Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
com
christianlib.com
cu &su
ffiffiwn
@
lrr
-lj.rr4 _._o}i.i.o i]tc
L *ilf
christianlib.com
p o!-Jt
Ps$
Iu
christianlib.com
Ussn sJ UM,A$
Arg,@$n
oo
lrr
_--=.{. _._oEj,s i],l
zq-'all +c
\-' &rU
l>'
J;l3Jl :4"+;
'
t'i:#, -ru'-,
u,LlJ! :!r €#fll1
l-{.}COS Er? * "o
sll tU$
christianlib.com
!ti" JS JJ:- *ll,.iEsll tra cj,. cll .ti..ll,: &;i ;t-=, .eli. e"; ,i U,.,,j
.dll lJ$ sales@elkalema.net,rJc
J ; s*' -J\
3 e'tr
.ji _''.;- 'a-.l;)l
y. \r / \\cfi
o Jl -j'l i)l
: fl,,r)i as,
, \t li r \
.-a *>*\ )q cP-: ISB\ :978-911- 384 -3:l -2
christianlib.com
q 0201:E5rrS-: S!
.-.;:"! -t irt-J1-t t
l
.>&!!ruil-rl
*.ilr \ Y
--!
,./
;r ++ '-a' ?--
-\t-"/
r.l3! ) tD ..:.:- z-
13t#ifttl -ir
t r- 1 \
Jfu _F v)a :;
,a;t4'j ,.cZ :_
LlL
1
,1&U
Y b,- u
\o *t
-',-*j;i'\
tl':r)t 'I 4tu.*- -rJ
<A 4!U!\ ,"4i" -T a*[r
-l
qi-_ j *- -_.*
\/.
-.llr ?
gtfi?r.3
t.
(cJd J.i^
;-.)-!;
-": a.:'\\ lr*- ,rr,
.
i ..^- ,\r:- 3\ j)!!
./- ,9
''vJ
e i . -:_ l).\\ l) j,\J fu\cv/ .r "-!
- - l, - t. l,
.aai.rfJ\) a{)b)\
,;:;j'3! trc,
:- ,- -J qp c- !-1.+- . \
.elli-Lt-Jr
?,0,&
9tj5laI
\,t-rrL,.r ;i .,(l gJ\ ,:'u"I\ f -!*"J\ ..-Er-! (;!) ;Ju .;;1, -t,"
"!c
J4rI\ ,r-l\ t' r F -K..ll\ €lir ILI ;.iU!\ E:<- "*;s
"L:--l\ aElf'J ",**-ilt ;-i\;!f' J:" cLIJ"". ri -{qIUt ,U* ;i cr!!
[ q,5, 6tr$i" ri kJt c,i1i td."o;u!\"
c6\ ; .-a):t
"fr dt J
S"-+ e arltg)Io)r ..J:U*r,,vrl!,,t-;J\ t"-r"*..-r" Ji iF
1(U ,{\!\ cU(il i,,,(l\ ;:[J.\ "r *rJi e &\;5,c^lrJt Jx, +
;K[ ,U p*i ,rl&=*i i ,(i, ,;*]\ u;Jr;ii't ,$ ..,.l1..r- ,KF
.i"*^-J! a;:Kl\ ;tt".I\ V ,F C J'c!\ pd\ -p- q6,qil +t*
!EiJ\ ;* :A atc t-r9rl ib # ;" e.r$ t-{ ,g;r\iJ\ oi rF) ;r+
.;.I\j "_tJ\
-;-ip A' + b - p q\,r! -;;'t i \".aJ i.:Bt JJ! -r+
l:4- ^'u ;*
"lL
;*^=^*iJ #.r"r +\.(-au!\ ,;Fo,Ji;K+i .J9 ,tffjb^ U,";!u!\
.6 +l e*.4 ,\.asge rrfu4 J- # '*/, a s <I:'u ig,a ;i*r<;)
tU "r
ilj ,i -;\o-*rJ.\ ji
ra .irJ\ up;r:: i-*oj,,- J--iJ\ ;"^,.-*-U ;r.* ;ts oi
.ii-^i, ;irJ' '6;,
: ./. (.,-. _ -jl
,\' .-',..a3 .i-\il <-i: .):3c 4rti--lr *&
2..r. - ...
-* *sJ. -- t
*_.:g.o
"j\:
i t; r'-J ;";;re i;-f J-L:* * !i:" -; ! ":*;i p-ll@;-*]
.t-d\
-Lr-Ji
tlr
christianlib.com
.U!.rrt*Jf ,tiyr.
ct ;rI\ A b-# J:\ri -*; \ \ . b )i"t, &i \i\rf
At )t, +lrd\
*;1r.*tt ;4 ;!ri ,-t* ,'>' o:r u, ,Ki \iJg ..,:ri $i .4!u!\ J!
] -_?.^i:;!\a ,:*s
'r..ttt;-l
' -.>!4 o ru )\ c.l
.Eri ti q(rri ;r ./f*'r\
A,b
vUf;, ,!r!t E:;;* rS -K, U 13 pill ;F,*.!l O,
-'JJ'JJ -./ \)Y
#,"+.
.iBethel fi.+
-_*t r -.1 . e
BakerAca-
,/rd,(o r$,,\, ir L#\ L*, \3" _,ttqe*!) ./\5J)yb,
_+i .ji s; ir9
&i,, l"-! ir(b L-rl,,l;'r\ J+ L\f\ i"*!{\ Jr oi L+"ri ,demic
; t':\'c!f, ,.D.c
;yu u.r6 ijy [i g: .L:E uF a -;Si J) g; Jl\ g.- ;*.=]-J\
t1 I -
'+ j ."a,-r g11tc.-r,ar
cLIt-It elu ,-noLl\rrrA\ J) ir*J\
^L "r 4o
,..JlJ i^ir\ JL -i,!
. . .9.> <.9\ . J\
JJvJV
-rD q-.!y:i),\ oi ;" 6J\ ,_I, *i \j,i \:r-,i Jir.ll:^'!! ,L;b)\r,!E\ ;:!\
,>' <qi J,-,:4 ,f
J v
JU\ d.J\ L; e \i -r;l ,L:z'lt ;tlUrl! i4:: lt+ 6)t" L.ri ;K
> .i-*b L;: , s:
-o ivY
:\ V$.,;lt &, ,;\-iu!\ ,no rr!! iu\ -t -J\ 6! ;;r
L. ,9r[)'\ .
di,ilfllac
--^l) J-J\ +r+ ;f
'.+. t i *'\!r
*t:sJilill,rldi&! !*i^j v r .U\c r--
'- -:r
"it" L'.!".;)l fS,--;4 t:i .8" il'*)!
'-" .f)
f: .,,>li"jl i;r, .*.!,t C (tr ;4!i ,K'!t € ,\);+r*\ ,K':,r oor^.
'3-t -F +\6t,.l-" t f[l 4-re -,\<\ \]a ..; Lrj ,fs A\:oi6!! ,+,,-)\, ff,i a-p-f-
a- ;., i-\l\il-i^it +Vlt*}J :*,rb SJ ..lr ,:L.Il fs: +*1,+\ &-nj\ J U.l,r
d-;i
-2- -.; ',(;. "fu\;.:' e_) iJs JiJt*" J)L ," L!r;'>ir J: ,*\ !tC, .;U
";-_-J\ #\
--21)r'J
i : . ,) 'u.i r"
< /-- -- r)-.'2 v i Ji.i :\-,:"(*;-(t \i Jj ;i: :.J19:i ,l*- )f ui ,('|.* W
yj 'u."
j,i **-q*or.,jr - lr
'c-.94'
'',-J*7
.-*. -*(\ -rs,
-*** - ''o(
.:r * vr (.
t'. -:- 'Y: )
us;lrhlg U*
ir -';J.q,W! ,dtr,.rr+..!, ,+UJ\ ;.;r;'>'t * *["ii!\a,:*as
.,"8 * AA\# (J:!\
"!-.J\
a-\J"
eVr Jr-);.rJrr;irt t' ,?*
.+U!\ a*hrV oL.!J\ O r.aA\ J!&U)!: br-* ;i netnei ,-U .+
,} ! * qr!' ,P A e\x( g\:ri*'i d +\'." J* ,#i ;J' ;; -ra
r,e $-J P uy+.4;\!\ ;\+! ,..iU, pJ\ ) Wt\ \prf, ,.D.C
(ilL-)\ ,\" ;)r; r(tr Jtci * Lnr>E ,j rr" Lra rF\ + U,+i ;1"\" ;,.x
'a
c,U;..!5 ar[!\ ;!e ir-J\ Je;t , c]\ ,;\+& e-r ,] .:\Kr -p-
)*; c\4.a-r" ,.;,.J\ .Je4 '( '3L l.* qr: e/\ y d\ l!!"J\
t-q. o"-Et
"+u
#f * ,;:\l\ Jr-*;\i 4 r$ u;l\ ;lL.lJ 'i:!r -tl\t ,a'r\ e"ys ",(,
1+-t Jr-J' :i,$, _-. *:.;*;:r' j.)'J\ -j i;*"..--, -* 3
.r+j +t ft, j,"-;Jt ;o\a ,\ #.Q r ,f!t
q:'(\ a;Kl\ ;a= j* 4l]J\ $"',:" j rLl ,!J#, L*e- o'Kr L'L+ JiJ
..-!9ry'!r .-"!.+ ,o*'6r,i.rd\ \-"o gi*J9 .;""tJ [-,* .-5- 5,
-r';:Jr
11
christianlib.com
)/. ;)ta -* taa ;1 &r.€U' r=!-r:--j\ b:, j\:+\\+\ j-\.J +E!\ =,r,.4\ u".t:b #\
A d\ \-r,o pb, ^rti\, $,a \f ;:U.\ [i ;-r-], +s\o. ,J -{v.,}lc\ ,.rd\
ll -.1'.lr
j;L 7"31 ArJ)\ jf
-lr 1l , -ll
f . u)-, jf 1 UL^''i Lrlrr:i'r\ ,* 6j\-b -L\i*[ ,,LJJ\ \-r.o.-a,; {x* ots oi o( ar,ir
*= r! {taJi J\ ,:A\ *';\i,; .r\::!l ,G., ..=r!:Jt LrJrr;'lt ,lJ v\r(t 4L ;F ,*u!\
j - -S./", -:'J--
r i.
a>J\ lr
.-f,o[J\ ;c
:,J -, Yi LcJ c;.
c ey y
\-i."
