these collisions (the collisions are
not completell''elastic),resulting in
the molecules moving slou'er. and
hencea lo* er pressure.Also, after 1,,
the gas starts to cool from 70"C bY
ladiation. As temperaturefalls. the
molecuiestnovervith a slowerspeed.
ar-rdthis results in a lorver pressure
as the moleculeshit the r"'allsof the
cylinder lvith iessertbrce.
OR
(a) When the tuning fork r,ibrates. a soutld
rvave travels torvardsthe disc.
Sound u'aves are longitudinal waves^and
the moleculesof air vibrate left and right
E.nergyfrom this soundr.vaveis transferred
to the disc, causing it to vibrate lefi and
right as r'r,ell.
When the disc vibratesleft and right. the
magnet moves in and out of the fired
coil, causing a change in the tnagrletic
flux lir.rkageu ith the coil" and an induced
is set up due to Faradal's larrs of
e.n.r.f'.
electromagneticrnductjon.
Sir.rcethe ma-snetis llo\ ing in and out. the
direction of tl.reindtLcedculrent changes
as r.r'ell,resultingin an altematinge.m.f.
(b) Gleater loudnessresrtltsin a greateranl-
plitude of oscillationof the air molecules
and the disc. resulting iu an e.m.i oi a
largeramplitudebeing produced.
(The fiequency remains the same due to
the samepitcl.t.)
(c) Experimentn'ith Lenz's larv.
Mnke rrseof a coil of wire.
Make use connectedto
rrn'ire.
a gallanometer.
N-------3
<__
Insertthe N-pole of a bar magnetinto the
coil ofwire, and check the deflectionon
the galvanometer.
Basedon the deflection,and applying the
direction of magnetic field lines around a
current-canyir.rgrvire. determinethe poles
of the inducedmagnet in the coil.
Since the N-pole is being pushed in, there
is an induced N-pole at the right end of
the coil to oppose the change.
A16
Edition
\nsu ersto O-LevelPhl'sicsYearl"v
( SAPGroupPteLtd
Year2009/Year
PAPER 1
\\ - n u - - J1On =O- 2 . o t n s r
l. D a- r
2. B The speed increases from 0 to 4 m/s
initially (non-unitbm acceleration as it
is not a straight line). and then the speed
remains constant at .1 m/s. The speed
then decreaseslrom 4 to 0 mis (ur.riform
acceleration).Note: deceleration is just
negativeacceleration. As the speedis 0 m/s,
the object is at rest
L B Since the car is moving fbrrvard, only an
increasein the lbni'ard force. Q, r.r'illcause
an increasein speed.
-+. C Oil reduces friction betu'een the tyles and
the road, thus causing the car to take a
longer time to sior'vdorvtt.
5. D Since the object is stationary.the surn olthe
forces nrust be eqr-ralto zero. Thus u-hen a
vector diagram is drar.vn.the an'orvs must
s t a n a n d e n d a t t h e s a m ep o i n t .
6. B Weight is a force. and in this case.
W F 2 O O- 2 0 k g
rlr: o o - rt Un
.* -
l . D V o l u m e o f t h e c u b e : 2 x 2x 2 = 8 c m '
l\'lass: density x volume : 8 r 8 : 6'1 g
S, -\ Applying Principle of Morneuts.
clockrvisemoment- anti-clockuisemonlents
1 5 0 x 0 . 7 5: F x ( 0 . 7 5+ 0 . 7 5 )
' . 7 57 5 \
r - 1 5 I0.-5
9, ,{ The tnan's centre of gravity needs to be
directly above the rope in order fbr hinl to
balance.Otherwise he u'ill f-all of1.
1 0 .D W o r k d o n e : F s
ll.B Powcr-'i
\ \ ' - ' tt r 5 _ 8 0 = j . 0 _ 6 J \ \
).(,
12.B When the altitude (height) increases"sttch
as on the top of a mountain. the atmospheric
pressureis lessas there is lessarr "presslng
down" on us, thus causing a decreasein the
height of the mercury column.
trnrnp RO
l l . C P r e s s u r- e* r f a r * -'..ilt N crn
14.B By the kinetic parlicle theory. particles
arein constanttnotion.ri'hetherin a solid,
liquid or gaseousstate.
2008
 15.8 At a higher temperature,the molecules
move at a greater speed. However, the
pressure is the same as the piston moves
out, rvhich ntust mean that the rate of
collision is reduced. Note: If the rate of
collision is greater, the pressurewill be
g r e a t e ra s u e l l .
.r- .f tqn tnn
16.A0-f r l0o.c-;:0_i6dt00.c
: 600
17.C During boiling. there is no change in
terrperature and it is the intennolecular
bonds that are broken.
18.D This rs a transverse\vave. r.vhichmeans
that all the \\'ave particlesare just moving
up and dou n
\\'aVeorrecuon
From tiie above diagram,we can seethat P
mor es dor n and Q moves up after a few
lltoments.
1 9 . C \ \ a r e s p e e dr .: 1 ) - ( 2 . 5 ) ( 0 . 6 0 ) 1
: . 5m / s
D- i s r a n e- c; -i -. 0
-lS
llllle- ,
\nde(-l
l.l
20. D Lrght is reliacted as it entersand exits the
-slassblock and is reflectedat the silvered
surt'ace.
21.A Since the hghr undergoestotal internal
reflection in the prism, the angle of
incidence (-15') rrust be greater than the
c r i t i c a la n g l e .
22. B Only' statentenr I and 3 are correct.
Ultraviolet \\ a\ es are used in sunbeds,X-
rays are usedntedicallvto locatefractures,
while infia-red s ar es are used in intmder
alanns.
23. A A frequencyof i600 Hz means that 3600
complete wa\:es are produced rn 1 second.
In 0.50 s, 1800 complete u'avelengthsare
produced.
24. D Since the pitch is the same.the liequency
must be the same. The speed of the sound
dependson the rnedium (e.g. 3y1/ riater)
and since the medium is the same. the
speedof soundmust be the same.
Ans$ers to C)-Levcl Physics Yearll.Edition
a SAP Groui) Pte [-rd
25. B Sincethe metal ball is earthed,the positive
charges r.vill be neutralised by electrons
fiom earth.
26. D Electric field lines go from positive to
negative charges.
27. B From the equation,Q - lt, rve have:
a
I:T--:)us
to
28.8 When su'itch S, and S. are closed, the
eff'ective resistanceof the 3.0 f2 resistors
in parallel is 1.5 Q. Thus we need another
,1.5 Q resistor to make the total resistance
6.0 L Sri itch S..must be open, in order to
"lbrce" all the current to flow through the
,1.5Q lesistor.Note: If S. is closed. ther.r
the toial resistanceis only 1.5 Q as there is
a short circuit acrossthe -1.,5
fJ resistor.
29. C To rncreasethe current. n'e need a lolr,er
resistance. uhich can be obtained by
h a r i n g a s h o n e rr r i r e .
30. D By Kirchofi's first current larv, the current
must be conserved. This means that the
total current must be accounted for in all
t h e b r a n c h e so f t h e c i r c u i t .
31. B Smallest potential diflerence is uhen the
variable resistorhas the srnallest resistance,
rvhich is I kQ. Using the formula for a
potential divider, we get
R , r- l l - r' l
\/-- r 'r 6v-:v
R'+R,
32.B Periodof u'ave: -1cn.r'. I rns'cm
=8ms:8x10-rs
,. 1 I
f:'i:8,i4-:ll5Hz
33.A A thermistorhasa largeresistance rvhenit
is cold anda light-dependent resistorhasa
largeresistance u'henit is dark.
3 4 .C E : P t - ( 2 k w x 2 h ) - 4 k w h
Cost=4xS0.16-50.64
35.A The fuseandswitchshouldbe on the live
wtre.
36.A For magnetisation,
we placethe objectin
themiddleof a solenoidandconnectit to a
D.C. supply.
37.B The magneticfleld strengthis stt'ongest
at Y, due to the soft iron core which
concentrates
the magneticfield lines.The
1.17
Year2008
 strength of the magnetic field is equal at increaseas his kinetic energy increases.
X and Z" as thev are at the same distance However.as the man is tied to an elastic
from the solenoid. rope" the kinetic energy is converted to
elastic potential energy in the rope and
38. D Apply Flemin-e'sleft-handrule.
hence the man slows dou'n as he moves
Eliminate optionsA and B straightaway,as
from A to B and eventually comes to a
the fbrce must be perpendicular to BOTH
stop at B.
the direction of rnagnetic field and the
(b) Change in gravitational potential
current.
energy
39. A The magnitude of the induced e.m.t-. : 6 x g x l
depends on the rate of change of the :80kgx10N/kgx56m
magnetic field lines cutting the solenoid : ,1,1800J
(by Faraday's lar,v) (c) \4aximum kinetic energy:23000 J
. l
40.A Assuming 100% efficiency, the porver il.lnetlcenel€y-7mv-
transmitted will be the same. I
2 3 0 0 :0 t ' 8 0k g ' u '
P n , " t n . . , p p t 'P
: t'.tt
' l'rll r : 23.979 = 24.0mis
| \/ -
rmrinr Y nr:rn.
Rn.,, (a)
Vtn.,, l2t -no7ia
,r n r . * :
n' V,, Digital vollreter
, , , , , R n . , 2, 4 0 " 8

