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Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No.: US 2019 /0058105 A1
(43) Pub . Date: Feb . 21, 2019
(54 ) PIEZOELECTRICITY-INDUCED ROOM Publication Classification
TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR (51 ) Int. CI.
(71) Applicant: Salvatore Cezar Pais , Callaway , MD HOIL 41/ 107 (2006 .01)
HOIL 41/08 ( 2006 .01)
(US) HOIB 12 / 06 (2006 .01 )
(72 ) Inventor: Salvatore Cezar Pais, Callaway, MD (52 ) U .S . Cl.
(US ) CPC ........... HOIL 41 /107 (2013 .01); HOIB 12 / 06
( 2013 .01); HOIL 41/0805 ( 2013 .01)
(73 ) Assignee: United States of America as (57 ) ABSTRACT
represented by the Secretary of the The present invention is a room temperature superconductor
Navy , Patuxent River, MD (US) comprising of a wire , which comprises of an insulator core
and a metal coating . The metal coating is disposed around
(21) Appl. No.: 15 /678 ,672 the insulator core , and themetal is coating deposited on the
core . When a pulsed current is passed through the wire ,
while the wire is vibrated , room temperature superconduc
(22) Filed : Aug. 16, 2017 tivity is induced .
Ho di
- RTSC
'Metallic '
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Wire
Insulator Core
Pulsed Current
110
Source
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Patent Application Publication Feb . 21, 2019 US 2019/ 0058105 A1
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US 2019 / 0058105 A1 Feb . 21, 2019
Fermi energy , which implies that the pair is bound . In coating can be doped with ferrite inclusions ( species), such
conventional (BCS ) superconductors, this attraction is due as, but not limited to iron or steel. Alternatively, the wire
to the electron - phonon interactions. The important realiza coating can be doped with sub -micron sized ferrite particles
tion is that independent of physicalmechanism , the key to so that is becomes highly responsive to the electro -magnetic
observed superconductivity is the strong electron- lattice ( EM ) forces exerted by the plucking coil. However , this EM
(phonon ) coupling. Strong electron -lattice interactions can method of vibration may not be conducive to RTSC , since
be obtained from abrupt/accelerated vibration of a wire ; the mechanically -plucked Al- coated composite wire may
thereby, providing justification for RTSC enablement . As a fail the Meissner effect test for superconductivity , and not be
result, a special composite metallic wire can become super
re able to expel the flux lines of the externally applied magnetic
conductive (SC ) at room temperature , if you make it field . Further consider the electrically -driven vibration ver
abruptly vibrate , while running a pulsed current through it, sion of this idea , whereby a non - Al coated wire coated with
just like ' plucking ' a guitar string intermittently . The current lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is abruptly vibrated by having
must be pulsed for maximum effect. an electrical potential difference applied along its PZT
[0017 ] In one of the embodiments of the invention , the coating , thus inducing wire vibration via the piezoelectric
wire 100 is a special composite metal wire that may be effect. Coupling of both mechanical and non -mechanical
comprised of a bulk (core ) insulator 110 ( such as Teflon , or vibrations in an accelerated vibration mode subjected to
any other non -conductive polymer ) with a 'thin ' coating 120 rapid acceleration transients can be considered for possible
of a normalmetal (aluminum ) or poor metal (PZT ceramic ). amplification of system non - linearities, which can induce
The coating 120 has a thickness on the order of the below spin fluctuations in the metallic portion of the wire . More
described London penetration depth (but possibly much over, it has been shown thatmicrometer - size PZT thin film
thicker ), and the wire 100 is given an externally applied deposits can excite high vibration frequencies, exceeding
magnetic field . Arguably , this wire configuration may be 100 MHz, which would generate high EM fluxes in an
termed an unconventional superconductor, since the RTSC outward direction , from the surface of the current- carrying
supercurrent may be generated along the interface (bound composite wire . This method of vibration would be greatly
ary ) between the coating 120 and the core insulator 110 of conducive to superconductivity , since enablement of the
the wire. This is due to the abrupt change in state between Meissner effect would be possible . The current through the
the coating 120 and the insulator core 110 , analogous to an wire 100 can be pulsed for maximum effect. An EM pluck
abrupt phase transition occurring along the coating/insulator ing coil can also be used in conjunction with this piezoelec
interface , which spontaneously breaks symmetry and trically driven wire vibration method , thus generating dif
thereby induces superconductivity. This abrupt change in ferential vibrations, in order to control and augment spin
state ( phase transition ) occurs as the wire 100 is abruptly fluctuations and therefore mediate long range phase coher
vibrated and occurs at the boundary between the coating 120 ence, which along with electron pairing gives rise to the
and the bulk insulator 110 , as various states of charged onset of room temperature superconductivity.
matter ( coating 120 ) and non - charged ( insulator core 110 ) [0021] There are three characteristics that a material must
matter are thrown into a state of coherent superposition . possess in order to be superconductive , a state of matter
[ 0018 ] As shown in Equation 1 , the expression for the which constitutes a macroscopic quantum phenomenon .