JJ
;!"!! aUrl.r r>lr)! .+U:ir\o-J"r;!r ,,.J\9 a\-u;**);$L*r\
;e- iL)\J! +U!\ +i:" +!" ,*,]\,"S
( .-;l!,(;'lJ\) "f:.p[a)i ] dl .rr;u a*L-!\ ,rLJ! ,iriJ\
i)ir!! "-.:Jr j!,e!r l)bi ;F ,Z)!:z iV;,*,\*:*) gt
Jil") ,"rLJ\
- Jr) $
, \,-/ !.
-,^\s -y4h ."J\ + C^UI\ ,C,,,r\ ,6) ft;":i Ji ;(5 (:r_{o E)isi
'n uSg +rJ\ ;l Lrl,;'r"\ A d\ Jp t ;F-i B-!, H- ;,(] kL*i -r*
';.J .r-tiL ^\ U
-'-,-'.
- .v L'U w U LrI! ,;UL*J)\ OV c LL+\ dU' * qi r*-" s -,i6r ,F,f*.*li
,' , --
*,4:"'!i O;; f: r!LJ\ r\ru! &E C af-f, cUi:-J\ c ,F * Lrt! .a*iJ\
t(, *[Jr -"(" ;t- "r
; b.t\9,Llr-{\ C!: Lrl\ J*, ;*;
;nc r.'!t crUL*J)\ :\-ic) -=-:-5j\
eu & 6 *"
59 Jgr{tr ()tiJdl .Li]\ lL(\ s cleti!\
* -.: .7;s\ \i.. JL (d*&ll)Jfad$la:
,-i ,* Ji -* a:LJr
iob Hosackg ,Academic
_,-t'-
t'! .'C" d U 'k+*iJ t"\d ,o-V ?g+,Bob Hosack; 'Academic -, ./',
-
"'J! i\l-! ;,rs (o!r) . auNIJ e'd - *) .
'
,-;-I\c\! J)L ;-r* -,. eiL p-r;; '*s "rE U -,
,!" L|i*r
";-,Lt \,tr$^
,;-ir'-J b -u o'6t -.\Vw it]te li-- \,r* l.;J .';,;l\ Ji HE 66 -'-- t
4" "r fb r 6 tu r--;I! .r---Jt '.=.!-*i'!i i!.r;')Lj;r
tor!,,t.-::)'l ,\.\c
U )Ko,U ,{> : -. 1
Miriam Adene-v. Kevin Birth. Katrina 5- Ct:;.*---l\ .;u!.t ;L)- z 2.--
;,i--.. : .
Greene, Mik-e iindra. Diane King. Strervrood Lin-senfelter, Eloise Hiebert lr4en- - ,yyea o-.o t-._->.
=
eses. Sue Russeli. John Schaefer. Dan Shau,. Sarah Tobin. Christa Toolel'. Todd ', J.: '., ;- , ..-s
.
vJn/
^^t-a V*
,!".J1 ;\:r*-r UaA\ i'=tl\ &i .-* .Vanden Berg. and Steve Ybarolia .-.r*,o s.!\i _;.:_. -!-
y; g"{r ,Njeri Bere ; fV |i:i* o-S- ;\ -e.u.;rt!\ -**--)! .cJ>i,r
13
ifllili
christianlib.com
/-t.-
.r -f )4 rpi. \-r+ ;r*" ;(
42", 2[d" L.rr] i\:J,J l]: ;$;
Etinor Abbot, Dean Arnold, Jeff
,(:i i ,UV:IA\ -,1\ &i .f, ._r-$j\
Deal, calenthia Dowdy, Katerina Friesen, Katrina Greene, Tom Headland, Tony
,b\ Ct.Kail, Adam Kis, Bruce Privratsky, John Schaefer. and Steve ybarolla
James J
#U U' 4eF\l$ j,".s .i*cKrK\
fr-J\ a-E\ CLc)\ ,[L:
.Marohn
,i' I . r
'hi" \; ol ;t"e
;-+; _O)!o ee.a) .\
gi ,wheaton o-:"-:
* (oU) ,JroL*^ o-l! g*:r
-"L * ,*ur-ri\
-t -!j../!pl\ .\
F C a;fi-',\-.-,J l*: Ufel"#\ G &, *-?\ .r .,rJ! 1rr*[
.u ) e./)J\. a^i]i!\
./ qK ;e ,-f: .4V -i- \o:",t{tU ,.srr'!\ L-rrA\ j\p'),! ,,*U\ l.*)i\
u .\-i5- z-,.Y
vlJ
a:-:-..j 'lJ ,,\a'!t c^1. (i!r) J .-s I1'! wr,.uton
I' ir u\ \\ J ;F1.: ,f: .\6
-(
Jj)-v
; ---J\ LJ\ g\-rc\- J\T! ,q*J\
^,"\+ ;,.
Sue Hasseter
J*G ,*, ,Kim phipps ,*p {
.,",iill s: J#\ J-1.,, k ,+f, gA\ \-ia \a! (Ji.?) Li
,3ry.g!'Ir .iri:Sr
'F \al * (-t".'t) A_b
* €-o.Pinklings J\ -(;i U', .Lr"-i\ yi UJ3
t.
,*Ir ;LL ;*
aE)! il-L/ .r""$rj\ ,o,\r(t
^,-ltb ,pj\ &')'
i.-.> ',.o i-e
v
)-a,,,
.1":ri ,EiiU jULr ,!(r
..
:i'Y -J\ l4^-.--l\
(iV ,;.-o gi .j,i ! #I\ J*: &i .Marissa Lat I, Jt':i :g!,
, : j j'G^LJl ,irKlt +J
"r
..=) *: '*jy:j\\ ,( +rL] ,'+u- -\-r!\ .(;\":- v) een jo ,(i-u \t) uannatr L
Uf -1
- - .' 'ir,
C:
L
-:t ^:, )i _, J:n' $ 3o,--:. -+-+ .j:V --i..^ ;L-J, _.+ + *(+)I *j*i rb J)-
, ...
j .;y,..rl:i*o\
:
1 .i.+," .a
JU F, J.ij- ei-i ;,'', ,i \St* trJ-;,! fu ,C*t
-//
* _*\ c. ,.. irj.r:i- s:
* <.,K(, ,.i',.(* -u*.) jFi,James
=.r-*rii'\ *i -l*) _*S !',-l^*
---rt + *\ T\
v--'v
,tr,..,K
J-r \' r l-(."\ t r* ,( 6- (;L* r) J,_*(LJ ,(;b* i) J*J
{' vLi
----------_:__ \
t j-. .a :- :t-.-":;;-) .
.$.i -9K j'*ii Fir.r\ (;rl,J\ [o;i *r) !
* .: :- cJ i\ d;!.
0),,p.dsc jiUbLl,iilf
Y..r <.<- . I
Jrilthbi.
:"!c !r\-r u-S oi !-* ,;L,o.aJ\ \j,o a*!: -rn
dpdxt t4/92i;'Yt -bi;f
blysp,* ao.,.l1 tarrill pyitnlt .LU.Y & J:" tlJ\ c,\i Lrl! +Ult
r13)l f€
"ill\
r +,iL
''*!ittz:
,1"
Ut',*Jld
ff:. lf tfi qi. JlgJ.JJi'I t rl t i:Sr
;t:b 3t., ",g.r.:J\ 5i,c'!i .j-,
"l\r." ()+^4 u.,
....
vdYei;\t ;
e v
,9 o
J
.v---,-r*e- V *Li *
\_ e eV W:;E)\ -:" ,fi lW ;tlt ;,K./\ J!-\ ,--,1 Jr$\
.+ ,j -'. il.1 --ni.aj\
rr
ja!\ J"..= J\pi _* 4i
)\* J-*J\ ;-S" ;J _LT J.,:
€_J -* ;r"', Jr;*Jr i_t
t, j\,\.> i ;T o-S ol ,{;;l:-)t r*:"-ar.;K*:-\l } ;la, e ,V\r.rF\
--
-gJJY'J
a,as
€
j*{)' ;r=-l\ eo; .+ + +,;tr.-s-{t ,:U\
.Esther
AaJf Jb,;,4K; ^}f
--u\ '*
-d!:) --Lr, rf ...i\ J!-\ j^-.,*r;$jI\ ,\*jJJ ra'v; i^-*"""\-.+
, )-=-. et- * et'
i - i;-olib +U?)/ - $"aa J) 1Lv, r"Ul t j a:r,Ii - tr.!y;;\'t ;\:, Lb =|Li ji
.i,-.*. Lrk ;-S ,i ;(1'
e1;.y, zJt,
17 ,.'/,Jue,ijltburalll
Z'J J.a
christianlib.com
.,i + ;;iI\
-.:.J vY 6ol! J 3"*., ji,;(a' *fdr F.!yrr)r J cfoi .o-r*J\ rb,-ij\ ;, J,ti
- ;s;J\ j -l)Il;)/j ,;!.!:" \,1-i ;'*; i\I\ Jf$r .&", qri ;l,i ..rJr ;pr +!" ,_(O \J*
. . 11
.-41 -l ll - r'
Jt) \;-ibr\"-l' u- i"**lJ ke, +Lt ;(lf
__ 1lz)1
*irKlf ;U .+r aJ +t L-u,
* ,-.i! fb")t +!.
