4 3,5 H N O , + , KCN4-, X ni-
cols purple-red and
bright green, pol. tw.
„ creamy niccolite Ni As 5—55, H N O , 1 : 1 tarnishes,
KCN—, x nicols
bright colors greenish
blue to green and pink
to purple.
pale pinkish maucherite Ni As
3 2 5 H N O , 1 : 1 blackens,
cream K C N —, texture fi-
brous — columnar.
» „ linnaeite Co,S 4 5,5 H N O , 1 :1 faint brown,
K C N - , FeCl, - , X
nicols dark.
pinkish cream hauchecomite (NiCo), 5 H N O , + , K C N — , x ni-
(BiSSb), cols dark.
cobaltite CoAsS 5,5 HNO,, Aq. Regia, HCl,
K C N — , x nicols aniso-
tropic, bad polish.
(bismuth) Bi 2-2,5 H C l 1 : 1 4-, K C N - ,
(when badly K O H —.
polished, or
tarnished)
Grayish greenish stannite Cu,FeSnS 4 4 K C N , K O H —, HNO,,
w h i t e
HCl conc. +, X nicols
purple and greenish
gray, often full of cp-
segregate.
MINERALS WITH PRONOUNCED COLORS. III 131
HCl +, others — , x
nicols dark, bad polish.
„ „ ilmenite FeTiO, 5—6 — with all reagents, X
nicols colors, twins of-
ten full of hematite
segregates, bad polish.
132 MINERALS WITH INTERNAL REFLECTION. I
Internal „ , _
reflection. M" "* -
16 1
Comp. Color of Mineral. H. Diff.
Orange realgar AsS grayish white 1,5-2 H., powder orange or red,
(dull) HNO, effervesces. HCl - ,
KOH + .
rutile TiO, grayish white 6—6,5 — with all reagents, some-
(brown, red- times colored powder, twin-
dish brown) n i n g .
s o m e t i m e s
Dull-green alabandite MnS grayish white 3.5~4 powder dull yellowish green,
(brownish) HNO,, HCl effervesces.
Yellow orpiment As,S, grayish white 1,5-2 powder yellow, HNO,-,
H C l - , KOH-f.
Yellow or sphalerite ZnS gray 3.5-4 powder yellow-brown.twin-
brown wurtzite n i n g texture when et-
o r
Internal , „ „
reflection M i n e r a J
- Comp. Color of Mineral. H. Diff.
FIG. 14.
FIG. 15.
S u d b u r y , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a . Network texture of
p e n t l a n d i t e (white with black cracks) and p y r r h o -
t i t e (gray); H l ; 40 x . pg. 25, 41, 45, 56.
FIG. 16.
S o h l a n d , S p r e e . P e n t l a n d i t e (white) in p y r -
r h o t i t e (gray), not entirely separated on grain boundaries
caught in saw-like twinning positions of pyrrhotite. H l ; 250 x .
pg. 26, 45.
FIG. 17.
V a l e a m o r i . Segregation of c h a l c o p y r i t e (white)
in s p h a l e r i t e (gray), along twin-boundaries and fissures,
produced by pressure; H l ; 300 X . pg. 26, 46, 49, 56.
FIG. 18.
FIG. 19.
F a l u n . Same as fig. 18. Etched withCrO,, HCl. sl: white;
cp.: black; irregular white spots: py.; small white spots arran-
ged in lines: po.; the cleavages and twinning planes are black
lines; the spots of cp. and po. occur generally on the inter-
sections of two lines; 100 X . pg. 26, 46, 56.
FiG. 20.
F a l u n . Same as fig. 19. cp.: black spots on the inter-
sections of the black lines (twinning and cleavage) and along
a grain boundary; 600 x . pg. 26, 46, 56.
FIG. 21.
S i e g e n . W e s t p h a l i a . C h a l c o p y r i t e (white) re-
placing s p h a l e r i t e (dark gray) along cleavages and irre-
gular fissures; t e t r a h e d r i t e (light gray); 300 x . pg. 43.
FIG. 22.
S c h e m n i t z . H u n g a r y . G a l e n a with triangulous
holes due to polishing, and a r s e n o p y r i t e; 35 X . pg. 29.
FIG. 23.
H u a y n a . P o t o s i . B o l i v i a . G a l e n a , granular tex-
ture; H B r 2 sec; needle-like etch-figures; note different attack
of each grain; t e t r a h e d r i t e (white) disseminated; quartz
(black with reliëf); 125 x . pg. 37, 38, 48, 56.
FIG. 24.
V a l e a m o r i . Zonal crystal of t e t r a h e d r i t e etched
with CrO , HCl; 35 x . pg. 37, 38.
a
FIG. 25.
C h a n a r c i l l o . C h i l i . Zonal crystal of p r o u s t i t e ;
H l ; 35 X . pg. 37.
