rvhen the ray of light is in the
opticalll,densermedium.
(iii) The maximum angleof incidenceat
A is just lessthan 90o,which means
that the angle of refiaction will be
just less than the critical angle.As
such. u'hen the light strikes surface
B. the angle of incidenceat B will
also be lessthan the critical angle.
hence no total internal reflection
occurs.
OR
(a) (r)
w
(ii) The Principle of Moments states
that fbr an object in equilibrir-rnl.
t h e s u m o f t h e c l o c k ui s e m o m e t t t q
about a pivot is equal to the sum ol
the anti-clockr.vise moments about
the samepivot.
(iii) The petpendicular distance of
the eflbrt applied fiorn the pivot
is firrlher a\!'ay, compared to the
perpendicular distance of the
ueight/1oad fiom the Pivot. As
such. a smaller effbrt is requireii
t o p r o d u c ea c l o c k r r i s em o t n e t t ti l t
order to balance/lift an object of
larger n'eight.
( b ) T o t a lm o m e n t : ( 1 4 0 r 0 . 8 1x 2
: 224 NnT(anti-clocknrset
( c ) Take S as the pivot.
clockuiselnoments- anti-clockwise
B x ( 16 o 4 0 ) = 1 8 0 . ( + )
p
'' I80 _0.8
l.l
= l20N
i n R i s 1 2 0N .
T h et e n s i o n
\nsuers nr O-l.erel Phlsics Yearll Edition
,r SAP Clroup Pte t-td
PAPER I
1. D To measurethe volume of copper,we need
to measure the thickness of the copper
pipe using a pair of calipers (as we need
to nteasure the internal diameter), and as
the pipe is several metres long,
'uveneed a
measuringtape.
l. D Smallestpossibleresultantforce - 4 - 3
: I N
Largest possible resultant fbrce - 4+ 3
:7N
It cau take on any vaiues betr'veen1 and 7 N.
-r. B \\'hen the parachuteopens,the speedofthe
parachutiststartsto slow do'"vn.
L C -\s uravity is the fbrce that pulls both
.rbjectsdorvn,both will have the sameinitial
3r-c-eleration.As teminal velocity depends
trn tireu'eight ofthe object (terminal velocity
is reachedwhen the weight is balancedu'ith
the air lesistance),thus the heavier object
has a higher tenninal velocitY.
5. .\ Br \ervton's first la*', an object movlng
at a unifotm speed has no resultant force
acttngon lt.
{. -\ hragine the case rvhere there is no friction
tl're shoe r.vill slide to the right. Thus
tiiction must act to the left to prevent the
shoefrom sliding.
-
B ^\s the object enters the gravitational fleld
of the planet, it \r'ill be attracted tou''ards
the centreofthe planet,hence its direction
changes. This gravitational fbrce also
causesit to acceleratetowards the planet'
r. D All threeobjectshavethesamedensityasthey
are made from the same material (copper).
lnolllL'llis
9 B \\'eight W acts vertically dou'nn'ards.
rvhereasfriction F must act in the opposite
direction to the force P.
10.B By the Principleof Mornents.sincethe ann
is in equilibrium, the clockrvise moment
(due to P) must equal the anti-clockwise
moixent (due to C).
1l. C First calculate the pressure exerled on the
cap:
A6
Year101i/Year2010
 P : h p g : ( 0 . 3 0 X 1 0 0 0 X 1300)0: 0P a
force
pfessure- area
force: pressurex area
- 3 0 0 0 x ( 4 . 0 x 1 0 1 )- 1 . 2N
12.B When the water level is settled.the pressure
at the base ofthe vessel should be uniform
and depends on the height of the liquid
above it.
13.D Work done rs the increase in the
graritational potential energy ofthe box,
rvhich is calculated by mgh. However, for
the SI unit Joule"the Sl units for m, g and
h must be in kg, N/kg and m respectively.
Hence the height has to be converted to
metres.u hich is h/100 m.
'F - q
- \v 300 0.5 l0
lJ.B Poscr T:
-50w
15.D As there are many moleculesall moving at
random. the pressure is the average effect
colliding with the walls of
of the n.rolecules
the cl linder.
16. C The pressureofthe trappedair is reduced.
as the initial pressure is caused by the
neight of the mercury thread, as lveil as
l h e a l r l o 'rFn. .h' _e' 'r i crn' r e s s u r e .
