Power Inverters

Power Inverters
Chapter 6
Advanced Power Electronics
Introduction
 Power Inverters
 OrSimply called inverters or
DC/AC inverters
 Power electronic circuits
 Converting from DC power to
AC power
 Except matrix inverters
 Single or multi-phase
Introduction
 Switching devices of Inverters
 MOSFET
 For low power
 Very high frequency
 Easily controlled
 IGBT
 For low to high power
 High switching frequency
 Easily controlled
 Thyristor
 For very high power
 For very high voltage
Types of Inverters
 Voltage Source Inverter
Inverters (VSIs)
Load
 Voltage output Vin vo
 For low to high
power applications
Voltage
Controller
Types of Inverters
 Current Source Inverter
Inverters (CSIs)
Load
 Current output Vin vo
 Very high power and
very high voltage
drives Current
Controller
Types of Inverters
 Circuits of VSIs and

T1
+
CSIs: Vin D1
2 C1
 Same power circuit A
Load
topology Vin N vo
 VSI with voltage Vin T2 D2
+
control loop 2 C2
 CSI with current
control loop Half-bridge single-phase inverter
Types of Inverters
T1 D1 T3 D3
Load
Vin
+
C A vo
N
T4 D4 T2 D2
Full-bridge single-phase inverter

Types of Inverters
Vin T1 T3 T5
+
D1 D3 D5
2 C1
A
Vin B
C
N
Vin T2 T4 T6
+
D2 D4 D6
2 C2
Three-phase inverter
Applications of Voltage Source Inverters
 AC power supplies
 Motor drives
 Variable speed drives
(VSDs) for induction
machines
 Electronic drives for
brushless DC (BLDC)
machines
Critical
Line Rectifier Inverter Filter Load
High
Speed
Battery
Switch
Bank
 Uninterruptible power
supplies (UPSs)
 Electronic ballasts
 Florescent lamps
 High intensive
discharge (HID) lamps
 Induction heaters
 Induction stoves
 Water heaters
 Industrial induction
heaters
Applications of Current Source Inverters
 Very high power and
high voltage AC motor
drives
 Motor drives for
motion control
 Robots
 Torque control
Matrix Inverters
 AC to AC directly
 No rectification need
 Output voltage restricted
by the input voltage
 Complicated and careful
switching pattern
 Avoid short circuit
Load
Principle of Operation of Inverters
 Single-phase half-bridge inverters

 Single-phase full-bridge inverters
 Three-phase full-bridge inverters
Single-phase half-bridge inverters
 Single-phase
T1
+
output Vin D1
2 C1
 For low power A
Load
applications Vin N vo
Vin T2 D2
+
2 C2
 Purely resistive load vgs1
0 t
vgs2
iT1 iD1
0 t
Vin T1 vT1
+
D1 Vin
2 C1 io
0 t
A vT2
Vin R vo Vin
N
0 t
vo
Vin T2 D2 Vin/2
+
2 C2 0 t
iT2 iD2
t0 t1 t2 -Vin/2
vgs1
 Resistive and inductive load 0

vgs2 t
0 t
iT1
iT1 iD1
io iT2
0 t
Vin T1
+
D1
2 C1 iD1
0 t
L
A 0 t
Vin vo iD2
N
0 t
vo
Vin T2 D2 R Vin/2
+
0 t
2 C2
io -Vin/2
iT2 iD2
0 t
iin
0 t
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
Single-phase full-bridge inverters
 Single-phase output  For higher power
applications than half-
bridge inverters
T1 D1 T3 D3
Load
A
+
Vin C N vo
T4 D4 T2 D2
 Purely resistive load vgs1,vgs2
0 t
vgs3,vgs4
iT1 iD1 iT3 iD3
0 t
T1 T3 vT1,vT2
D1 D3 Vin
io
0 t
A vT3,vT4
+
Vin C R vo Vin
N 0
vo t
T4 D4 T2 D2 Vin
0 t
iT4 iD4 iT2 iD2 -Vin
t0 t1 t2
vgs1,vgs2
 Resistive and inductive load 0

vgs3,vgs4 t
0 t
iT1 iD1 iT3 iD3 iT1,iT2
io 0
T1 T3 iT3,iT4 t
D1 D3
L iD1,iD2
0 t
A
+
Vin C N vo
0 t
iD3,iD4
T4 D4 T2 D2 R
0 t
vo
Vin
iT4 iD4 iT2 iD2 0 t
io -Vin
0 t
iin
0 t
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
Three-phase full-bridge inverters
 Considering as 3 single-phase half-bridge inverters
 180º (D=50%) and 120º (D=33.33%) conduction
iT1 iD1 iT3 iD3 iT5 iD5
iAB
+
Vin T1 T3 T5
C1 D1 D3 D5
2 vAB vCA
A RA RB
Vin 0 B C
RC iCA
Vin T4 D4 T6 D6 T2 D2
+
iBC
2 C2 vBC
vgs1
Three-phase vgs3
0 t
full-bridge inverters vgs5