FIG. 26.
C h a n a r c i l l o . C h i l i . Same as 25, section perpendicu-
lar to crystallographic axes. 35 X . pg. 37.
LIST OF FIGURES. 139
FIG. 27.
Ë i l l i t o n . S p h a l e r i t e (black and gray twin-lamellae)
and p y r r h o t i t e (white); granular texture; part of the
section not etched; Hl; 70 x. pg. 38.
FIG. 28.
P z r i b r a m . B o h e m i a . W ü r t z i t e , twins, ice-flower
texture; Hl; 40 x. pg. 38.
FIG. 29.
F r e i b e r g . S a x o n y . A r s e n o p y r i t e , polysynthetic
twinning; Cr0 , HCl; 120 x. pg. 38.
3
FIG. 30.
R a i b l . K a r i n t h i a . W ü r t z i t e replacing c a l c i t e
preserves calcite-cleavages; Hl; 75 X . pg. 43.
FIG. 31.
Freiberg. Himmelfahrt. Christianstehen-
de. Pseudo-dendrites of n a t i v e s i l v e r in d o l o m i t e
(dark gray); thin (white) seams of sm.; q u a r t z (black).
35 x. pg. 44, 98.
FIG. 32.
F r e i b e r g . H i m m e l f a h r t . Ch r is t i an s t e he n-
d e. C a l c i t e dendrites in d o 1 o m i t e, surrounded by thin
seams of sa.; calcite partly replaced by cp. (hght gray), gn.
(white) and ar. (dark gray); 110 X . pg. 44, 98.
FIG. 33.
Freiberg. Himmelfahrt. Christianstehen-
d e. Pseudo-dendrites of c a 1 c i t e (black), surrounded by sm.
(white), partly filled with gn. and ar. (white); etched with dü.
acetic acid; 35 X . pg. 44, 98, 102.
FIG. 34.
Freiberg. Himmelfahrt. Chr stianstehen- ;
FIG. 35.
Joachimsthal. B o h e m i a . Pseudo-dendrites of
p r o u s t i t e (dark gray) with small seams of py. (white) in
(white) intergrowth of nc. and ra. in more or less alternating
seams, outer seam is sa.; gangue: dolomite; (black: holes). 35 x .
pg- 44.
FIG. 36. j
J o a c h i m s t h a l . B o h e m i a . Dendrites of c a l c i t e ,
(dark gray) partly replaced by ar., pr. and cp. in intergrowth
of nc. and dolomite (white and gray) surrounded by seam of
ra. with little sa. (white) in gangue of dolomite (gray); 20 X .
pg. 44.
FIG. 37.
Annaberg. Getreue Nachbarschaft. Saxony.
Pseudo-dendritic n a t i v e A g (white) in feathery n a t i v e
A s ; 70 X . pg. 44, 67, 98.
FIG. 38.
M o r e s n e t . B e l g i u m . Dendritic arrangement of ga-
l e n a (black:) in second variety of shaly g a l e n a (white) in
sphalerite (Schalenblende) (gray); HBr 1 sec; 60 x . pg. 44,45,49.
FIG. 39.
T r a n s y l v a n i a . Pseudo-dendrites of g o 1 d in safflorite;
photo Oebbeke and v. Schwarz (IV). 3 X ; 28 X . pg. 44, 111.
FIG. 40.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . Gr. W e i s z e r H i r s c h .
N a t i v e b i s m u t h (gray) (pseudodendritic) surrounded by
sa. (white) replacing d o l o m i t e (black), so-called cheleutite.
40 X . pg. 44, 79, 80.
FIG. 41.
P z r i b r a m . B o h e m i a . Pseudo-dendritic g a l e n a (light
gray), surrounded by sl. (dark gray) another seam of gn.;
then ra. (white) with seam of sa. and sm. crystals in dolo-
mite (black); nc. (light gray); some cp.; 50 X . pg. 44.
LIST OF FIGURES. 141
FIG. 42.
F r e i b e r g . S a x o n y . S t a n n i t e (white) segregations
(with chalcopyrite and sphalerite) i n s p h a l e r i t e with chal-
copyrite (black and gray;) coarse twins of sl.; HBr; 180 X . pg. 46.
FIG. 43.
Z i n n w a l d . S a x o n y . Coarse and iine emulsion-like
segregations of s t a n n i t e (light gray) in s p h a l e r i t e
(gray); chalcopyrite (white); 150 x . pg. 46.
FIG. 44.
W h e a l A g a r mine, C o r n w a l l .
S t a n n i t e with orientated segregate of cp. Some sl.
(black) and arsenopyrite (white). 140 x . pg. 26, 47, 56.
FIG. 45.
Herdorf a/d Sieg. Wes t ph al ia. Segregation c h a l -
co p y r i t e-b o r n i t e (hght gray-dark gray) partly replaced
by secondary c h a l c o c i t e (gray); p y r i t e crystals; 280 X .
pg. 47, 85.