-., .
-;:-{\
Lrjrr;'lr -. J-KF.!yr;'!t q;-j J.o; iL,6J #t, C ,,:iyi
cJc^.- ii^lo ;rr!
\J
*t)!,*.^:(;\}!'nr *F
/ur Jt
- LJ
,,* :1:F)e Jtrt! ,i-: iV)\ O .*J\ ;b- r,-.e .;*.,.^*i\ +U!\ F.Jy:;'!\
"r
- - r') , lr \l ...
;.+ v.>4' e: \P9-
.r! .,' .Yi;!\ i\^-Jt ,Le .(');n.=.J L\d\ ;t'J.t ,K'!t Lr 4!\ ,* o-*;Kl.=.]rr;'>rr
.i >rr.;J'-t,'
' z z-'z) 'J,
iJ' 44\\::a ,."! "(, ,-i.^E ;\:J\. .ibE "(, *1 -!e JL--"i.it .; ,W
5"1 C ,c#t y Jp +,,",_); .-L-".^l*,! ,o-!.*:1;'!\ ;*;i;; pJ
\
P j ):,:';;*-.i('
'e;lr
-:-*" :=.::r:}i 'l.lt --,y. ii\ -.* ,At 'b rF .;.:J -L-il j -*ri
--., ,3,-L.o-J\ \* *
j --i:J '*G .ri-,;-e. 3 Roben Priest and Al'aro Nreves. eds., This Srde of Hea,en.
Faith (Neu York: Oxford Universin'Press. 2006).
*u"., a*n,.,.,'.- #
L.:!*rri )4t ,r,*'- l ;rtrr:;lt i^tt J.^" ;F .;\IJ.r a-1,: ;; .iL! (n-Y,)
-* ,*
'r' , , -'
t* e"|*: S) * * 6:Lr-Y -.Ky ;*7..-Jr 5"!g :,\\: 3: ,*ie / "-t .
\4.1r.i.^/ *
\ -- -
-Z: . .- _,
/z
;+! jJ^$! .CU-)4 .,LJ! ,;rr(t :,[r;ra L-]r;':'\ r*r: ,*l.\\
l-
*\3 j."5 _* ,*\,
-r
\
.
, _.
\,/ a
,:, .Lj(t
J.1y ';+ j +;:J\ ; Ci r" .ru.i- i ;:
19 ,scjorc,iiltgt
'r r.<
*ilt
=
christianlib.com
!
L J
.i ;1"--J\ ,, ""1\ ,'
,V\r.,-sr')'\4f[-)/ ,#: n*[: ,ld'^fUr ll."Lr + ;,.^$
f#\f
, -*i\ 'l\ ,* sj $ tr\rr+ * ;t +*JJ 4"&- ,)i qr!yl'!r 6,1j ,(5' !r ct[-V r*rs
,r\i :i +-t- f,* 3" .,lU!
\4 Jv#r r=*tr
ti
r** j ,W(aAe;L L+
; - .ljJ\ \\Ldl\
v. v\ vo -.) .
t*f. dlr.f$lu ?*r.t'I t 4*".rot t
tJel I
e;)'e ,ict(\ -*-r\
.* gJt ,,L=.-Lrfui,,L-(t
.,,!,'I\
J \J
tr,a
.p _i:(- ,\;;* \);Jl
e.Ljt -s e-;,.,j
il **':rielir!
tj \_ ,- ee
ology LK5 ," Ji-A"
'- z ,_*'t ,r4 anthropos 4\,rJr *Ki ;r, d'l; "Anthro" L(j)
-i:+;
:
-S g-a 4, *
-i,.i.
-\-r rii
Jb\, \.4J '
,! ,iLiu*\ ,K, g-- L.r'ir)i'r\ y;i .";-1rr,, s\ ,toso, +'t -
rt
-!/
t
e*-i)l
. t tr
:*.:
,r + A"rlb ;;dt :;r A) c r-r,J\ & "t-:r" "K( d/\ ".nLJ\ Ua
--.
l, -*.irC\ 6rH\
,o.il\
&, ,rli-!t ,G,'a*y;rf Lri J! l;+& L-.:!;\tt:;4 6 -iiJ.d^ir\
."'ofl;.y Ji ,*u!\ tr!yr,i;>,! ,a.-.rl\ri a,,-:ll.r Fly,,j!
-. .)' v)\ooo
)v
l; !\!.t
,) .
-.
r l :J arlJ orS
- Y'.\ v'rJ\
I t i
g:,+;E!! -.rUi't *,-d\ k-" f 9L<Us +l\ Lr'!\ ;:LI\ ;J
, :.!J\ i, ^:i .-,,:,-. ,-"*" d\.+U!! *-i".J\ ;F"U
qn!rj,)ii\ ,rL{\ ; -drL:..,u \.6+-r a,'E J.lJj
-.'J ft ')'J
&
-'r
e .4,;.\\
.t'
Y')
.'tr, t -
. l\o )\ ?\^q
L
af ;;c.:..r- t'I\ - A*.tlt L,rjrr;'lt -Vlt*lt
;, Lr-E y; ualt
Lr: -* .i;t r-",(; s ;i o:rT Jrlg., ,A:* 4fU?\ ;ti"a) L- t trly+lb *+tr ;!:$\
: * ,.r!J\. ,iL.t^'* l\
,"fJ o\r."...K J( ,;r ,s,b)\ J'! FJ [\r." .--J orrr!"Jr F.!y:,;'!r
JJ
-. lr - .l
;- ' g-a-yr: a*;o.
r:
-.;,!' ,UftrU
a - rr
J- ; a._&\ j)'€ .[ --u f ,i aE d j',-)\ ,_r i-:,,ii ,I..:.i'r L!: _*r,i)'\ ,r,
,-* --*iC'b*A\ t
t J' n J ;g:ir\ J)L ,r .,( g-{-[ crlr -o; ] JIj ;.--, ;i _(a,
^"6, -oo'ii
; 'rEthii7iZtrfiloff
,-. :', --ti\ ,+-.r-ul est'-: -J€, T',
15:5\'
.:;---.*J: *e *:::i,,'*;;
-*o;5=rt,
,,.-*J ;i..FT|
,--.*\ ..,-r[1 16_..r]
;
:-i;li ;trr.;;:;f.:1,
nts tii} t tf. +lt-;tl t d ! Jr.rI I 20
,=#ilriiiir
christianlib.com
SL, p(:'t .r^ ,-l trr= ;-{\ ,t::!t ,\.t" ;! .;-rJt c,,,!!-J\ ,--zr* +*:
,".Sr.Lti-(J.r ;LLilJ\: ,;\:r*It l\L* ,j)U! .irEalt *!)' #
-tlig ,+r\+J\ c,U)U! .+\i?>4 a."!t crt-J--:J\ a-]r:, lSi JJ ,if\
4j .r( a: , -6:^[: .qul\ ;,\-r;:,J.! ,#;\ .L!JU ,-.,1t :-J\
'f,
.p"L- f LJ-;U, tf* I rb(!' :j\,, .a-ru.r \e\;Jr ,, E o!
vl r
;Dr*r -,o
.itr -t
o)-c.>tr\ -.rr^J,Il a-:[i ;1*]r ))i l*r;i-,( ,FIr ,1-i" a1
ethnoarchaeol"- +t'rlii'\ -! a! q-tr 4-!l\ JK*i ,y ,fu *t.;-",tI\
,-tp\ i\,v; ;*i{q g-r\1) ,""f,l (.,<rri1 .-l*-Jt Q,GtF) 6r'J.t ir\; ri sv(')
,.i ) L-ur .r.- dU!\ /\ ;,s i[rl*" f-r,r
(+*i bf]\, +!-t)\
;!:!r9 ,'*:'!r !u.:-\ s r\.::!t ,'& ;F J-i: *-U ,c iK" j)Lf.'- .u-*f c z3:-
-;
nx-+ d --/\ f : ,-,!\ ;--,',J.t ;*K \t ;e ;Lrr*" l--*i<i *9A\ jljri'\ J); '; .<i
"r -\
21 ,sclse.i:xtut
z.t J.a *,ilt
christianlib.com
.! '* U'J.ii
,-. v s.P (_
..ri)'\ (qirHt) +UJ\ JiL-r\ri (4^!!\) *!-i)\ ,-ljL-r\ J!;
q.i!r Ltt\e.r$I\
4lr" + Lp\ L]rr william Rathje J+ ;,#Jt jE o-;Jl _,-i ;--:
.rjj( U irt;- ;i(t)Tu.ron"fJ on\ri\ ,:'.t ,,+i\ ;\: Lr;ri
\\'1.cliffe O!.niJl\ ,[J
-;
.rU\ d'G k
- ;)r -li.rd\ ./K\ "r '
c,L:"-il 9;: .cl[Ib LU\ c,\">lL-V *rl! J)lr*)\, i-ll\
,1..
n 3,o ,a +'5[ 'vra
, /r * "{.Hii
,a,)ai^;" er\ ,: c,l,ilt F, je
,r) iJ,41\ ;!U-j\ u. J-l*i\ * {E Jr
-]ov ct-e.ili | * -" \i- U;jt gtrr'lt ,j|c r/! ,,\y\ 4io JtBrJr j, rf \At );3
3 4.,.,-* l\ a;,li a;l'Yt
& - g;yJt ot"!t -\ Jtr./,r t j).d,lb # t: ,;tr ;fr ;". ;1.,.**\
(J vrrL- it!