London penetration depth (az ) can be written as: Such a material occupies a unique place in condensed matter
àz =[ms/(10Ns1.s?)]1/2 (Equation 1), physics . The three characteristics are perfect diamagnetism
(the Meissner effect), perfect electrical conductivity ( zero
wherein , ms is the mass of the superconducting charge electrical resistance ), and macroscopic quantum coherence
carriers ( electrons), where yo is the magnetic permeability of ( the ability of a portion of the constituent particles elec
free space , ns is the number density of superconducting trons in a superconductor to fall into lock step and move in
charge carriers, and as is e or the electron charge . a highly organized orderly fashion, in other words to form a
[ 0019 ] Given that the superconducting charge carriers ( of macroscopic matter wave ). Considering that the current
mass ms, where uo is the magnetic permeability of free carrying wire 100 is abruptly vibrated by mechanical or
space ) are electrons (9s - e , electron charge ), with a number piezoelectric means, this will generate a magnetic field
density of superconducting charge carriers (ns) on the order which would exclude ( expel) the magnetic field lines of an
of 102° / cm ( endemic of unconventional superconductors externally applied magnetic field , thus enabling a condition
such as Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide or YBCO ), the of perfect diamagnetism ( exhibiting the Meissner effect ),
London penetration depth , and hence the thickness of the thus the present invention meets the first requirement for
coating 120 of the wire 100 is on the order of micron ( s ) . superconductivity .
However , this thickness could be much greater, if practi [0022 ] For the vibrated wire , as shown in Equation 2 , the
cable . condition for the Meissner effect to occur can be expressed
[ 0020 ] Consider an experimental set-up at standard room as themaximum magnetic flux density ( induction ) as com
temperature and pressure, where a current carrying Al pared to the maximum magnetic induction from an exter
coated wire (in a cylindrical configuration ) is mechanically nally applied magnetic field , namely :
vibrated in an abrupt/accelerated manner by being struck [(H08/24R )+(H004,0 , AT)]=(BE)MAX (Equation 2),
with a non - conductive element, such as a Teflon pick , in
order to generate accelerated vibrations. A more effective where ' o is the magnetic permeability of free space, I is a
means of vibrating a wire in tension is by use of an time independent current through the wire , R is the wire
electromagnetic (EM ) plucking coil located in close prox radius, o is the wire surface charge density , A , is the
imity to the wire . The coil is rapidly energized and de accelerated vibration amplitude, w , is the accelerated vibra
energized using either DC or AC current. The induced tion frequency , At is the total time interval for which the wire
magnetic flux couples with the wire. Additionally , the wire is vibrated , and (Bear is the magnetic induction from an
US 2019 / 0058105 A1 Feb . 21, 2019
externally applied magnetic field . Note that Equation 2 is not generating “ anomalous” emergent phenomena , such as room
a function of temperature and thus not a function of T . ( the temperature superconductivity .
critical temperature below which the wire becomes super [0026 ] The Prigogine effect as discussed in a peer-re
conductive ), thus the condition for the Meissner effect viewed published paper by the inventor, “ The high energy
( perfect diamagnetism ) becomes possible at room tempera electromagnetic field generator ” published in Int. J. Space
ture . It is important to also note that the main driving Science and Engineering , Vol. 3 , No. 4 , 2015 pp . 312 -317,
parameter in this expression is the accelerated vibration teaches us that under three conditions, a chaotic system (the
frequency ( w . ), which solely exhibits a second power (non aforementioned ‘ soup ' of fluctuations ) can self -organize into
linear ) term . an orderly state , equivalent to the state of macroscopic
[0023] In the present invention , since only the coating 120 quantum coherence. These conditions are the existence of a
of the wire 110 carries a charge due to the current, in the highly non - linear medium , an abrupt departure far -from
insulator core 110 or wire bulk , there is no charge motion . thermodynamic equilibrium , and an energy flux (caused by
This means that the magnetic induction within the insulator the intermittent abrupt vibration of the wire ) to maintain the
core 110 or wire bulk ( B ) is zero , hence dB /dt, the time rate process of self -organization (order from chaos). This shows
of change of B is zero as well ( the two conditions for that the present invention has macroscopic quantum coher
deriving the London equation describing the superconduct ence, fulfilling the final requirement for superconductivity
ing state , from the Maxwell equations ). From Faraday 's law As shown above, all three conditions for superconductivity
we obtain that the curl of the electric field under (dB /dt = 0 ) are met by the present invention , thus, as a result , room
condition is zero . Combining this result with the form of temperature superconductivity is herein established and
Ohm 's law relating electric field strength with the product of enabled .