17.B The air bubblestrappedin the egg whites is
a poor conductor ofheat, and stopsthe heat
fiom being conductedto the ice cream.
18.C The s orking principle behind a
themrocouple is that when the junctions
are placed in substances of different
temperatures.an e.m.f. is produced.Thus
."r'henthe temperatures are the same for
both junctions. there ri'ill be no e.m.f-.(no
readingon the \ oltrneter).
l9.C Specific heat capacitl. is defined as the
amount ofthennal enerel required to raise
the temperature of 1 kg of a substanceby
1K.
20. A During boiling. there is no change in
temperature and all the enersy supplied
is used to break the intermolecular bonds
(thus increasing the average separation of
the molecules).
21. B The amplitude of a u'ave is the maximum
displacement of a u'ave particle from its
rest position.
{ns$ ersto O-LevelPh),sics
Yearl} Edition
CfSAPGroupPreLtd
22.C By considering similar figures, lamp
C is the same distance to the barrier as
the observer's eye. The light ray frorn
C reflected by the mirror i.vill reach the
observer'seye.
23. A Although the rays seem to diverge afier
passin-e through the lens, the ray on
top actually bends towards the optical/
principal axis, indicating that this must
be a convet'ginglens (if it r,vasa diverging
lens. the ra)' on top will bend arvay liom
the prrncipalaxis after passingthrough the
lcnst. The tbcal length is more than 10 cm,
as this is the case for a magnifying glass,
and the irnage tbmred is to the left of the
object (b1 tracing the ravs backu'ards),
nhich is r inual. magnilieciand upright.
2'1.D X-ra1,s are part of the electromagnetic
s p c c t r u r n a. n d e l e c L r o m a g n e t \i \ca \ c s a r e
trarlsverse\\ avesu hich travel at 3 r 10srnis
ln vacuo.
25. B The speeds of the notes are the sarle, as
they are travelling in the same medium.
Therefore. when u'e consider the wat'e
equation v: fi., the higher the frequency,
the smaller the wavelength.
26. C CompassA and D are pointing to the left.
while B is pointing to the right.
27. A As Y is positivell' charged,it n'il1 attract
electrons tiom X. ri'hich rvill move via the
metal rod to sphere Y. This causessphere
X to be positively charged as it has lost
electrons. Sphere Y howel'er, rernains
positivel,v charged. as it has not gained
enough electronsto become unchar-eed.1lf
sphere Y is uncharged. no\l that sphere X
is positively charged, sphere X u ill attract
the electronsfrom sphereYl)
28. B The graph is a curve througl.routthe voltage
range, and the gradient is becoming less
steep,showing that the resistanceincreases
throughout the voltage range. (As this is an
I-V graph, the inverse ofthe gradient gives
the resistance.)
29. A A, diode only allou s the current to flou' in
one direction. In this case, only u'hen the
p.d. is greaterthan 0.6 Y thus the maximum
p.d. afier rectificationis only 0.2 V
A7
Year20 I 0
 30.D Combinedresistance
of 6.0e resistors PAPER 2
- tr 1; I l l
:30Q SECTIONA
;l
Totalresistance 1. (a) The stonefalls with constantacceleration.
of crrcuit:3.0+ 3.0= 6.0a
The speedofthe stoneis increasingat a
'' - V - Q { , , , n
R 6.0-'"^ uniform rate.
3 l . C A t h e r m i s r o r( y ) h a s a l o w e r r e s i s t a n c e (b) Area under the speed_time
-eraph
ri'hen the tentperature is increased. thus between A and B is greater than that
riill increase the current flowin-e in the between C and D.
circuit and make the electric fan go faster. (c) (1) Speedisascalarquantity,requiring
only magnitudeto be delined.
32. D Energ;-suppliedto I bulb:
Velocityis a vectorquantity.requiring
E:pt:3x5:l5J
both magnitude and direction to be
For fbur bulbs,total energy: 15 x 4 :60 J
defined.
33. B This is to protect the user from the hazards ( i i ) 1 . 1 8m / s
of electricity. 2.2 mls