PAPER 2
Wire X
SECTION A
e . g .c o p p e r
1. (a) A vector quantity is a physical quantit)'
, wlre I
that has both magnitude and direction.
A scalar quantity is a physical qualititr-
that has magnitude only.
(b) Acceleration lnsidejetengine At 0'C
Hotjunction Coldjunction
(c) LetI cm:40N
(b) Before we can use the thermocouple
thermometer, we will need to calibrate
it. We u'ill first put the cold junction of
the thermocouple into pure nlelting ice at
0 " C a n d t h e h o t j u n c t i o ni n l o p u r e s l e l n t
at 100'C. This u'ill give us a readins in
terms of mV which will be capturedbr'
the digital voltrneter.Next r'r'eu'ill place
the hotjunction (servesas a probe) rnto
the jet engine and take note of tire ne*
l'oltmeter reading.
To calculate the temperatrlre. \\'e can
use the fomula:
. Lengthof Fu :4.3 cm V '-I '
. Tensionin stringB - 4.3 x 40 N T, ..,. ,r''
' 0 0 ,-l
' r )
loo c
: 1 7 2N
( c ) l. It respondsvery quickll to rapidl.v
' Lengthof f'.. = 2.55cm changingtemperature.
. Tensionin stringC - 2.55x 40 N 2. ltcanmeasurereryhightemperature
: t02N which cannot be done on notrnal
liquid-in-glassthen.nometer.
2 (a) As the man falls from positionA to B,
the man loses gravitationalpotential ( a ) (i) X-ray has rvarelengthbet\\'eenl0
energy. His speed of falling should to 0.01 nanometres,