current density and electrical resistivity ( time independent ) , [0027 ] It is possible that the key to superconductivity (and
it can be shown that the electric field must be zero ( since we especially RTSC ) is the enablement of local macroscopic
have current) only under the condition of zero electrical quantum coherence, namely the ability of a macroscopic
resistivity , hence perfect electrical conductivity . Thus, the object to act as if quantum mechanical in nature exhibiting
present invention meets the second requirement for super such phenomena as superposition , entanglement, tunneling .
conductivity mentioned above . In summary , one can argue that the synthesis of three
[0024 ] The third requirement for superconductivity, physicalmechanisms, namely the Meissner effect, the Coo
namely the enablement of macroscopic quantum coherence per effect ( or bipolaron formation ), and the Prigogine effect
is best described by the conventional BCS (Bardeen , Coo leads directly to the possibility of room temperature super
per, and Schrieffer ) theory , as follows. As the current courses conductivity , at least in a special composite metal wire .
along the wire 100 , particularly along the coating 120 , the Therefore, the RTSC supercurrent may be generated along
lattice ionic vibrations (electron -phonon interactions) will the interface (boundary between the normal or poor metal
(coating 120 ) and the insulator portions ( insulator core 110 )
create an attractive force between electrons (of opposite
spins and opposite momentum ), which normally want to of the wire 100.
repel one another , due to Coulomb repulsion . Thus , electron [0028 ] To buttress our argument from an experimental
pairs, named Cooper pairs , will be formed , which will perspective , a recently published paper by M . Mitrano et al.,
subsequently condense into a single quantum mechanical entitled “ Possible light- induced superconductivity in K3C60
state , represented by a unique wave function . This is equiva at high temperature ” published in Nature 530 , 461 -464, on
lent with macroscopic quantum coherence and can be further 25 Feb . 2016 , shows that “by exciting metallic K3C60
exemplified by the creation of the ' supercurrent ’ in the ' gap ' (potassium doped fullerene ) with mid - infrared optical
material of a Josephson junction . In the present invention , pulses , we induce a large increase in carrier mobility ,
under room temperature conditions, the thermal agitations accompanied by the opening of a gap in the optical conduc
( fluctuations)- induced lattice vibrations will couple with the tivity " ; thus showing the importance of non - equilibrium
artificially induced (by purely mechanical or piezoelectric phenomena in effecting high Tc superconductivity . Even
means) vibrations of the lattice ions, produced by the abrupt though the fullerene is not a normal or poor metal ( as
(accelerated ) vibration of the wire 100 , to generate a virtual described above ), the pulsed light induced high Tc super
‘ soup ' of fluctuations , a highly non -linear, far - from - equilib conductivity is shown to be a direct result of the driving
rium environment in the coating 120 of the wire 100 . non - equilibrium dynamics , which our argument considers as
[0025 ] It is a well-known facet of quantum field theory essential for achievement ofRTSC . Experimentally , wemay
that everything can be described in quantum mechanical replace the normal metal portion ( coating 120 ) of the wire
terms. The complex interactions between a physical system 110 with Graphene , and observe under what conditions, if at
and its surroundings (environment), disrupt the quantum all , RTSC is obtained .