0 t
0 t
 Delta-connected load vA0 Vin/2
0 t
iT1 iD1 iT3 iD3 iT5 iD5 -Vin/2
iAB vB0
+
Vin T1 T3 T5 0
2 C1 D1 D3 D5
vAB vCA
t
A RA RB vC0
Vin 0 B C 0
RC iCA t
+
iBC vAB
2 vBC
C2
Vin
0 t
-Vin
vBC
0 t
vCA
0 t
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
Three-phase
full-bridge inverters
 Wye-connected load
v AB vCA v AB  vCA
iA   
RA  RB RA  RC 2R
v AB  vCA iA
v AN 
2 vAN RA
vBC  v AB vCA  vBC vCA vAB vBN
vCN
vBN  vCN  RB N RC
2 2 iB
vBC iC
vAB Vin
Three-phase 0 t
full-bridge inverters vBC

-Vin
0 t
 Wye-connected load
v AB  vCA vCA
v AN  0 t
2
vBC  v AB vAN Vin
vBN  0 t
2
-Vin
vCA  vBC vBN
vCN  0 t
2
vCN
0 t
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
SPWM
 Sinusoidal Pulse-width Modulation
 fC > 20 fM
VˆC
Modulation Signal Carrier Signal
VˆM
Voltage
vM Comparator
+ vgs1
vgs1
- vgs2
vC vgs2 VS/2
v0
SPWM Single-phase Half-bridge Inverters
Vin
+
T1 D1 VˆM VˆC
2 C1
A
Load
Vin N vo
Vin T2 D2 vgs1
+
2 C2 vgs2
Vin
vo 2
 Modulation Index
-Vin
VˆM vo(fund) 2
M
VˆC
MVin
vo  sin  M t  Higher Order Harmonics
2
MVin 2 Vˆ
vo,1  sin  M t M  o
2
Vin
 Simulated by PSIM
 Vin=200V, M=0.8, fM=50Hz, fC=5kHz
Vout
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.0
0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Frequency (KHz)
SPWM Single-phase Full-bridge Inverters
 SPWM
 Single modulation signal
 Two modulation signal with 180 degrees phase
difference
T1 D1 T3 D3
Load
A
+
Vin C N vo
T4 D4 T2 D2
 Single modulation signal
VˆM VˆC
vgs1
vgs2
vgs3
vgs4
vo Vin
-Vin
vo(fund)
with Single Modulation Signal
vo  MVin sin M t  Higher Order Harmonics
vo,1  MVin sin M t Vˆ

M o
Vin
with Single Modulation Signal
Vout
200.00
180.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.0
0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Frequency (KHz)
 Two modulation signals
VˆM 1 2 VˆC
vgs1
vgs3
vo Vin
vo(fund) -Vin
with two modulation signals
vo  MVin sin M t  Higher Order Harmonics
vo,1  MVin sin M t Vˆ

M o
Vin
with two modulation signals
Vout
200.00
180.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.0
0.0 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
Frequency (KHz)
SPWM Three-phase Full-bridge Inverters
 3 single-phase half-bridge inverters in parallel
iA
+
Vin T1 T3 T5
C1 D1 D3 D5
2
vAN RA
Vin A B vCA vAB vBN
0 C N vCN
RB RC
+
iB
2 C2 vBC iC
SPWM Three-phase
v v
Full-bridge
v
Inverters
MA MB MC
vgs1
vgs3
vgs5
Vin
vA0 2
vB0
-Vin
vC0 2
vAB
vBC
Vin
vCA
-Vin
2VˆA0 2VˆB 0 2VˆC 0 2VˆAN 2VˆBN 2VˆCN