-^>
' Yr , i)
/V ^ot.q)$t>tJr+-J\"9 t1\: \.1" ,h"v f4 I ;I\s,\.,J\
ll' ,tr ..tF pJ!
:' jj"L" Uf ;it ,UlJt ;\&:i ,L*\ 5J Li:,--a rr;Klr i-Ji ,UL;c
+ )( ;i e-.- lPUt ;i;l!t V r*-{ -;yi;Kitt.) .J[Jt * o:^r,,- !K;r]r Jp ,\1* 4
. ;J t
47.a;2i3;t
i..t\!\ 1.rlr
)2 a:t
\e"\ 6"":,Frj)-ri'i ,lC d.,:" ilb + cr.ar(" r.,::i,- Rathje ;! .a-:\J.r
-: i\) rl Cu j'; ,).--LL ;," ,eUg "*<\^-! ;\:L dU\ dJ L.j ,-r )"; Jht:<.-.*JJ
;r.;'rl\ :* ,: ?*i") ,;i ;t,1 ,t'_ill i]*lJ obtr ,9 ,tp, LJt''li
#+Jrt*.dsr.gilt dtr 4;j ,si\ W: * V$ri,, ;p . \Ka. .J"*J i \+r*: jr*i t\ jJ
..i *.' cJ'l-",l .z U "iS"
Yt.jYJ --,-;
-- ;n ;:r= J") ^;
iilttrle
.5.-J + i3'
.-*'-*rj*t 6i,l r
_* _--:-'.. Y
#t ,Ul ..: U[,*! ..]te \+ k\*i +iJJt u!, f; ,l*-, ,to\rag j!-$
L-Jyrrrr i-!, C =,.u:Ct-\ il ,l.5-* \rU .-tl!\o*h-r/, lpUr
F l+ "r J.*; a-X\ ;K.;f er;r ;iE\ iJ lE william Leap ei.o,!Ul\
;\c\^Jr ;).Utah b,e +)3;(t)ut. j9-G,_? _,.;\J\ + t}tl!;n-[J\ .,.
:r ;" !f ;ei-ra,:- 5;K;-iif ;"I!J! o.-j:^ .Kirg)l cir^.|\ cdJ\ J&
g) ;f ;L-'!t p A \r-l: \-"*, .6 ;Ki;Ult *lJ\ * i"o.o*I\ ute
.(n)qLal\r9, ;J-X\ e F C;re-.rl\ ,lt ;'*r"\+: ,l\ ,El! ccUlet
"!" -rL>J ii-'u
-
wycliffe *L("f.y
JP Jyt ir +iiJ\ P ,f ;,{--*I\ -6 o:-ic g. -r;j
,j+-Jr ,+J'r-! \+U a;r ,drl, stL ,-jr 4 AJ\ ^*r(J, i-Ll\r -*-ri.l.\
i-l L.!,*:rlt ,\&, LiJ\ ,Uo ;L &, lrrit sn J! wyclirfe o!.il\ ,u.1
23 ,.rdsr,:]'rtuuayt
r.<
='r
christianlib.com
. lr r . I
jjlC#l,rlr
t
''r
> r,, $ VY au -lj.!\ u-.llt
lj* lg,l rll
r. .*.! iLlf, , i ulp
f df rfi,fa:t t lgfuSFrances corrins
.;-!/\ ,-F cK*!,-., la\ L-;p3[_-i !1.]r fU\, Frances Collins (') ';,Jf *Li .l -r1.
. J-J _L, _ J
.e-i ,3: .('')\.1,L \;)L.oo,. t,,\- l!* j\:" ;" i-lJr ;llr
,-l ;;W' Jr.1t
-L,cJt
fdi t-.g\.tc*\ -,{r ;flr ,J } ;g!\ ,\i-: *: or,;\3 ;[* k? trr
.;'o/\ .-F
-,r, t \ ."*!]\ .,,.)b -" 4-rJt J*;r- -l$' ,-E\ ;aJ.'\ atr +i ''\
..:".-\: .r-S, b: ,*j*! ,r*J' J", .+L(, ;!^J'. ..-,ro$\ lc
-!i* .-,f^-i ,i 4'-j' ;l1.,J.' .-'-d' =i ;( -:"r ;o!' JK:i "*r: +o,
ji -(5.rr"-J\ ;4, --iB y '!''a;i\ .jo f"$r ;'+>\.i.\ ;* -r,-ri\ o) .+--'c'
i0 Ciea Koff, The Bone \\:oman. A Forensic Anthropologrst's Search fcr Truthf ifi'IF6fllffi
ol Ruanda. Bo.nia' Croatia and Kosoro rNeu York: Random House, l0(t5t
ll See Dorothl Chappeli and Dar'id E. Cook. \ot.lust Science: Questrons v|here Christian
Faith and Natural Science lntersecr lGrand Ranids. Zondcnan' 2005r.
.(a!.') :-J.;.;) -Lj j -.=-=l'lrL-:-j-----JI ::: )'"Jj _-:j."
25 ,pduc,jiIrbtJrbiIr
Z 'r -.<
christianlib.com
nt J^-J\ U .&;I\ i ,t ar:[. I !;J\ -iJli;e ..,\:te ;tJu f tLi ;c a,r*=*l! ;S.]t
- i? j F*- .-^-;\
'g
\*..!" i*Ur c)l-J\ "r Ey,jj,f;\ .i- [*lri'lt u5, oJ .rr)l_r
. .4,
'- 2.;-*a ;J ;SI\ J 3 + lU\ ,V\ ,F *.rU\ "r ;,fJt 51.-r ,-(OJ .,iy'\ ;\.- ar:1.^ u*U\
"r
,, .9,\*il\
tr \ra ;r.+ fui U
& ,i ,LiJ\ ,^)\J\ t 4f[,.y cL*lrtr\
.=
vi aa\+o
(/-- rJ ,5
CJ
,\ .. 11. \ 16I "-J! ii ,.rU\
-* -y
!.1, \-,JUa>) .+U!\ L.rl,;r\ f ;rD !l;\ [ r+" ,r\ a3.(i ;," t E#.
-.',j "I, ::M \9: Ch=Y1 *J, f 4#; "a\; ,:.".s .-!rUI\ ri f_JJ\ !.t' 4J\ J\
../
:- + ;{ )u:9)'r-*\.c fit,*: LU-)4 J", ,fpb .eU\ p 4j, ,#,* ,*H\ -r)i.-ir!
-:-:4 P: f &r,'\'j l\ Vy, *< 3^ urVj,.:j\'\:tu,J., ?-JJ\ ,j^ -s ;E*.;!r -,i
+
z--;.2j-\''il" -a;- J": \-'! iF ,(1krY &: +;lt L-yrl'!i ;r ,5U\ ;'3,t d"-i,,l;\)
"r
L -* r)t Jy* ''"tr *r,*--." J, ".-"U-1\
a; Ul -:o o*r!,
"..:L*:;")U ir*Il
;.Ji :-(
.,, .:J; ):j a\:* .;.,r{' .-:-&ii _-} j,r: _U, ,-,4 } *.!l-r;.),
-* ^<'. l\r j:ii:' \
_j-*" _a!) !i--i.
-,-; *
-., "*t.>1
'. l:.;;i ,\6ffiT-
13 See, for instance, ibid
,-(;t t;{ (;lUf= graphy cr"l= Ethngraphy = ethno) *-\J\ Jtr'!\ &
& * ;r!ur., +ult Flyr,llt ,\& o! .o.,Eil Lrir;ru'lt eu! -tLs .r"
c b$ V ,, ,\;*" OK * ;+\ ,_.r ;4ro +b- *!+ i-\J\ .tF'!\
JU\ *U\ of;.-. 1,. *A p;r-..o 3I!,-*LJ\
=K-r.ep;c.:*.+ J, ^;^(r
Jv:\:.ar.{\ e!c}i Jp: J,)i ratr\ \"-.J";lt ,1j'
"4 -d *
;i JU" Vg{:":JU" r.Ft";e F.*rrt'!\ ,\J";p :*;s ,lJVs,Lj JJ +l;!\ o_-.,,'.
.a'irU\ i;5-;1i *yJ *!-:^,i,\rF\ :" "-JLa -ro!,J\" -1,
t--\ | '
-;+ -! . a>--. *-'.
d#UJ\ C5ij'!\ ;*(unlt t-r +\+\ ,!-,.ij -r,:..r- Elliot Liebow ;K\.l-c
ap[!l L. --. ;: -j-
ib -U,* $-ttU iL" Jt -^a)\" q,lc -i:Ir 4 JE.;.i*J.r ;!tJr g 'riP' J-o 4:: - -
.&r U ;K * il.} ;J Llelr .,^ \.ii\ J3 \=.!r3.;!t ,U' ol"L-. J";!' 'eo
vJ!