mechanical nature of a system and render it classical under [0029 ] Analysis of the fine structure constant (which char
ordinary observation . This process is known as decoherence . acterizes the strength of electromagnetic interactions
However, it is argued that we can retard (delay ) decoherence between elementary particles ), written in terms of the quan
( and possibly even suppress it — namely decouple a physical tum of magnetic flux , results in the notion that it is the
system from the environment ) by accelerated spin and/ or electric charge and its interactive motion within the quantum
accelerated vibration of electrically charged matter under vacuum that is fundamental to the nature of our Cosmos. If
rapid acceleration transients . This may be the very condition we consider magnetic flux quantization , we can write for the
to achieve a state of macroscopic quantum coherence , the fine structure constant ( a ) :
idea being that we never let the system achieve thermody (Equation 3 ),
namic equilibrium , by constantly delaying the onset of a = e/Mooc
relaxation to equilibrium (hence the production ofmaximal where e is the charge of the electron , Ep and c are the
entropy is delayed ). The system may “ violently ” react by electrical permittivity and the speed of light ( respectively ) in
US 2019 / 0058105 A1 Feb . 21, 2019
free space and do is the quantum ofmagnetic flux. The term 360° C ., depending on PZT ceramic composition ). Further
o may be written as h * /( 2e ), where h * is Planck ' s constant more , to increase the probability of vibration in one particu
divided by 2n . The fact that the fine structure constant can lar direction , as well as to alleviate the brittle nature of the
be expressed as a function of (2e ) shows how important the ceramic material, the coating 120 may be composite PZT
notion of electron pairing is in the composition of the and a highly conductive polymer, such as p - Terphenyl.
Universe , and gives credence to the theory that the funda Alternatively , the coating 120 may be a layer of PZT
mental cosmic meta - structure may be thought of as a disposed between two layers of aluminum , resulting in a
charged superfluid , in other words, a superconducting con wire design which may be planar rather than cylindrical in
densate. Therefore, by controlling this interactive motion nature . This composite coating design would amplify piezo
under the non -equilibrium condition of charged matter sub electrically - induced vibrations and possibly render them
jected to rapid acceleration transients , numerous advance unidirectional.
ments in science and technology may arise, room tempera [0033] In another embodiment of the invention , the coat
ture superconductivity being one such advance , arguably an ing 120 may be a composite wire coating 120 made from
Emergent Physical Phenomenon . Electron pairing is the aluminum , possibly doped with PZT and/ or ferrite species ,
keystone of superconductivity, without which its physical for amplification of spin fluctuations (non - linear magnetic
mechanism cannot stand . At high temperatures it is only the effects ). FIG . 2 shows another embodiment of the invention ,
moderately strong non - linear electron -phonon (lattice vibra which includes a helical coil 200 that is wound around the
tions ) interactions that can induce electron pairing. It may be wire 100 or circumferentially positioned around the wire
possible that the electron pairing mechanism is not caused 100 /coating 120 , in such a manner as to induce a strong
by an electron - phonon (phononic ) coupling but by an elec time- variant magnetic field in the wire , while current is
tron - electron ( electronic ) coupling , which does not use pho being pulsed through the wire 100 , as well as through the
non mediation to induce attraction between electrons. Pho coil 200 at different frequencies . This excites highly non
nonic may be defined as, but without limitation , as phonon linear modes of vibration in the wire 100, thereby amplify
like. It is of particular interest to note that such a purely ing spin fluctuations within the coating 120 , which mediate
electronic coupling was proposed to explain the supercon long - range phase coherence , and may give rise to room
ductivity mechanism in a thin (a few atomic layers thick ) temperature superconductivity . The helical coil 200 can be
metallic film deposited on a dielectric ( insulator ) substrate . made from the same material as the wire 100 , so that it can
Moreover, a hybrid coupling, both electronic and phononic also become room temperature superconductive as current is
in nature was suggested for explaining experimentally pulsed through it.
observed indications of near -room temperature supercon [0034 ] It is of interest to consider the isotope effect in
ductivity ( 313° K ) in the interface between a thin Aluminum superconductors , for which the critical temperature T . can
film deposited on a PZT substrate . be scaled with ( M ) , where the exponent (a ) can be higher
[0030 ] Along with electron pairing, it is the existence of than 0 . 5 for unconventional superconductors (high T . super
spin fluctuations which induces long range phase coherence conductors such as YBCO ); for the sake of simplicity we
in solids, thereby giving rise to superconductivity . In order have a = 1 , where Mis the ionic mass . Considering a classical
to generate and amplify both non - linear electron -phonon Newtonian second law expression using the Lorentz elec
interactions and spin fluctuations in superconducting solids tromagnetic force (under accelerating vibration of frequency
at room or higher temperatures , we must produce strong 2 ), we can relate the vibrating mass (M ) with its vibrating
electron - lattice interactions which may be achieved by charge (Q ), in that (M ) becomes directly proportional to the
abrupt vibration of a composite metallic wire, through which square of the ratio ( Q / Q2 ). Therefore , it can be observed that
a current is abruptly pulsed . With these ideas in mind , the value of T . can be directly proportional with the square
consider the preferred embodiment of the inventive concept, of the vibrational frequency of the ionic mass, indicative of
namely a composite metallic wire 100 composed of an high T enablement with accelerating vibration of the wire .