A18
{nsrvers to O-[.evel Physics \early- f:dition
a SAP GrouD Pte Ltd Year2008
 L e t t h e n a r e l e n g t ho l - X - r a 1b e
1x 10em.
(ii) Usingv-fi
Assuming the speedof X-ray
- I x l{ls 11/5

'r ' - ] - . 1 ^ o 'r r o H z

1 10"
( b ) Ionisation is the physical process of
(ii) As light enters liom air to lens,
con\erting an atom or molecule into
the density changes frorn optically
an ion by adding or removing charged
less dense to denser.This causes
particles such as electrons or other
the speed of light to slou dorvn
lons.
and hence resulting in a changein
(i) X-ra1s cause ionisation whereby
direction.
ce1lsand tissues absorb sulficient
(b) The object rnustbe placed in fiont of F.
energr 1'rornradiation to break their
closer to the lens. for an image fbrmed
molecular bonds. This causesthe
to be r inr-ral.
direct modification or destruction A
, , 1 -t l t c e c l l s a t t d l i s s t t e : .c a t t s i t t g
genetic damage, early cell death,
^ t i
.l
prenratureaging and even cencer. F Y. i , ' F
a
t ii r \licro$ aves causethe temperature
"'f.
. ' i r i r l c r r t t o l e c u l e st o i n c r e a s e . ' - ' P o s i t i o no l o b j c c t
t
\ - e e l l . . t r t dt i s s u e cs o n t a i nu a t c r ,
ri hen micron'aves are absorbed, t. ( a ) (i) When V is negative,the currentI is
the lrr ing cells and tissuesrvil1 be ZCTO.
heatedand destroyed. (ii) When V is positive. the current
rvill lemain at zero fiom V: 0 V to
V:0.6 V. For V > 0.6 \'. the current
rvill increaseerponentiallv.
( b ) When V - 0.8 V" cltrrent I : 6 rnA.
A p p l y i n g O h n r ' sl a s . \ ' - R r l .
R- 0l^\ - tr.t .j = ljj t2
6 10 '_\
( c ) I do not agrecu ilh the student.
\ I