.J-9 t*L . --
L-!.**!\ lU ",,tl o.+\ ;" "-$- *L*:-i'r ;^*Jr u .a;lt j ; +:1..- :: j__ _:
- .r, L-up
..o i\rj\ LJ\ .,i
=...,K!t ,-ri, LJ\ ;[t i \]-i,:.. -*^ [* ..!" jro'* .-)- -
.it
J Y' - v v / ,' \) J i- e J ' oJd - Y j
* .i+ \E-, ylt!- -r-r!t tr,,o ,F,,L-J\ -.L- ;-:rf, f : f turJ! ,ait
l' . r-
.c.
Y
+.i.
-//
:)
---e
27 ,pdgr.i:ltgt i.:lt
J.<
='J
christianlib.com
',.,
;Kc; ;,K t (Lqssir^) $ + :^-jj! r-.: .t"r;Ko*. g
,/. . .'.r,
)* *:-..:j)\ lb
tt
4* ;r:i ;-(" !r(,**!.i ;L.rtr\ e$ & & ,L;i & 5rG hi :-io
"f,b
\"r:.ii,.rlJ\ ,+ LtL:I\ ,r.tct JJJ r*i\-(\ o*\Kr c-r-!J\ -:i! t")
ji>d
' .i\
'^^'^1 ' .t.>l
) b)\, c *
',:---b .'..-+itl /U ,g; t -S 4:++ "Et ,-*J\ ?'ia--\ \*-,
j-<>',
1L.cr) cL->l 7- .;
',.e
-'
-LU o*,-,.^-*r i=- j ".l*l! ++: & ;,i.nf:
-r-2.: \ll d)^oj.tLrr, aL
1t:- ) ''^ +.ur^
;..:I,: A: UTilffiil- ;p -t+ "-1Jr, :y'*'j )'--,1r -*:i'-J' {:J' :*
::[:i+' {Y'christianil,i!Jle
Brian Howell, -.
1'< See Local Corn-ext. Southern-Baplists rn\hefh=r1i!firnes
$leu )'ork: Palgra,r,e Macmillan, 20081.
,4!\;!\ !|;; jlo \", tJ- cu-ssbtr J,t! a#) J ir*i Ji U .-ltn" ,K-,ro ;-,-
^U!
.JU\r ,g*U ,;W\: tfi.g psoda: , .
-s---
29 ,pdur,iillbt
r.r- iJIl
=.r
christianlib.com
,r-r{.t6.lL Niindm
31 sr. jtr.$iiltbt+6}l
christianlib.com
-'=*-J ;*i .;*tlt L. rlr-1,!\ ,[" -r;=- - 6rU c\-iE!\ A - ja\ \ ;c ;*iB\ .Jlri r*,
a _. -qa)\ ;r aiJ!
,.
,L:'ii i.t' -!-J\ ;i :lrr L*, ,{" U U;i 6. jid*- bi apE!\
"[;l!
-..-^-*[ ;sE 5t ci
./)r1 Qi 6** 4r* Air& LiUj'5. Ji \-( - ;!'!\ r-ro [ri ,)i". W J,4V J"
;^ .- e!!\ c["E c9 i^rE!\ \:;L;tll -i:fu L-r:c \irl" 4, ,rr+ $ ,"rE p .u:=*I\
;,\
-Li *
o.
@rrtg.drr.dlt F!vr;l,':'t ,&: 1k-J 'E a-r'J\ ;s.:--^r. -n UI\ lU, *, .f!l\
"r.
L*r)\: ir(t
r ; ;;)\ t- dU\
' i', " 'cll
+
r
'fuii A F ,* B".rr-) ,i" C\ 4eJ\ ;r*y\ Jl*r
.:*- tr Ub!;bK*r ;[;;i .-i: kril
-3 -b \1,;,J.-- f
:- --,-
:.--- j *)-tJro! v lfu v l,j\.)'
J
,ly' oj .,.--i .s+i,r ;1-i\ i[*]r ] )-\o,*-t F.!y:,ti,r, i[^-y 4 ol
r u)..>. J,7tle;;'i ;1" o-J.r[-Y r\& -r ;^4\-b;'il'Gi;--*+ L-.]y:;l:i,t ,t& J) )'[r-\
a;Jdj.\ .-'B'i![ -^',;ri( j-r-,r{ Lr_qj.;i!\ ,,r1, ;F ,;,og\ ^.pfi.9_-_*4
;; -'j '*iUr.. 'Vf
- - - \1
-:-s? -,\l
> *-u.r.:;'i
'
+
; '*=. !"._;i'i ,,&
;).+,;l\ ;i>lr;>[ ;_i-Ji i_-'G-l\ ] 'L4^ :,o^ ;,i*;
::.;.:i. C.A GEf-- ,dr ;) Ys,-l ;5-)rr ,.-lJi -.'! ,-,o.;i ,r**< A;lr ;\-i,*-.-! 'agJ\ ;{
.' ,- -:':: citn ll-orld "|
+'"ii\ rKi'tr : \ ;"LJ\ J;r) ;[*iJ! f, ;_,crJa,J-.,J_ r[-v
(L
i1pU-V ;#ib ii-yiJ\ ,.. ".,^ opu- a-5lt "r ;*/\ ;* ;F a3.,\-J\ .
&
christianlib.com
,,/
': -;n ij)$ J9 (4J--'9i tr !-j-*)' es' Jj r+ \+r.Ll*,J.\6)LJ J!- d,j JJ JfU & -^.- ,;Jl,
/ ,. .,/
\. .-l: ''o iD\ +bu:
<tVrJ ;Kf+t J.i' -,. */1 ,* pJ\ \r,r ..: ;r! jt\+-\i fE *;,Ij! ,i_:.rl\
:-t )' :) 4!U!\ d +lil
"r!,.'rr
,y: J.;iF!.rd\ ./K\ b; es-*l\ d* r,_-t"JF
yi 3. I\ J-. \7":,L,
,r*J'..' ";UL))\
tv:
/": tr!f,,il\\" Anthropos and Missiotogy- & 4$\ cy}l
'j r, ,4!t:++ ..j $ ,;lL "LLJ\ L. J-,,;)r" .! .[
..;K i'\-,(.) .JJ\.)
f J) --r-r-" ,5-d\ -!*Ur ,y a:-A\:
2-:3 -JJ. .cU\*J)\
l.
{, V}t:-nlr J."
;_* ;J\ ,"iJt iLLr,
-.1r r
,U,' ,i .ir'rr:."r lt*L
f / Io!,:,*'fg e-*^-f\ ;* c!J\ oj
tli.:
'-C .!U
6U\ ,,eti\ ..r )KFir -'3 lU, r t\e,V)\* o_J*..;-[r Lr-.]]rlr'!r
"
r-*-,;\'*;J*
- L ri *rr=*. r;rK- ,f ?F J*yl\ J^J\ i.-.y g-\ t5[\e,;,r,r1*c ,)\ a+-:l -r"cl\y,
s- --:L'' )ie .-ir lr
c*-1.rn sa,; r fK\C
,;n.+.-Jt L-.r--*tt ,E r,J;'( ,Jr*:*I\
;).*L;! (;*) -i^:..i;^[:i
;:-:-J -.*1 ploll ;-r^"
.;.rr-rrr,
I o i*-\oJV L--{ AJl,:'
.sI\ ,_rir:;i:lt ..pt + !r %4* J_# gE i,r;: d,t lul J) t:,-U.i s
.r +-ll\ arUb qn!y:/rr ;*J\ C \1 E .,ej\ )U:e)/ "b+ q\ :*
r*, .**-;i ;t!r;
,;i lo; UKr ,tr r:lY! a:+*i\ ,*. 6-12r,2)\ j4\ re JL,o ;r( s
.-oa:j!qHb.L<A'
diJ, ;r ;t ,t. ,b_# 6) ,y.rU Er*^: E)t ,, ;-{ oi ..F
-- -,,i .;rtl\ +r'ri:l\ ;c "$,
C+r)! i-..*^*l\-oi- ) --. *.;,;cr*]t )(;:.*,*ii:!ri'1_*Jl
*.o.!r . lr ;ts lU\
: ?.*y. ::") \ .;>=..a.lt j
.
.l i\r-e-'
; --l!- -r.---f' '';)
=-'* yi Lii\ .,1)aU)+ ,$r\ _*d + i-re-lc e,ud
* db .-,_/*l\ {La
a+ Gil t*e. dsdnlt d ! Jr,rf l 34
christianlib.com
35 ,.:dsc
r.a ,iittgg.a:xt
=.r
,lMii'
christianlib.com
lh") l-t-("JI l"r" ;i ;& ,-!,). -*\-Jt 4 [-!"rr'!t ,U' _;+ ;L;Jr
.u^;lr
"-{\ ;bLr-)! +;-*
* oJ\r d,t[*! L!rr;u!t i^"8 ,0.-#\ c.,t!\ o] ,_r -l\ ..] ts,
-y,J ain-* E;ss.tr9;yrJt Ji aL-l\ .-r +rJt -il(, ,J*]\ J.J\
;r !;-rl\ ,\ a-\ s[J;yr";rii .-.ifri C lU t+b ,j**t\ Jr()\
.Fr;*,'(r:. L*o: .;..".=*I\ t-"(rr *Jr ,tri'! ;.,tr! -r;lr)r, .J
,." cb[:j\ f frcJj 4?\]\ ji +)\, lpt 4(_*i'! or.:-,:)'\ ;b\"-J\ ai;
.-J' * kV ur-* i*^--uJ\ +\*
irut
christianlib.com
-" jI, ;F
jb'6!\ :*l ,-*,il' Li-
+,:," .f;\ +JUl ;*(U ,j'iiJ\ r)lr x-1 bb |o ;Ji\ ila z,-bsl
4 See Am-r _Hirshman, "Tarascan Ceramic Production and Implications for CerffiE[ifiiiifil[i6iF
Ancient Mesoamerica 19, no. 2 (2008): 299-310. AIso Eloise'Hieberr Meneses, Lovi and Revolu-
--\, S ,*, ct tions: Market women and Socral change in India (Lanham, MD: universrn.press of America,
lOCr" t.