M      
Vin Vin Vin Vin Vin Vin
MVin
v AN  sin M t  Higher Order Harmonics
2
MVin  2 
vBN  sin  M t   Higher Order Harmonics
2  3 
MVin  2 
vCN  sin   M t    Higher Order Harmonics
2  3 
3MVin  
v AB  sin   M t    Higher Order Harmonics
2  6
3MVin  
v BC  sin   M t    Higher Order Harmonics
2  2
3MVin  5 
vCA  sin   M t    Higher Order Harmonics
2  6 
VˆLL  3VˆP
 Line voltage:
VAB
200.00
180.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.0
0.0 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
Frequency (KHz)
 Phase voltage:
VAN
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.0
0.0 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
Frequency (KHz)
Switching Patterns of SPWM by Sampling
 SPWM generated by
programming TS
 Very common in products
 Computer, MCU, DSP
 Sampling voltage of a
sine wave in a switching
period
 Using SPWM representing sampled voltage of a sine wave
 Low costs in mass production
 Natural Sampling and Regular Sampling
Natural Sampling
VˆC
 Comparison of a sine wave
with a triangular wave Vk VˆM
 Modulating the average
voltage within each 1/2 TS
 Very common in products
 Computer, MCU, DSP
 Sampling voltage of a
δ0 δ0 δ0 δ0
sine wave in a switching
period δ1k δ2k
αk
Natural Sampling
VˆM 1k   0 1  M sin(  k  1k )
 Modulation Index M 
VˆC  2k   0 1  M sin(  k   2k )
 Leading part
VˆC
ˆ ˆ   2k   0 
VM sin(  k   2 k )  VC   Vk VˆM
 0 
 Lagging part
ˆ ˆ  1k   0 
VM sin(  k  1k )  VC   δ0 δ0 δ0 δ0
 0 
δ1k δ2k
αk
Regular Sampling
1k   0 1  M sin(  k   0 ) Vk VˆM
 2k   0 1  M sin(  k   0 )
TS
 Modulating the voltage of δ0 δ0 δ0 δ0
middle point of leading and
lagging parts of each TS δ1k δ2k
 Easier but less accurate
than natural sampling αk
Overmodulation
 Occuring when VˆM  VˆC
 M>1
 Pulse width is maximum or
0 for few switching cycles
for lower and upper peak of
the modulation signal
 Should be avoided
 Output voltage distorted
 Low order harmonics
generated
Overmodulation
 3rd harmonic modulation
 Overmodulation, M>1
 For 3-phase inverter
 Single 3-phase load
 Eg. Induction motor
 3rd harmonic eliminated in line voltage
 Switching pattern from regular sampling
1k   0 1  M sin  k   0   KM sin 3 k   0 

 2k   0 1  M sin  k   0   KM sin 3 k   0 
Resonant Inverters
 Resonant DC link inverters
 Resonant pole inverters
 Zero-voltage switching
 High efficiency
 Low EMI
 High switching frequency
 More components than hard-switching counterparts
Resonant DC Link Inverters
Lr
T1 D1 T3 D3 T5 D5
Vin
+
2 C1 A
Tr
Vin Cr Dr B
Vin C
+
2 C2 T2 D2 T4 D4 T6 D6
Resonant Pole Inverters
 Resonant pole inverters more popular

T1 Cr1 CF1 T3 Cr3 CF3 T5 Cr5 CF5
D1 D3 D5
Vin
+
LrA
2 C1 A
Vin B
LrB C
Vin LrC
+
2 C2 T2 D2 T4 D4 T6 D6
Cr1 CF1 Cr4 CF4 Cr6 CF6
Charging Current of DC Link Capacitors
 High capacitance
 High charging current when starting up
 Instability of system
 Affectingquality of voltage of power source
 Malfunction of circuit breakers and fuses
 Interference to other systems with the same power
source
 EMI
Charging Current of DC Link Capacitors
 Suggested solution: SW
 SW
+
 Time control switch Rin
C1
DC
Load
 Voltage detect relay Vin Inverter
Link
+
C2
MOSFET / IGBT Drivers for Inverters
 Top transistor floating
 Special driver for floating transistor
 Bootstrap mechanism
 Lower and Upper limits of duty ratio for floating
transistors
 IR2110 (International Rectifier)
 without deadtime function
 with deadtime function
 Without deadtime function
 With deadtime function

Power Inverters

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Power Inverters

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Power Inverters

 Circuits of VSIs and

Full-bridge single-phase inverter

 Single-phase half-bridge inverters

 Resistive and inductive load 0

 Resistive and inductive load 0

full-bridge inverters vgs5

full-bridge inverters vBC

vo  MVin sin M t  Higher Order Harmonics

vo,1  MVin sin M t Vˆ

vo  MVin sin M t  Higher Order Harmonics

vo,1  MVin sin M t Vˆ

 3 single-phase half-bridge inverters in parallel

2VˆA0 2VˆB 0 2VˆC 0 2VˆAN 2VˆBN 2VˆCN

1k   0 1  M sin  k   0   KM sin 3 k   0 

 Resonant pole inverters more popular

Potrebbero piacerti anche