Frorn R : i. n hen I is zero,the value of

' slll/' R n rlll.cirrhnite.
( b.) K e l r a C t l \t l l ' r l C \ .l l -
.i,,1
: 'i" 1?l:r 3i8 8. ( a ) The alternating current generated by
5ll1 JU thc pori er station at the primary coil
Appl-ving the lomula to find critical u'ill inducean increasingmagneticfield
angle C. in the plimarv coil. This increasing
1 - :^l l l l and changing magnetic field induces
n - ^ . ( l , - . . \1
slll L | .-1.r
a current in the secondarycoil rvhich
- + 3 . 1 6 1= - 1 8 . ' 1 o
gives an output r.oltageof 400 000 V
Ne Vr Ne I
Ir Lu, I Iul). ri r^ r^ E ' - 25 00t)
N. v. N. 4oo ooo l 6
Therefore,the ratio Np : N.: 1 : 16.
N l l I
( i i ) B e c a u s el i g h t r a 1 ' L r n d e r o o et o
s tal (c) urr.< .
\ ^| p ,1" 6 1 20 0 0A
internal reflection as it strikes at L:750A
the optical fibre at an angie greater (d) When rve use a high voltage lor
than critical angle. t r r u s r n i s s i o no f c l e c t r i c a l c n e r q ) . the

Al9
.Ans\\'crsto L) [,evel Phl sics Yearly Edition
c S;\P Croup Pte Ltd Year2008
 current r'vill be kept low. This means
that less heat will be generatedand less
power ''vill be lost as heat.
SECTION B
9. (a) (i) The massof the car rvithout load is
900 kg.
When the car is loadedn'ith 80 kg.
it onlY increasesthe total mass of
the car bY 8.89%.
When the car is loaded r'vith 160
kg. it only incteasesthe total mass
ofthe cal bY 17 8%
Hence, the additional rnass will
onlY dectease its acceleration
slightly due to the small increasetn
Percentageof the rnass.
(ii) There are t$'o main forces acttng
on the car, namely the air reststance
and fiiction. As the sPeed of the
car increases' the air reslstance
also increases.Most of the engine
porver is used to overcome the
resistil'e tbrce and hence. the net
polr'er uscd to increasethe speedof
the car uill be limited. Hence, the
car u ill have a tnaxirnumsPeed.
(b) (i) From the table"marimum speedof
the car is 10 9 nlls
Maximum distancetravelled bY the
car is 49 km.
Time taken
= 4 5 0 0s ( 3 s . t . )
(ii) EnergyprovidedbYthe battery'
- po\\'erx tltne
: (1.24x 1000)W x '1495s
- 1 9 . 1M . l ( 3 s . f . )
: :18V
liii) Porver: IV 95 Ax
- : 1 5 6 0w
E n e r g -l P o \ \ c r ) t i m e
e n e r g } 1 9 . 1x 1 0 " J
| ilne - Tr(\\er : 1560w
- 4 18 8 . 6
= 4 1 9 0s ( 3 s . f . )
(ii') We areassuming thereis no power
l o s sd u r i n gc h a r g i r rPgr o c e s s .
henceno
(c) No exhaust is beinggenerated'
air pollution.
A20
\ns$ ers to O-Ler el Phl sics \tarll' Edition
q S.\P Group Ptc Llci Year2008
10. (a) (i) Polystyrene is a good insulattng
material' As the foam seParatethe
inner u'ail with the outer v'a11,heat
conduction will be reduced'
(ii) The cooling unit is located at the
toP of the refrigerator. Cold air
being denserwill descendnaturally
and this cools the content of the
refrigerator that is belorv the
cooling unit. Hot air will rise uP
as it is less dense and convectton
curent rvill be set uP.
(iii) White smooth surface reflects heat
away better than dark and rough
surfaces.
(b) (i) EnergYloss bY the water
: mcAT
: 100g x'1.2 J/(g'C) x (50 - 46) "C
: 1 6 8 0J
(ii) Thermal energYneeded
: mcAT
-3gxul.2Jl(g"C)x46"C
- 579.6J
(iii) Latent heat of fusion
: I 6 8 0 - 5 1 9 . 6 : I 1 0 0 . 4J
= 1100J
(iv) Latent heat of fusion : m x lr
1100J-3xl'
\ : 3 6 7 J / g( 3 s . f . )
1I. EITHER
(a) (i) Live means it allows electrlc
current ftom source to reach the
a p p li a n c e .
(ii) Neutral allows the same cunelrt to
return to the source and coulplete
the circuit.
(b) (i) The 5 A fuse will, Prelent an\
current higher than 5 A to flos
through if there ls a current sllrge'
Horvever, rvhen the fuse is replaced
bY 30 A 1use,the current allosed
to flon'through w'ill be increasedto
30 A rvhich can electrocutethe user
ofthe aPPliance.
(ii) When the earlh u ire is not
connected to the metal case' th€
metal case u'ill beconle live u'hen
the wire is dan.ragedand touches
the case.Anyone touchesthe metal
caselvill be electrocuted.
(c) A circuit breakerrvill s$'itch ofi all the
 circuitsin the housein a very shorttime (c) Let V* : potentialdifferenceacrossthe
if an earthleakagecuffentof morethan i.6 kQ resistor
25 mA occurs.It can breakthe circuits Let V.,.: potentialdiff-erenceacrossthe
so quickly that the risks are greatly thermistor
reduced. A t 1 0 ' C ,V R : 0 . 9V
(d) Apparatus needed: vr:6-0.9:5.1v
1) r,oltmeter At 20"C,V* = 2.2V,
2) ammeter vr: 6- 2.2:3.8Y
3 ) r.'ariable resistor(VR) A t 4 0 ' C ,V R : 3 . 6V
,1) battery Vr:6-3.6:2.4V
5) 5A fuse A t 6 0 ' C ,V R : 4 . 5 V
6) sn itch Vr:6,4.5:1.5V
7 ) l i g h tb u l b A t 8 0 ' C ,V R: 5 . 1 5V
v,:6-5.15:0.85V
A t 1 0 0 ' CV, R : 5 . 5V
V'=6 5.5=0.5V