*r3Qy'6:,Fil
- 1lr
Il& ,. J-
l,
j-rtua ,cjC\ i.,ldjl\ .jY! .-J-,.^*J.\ .o-rrr.l\
Y-- ,.
1r-
ullJ
r-j o'u--Jl J{j G'6 ;,'"-.^-i\ ,.;,!
i^---*-[
,rdere
39 Z 'r t.-- 'ijIlbtJ.iiIl
christianlib.com
_-j), i\+\ J*J\ o;,o$\ € l* *G;rf L'yt i) .r:i ,;tf[ ut.*'.,- u#U\ e-,-
d (.ryur) -$i ,:^ ;E ,tkalahan ;\<JK!r ;ry 4U r)r a; Jlr .j*i.i.\
I r. \ll
. * a*IJi
f t
. \r
j" ",f\ J) ;rLr>l a$i:-J. *.-
a^.=t-lJ\ :Cultural Ottter 3\A\ ,;-\\
.-: --'-) Jt: ,e"t' J)tr ;" "ii* / .*"j "*t| / Li*" 3rt" *{! .;'"-'r -.r.-i\ ;tlt
".ir
:'.: - :tn tt ol og.t 3r :i.-- .+J J*:;_r-,
, -,. .-:1, :^Jr -J-' * ^:\,.i ;*li e''.-!4v''
* 34 JL, ! :ethnoarchaeotogt':7r,!.\;;\''
L 3,,
.;^ , .{;:.:t;U=)lr\ .i.r-c\ ;'K*li ;*;iA\ ibi,I\
- \llr , //
. Ag
"*Jt -, ;t
r-- ,[J\
L
:ethnographic rfieldwork ,?\*r.,,)\
Y'J'r . Y ,i\J\ J*J\ v.u!)ur * ,;
_-\r-;
.a;-^ ",!tA * r-;*i €!-*:;Jr ,-l- ,!c *o* ,*.!f:;"!\ ..l (.r:-! ) :-,o
^---
,g
Y v'J ero ,H+oq
,'-(i-ilf a) -l:\,o -f- :ethnographic intervieu's 4^r!=y')\ ;$U" Ikalahan ;+5) _-:r --
v: * ,r*r;f s eJr oi.") i:;l
* rr3E .
.J*r;i'r ;r;
,i Q'tt'tt
Y J-i4J' .;,{* -;-r:erhnography l..l!-,jt'
r' v*;r.' L eiUj v'
."-Jrro -r-pt"
.*.',L.u)\ r;..p 'A,l;i,.r$*-) q!j\ ;.iJ\iJ ilJL &,):excavation rj'L\
vu'Lv
.i\rp\ ,15 ^-Er ,=-Llr ;Li,J\ 3: .;".'t , b,:\\ J1
o) ,-,.Ui y iV-# r" \^r -.tt- t!H\ .,r (f .focus groups -"lJt ;t"p-
t-t:b
.rF; ,f!yr,*i'i ^* *;(" gI\ ;;t + \1r- Vry \r:sv
. JJ,)!
,u| J* r n'!\ l"=,
F 7--a,-;
U
ra! J) p" 1a3 i"go native" ;.i+t gt J"t J" f"
.Lb;r;!" \"*!r p.rJr ahll UlF
q\+ - +:Ji ;lrj-t .*!. ,-(ii -)A\ C::holistic understanding . ["\:
"*r
.ALLt" - a/\ f 7t
;t;;, :L*)[ lry ,$\ .-,L;lr ,^
.;-r-\9 ;\e ,L j-, ;)cU" lL-J* ji +U, lifn hisrorlt;\"It pb
.tu}j\ Lli djlC\ J\-!.\ :tinguistics *i)\ &
""ftt ,,r-Jy:,,iJ
r\:;:*\.
\ /--t
, t-! J-]"-.ri J,i +t.;-
-J LLI -i\c
Y.'\ f : ,F
:mapping LVt U-yi
(1Ft) LL*I\
;:*u + t<Ct io\,7 :Mound Builders (;rJ\ / oE[*:*Y) ;fJt
.Jtr\
'if
-\)i{i
lfJ{rj&E
311,&t?stjte9..{
- \ I l-l r
j
--r>!q!.-
Yf.t5i.,.u :(-,'
_ -::-1
:
'{:* 'a> -' -J
.,o+'\!*ra- ,.,(.,bF!
no'u -) \ ,*-!.J'y ,ij^d.! ,,n(iJ\ aP F ose i',\ *
\i
Jr vJ
.l,JJ, u *-G i,-,-*
g
,*,-
L
.,\ .-1.!+)'
' r-v''. ;) (il)u) -*+ ;(rr:.t". ,.
'lj-.1o.; ''.=^i 'q.
,1.+J -[ ,
,ra.
*';1 . i.-Ji * jt::
F;," -*J\ C L.-- l.*, ur!'a";1
4-*.1-
43 ,pdso,ii'Irbua:xt
=.r..q
christianlib.com
\,-rrLi 4jU!\ t--L:r)\;) L-4 r."* r-.-^-.,- ;1J ^.*J! q^',- iC aL;
\5, 5, o! u"L'!\ Ut +b-i[ 0{.*^*i\ :\-is! .r*tJ\ i^,.r\ lU) ..rb
"f
.+\i.,
- -..a.il\
\-ra L!: 4
Ae&l
.ei zj.a-ai .J
r,.&a-
g\
-' 9.3\
lr(( (( _ l'''"
o . v.rt,],\j-
1i:
VJJ
-v
\ ,,-; ?+ ,qi jP
' !,, .r]--
- 9 ztvJ,
-. *;i L}t5 oc,->
- , I , .lr-
i 4t"+\;L -lj
-t?
:::::i :i j:j\'* -,-
.. r 1
ri _-_, ;)u;)'3'1->
2
?iLAiJttfu
ddlllrl& Llr
:"f" !:E'',ts*,-LJ\ U-o r".,
-a# I;ur
;frr+.i1 J,4) <"-r;r*" f AUt .Ut + 4 rL*. +''f +e S
-'';;!1
t ;";y;1! uy+ ;;.;
l. .
*'g7 ;tr,,,JujJt ;r!\
un!.iiu ,:>llai*.! ".-U\ !L;:
4i- 1'.-j .0!
Y '
.J,tr4":1,
_JE *-Jt (o:=it) ,,JJ! .g_.-'!\ ;t,o*t ;e ao'At J.r!,,;
iJl , <: J\ ;*rJK+;!t
J\;'. a-r! Ki:t $t l*n\ j-*\6?\ j--r=i- ili ,i r*E' n *
aln \.J!- *11
.--;)', j.^a!:s)\, :=<,*-J, 1_;i" .; ,,.i r)L=>4: r't';
.
' ;yft;ta;:t
45
imill
christianlib.com
: ' I \, t, I
; ;K .-(+ l+-{ -*U\ .*4 #l\ Jal **iJ\
'-' -+ i*n' ;n ;
-ffi=
.1a-:*'f.-$f*r
,;K,r^ -Jur;**l i;"rx.it d-,!)_J\ _L* JL -lt i jr.+ \r[ prr-
qgtfrtr rs. crjj'rr d! JrJl 46
Ef*
christianlib.com
r 'i
i-\.
/
->
,* !) ,+r3 -.-i --
q*Jt .r, l*.": ,tr: i;gLtl i-i ;:r=;,Lt i-^:it ,j"-/\ri :;$\ \i[,F,
dE'!\ *,r.i(rt\
-t .,
.lt r). Os_y'l dr.4+l-dl "*r;c
1*,-.r,r.o !.-,.:o -*J\ :t*!:+!t &.rr
Jes!{ Ar:+iJl ,j. {'r:Jl ri!;r^Ll c\*!r\ dJ"?
rySr:g.a,l;Jl eSlJ+-
dliEJl J,
roLJt .i 6 '^* ;;f riu .LL-i ;rJr ;!I.J\ bV ;y :*r*,_.. 1!;i ,JlU\ f ,i i-:'.._'
r) 9i .uloly,rJl
.J^stt eaqp 6 (')ar;iKs!- J:- .*t L\\ t.l r I I
,-!-o !Appatachian ;L-l,!\,i J+\ ,i J\ Je _ol>\ rJ>'
,-.d.
r
rU.; j--
JrL6 irilr:65,all
-r..L:J\ri , j"-rltri ,i-tir\ _ :+J\ b"i ^"), s'\ !-;ti qr^r\:r.-,"* .fJ lt---i : -, . .
!;-r*{\ c!!t o!tr' Jd L*-lJi .l*; *.+rH, i:--r- "--.J:
\,,\- rlz: a
j!1*:;)/1.
ib',l' ;: ;l! L.JE -t<r- j-#- -ptr * *lrJ' .G *r:l 'l-* * ,--\- :--. .
LlL,
- v,
jl JrJr Jru2-i**J J\
v. B! vJ,,5,,' -r} .',",.r i.'.Jr 'r,, J\ ,"--)J\ 6_:-* J p-a-;
-g -.> -- ; .