FIG. 46.
L a u t e r b e r g , Harz.
B o r n i t e a n d c h a l c o p y r i t e , „lattice texture" as
the result of segregation; 400 X . pg. 26, 47, 56.
FIG. 47.
Redruth, Cornwall.
B o r n i t e replaced by c h a l c o p y r i t e along cracks and
cleavage lines 130 X . pg. 43, 47.
FIG. 48.
K h a n mine, S w a k o p m u n d , S. W. A f r i c a .
B o r n i t e and c h a l c o p y r i t e , in „graphic inter-
growth" and mutual boundary; „eutectoid"; 500 X . pg. 42,47,56.
FIG. 49.
C o p p e r m a t t e . Eutectic (curviplanar) texture of
unknown Cu-Fe-S compound in b o r n i t e - c h a l c o c i t e ;
segregation bn-cchardly visible; 180 X . pg. 42, 47.
142 LIST OF FIGURES.
FIG. 50.
C o p p e r m a t t e . Segregation b o r n i t e - c h a l c o c i t e ;
same as 49; KCN; cc. (black) bn. (gray), unknown compound
(black); 180 x . pg. 47.
FIG. 51.
T s u m e b , A f r i c a . Pseudo-isometric c h a l c o c i t e ,
lattice texture caused by isometric twinning, (transformation
twins); KCN 5 sec; 85 x . pg. 48, 56.
FIG. 52.
T s u m e b . A f r i c a . Rhombic (supergene) c h a l c o c i t e ;
twinning and cleavages m; granular texture; HC10 ; 120 X . pg. 48.
3
FIG. 53.
S u l i t j e l m a . N o r w a y . P y r r h o t i t e (gray), gra-
nular texture with transformation(?) twinning; white: chal-
copyrite; black: quartz; Hl; 60 x . pg. 49.
FIG. 54.
S u l i t j e l m a . N o r w a y . Same as 53. The undulating
segregations not so strongly attacked by H l as the other part;
another irregular (transformation?) twinning is indistinctly
seen in left part, perpendicular to the first; Hl; 350 X. pg. 49.
FIG. 55.
A n n a b e r g . S a x o n y . Polysynthetic twinning with gli-
ding and curved twins of g a 1 e n a; I in KI 10—15 sec; 80 X .
pg. 49.
FIG. 56.
B a n a t . Zonal built m a g n e t i t e in s p h a l e r i t e
(gray) (with segregations of cp); HBr; 50 X . pg. 43, 49.
FIG. 57.
M o r e s n e t . B e l g i u m . Zonal texture (squares) and
fine zonal banding (light gray) of g a l e n a in w u r t z i t e -
s p h a l e r i t e o r Schalenblende (gray); HBr; 35 x . pg. 37, 38,
43, 45, 49, 50.
LIST OF FIGURES. 143
FIG. 57a.
M o r e s n e t . B e l g i u m . E s c h b r o s c h m i n e . Den-
dritic (coarse crystalline) g a l e n a (with cubical cleavages) in
concentric shaly g a l e n a (two varieties; one black qua-
drangulous cores in white, nearly unattacked). Remnants of
sphalerite (würtzite) (gray) along borders of the first crystalline
variety of galena. This crystalline variety is cracked by pressure.
HCl 15 seconds; 60 x. pg. 37, 38, 43, 45, 49, 50.
FIG. 58.
FIG. 59.
A n d r e a s b e r g . H a r z . A r s e n i c , feathery; x nicols;
75 x . pg. 35, 66, 67.
FIG. 60.
J o a c h i m s t h a l ; B o h e m i a . Pseudo-dendrites of pr.
(gray) in A s (white); reticulated; open spaces (black); 60 X .
pg. 45, 68.
FIG. 61.
J o a c h i m s t h a l . B o h e m i a . A r s e n i c (gray, K - 3
80 x . pg. 68.
FIG. 62.
J o a c h i m s t h a l . B o h e m i a . A r s e n i c etc; same as
61; 130 x. pg. 68.
FIG. 63.
FIG. 64.
A l l e m o n t . D a u p h i n é. A l l e m o n t i t e , graphic in-
tergrowth (eutectoid) of As (black) and Sb (white); FeCl in 8
FIG. 65.
Allemont. D a u p h i n é . A l l e m o n t i t e ; same as
64; 570 X . pg. 48, 56, 72, 73.
FIG. 66.
A l l e m o n t . D a u p h i n é . A l l e m o n t i t e ; granular
texture of eutectoid visible; As (white), Sb (black); HN0 8
FIG. 67.
A l l e m o n t . D a u p h i n é . A l l e m o n t i t e ; same as
66; boundary of two grains; 750 X . pg. 48, 56, 72, 73.
FIG. 68.