-3'1.A By using rhe right_hand grip rule. : (a ) \\ihen a body is in equilibrium,

the the sum
direction of the cunents are the same of clockwise moments about a pivot
There is a larger current in X as it has a equals to the sum of anti_clockr.vise
stronger magnetic field around it. as seen nloments about the sarnepivot.
by Q pointing in the samedirection as p { h ) { r ) 0 . 6 0 x d : 0 .1 6 x 4
d _ 1.067
35. C By applying Flemir.rg'sleft-hand rule, n.e
= 1 . 0 7c r r
can see that the coil rotatesabout the axis (iiy 1o,ut weight of R and S
PR. : 0 . 6 0+ 0 . 1 6: 0 . 7 6
N
36. D By raising the support of the spring. the Weight of R - Weight of S
permanent magnet will be fufther a*.av :0.76 - 2
from the coil. thus resulring in lesser = 0 . 3 8N
magnetic field lines cutting the coil. thus (rii) Rod l: Only p is left on rod
l, this
reducing the maximum value of induced creates an anti_clockwise moment
e.m.f-. about the pir,ot (string). So. rod
I rotates anti-clockwise about its
37. A N{oreturns in the secondarycoil will result
pivot.
in a higher voltage in the secondarycoil, but
Rod 2: The force exertecl on the
at the same fiequency as the input voltage.
ri_ehtside of rod 2 is greater rhan
38. C Sincethis is an idealtransformer,the pou.et on the left side. This createsa net
in the primary circuit and the secondan. clocku,ise moment of the r.odabout
c i r c u i t m u s t b e l h c s a m e ,r i h i c h i s r . \ i . the pivot (string). So, rod 2 rorares
calculatedusing the fbrmula p - IV clockrviseabout its pil.ot.
j (a) (r)
39.A Thebrightnessolhghtafl-ectstheresisrance
of ihe LDR. thus affectshow the potential
r,i'illbe dil,ided. Sirnilarly,a changein rhe
reslstancein the fixed resistor ancl input
p.d. u.,ill also affect the cunent Ilor.r.in_e
in
the circuit. and thus the output p.d.
,10.C The maximum voltage X
is still the sarne
(2V), as seen by the same arnplitude
+
of Air near X gets cooled b1,the ice.
the graph. The frequency is doubled fbr
The cool air contractsand becortes
diagram 2 as tu,.icethe number of uar.es
denser relative to the surroundin-9
are produced in the same period of time.
\\ranner arr. This cool air sinks.
hencethe frequencyis 50 r 2: 100 Hz.
displacing the surrounding air.

\ns$'ers to O Le\cl Ph),sicsycariy F_dition A8

. SAP (iroup p1e I_rd
Year2010
 The surrounding air, which is less ( b ) The threads are repelled fiom one
dense,rises up to X to be cooled. another.This demonstratesthat they are
This process continues to form the in an electric field and they contain like
convection cuffent. chargesas like chargesrepel.
(b) The laler ol trappedair acts as an ( c ) Due to friction betrveen the road and
insulator of heat. This reduces the the rotating tyres of trucks carying
rate of heat transfer fiom the \\'armer flarnmable items, electric charges can
surroundings to the ice by conduction. accurnulateon thesetrucks. When thefe is
( c l Amount of thermal energy required to a suddendischarge,sparkscanbe created
m e l t 1 0 0g o f i c e : 0 . 1 x 3 3 6 0 0 0 and could ignite the flammable items.
:33600J To reduce the above danger,trucks have
Timetakento melt100g of ice metal chainsconnectedat the back. The
_ 33600 chainsareeithel positionedvery closeto
1A
the road or even touchin-sthe road. The
: 1 4 0 0s chainsprovide a path for excesscharges
to be safell dischargedto eafth.
( a ) Someof the soundenergyis absorbed
by the seabed.Thereis alsoattenuatton ( a ) (i) 6000 turns
of sonndas it tralels in water. \t
)\ PO
l/
r Pt)
(ii) lJ --
'<" n ^ l ) -
(b) (i.) Time - T'- 100 ms " llnr\il1 llrttral\