^.---
L
ibljiJt a94t
ru
47
L
christianlib.com
:r*r]\\ i+ -GJ
* d, -rU!t + .r. rl*i J ;.*I*. .r. +\ .i ;::-(\:
^".-- ;J1: --i,J\
; , _:r1.,-*),J_.-J,
J'Ji5.- j--il\ril\ ;*")t oF dlll ,.!t")U ,!;[ -r)Ja ,_]" Hr"! bf[
.-. -r'*. g;tr :[:cV,
r . \.,r trr ("
.rll\ ,,*:,L .:Ja rri& * +:.s. Starbuckr
* trFt! id U6".gr,(1l ;rtf g
J2' c. U'o .l'
r
'ag
v--fvJ
r.ilr \l
,l ['t! ei!' -{Le( FrJ+"U\-r'Uj+ ;r,:i-,.r- ihJn\ ;f-)t ;F ,V- F,}s
;r---d' *..J':t )teLE
!"a;;I\ qtru\ ,6U!\"
: . i- -Jt..\LiJ\.
'-JvJJ
'-
i3
, r L
I
jo,.*l _b> gi-^"
.!t ,$b- 4!\i!\ J) &rl\ \i" ts ,L r- JIhf, EirJrC a:srlr ;rLIr ;1
L
-!,
r-9 V,* rJ.Al\o
I I
JrJ ,a.Lllj,
;" #\ i +l[l\ J) je"4:," ,;i :)ri :c)KxI\ i/ 4!\ &
,"1*'>'t + q,,
-,-.1
\
- -, -.i ,r, C .c)ltJ\ a;,; c!r! ,"*)lI! .lU\ Jtu aL.b r:L ,t, ri gy"
-E -a .--l-Q.:J\ 19 ,tri .
.a -. ".1,
j 4.*: \,
3c,
r
"5<*9)f
I
-f.fu arlr ;i 4,u;l\ Jj _tiii ji -,_.Jr ./ J;1;)\ ,;,I\
,-jj.)' ,'J" ,)3a .)-i^:-
Jt(,r:rr: d..,li a,lt;.!\i!\ ;! r[r)l] brx
^)
:l+U.&1J ...(1 ,$f ++\
,y: ,lF ..!t \jl,
*ge,.4!
-: :5 c j; aEli ; "J\ Ja +[:J\ "
-e tg,. ,\ + g, .l*--"
Ji ' ,>t:'@
r\' \
ot t\t>
r".
a
.5qr! J\Ji ,r! .,-,y-+,[cJ\ rJ" DIl,1./ q-Jl, eV Uu,AU!\ J\JL<\-JE
' 1 -1.r, \
,rd 6, U" ,*,,!t;-r,:,-
;iri .ftu rr.. o{:!r ;i
,-,l-i,[:jt
-
U"(aUlt V *je.:-t"r\ JEi\ *, C,br\*" a:-." ;r1,- rL) ,j ,*,b
""6aUlt
i t_-'*il
_\ oj.b r; iqja
, ,..j j\-i[!\ lf
-.--t-7-vv .''
\i-re a;;l\
* Q ,la ;-r-! arE! .."# #\ ;i ,;"-r" a;J:liJii ,-&, ,$f,
..a- 's ',\le)\ ; -r-;. ;*ri!\ r..U\ O:*4 ,c,13U!\ e)Jdr ;p,i!
)c
ryU- * -:i o:"! ,-rU\ C 6
: J- J *:.:-Y' jt J-*
:;4-ro.:r"E ,**E:
; ) ,,= ii j\.^\- ,-l J)*i
\. ..1
jiLail/e#lf e;s
.. : j; qiu.) )o7q 2;9 11
s) ' J'J \
*9;9\ J[j eQe .-* s\ ,-b" ,;* kulrur \\\\i a-.Ki ;." +il-ii) "culture" ijni+lt LKt
' j^ - +'U
\itn -;6 f6r""t1-4\ b\):" i'iotr, Agrieuhure" J"^ crl$ J-i ,+t
rD
.JrL j,,-23 I !
\:te
I ' ;
,o ")c
,2.6)_o?*o;KJa "1aL;-l\" .i '_U\" ,\ "p)\":^ :i ;j ,J) ,t-- #
. z/ -r
r
christianlib.com
u*)yr;.\t ,)g ir "J\ & 1>UV J.1) .;r-!, .:.,b\a drl r[:cY-
i!\ F& jilqt \iE "u!'!\ ;rir;'>'r ,p,)3o (\\ 3u; ,L;t ,;g'>tt
,f{. d,t+J ,--"+,Ei L.}r;':rt '9"
ir "r :*ru\
4r\\ p)L'!r
-*,Jll
*+J\ r-c.
Li a$-t i< ;sd UK$, .lL|\ rs ".r 'i+ =KU Jt]!
;,o 4r \ c,UJ\ ,* ,6u.&,'\
t*--, f 9S;;l*;\"\*\ J,. +l\
fOi ;g=!t ,!;e uai\ ril ,j1s;r\: -Jrbi Jp "r fril! '#\
,r!e.L.;-r:^ +rb &f * ttu
€;i it"-+ e" A;Ji5\ r3 ..:,[#'
.,-b,, J:.5;Er+
Jf -rrJ i,
- 'J ' \Jr(r{ *-,',Kqr;.r*;f
.-:-.Jr
v aUl' ywp\rr*
L:
cll>i:-)\ ; La fr, J ,i,L; ;lg\i:' VVly:-r.'Jt ,\&,!;o ;-r*r-
rJ e-
\1,-,t ,.+ e Y JJ
,',Ki'c' ,J- ,-f;F ,,ja rL.J\ i,a2 vAs .$C.:; +El\ ;
.&I\ J)-t"*!r i,r ,\Lb t]; ri .tLg
!l\ *;: jl,il\ ,r"i\ l,-,t ,F ,F ,Ft .i^ c,!o
c.,.i"i uJf ,g;rL'!\
.lriJ\ ir -! -,L & (ri'I\) lrtt Jt L, c :F;bE!tJ(.i +\\
'F
c\e:\.-:,K
^.-[-J ^f\i"\
p A] ,* ,_i\ ,rL:" ; ;)L)\ f s, "
49 ?illE;ltagaLo
christianlib.com
--
,./rl-
,rJolt ;* i.d3 J-1" * ^lliilJ ,-",!,r-)-* ;(- I .*H' r,Jr ;!: JjI,
i3.b cE\, & 4;iL4 gli't*" c.,s\ ,rt!\ {*tribt3 !J, ..-!
"!"
;**" q+.J
t' o!tr.,(;i ;J: frt!\ +4;J\ \& jlti ;J\ ,;4;it irE-J\ ,r,6
"p
.'+* QrrU o; J+
,t+;K+l\ J,"l\ ;-r,L*r.cr[,li!\ r[J aUlt j] -r, itJ\ .];l
,rf,i\ -l:te.j;^' *'L-vL ott;-r;'^, i{'" ;[r!5ilL]r ;*;!\ ;'"*\ ;1
;-U\ :".,o.:!)4 + 4t 4-Cl; q:'J.\ ;ert-Jl ,-=!r:r;'!\ ,l-\c, ra1 >li:-i
LrA\: if*=y ,y -S j:r' t(:: ,6;-A\ ;r.rUt 7j (r5r'ir
=+! +S, ,.-; d"Cf i;;i\ ;r,.:aJt .i .;.-r;gt -5ri! ,;---J,K--JI
51 ibEiJtlfu
christianlib.com
.e: €;^bU!\ i.-iJ\ + orF d,E\a iF ; 'J#t \ a]r'!t ;.}rrji'!\" jrL-!tr\ ,-r +rJ\ ;K,
- ,. j(\ \$u +-J! fJ\ ,rb d- ,F, ,"ri\i:i\ )sb Ei cjf&.- *+\ e;:U\ !J\ e tr
cU \1.t ;y.a:." U: i,.. le.ryi ;L;!o) ;K:rJ\ ,r,r ep .J[, ;r
:; 2-*;-5" ;i 6i, .-!
t/, ,t \
I c* .r dl-, cltbr)t ;K.a"a Lr],,i;l\ l\, \AJ:e\ Cr q}t .i LI\
'>.-uJ -S-4 r4q V))sn
* ). *-,rf\ *:*i. jtrf *. L;;K,r#yr Jr$\ & Jp ,J\{\ &- &, .:.i,-;:. ._-,,0\ale.r, ;K
r l! - .l\ :
4P
cF\ fe .ErL:lt JrLi\ )Ue)ll a$:I\ c,)bliJ\ Ji- /\ ;tr*
.j:*ll 4i---U! "r
:lgi ;K[r,c V*, 6 g-,;K:rr!\ ,-ral iy d\ ;t.U\ Jp ,A-y\
---1,- ,1r-1,
j +rl\ i\\LSl;l
;p ".d!\ ,r;/\" ctlF!J.r!Urd,e o*\y.:o:;L+ ;\c[,]r .-ra
' a=u
- ! l. t,l'r
:-- i^ Uae !4)'2" g[i -r."-, Ji d"t* .!.j / ,r* 4it":" elt[-, iJ\r ;:rs ,\.:rKc\sr,Ct
.r, !.
* ::t-c j-.1\ -"!-{'f
'iJtr\ u4*J\
' -<l {,"P C to ,F,
rb1.1,& ;!t L.r]rj;'r\ ,V Kt,cli.il]:lJ Jir\iJ\ ,i^l\ J!+t )!:
:_i
/..,
+ +u!\ i^\-J\ '.