A n d r e a s b e r g . H a r z . A s-S b with A g (black) surroun-
ded by sa. (white); K S; S b in black fibres between A s (gray)
8
FIG. 71.
P z r i b r a m . B o h e m i a . A s - S b (Sb: black, A s : white);
concentric shells of varying composition on A s (lower part);
K , S ; 45 X . pg. 72, 74.
FIG. 72.
Pzribram. B o h e m i a . A s - S b ; same as 71; 850 X .
pg. 72, 74.
FIG. 73.
T a s n a . B o l i v i a . Twinning and grain boundary in n a -
t i v e b i s m u t h , irregular transformation twins, ( H N 0 conc.
8
FIG. 74.
T a s n a , B o l i v i a . Same as 73, transformation twins, 125
X . pg. 48, 76, 81.
FIG. 75.
A n n a b e r g . S a x o n y . Granular texture of b i s m u t h
and irregular twinning, right upper corner; (HNO, conc. 1 sec);
170 X . pg. 48, 76, 79.
FIG. 76.
S c h n e e b e r g , S a x o n y . N a t i v e b i s m u t h (dark
gray), sa. (white seams), jasper (light gray); 2 x . pg. 45, 78, 79.
FIG. 77.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . Pseudo-feather of arborescent
b i s m u t h in polished section; cores of b i s m u t h (white)
surrounded by sa. and ra. (white), in jasper (black). Directions
correspond with rhombohedral cleavage. 30 X . pg. 45, 78, 79.
FIG. 78.
J o a c h i m s t h a l . B o h e m i a . B i s m u t h (white), sur-
rounded by ra. (white), not etched; beautiful substition forms
of dolomite; 40 X . pg. 45, 78, 80.
Mineragraphy.
146 LIST OF FIGURES.
FIG. 79.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . B i s m u t h (white), surroun-
ded by sa. and ra. (white) in quartz (dark gray) and dolomite
(lighter gray); 35 X . pg. 45, 78, 79.
FIG. 80.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . Same as 79, etched with HNO».
Black cores: b i s m u t h , white seam: sa., thin small black
seam: ra., white druses: sa., with small black centers of ra.
135 X . pg. 45, 78, 79.
FIG. 81.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . B i s m u t h (gray) inside
and outside seams of sa. and ra. (white). Crack through arse-
nides filled with b i s m u t h and gangue through specimen;
barite (black); note small rosettes of sa. in gangue; 50 X .
pg. 45, 78, 79.
FIG. 82.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . Same as 81, etched with HNO,;
black, rectilinear figures: b i s m u t h ; grayish, granular seam:
ra.; grayish radiating crystal druses: sa. between which (black)
barite; 120 X . pg- 45, 78, 79.
FIG. 83.
S c h n e e b e r g . S a x o n y . B i s m u t h (white) as large
core and smaü flecks, intergrown with Bi,S, (light gray); slightly
darker gray in upper left corner: td.; dark gray: sl.; black:
gangue; white seam in lower part is sm.; sl. replaced by Bi and
Bi,S,; 100 x . pg. 79.
FIG. 84.
J o a c h i m s t h a l . Boh e m i a. B i smu t h (white) (lower
part with scratches), s m al t it e-chl o an t i t e (nearly
white) with banding, and zone replaced by Bi and Bi,S, (hght
gray), also in small cracks; „fortress" pattern; 240 X . pg. 45,
78, 80.
LIST OF FIGURES. 147
FIG. 85.
R e d r u t h . C o r n w a l l . Core of b i s m u t h (rough,
gray, tarnished) surrounded by sm. (white) with zone of re-
placement by finely intergrown B i and Bi S ; black: dolomite;
a 3
FIG. 86.
T e m i s k a m i n g . O n t a r i o . Broken and partly corro-
ded crystals of sm. (light gray) in b i s m u t h (white); black:
dolomite; 45 x . pg. 78, 81, 102.
FIG. 87.
C l i f f Mine, L a k e S u p e r i o r , M i c h i g a n . Na-
t i v e c o p p e r , coarse granular, recrystallization texture,
twins, hypogene; Cr0 , HCl; 70 x . pg. 49, 83, 87.
3
FIG. 88.
Copper Queen Mine, Bisbee, A r i z o n a . Na-
t i v e c o p p e r , spear-like, supergene; CrO , HCl; black: gangue;
a
FIG. 89.
C o p p e r Queen Mine, Bisbee, A r i z o n a . Na-
t i v e c o p p e r , spear-like, zonal and concretional habit,
supergene; CrO , HCl; black: gangue; 60 X . pg. 37, 83, 87.
s
FIG. 90.
C o p p e r Queen Mine, Bisbee, A r i z o n a . Na-
t i v e c o p p e r , concentric banding, twinning, supergene;
Cr0 , HCl; black spots: gangue; 90 x. pg. 37, 83, 87.