( i i ) D i s t a n c e: I S O O x 1 3 0 0x 1 0 3 ) Npa 110
:.150 m 6000 240
Noo: 2750turns
( a ) A linejoining the points along the peak
(b) (i)
of a u'ave
(b) Wave motion is a disturbance in a
medium that causes the transt-er of
energl from one point of the medium to
anotherpornt in the samemedium. This
disturbanceis caused by the vibration
of particlesin the medium in a specific
direction.
(ii) This position ol the fuse allou's
The \\'a\ e generator causes \\'ater
i t t o c L t to l - f a r t r e r c e s s i r ec u r r e n t
particles to vibrate perpendicularlyto
flon ing into the transfbrmer. This
the surtace of the nater. A transverse
pre\ ellts dan-rage to the transformer
wave is produced uhere the vibration
or au-velectrical shock to the user.
of the $'ater particles is perpendicular to
(c) Curent drau,'nby these devices is very
t h e d i r e c t i o no l s a r c l n o t i o t t .
small and is not large enough to cause
(c) ( i ) 2 c m
death in a user.These devices usually
(ii) Speed: ll ::.0 - 6 cm/s
\ ' A har e double insulation.
( i i i )l - - : \ - 3 H z

6. (a)

(b) (i) Strength: No effect. The strength

remainsthe same.

A9
Ans\r'ers to C)-Level Physics Yearl-v Edition
C SAP Croup Pte L.td Year20I 0
 Direction: Direction changes. t 0 . ( a ) ( i ) N u m b e :r2 4 0 + l 2 - 2 0 l a m P s
Direction is now. tiorn B to A. P
{ll} I :v
(ii) The nutnberof rnagneticfield lines
2
lncreasesand the held lines become 12
closerto one another. = 0 .I 6 6 6 6
(c) (ii) Fleming's left hand rule statesthat ! 0.167 A
nhen the direction of the magnetic V
( 1 i l )K :
lield (rePresentedbY the index T
210
finger) is perpendicular to the
0 . 16 6 6 6
direction of conventional current
= l'1'10f)
flou (represented bY the middle
(b) (i) The current drarvn bY the
finger) in the u ire KL. a fbrce
replacement iamp is greater than
(representedby the thumb) rvill act
that of the original lamP. Hence
on the wire. This fbrce Produced
the resistance of the replacernent
must be PerPendicularto both the
lamp is less than that of the original
directions of magnetic lleld and
lamp.
current flow'.
tii) When the replacement lamp is
used, the effbctive resistance of
SECTION B
the circuit decreases.Hence the
9. (a) Speedof light in glassfbr ray 1
cUrrent in the circuit increases.
r000
5 r l0-' Thus the remaining 12 V lamPs
:2 x 10'm/s s ill be brighter.
Refiactiveindex- | ti EITHER
-3x10' ra) (i) For a given closed systerr.r. energy
2r10n in the system is neither created nor
: 1.5
s ! n/ destroyed. E,nergy is converted
(b) fiom one fonn to another.
sln r
s i n3 5 ' (ii) By the principle of conservation
1.5
s i nX of energy, the loss in G.P.E. bY the
X = 23" objectasit falls to the groundequals
( c ) ( r ) Thesinglepulseof lightis dispersed to thegainin K. E. ofthe object.Since
into threerays.This is evidentfrom , I . i I r
I n g h- 1 m \ - KL - a lll\-l-
Fig.9.3rvhichshou'sthetime spent \\\ncre
fbr threelight rayscoincidingwith an approximate value for the sPeed
the timingsin Fig. 9.4 of 10.0Ps. can be found.
1 0 . 3p r sa n d1 0 . 8p s . The value obtained is onl,v
brishrness (ii) approximate as the above principle
does not take into account the u-ork