-/
5 A fuse
Procedure: voltmeter
,-j
Z
Filst set up the apparatus as shown. readlng +
i:1, ya
\,/ :r ra T-

Control the current by adjusting the ./

r ariable resistor and the cuffent passing
,1:
through it \\,ill be displayed in the
t" \-
anlrneter. As long as the current stays
belos 5 A. the bulb will continue to
light up. But once the current increases i-\
\ -'. :
belond ,sA. the 5 A fuse lvill blow and J:: I \ _--:.1

this u ill stop current from reaching the \::

bulb and the bulb u,ill not be lighted
I
i-i:r::i-
-\ il
up. -l
rl

OR 0 20 1rr 60 80 100

(a) \Vhen temperature increases, the temperatufe ol the thermlstor/.C

( d ) Apparatus: 1) Sn'rtch
resistance
in thethermistor\,villdecrease.
Therefbre. bv Lrsing the lormula fbr
p o l e n t i adl i r i d e r . \ U
*\
the potential ditterence across the 1.6
kS) resistor u ill increaseand this rvill
be shoul br the voltmeter connected
acrossthe L6 kQ resistor.
(b) At 40"C. the r oltmeterreadin-s: 3.6 V
Applying the potentialdir ider equation:
2 ) heater
3) temperatureprobe
Procedure:
First of all. set up thg apparatus as
shou'n in the circuit. Include a switch
befbre the 1.6 kQ resistor. Place a
heater next to the thermistor as u'eli
as a temperature probe attached to the
thermistor to measure the temperature

\' /' -- R , R ,
+R, \v/ of the thermistor.
By adjusting the temperature of the
1600 heaterat regular intervais, we can record
J.6-1600 6*here R is lhe
0 both the temperature of thennistor as
resistanceo I rhe thermislor: l"'ell as the potential diff-erenceacross
3 . 6 x 1 6 0 0+ 3 . 6 R : 1 6 0 0x 6 the 1.6 kf2 resistor.To obtain the graph
R : r 066.7 in Fig. 11.2, .'ve plot the p.d. recorded
R = 1070Q (3 s.f.) against the temperaturerecorded.

\ns$ers to O-[-erel Ph,u-sics

Yearly Edition
A21
C SAP Croup Pte l-td Year 2008