3
FIG. 91.
K a u s e r s t e i m e l near Kausen, Westerwald.
N a t i v e c o p p e r (white) in l i m o n i t e (gray and black),
copper alternating with bands of limonite, supergene; unetched
40 x. pg. 85, 96.
148 LIST OF FIGURES.
FIG. 92.
Japan. ? . C h a l c o c i t e (gray), replaced by n a-
t i v e c o p p e r along cracks and grain boundaries, supergene;
unetched; 75 x . pg. 84, 86.
FIG. 93.
Japan. ? . Same as 92, etched with conc. HNO,;
c o p p e r (black) on boundaries of rhombic c h a l c o c i t e
grains and through them; c h a l c o c i t e (gray) shows trans-
formation twins of hypogene cc. (left part) and rhombic habit
of supergene cc; 75 X . pg. 48, 84, 86.
FIG. 94.
Coro-Coro, B o l i v i a . N a t i v e c o p p e r (white) in
sandstone; sand grains (black) are mostly sharp edged and cor-
roded; unetched; 40 X . pg. 87.
FIG. 95.
A t a c a m a , C h i l i . N a t i v e c o p p e r (white) inter-
grown with c o p p e r - p i t c h - o r e (light gray); emulsion-
texture due to colloidal precipitation; roughly concentric cluster-
like aggregate surrounded by film of c u p r i t e (dark gray),
supergene; black: holes; unetched; 140 X . pg. 86, 190.
FIG. 96.
C l i f f M i n e , L a k e S u p e r i o r , M i c h i g a n . Na-
t i v e c o p p e r (white) in conglomerate between boundaries
of rock-grains and pebbles (black) and in small cracks and spots
inside the pebbles; unetched; 35 X . pg. 87.
FIG. 97.
H o u g h t o n Mine, L a k e S u p e r i o r , M i c h i g a n .
C o p p e r - s i l v e r alloy; dendrites of copper-component (black)
in eutecticum, hypogene; Heyn's reagent; 140 X . pg. 23, 24,
41, 88, 94, 101.
FIG. 98.
H o u g h t o n Mine, L a k e S u p e r i o r , M i c h i g a n .
N a t i v e c o p p e r (black) and c o p p e r - s i l v e r eutec-
ticum, hypogene; Hein's reagent; 140 X . pg. 88, 94, 101.
LIST OF FIGURES. 149
FIG. 99.
C l i f f Mine, M i c h i g a n . C o p p e r - s i l v e r alloy;
dendrites of süver-component (white) in eutecticum; obtained
by heating native silver on copper above the eutectic tempera-
ture for some minutes; 200 x . pg. 24, 88, 101.
FIG. 100.
Mina Reforma. Campo Morado. Guerrero.
M e x i c o . N a t i v e s i l v e r . Zonal crystals, spear-like,
supergene; H l 2 sec.; 125 x . pg. 91, 93, 100.
FIG. 101.
H i m m e l s f ü r s t . F r e i b e r g . Curved s i l v e r wire,
ceüular texture; H l 2 sec; 65 x . pg. 91, 94, 97.
FIG. 102.
C h a n a r c i l l o . C h i l i . S i l v e r wire, longitudonal sec-
tion, upper half is outer zone, lower half is the core; the former
has a rind-like texture, the latter is cellular-granular; Hl 2 sec;
70 x . pg. 91, 94, 99.
FIG. 103.
C h a n a r c i l l o . C h i l i . Same wire as in 102, cross-se ction
through curved part; 70 x. pg. 91, 94, 99.
FIG. 104.
M a n s f e l d . G e r m a n y . Fine intergrowth of A g (white)
with cc. (light gray) and bn. (dark gray) emulsion texture,
deposited by cold solutions, quartz (black); 1400 X . pg. 97.
FIG. 105.
B r o k e n H i 11. S. W a l e s . S i l v e r replacing ar. (gray);
enrichment zone, ar. is concentric-shaly built and supergene;
85 x . pg. 99.
FIG. 106.
S a l i d a , L e a d e r v e i n . S u m a t r a . S i l v e r and
hessite (white) in c a l c i t e and zeolites (gray) and quartz
(dark gray); 300 x . pg. 99, 112.
150 LIST OF FIGURES.
I
FIG. 107.
Chili. ? . S i l v e r (light gray) somewhat tarnished,
surrounded by shells of sm. and (in the outer seam) sa and ra;
180 X . pg. 100, 102.
FIG. 108.
C a r i b o u mine. G i l p i n County. Colorado.
S i l v e r (white) in ar. (gray) with cp. and gn. (light gray)
replacing sl. (dark gray with segregate of cp.); euhedral
quartz (black); 140 x . pg. 101.
FIG. 109.