_fl done againstair resistance. Also. rt

does not take into account energy
rlps
being converted to other tbrns
(iii) Number of pulses/sec of energy such as heat ar.rdsound
I when the object hits the ground.
0.9x106 \/ ll

- 1.ll1l ' 106 (b) (i) a:-1-

= 106 or I 000 000 . r O
0.40: ;d
(ir') For verv long distances,the delal'
o f 0 . 9 p r sb e t u e e nt w o c o n s e c u t i \ e
v :8 m/s
rays will cause gaps ol silence in
(ii) F : ma
- 1 40 0 0x 0 . 4 0
telephone conversations. This
: 5600N
leads to unclear and incomPlete
conversations.

Al0
A.nsriersto O-Lerel Ph)sics \tarl) Editron
( SAP Group Pte Ltd Year20I 0
 (iii) Resultantlbrce
: Upr'vard fbrce
Weight of helicopter
5 600 - Uprvard force 140 000
P,{PER 1
Upward lbrce : 145 600 N
l. C Actual length
- Measuredlength+ End Correction
: i.l + 0.2
: 1 . 3c m

2 . D \-ector quantities: fbrce, acceleration,velocity,

displacement.

3 . D \ote that the first part of the questiontalks

smoke particle nor ing in a aboutthe car being at rest.It then experiences
continuous, random motion
increasine (non-uniform) acceleration.
then a unitbrrn acceleration(straightline).
trl
g l a s sc e l l
4 . C l 0 f l n 1 rl g p r - g 5 e n5 tf - 0 . 2 s .
ln 0.1 s. the car moves 20 cm, theretbre,
(ii) Smoke particles are seen moving
, J t > t : r l t r '=e l 0 -
in a continuous random manner speco o: I U Uc m s
llure
at high speeds.Tliis is caused by
the uneven collision betr.veenthe 5 . 8 Resultant(h..nztrrtalt tbrce - l0 - 2.0
:8.0N
surrounding invisibie air particles
ar.rd the srnoke particles. Hence, 6 . C Find acceleratrtrn.
-eas larr) rnolecules are moving '
o- r " = ln
lfr Ir)
l i : r ' -: . r l t e na p p l r
continuor,rsl-v and randornly at high
speecls. F : m a- ( l 1 0 0 0 rir. l j , = 1 5 ( _ )\( , ) t )
(b) (i) .\tmosphericpressure+
7 . A Densil.
'
: +-14= The 1.rt-r rhe\.olume,
Pressureclueto neight of piston \olLll.n-
- Pressureofgas the higher the dens:n. Therefble, the
\\'ersht of piston liqLridhas marirn'.rn densin at 120'C and
1 . 0. 1 0 -: , 1 . 0x 1 0 l m i n i m u m d e n s i t rr t 1 ! 0 ' C .
= 1 . 5. l O j
8 . A Molnents-F'd.
\\'eight olpiston - 20 N
Clocku'isemrrrrent: 1.5 N r 0.2 m
?n-:
\lr:: of piston tg : 0 . 3N m
iO
( i i ) When a gas rlolecule collides lvith isemoment
Anti-clocks 0.15m
_ 3.3N_
the piston. a fblce is exerted on it.
Since the moleculesare extremelv
CWM - \C\\ \l : No resultant moment
about the prr ot.
small and numerous. the number
of collisior.rs betu'een the gas - Fnrn e
9 , 8 Pressureffi
moleculesand the piston is large.
Hence. the averageofall the forces Weisht \ Area/ cm: PressureN'curl
acting on the piston b,v the gas r00 0.30
A 30
moleculesu'ill be sutficientlylarge
B 500 150 3.33
to suppoftthe piston'sneight.
C 750 300 2._s0
D I 0000 4000 2.50

10.C Excesspressure
- Diff-erence
in liquid levels
: 40 cm rvater

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Physics\tarly Edition
Ans*ers to L)-L,evel
.c SAP GroupP1eLtd 2009
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