System of Units, Vectors, and

Mechanical Waves
Measurement in Physics
• Physics is based on
measurement of physical
quantities.
• SI Units  International System
of Units (SI)
Measurement in Physics
• All physical measurement derived from the base quantities, example:
• Power  watt (W)
1 watt = 1 W = 1 kg.m2/s3

• To express very large and very small, scientific notation :

3 560 000 000 m = 3.56 x 109 m

0.000 000 492 s = 4.92 x 10-7 m
Measurement in Physics
• To express very large and very small,
scientific notation is used as in Table
1-2.

• For example :
1.27 x 109 watts = 1.27 gigawatts = 1.27GW
Measurement in Physics
• Changing units is conducted by the chain-link conversion method.
• A conversion factor is a ratio of units that is equal to unity.
• For example :
Measurement in Physics
• Length
Measurement in Physics
• Time
Measurement in Physics
• Mass
• Atomic mass unit

• Mass density
Vectors
• Scalars, such as
temperature, have
magnitude only. They are
specified by a number
with a unit (10°C) and
obey the rules of
arithmetic and ordinary
algebra.
• Vectors, such as
displacement, have both
magnitude and direction
(5m, north) and obey the
rules of vector algebra.
Vectors
• Adding Vectors Geometrically

Vector equation:
Vectors
• Adding Vectors Geometrically
• Commutative law
Vectors
• Adding Vectors Geometrically
• Associative law
Vectors
• Vectors Subtraction
Vectors
• Components of Vectors
• A component of a vector is
the projection of the vector
on an axis.
Vectors
• Components of Vectors
• magnitude-angle notation
from a vector in component
notation
Vectors
• Unit Vectors
• a vector that has a
magnitude of exactly
1 and points in a
particular direction.
Vectors
• Unit Vectors
Vectors
• Unit Vectors
• Adding Vectors by
Components
Vectors
• Unit Vectors
• Vectors and the
Laws of Physics
Vectors
• Multiplying Vectors
• Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
multiply a vector by a scalar s get a
new vector.
Its magnitude is the product of the
vector magnitude and the scalar.
Its direction is the direction of if the
vector
• Multiplying Vectors
• Multiplying a Vector by a Vector
There are two ways to multiply a
vector by a vector:
1. one way produces a scalar (called
the scalar product),and
2. the other produces a new vector
(called the vector product).
Vectors
• The scalar product

Notes:
Vectors
• The Vector Product

Notes:
Vectors
• The Vector
Product
Mechanical Waves
• Types of Waves
• Mechanical waves  exist within a material medium, governed by Newton’s
law  water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves
• Electromagnetic waves  require no material medium to exist  visible
light, ultraviolet light, radio, television waves, microwaves
• Matter waves  associated with electrons, protons, and other fundamental
particles
Mechanical Waves
• Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
• Mechanical waves can exist only in
material media and are governed by
Newton’s laws.
• Transverse mechanical waves, like those
Transverse waves
on a stretched string, are waves in which
the particles of the medium oscillate
perpendicular to the wave’s direction of
travel.
• Waves in which the particles of the
medium oscillate parallel to the wave’s
direction of travel are longitudinal
waves.

Longitudinal waves
Mechanical Waves
• Sinusoidal Waves
• A sinusoidal wave moving in the
positive direction of an x-axis
has the mathematical form :
• The angular wave number :

• The period T and frequency f of

the wave are related to ω by : • The wave speed v is related to
these other parameters by :
Mechanical Waves
• Sinusoidal Waves
Mechanical Waves
• Sinusoidal Waves
• Phase Constant
Mechanical Waves
• Sinusoidal Waves
• The speed of traveling waves
Mechanical Waves
• Equation of a Traveling Wave
• Any function of the form

can represent a traveling wave and

a wave shape given by the
mathematical form of h

The plus sign  the negative

direction of the x-axis

The negative sign  the positive

direction of the x-axis
Mechanical Waves
• Wave Speed on Stretched
String
• The speed of a wave on a • The average power of, or average rate at
stretched string is set by which energy is transmitted by, a
properties of the string. sinusoidal wave on a stretched string is
• The speed on a string with given by :
tension τ and linear density
µ is
Mechanical Waves
• Superposition of Waves
• When two or more waves traverse the same medium, the displacement of
any particle of the medium is the sum of the displacements.
• Interference of Waves
• Two sinusoidal waves on the same string exhibit interference, adding or
canceling according to the principle of superposition.
• If the two are traveling in the same direction and have the same amplitude ym
and frequency but differ in phase by a phase constant ф, the result is a single
wave with this same frequency:
Ф = 0 is fully constructive
Ф = π rad is fully destructive.
Mechanical Waves
• Superposition of Waves
Mechanical Waves
• Interference of Waves
Mechanical Waves
• Interference of Waves
Mechanical Waves
• Standing Waves
• The interference of
two identical
sinusoidal waves
moving in opposite
directions produces
standing waves.
Mechanical Waves
• Standing Waves
• For a string with fixed ends, the standing wave is given by

• Standing waves characterized by fixed locations of zero displacement called

nodes and fixed locations of maximum displacement called antinodes
Mechanical Waves
• Standing waves
Mechanical Waves
• Resonance
• Standing waves on a string can be set up by reflection of traveling waves from
the ends of the string. If an end is fixed, it must be the position of a node.
This limits the frequencies at which standing waves will occur on a given
string. Each possible frequency is a resonant frequency, and the
corresponding standing wave pattern is an oscillation mode.
• For a stretched string of length L with fixed ends, the resonant frequencies
are

• The oscillation mode corresponding to n = 1 is called the fundamental mode

or the first harmonic; the mode corresponding to n = 2 is the second
harmonic; and so on.
Mechanical Waves
• Resonance
Scele (scele.ui.ac.id)
• Course: Physics (Electricity, MWO) - ENGE610007
• Class : Physics Elect-02
• Enrollment key: physicsmwo
• Quiz 1 (online)
• Homework 1:
• Chapter 1 Problems 32, 36
• Chapter 3 Problems 51, 52
• Chapter 16 Problems 40, 41, 42