C o b a l t . O n t a r i o . T e m i s k a m i n g m i n e . Pseudo-
dendrites of n a t i v e s i l v e r - d y s c r a s i t e surrounded
by sa., sm., n c , br., replacing dolomitic gangue; some den-
drites are filled with calcite; hypogene; 2 X . pg. 44, 101.
FIG. 110.
C o b a l t , O n t a r i o . T e m i s k a m i n g m i n e . Same
as fig. 109; 20 x. pg. 44, 101.
FIG. 111.
Cobalt, Ontario. Canada. Silver-dyscrasite
segregation (black and white) and br. surrounded by seam of
intergrowth of sa., ra. and n c ; s i l v e r occurs also in small
particles in the seam between other minerals; black outside
is dolomite; süver tarnished in air; 120 X . pg. 48, 91, 93, 101.
FIG. 112.
C o b a l t O n t a r i o . L a R o s e m i n e . Veinlets of A g
(white) with n c and br. (gray) in sm. and ra. (light and
somewhat darker gray). 150 x . pg. 102.
FIG. 113.
V a l d ' E v a n c o n . P i e m o n t . I t a l y . Nugget. Granu-
lar texture of g o 1 d; twins; CrO„, HCl; 50 X . pg. 106, 110, 1 U .
FIG. 114.
M a r t a p o e r a . B o r n e o . Nugget. Concentric texture of
g o l d containing Pt, Hg, Ir, Os; Cr0 , HCl; 600 X . pg. 107,112.
3
LIST O F FIGURES. 151
FIG. 115.
FIG. 116.
FIG. 117.
D u t c h G u y a n a . S u r i n a m e . Nugget of g o l d and
l i m o n i t e ; gold is partly coarse and partly arranged concen-
triccally with the limonite shells; 130 x. pg. 96. 108, 109, 114.
FIG. 118.
FIG. 119.
FIG. 120.
D u t c h G u y a n a . S u r i n a m e . Nugget. Cluster-like
shapes of g o l d and l i m o n i t e , deposited simultaneously
from colloidal precipitates; 600 x. pg. 109, 113, 114.
FIG. 121.
F a c z e b a y a . T r a n s y l v a n i a . Vein of n a t i v e g o l d
(white) and q u a r t z (black) in propylite; quartz in euhedral
crystals between which gold is deposited; 3 0 X . pg. 111.
152 LIST O F FIGURES.
FIG. 122.
O r a v i c z a . B a n a t . H e l e n a m i n e . G o l d (white)
in squares, replacing calcite and surrounded by r a m m e l s -
b e r g i t e and s m a l t i t e (light gray); dolomite: black;
60 X . pg. 111.
FIG. 123.
O r a v i c z a . B a n a t . H e l e n a m i n e . Same as 122;
in the middle, a square of gold etched with CrO , HCl, which s
FIG. 125.
W o i t z k o i mine. Gov. Olonez. S i b e r i a . G o l d
(white) replacing bn. (gray) and c a l c i t e (black); bornite
replaces calcite as well along rhombohedral faces; 30 X . pg. 111 •
FIG. 126.
Siberia. ? . G o l d (white), s u l v a n i t e (light
gray) and rhombic c h a l c o c i t e (somewhat darker gray) in
fissures through vein quartz (black); sulvanite contains co-
v e l l i t e in fissures. 40 X . pg. 111.
FIG. 127.
RedjangLebong. Rich Leader from Lebong
D o n o k v e i n . S u m a t r a . G o l d (white) together with
c h a l c o p y r i t e (light gray) and a g u i l a r i t e (rough
gray surface) in quartz (black); sphalerite in small patches
(dark gray); 450 X . pg. 112.
FIG. 128.
FIG. 129.
D u t c h G u y a n a . S u r i n a m e . N u g g e t . G o l d in
l i m o n i t e ; small crystals along border; 350 X . pg. 109, 114.
FIG. 130.
W i t w a t e r s r a n d . T r a n s v a a l . G o l d i n coarse and
small particles in p y r i t e ; 700 X . pg. 115.
FIG. 131.
U r a l . M a g n e t i c p l a t i n u m ; CrO ,HCl; crystallo-
s
FIG. 132.
U r a l . M a g n e t i c p l a t i n u m ; Cr0 ,HCl; irregular
3
FIG. 133.
U r a l . M a g n e t i c p l a t i n u m ; same as 132; twin;
1400 X . pg. 117, 118.
FIG. 134.
U r a l . P l a t i n u m euhedral between c h r o m i t e
(gray, badly polished); i r i d o s m i n e laths (white) in the
platinum grain to the left; 100 X . pg. 118, 119, 120.
FIG. 135.
U r a l . N y s c h n e T a g i l s k . Boundaries of three pla-
tinum grains; Cr0 , HCl; 3 systems of lines; nugget of 70 grams;
3
FIG. 136.