insulator core 110 overlaid with a thin coating 120 of lead [0035 ] In order to understand the electron pairing mecha
zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic, through nism in the present invention , consider a simplified model
which a current is flowing using a pulsed current source , as for the ionic crystal lattice of the wire coating 120 which
portrayed in FIG . 1 . In one of the preferred embodiments , features a matrix of two rows and multiple columns of
the PZT coating 120 is deposited on the insulator substrate positive ions. Through this matrix , two fast electrons (pulsed
by using a vacuum evaporation method . current) move horizontally , a front electron and a rear
[0031] The insulator core 110 can be made from Teflon or electron . Recall that the current is abruptly pulsed through
any other flexible polymer, which displays non - conductive the metallic portion of the wire 100 , while the wire 100 is
properties . In other embodiments , the coating 120 may be abruptly vibrated . This means that the lattice ions will be
barium strontium titanate (toxicity must be considered ) or moving furiously toward each other, in the direction of wire
any other poor metallic /ceramic material which displays vibration which for the sake of simplicity , say that is vertical
good piezoelectric characteristics ( deformation under in motion ( the frequency of pulsed current must be higher
applied electrical potential difference ). than the frequency of wire vibration ). It is important to
0032] In another embodiment, the PZT coating 120 may realize that for high frequencies of wire vibration , the
undergo a polarizing (poling ) treatment prior to RTSC thermal energy given by the Boltzmann relation ( E = k T ),
enablement , so that optimal domain alignment is obtained where k is the Boltzmann constant ( 8 .62x10 - eV / ° K ) and
within the ceramic coating 120 , ensuring vibration in one T is room temperature ( 300° K ), is far exceeded by the
particular direction . Polarizing (poling) treatment may be vibration energy of the wire . This means that the most
conducted , but without limitation , by subjecting the coating important fluctuations are those of the lattice ions them
120 to a strong dc current electric field , slightly below the selves , induced by the wire vibration . As the top and bottom
Curie temperature (approx . 200° C ., but possibly as high as lattice ions approach each other vigorously , they just as
US 2019/0058105 A1 Feb . 21, 2019
strongly rebound due to the Coulomb repulsion force acting pulsed current is passed through the wire while the wire
between them . When the front electron approaches the gap is vibrated , room temperature superconductivity is
between the two ions , the front electron is fast enough to induced
pass through the ion gap and not collide with the lattice , 2 . A piezoelectricity-induced room temperature supercon
because the electron speed is determined by the pulsed ductor comprising :
current.However, as the two lattice ions approach each other a wire comprising an insulator core and a PZT coating, the
(permitting the front electron through ), an enhanced positive PZT coating disposed around the insulator core , the
charge region is formed between them . It is this enhanced PZT coating deposited on the core , the PZT coating
positive charge region which decelerates the front electron undergoes polarizing treatment after deposition , and,
while accelerating the rear electron toward it . As the two when a pulsed current is passed through the wire , room
electrons approach each other, they pair up at much higher
energies then Cooper pair formation (> 10 - eV ). This results temperature superconductivity is induced .
in creating a superconductive condition at room tempera 3 . The superconductor of claim 2 , wherein the PZT
ture. coating is deposited on the core by vacuum evaporation .
[0036 ] When introducing elements of the present inven 4 . The superconductor of claim 2 , wherein the coating has
tion or the preferred embodiment( s ) thereof, the articles “ a,” a thickness on the order of the London penetration depth .
“ an ," " the," and " said ” are intended to mean there are one or 5. The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the wire
more of the elements . The terms “ comprising ," " including, "
and “ having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that coating is a material in which the piezoelectric effect can be
there may be additional elements other than the listed induced .
elements . 6 . The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the supercon
[0037 ] Although the present invention has been described ductor further comprises an electromagnetic coil, the elec
in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred tromagnetic coil circumferentially positioned around the
embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible . metal coating, such that when the electromagnetic coil is
Therefore , the spirit and scope of the appended claims activated , a non -linear vibration of the superconductor is
should not be limited to the description of the preferred induced , enabling room temperature superconductivity .
embodiment(s ) contained herein . 7. The superconductor of claim 1 , wherein the coating is
What is claimed is: aluminum .
1 . A room temperature superconductor comprising: 8 . The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the coating has
a wire comprising an insulator core and a metal coating , a thickness on the order of the London penetration depth .
the metal coating disposed around the insulator core ,
the metal coating deposited on the core , and , when a * * * * *