B ü h l . W e i m a r . I r o n (white) surrounded by seam of
oxide (gray), then by irregular seam of t r o i l i t e (pyr-
r h o t i t e ) in basalt (very hght gray); basaltic gangue is dark
gray and black; 120 X . pg. 123.
154 LIST OF FIGURES.
FIG. 137.
G r e e n l a n d . D i s c o . T r o i l i t e (light gray) traversed
and surrounded by oxide (black-gray); white small seam;
cementite; graphic texture of "pearlite a oxide" (on the right);
600 X . pg. 123, 124.
FIG. 138.
G r e e n l a n d . D i s c ö . Coarse graphic intergrowth of
c e m e n t i t e (white) and p e a r l i t e (light gray, mottled
because slightly polished after etching) black: oxide; picric
acid; 80 X . pg. 124.
FIG. 139.
G r e e n l a n d . D i s c ö . Coarse and crystallographic inter-
growth of c e m e n t i t e (white) and pearlite (black and mott-
led) in a grain of iron in basalt; the grain occupies nearly the
whole figure; picric acid; 35 X . pg. 124.
FIG. 140.
G r e e n l a n d . D i s c ö . Widmanstatten texture of ce-
m e n t i t e (white) and p e a r l i t e (mottled) same as 139;
600 X . pg. 124.
FIG. 141.
O r e g o n . J o s e p h i n e mine. Graphic intergrowth of
n i c k e l - i r o n and o x i d e . 600 X pg. 125.
FIG. 142.
O r e g o n . J o s e p h i n e mine. Graphic intergrowth of
iron (white) and copper (grayish, mottled); HNO, dil.; black:
oxide; 600 X . pg. 125.
FIG. 143.
L a n g b a n . Sweden. L e a d , granular; twins; HNO,;
75 x. pg. 126.
INDEX TO FIGURES
AND
GENERAL INDEX.
INDEX T O FIGURES.
Hgs.
Aguilarite 12'
Aikinite 124
Allemontite 64—72
Antimony **3
Argentite (33), (36), 105, 108
Arsenic 37, 58—62
Arsenopyrite 29
Bismuth 40, 61, 62, 73—86
Bismuthinite 83—85
Bornite 47, 125
Bornite-chalcopyrite 45, 46, 48
Bornite-chalcocite 49, 50
Breithauptite 110, 111, 112
Calcite (dolomite) 32, 33, 34, 36, 125
Cementite 14, 137—140
Chalcocite 45, 51, 52, 92, 93, 104, (126)
Chalcotite-bornite 49, 50
Chalcopyrite 21, (36), 47, (41), (108), (127)
Chalcopyrite—bornite 45,46,48
Chalcopyrite — sphalerite 17—20, 56, 108
Chalcopyrite — stannite 44
Cheleutite 40
Chloantite 84
Chromite 134
Cleavages 19, 20, 21, 135
Copper 87—99
Copper — silver alloy 97—99
Copper pitch ore 95
Cuprite 95
Dyscrasite —silver 109—111
Enrichment 92, 93, 105, 125
Etchfigures 23
Ferrite 14, 138, 139, 140
158 INDEX TO FIGURES.
Flgf.
Galena 22, 23, (33), 38, 41, 55, 57, 57a, (108)
Galena — tetrahedrite 23
Gold 39, 113-130
Gold — silver 1 2 3
Hessite \ 1 0 6
Limonite 91. H 5 - H 8
Magnetite 5 6
B H Ü N T O N , S. 59. 109—112).
B ü h l 123 (iron, f i g . 136). — -nickel ores 44, 81, 92, 97, 99,
B U R G E R S , G . K . 89. 101.
B u r r a B u r r a mine 8 6 (copper). Cobaltite 77, 95.
Butte 101 (silver). C O H E N , E . 82, 83, 89.
Colloidal solutions 41, 83.
Cable mine 114 (gold). Color 29, 51.
C a l a B o n a M i n e 8 5 (copper). — of the powder 32.
Calcite 31, 32, 43, 81, 85, 92, 99, Coloradoite 75.
101, 102, I I I . Colquiri 100 (silver).
California 70 (antimony). Columnar 54.
C A M P B E L L , W . 13, 81, 89, 104. Comstock 101 (silver).
Campo Morado 100 (silver f i g . 100). Conceicao 113 (gold) 119 (platinum).
Carborundum 8. Concentric 54.
Caribou mine 101 (silver f i g . 108), — shaly structure 37, 45, 50, 69,
115 (gold). 71. 73. 5> 8 IO
7> I 0
9> I I 2
> X I
4. I X
5-
Cassiterite 31, 77. Condado Serro 118, 119 (platinum).
Celebes 112 (gold fig. 128). Congruent meltingpoint 22.
Cell-texture 25, 97, 99. Constantine 8 8 (copper).
Cells 23. Constitution diagrams 15—26.
Mineragraphy. 11
162 GENERAL INDEX.
Weimar 123.
Texture 10, 25, 37, 55- Wheal Basset Mine 85' (copper).
— of mineralaggregate 40, 56.
Wheels 8.
Thaumasite 85.
WHITEHEAD, W. L . 14, 61, 105.
Thermodynamic potential 16.
Widmanstatten pattern 25, 122, 124.
Theta mine 115 (gold).
WIGHT 89, 94. I 0
5-
Thin sections 39.
Wire silver 91, 94. 97 ) 99
I G I
THOMPSON, A . P . 61.
(fig. 102, 103), 100.
TIKONOWITCH, M . N . 121.
Wittichen 80 (bismuth) 97 (süver).
Tilkerode 107.
Wittichenite 77, 80.
Tinash 8.
I Witwatersrand 107, 115 (g°l > S- d fi
TOLMAN, C. F . 61.
130).
Totok mine (Celebes) 112 (gold, fig.
Woitzkoi mine i n (gold, fig. 125).
128).
Wolfach 97 (silver).
Transformation 15, 24, 77.
Wolfram are lamp 1.
Transition point 21, 75, 77-
Wolframite 77, 80.
— temperature 21.
Würtzite 38, 43, 50-
Tripolite 8.
Wijnad 112 (gold).
Troilite 123.
TURNER, H . W . 61. Xenotim 117.
Twinning 10, 37, 3 > > 49-
8 48
Zwickau 85 (copper).
Uraninite 77, 79, 80.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
F i g . 16.
F i g . 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
F i g . 20.
F i g . 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
F i g . 24.
F i g . 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
F i g . 32.
F i g . 33.
F i g . 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38.
F i g . 40.
Eig. 41.
Fig. 42.
2
Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
Fig. 46.
Fig. 47.
Fig. 48.
Fig. 49.
Fig. 50.
Fig. 51.
Fig. 52.
Fig. 53.
Fig. 54.
F i g . 55.
F i g . 56.
Fig. 57.
Fig. 57a.
F i g . 58.
F i g . 59.
F i g . 60.
F i g . 61.
Fig. 62.
Fig. 63.
Fig. 64.
F i g . 65.
F i g . 66.
Fig. 67.
Fig. 68.
F i g . 69.
F i g . 70.
F i g . 71.
F i g . 72.
3
F i g . 73.
F i g . 74.
F i g . 75.
F i g . 76.
F i g . 77.
F i g . 78.
Fig. 79.
Fig. 80.
F i g . 81.
F i g . 82.
F i g . 83.
F i g . 84.
F i g . 85.
F i g . 86.
Fig. 87.
Fig. 88.
F i g . 89.
F i g . 90.
Fig. 91.
Fig. 92.
Fig. 93.
Fig. 94.
Fig. 95.
F i g . 96.
Fig. 97.
Fig. 98.
F i g . 99.
F i g . 100.
F i g . 101.
F i g . 102.
F i g . 103.
F i g . 104.
F i g . 105.
F i g . 106.
F i g . 107.
mm
F i g . 108.
F i g . 109.
F i g . 110.
F i g . 111.
Fig. 112.
Fig. 113.
F i g . 114.
F i g . 115.
r
F g . 116.
F i g . 117.
Fig. 118.
F i g . 119.
F i g . 120.
F i g . 121.
F i g . 122.
F i g . 123.
F i g . 124.
F i g . 125.
F i g . 126.
F i g . 127,
Fig. 128.
Fig. 129.
F i g . 130.
F i g . 131.
5
F i g . 132.
F i g . 133.
F i g . 134.
F i g . 135.
F i g . 136.
F i g . 137.
Fig. 138.
Fig. 139.
F i g . 140.
F i g . 141.
F i g . 142.
F i g . 143.
For the examination of ores and
id metais by incident light we recom-
mend the following instruments:
Metallographic Microscopes
with vertical illuminators
of various types.
New Vertical Illuminator
for investigations with
polarised light.
The Vertical Illuminator may be sub-
sequently added to any existing mi-
croscope of our make. One and the
same instrument then becotnes equally
well available for the examination of
thin sections by transmitied light as
well as of polished surfaces by inci-
dent light.
Petrological Micros-
copes,
ranging from the simplest to
the most compled designs,
as well as accessory apparatus.
Cutting Machines
for crystals and rocks.
Grinding Apparatus, as
designed by E . Wülfing, for
preparing accurately orien-
tated sections of crystals.
D e v i c e for the automatic
operation of this grinding
tripod.
Metallmikroskope.
Mikrophotographische
Einrichtungen.
Poliermaschinen.
Polier-Mittel.
Metallographische
Mustersammlungen.
Verlangen Sie bitte Prospekte.
P. F . D U J A R D I N &. C I E .
DUSSELDORF O E R M A N Y I .
ERNST LEITZ
OPTICAL WORKS WETZLAR (Germany).