[ "K$ ,_;Ji a;-rJr -i) iK1], ;-zi\ * c,lo>l:;)\ [ d(:] _J\ ,j-,!,rr :;fr
-/ .,1',*
* ir -*Jt;5Su
, ;). jp.+ t, Cn 6, ,{L, a:J,.r; -r, yucatan J\ ..; +; J\ .(irJ+\ ;rlf :r;Jg ;;r
J3r .,1-.iJ! E* rr-'>i Jtl\ ,-F;:I"-- L _n(!i j-.]\
;. ;'-l\ ., i jq ;F .=J,* G-
--( 'Y4v\
*tr *lb ,;t"a.a;J\ f &;,L-*il Fip ,rJ+"-{\ ;...a"a;J.\ lrrd-..J-
,[r ;-t;;-.,"- .Lri\ -*", ;r".:^]\;1o ;.;]t !L*: j)...^(5 L;,rKt _r-G
".r^
j\+t 4!U\ f +( ;-..F +! ^J\ j ,r't-rll ,* t -s,L; ,orrrli,,
.;-w'-,:L;ur; _:-
f -,t) + :,-e\" ;, ;E:"+j :!c!r ap 2_"r.;
,,.1":l:.ot i - ,-Jq
-Fj .4!Lb\ -l+-J.J ,F ,6 - A',;:lJ ,r:\\ \ra;)
qgGit t*2. +lglji3'f t .J! Jr,Jf l 52
christianlib.com
d..nU\ f i, 1Ls .-
,l ;\.,"\a): ,4r* dr))(i-J ,;3.b i\-r-) 4hr-lr^iJ cleE!\ c,.tr\i! t/'
9E j ,I-+ _ -.}:_
_
c,\-iU!\ JF .-ii .,irr .4,i1\ Utrl \il, o;; oi r"+ a^gU:J\ c,b>Ig)\ oF -
;rlit,b ?rr:t:-..,.-
4:_* - - =< -
.i.:1-l-1,
.,J\ "r J"6\ 4 J-t ,6 iru\ri .rli:cY ,\ ,y)\ J!.,r(\ \dl"-J ^-J\,
.(J+r) ,,; u.A +U!\ JEi\ bs ,y r* t* Vy u$" Ji .6, ..1
.+-{! LI"-J! ,* Q,J*\*r ,Kt ,-A L*,
^#rUJ!
.+.rLo$V orEL-
+U!\ Jp .dll, lp* s4- ey ly t\
€\t ,r )\.' 4ul\ f :+" JtrL-!
.,-i!*JJ i"-J\i q#
k &',U ts, ,+Ul, L-!y+'l\ g:F f "r;r-! +U!t +;\ # ot
# ,.7 '6r." )l"* ;\ ,'t U* s.V t*^ C ;i 'ir' ..-J ) fuU!\ ia*J\
e*t *r* r. 5,a fut (;.qr) +, J'*t Jr:* '!o.L*";3'd y,;*
ai
53 ib:6d,Jl,e*
christianlib.com
55 ibl66Jt,c*
christianlib.com
.i- ,r---\ 4(rn!r ;r*tt g (.+f) ,rl\ AUj Cy. ,i\ r.+ Ata./F ,rt\ +[i'p\-u,:-!t' ..J)\
+-.'l\ -*-q;r,(;jt o-r,
-.e
.l ;1.-.tr ;*rt i-*! ,4\ ;'! \"+ "fr ! ,*i.i;!\ .;1r a\;: i/ B.i yEJ *-d\ (L: *) flt
j i*I\ d,L.;il\J jr"J\ .JU\ +: rtlg ,.1;LJ\ -. ,L'!t J^ ,+\ * rcrl-i J\ \j) kh=t o:Ld
,
ia" -tr i!!,J\ O)
;",,*.i.t
r-, ^;-6;i au:ij;({ lU\ *, t-;i:i g a,$)\ ,-F -'#\ dr ,,, elr;r -l\ ,rtrr,{n r--'!r o;i
-.: ;\L i *lt ',. ,)r1
e t<--l-.b \ i
'tr Jx,lt ,rb..u!
a rl3 ;t 611 4erd k!
i' :., .a*-uvi t5 +E ,!d--)4 ,+\+'it .7\o, ,*i::!tj" -t\ii*'>L;t \:l{ Oi c*-}y:r$ ,.F
l:-<, +d, LJ, ;* .6 .i:.;ir 4,it!\j ,+UI\
^ai. . .Lli!\ r-1. ziU
.. J J E L J I'
! 4:,1.*'
,.(,: u,'r:el,i +,'.,i LJ" r#\ i, ..5r;i ;bla'ri Jr, ,-r -.+ t;)U" ) ,ij trf-* ..,1*')t\ ,.-\o,
-.ii' ::aul[.,,*l ^+9 :Jt 6- ri .rF$ ;:LoI\rtjt c[r, * ;L-!r ,-r+ + ..,Elt *6 C
I: F:;",,'.ts
-*LlJ -5q.rJ
;- rr$i"* jL g;lf;Kt f +El r vb;
"p €b ,** ;l d.;rLiI\ +r\i:l\ .5ri ,i-ir\ u .;-j\ ,i
- -r
f-J' _n .ril\ j$ x: *P 1
-i'-fil!
") ;'att9r.fl*llj
'i" -:-(r .Jl13 J ', U41 Jg ,* LA\ Kg, *AtyKtrt ; ,;!r ,*;n jr. el.a. !)l- d,Ur* t
-P*r PLii
-:J.! . v
', ;u;I\ cielt i.,t\a # .-r .-ll, f ,t*J\ i \5.;;-r"t & r4t ;"
>;Ijr;,i V ,i\,;F, "["
& ,-o i-..*il ;6kI .., ,:F,hu {rrJt ,rc}t -l\ ,.rtr.jJ\;X ilu\ tJtri ;>Kr5{flr
"r
;!r,; O,b ;f fU\,ki ts* C ,r- -,\;-!& cJ\J-f +t*ir\+f
.,j&x\ ,\t:s'/r,+F\
iI-,*-=-,-, P' Jt ,;i\ ;:u) a*r c pV
49* Jfu ;,.*'r.*= \r*\ JJ /U\ l,r ,*i.J\ f !:(i* jp ,!!\ *:
&U Sr .r.; a;)t )rp-: rr'fi -".;\ \ia.\-4
L,lu.*t \j!'-i "dli ar Jb\ r€ o) egr- ! ,_*U\ ,)j^" _F" Jj: lL,,
"LI;o ;*r,i:,"
\r*,-;i s-t c ,jJr+,L) fF ..rr-:.- .+(rtU\ ,!* f*, ;i
i. tii\ -fu *if F,: urrl,fi +[!\,!**>/
JL",-*1[ ,iU\,\4i
ijK\;Ji\ -*U\;" Lu- ;-{ j-{ tr,o .r,"r" -r!:E *1;!\ 'U-*$ .+';l
+.o::\\;[Kit j,, ,J,,l.\ .-i.r* ,rtr, .;-i -[p ] -,++.1 _.,1r'r""Y,
\a.Ji;;y c-\ 5*\ *: ,Nf*! ,L.-! ,'+;;! .U"J\ K-*i ; i)\"**)
a;+\ itJU\ ,.* +rJt
^&;^^\0,
,;-dl ;, t*! ol;-yi'r i.tl
'*Ut
57 ib:9dlll*
christianlib.com
* .i*',i. l^.,Li*
\J-J \) J - nV tf ;;J\ ;[,.J\ a**jJ flri\ ,i\ J-i ,ir]\ -tsJe )td\ f ,y
)b r{} \3\, !;{,t
_
./,
3 -\. .),J\ U-b .!qr-\!-o
.lU\ ,14i ,-K; rU#\ e +\*'rr +\[rirJ\
>2 st osp"jr! ! \i, +U!\ ,)ld-\4r ..,[':rt +f b.rB ;.:Jt.-Uri G- .F,
-a-" iU\ J! Ot$4
. t, -r I r t --
)aJt c'.^>r .;r.;It ,*i:!t :.rg:!i j4 5Ur p"Jl
- _- )+ '{ -*
:- ,.:
-*J\ i:,
.-E!: ,jd.ail fullt
. r, i raY \ \>\'
::i) ;+\ * | e;.-. +i ;,'U ;yu,r"t ;r .r*^1.\ iJ.)\
-; -a4\ Jli as'i;!\ .'pti;,-*'! ,.-erh"
-J-*r+i t',il -L{ .-i ..--
.. 1'.t\
U.r'fi ,€6:U,ev J, ) l"-ue "J'i{\ J**,!c" !:"=.;,.;ts;,.af
r' \E'
u=* ;: rv'J'& -'i .i ,'+-i 1*;sf;i-r-:i ,,'J.\ c,.r-i
-
';^tu' + d, -^i;',,3r..- F rpo
-,i---i- :*,J Jli "c ) ,,J\ .r -*d\ yrf Su ji.+e -,:; 4il .r.riri f A j;:'..-iL.! ,),-o;
n ---?- -:l . j'*'4' ;';a*-
3-.-i;\ ;\-:.,JJ 7-r''
-' - frr,T--":r ;;a::im
-:l - : :* :. j ii-
ilsGit lrr. dr!}t d ! Jr,$l 58
'w tr
christianlib.com
-ri; 3t!l ,-ll ,:.$ "r, a$t ;:la.:f,ir-:,r, L".t \"! ,"bi.\ Cl ,;
.( \ \-\ Y:Y
Jd! O:.:*. j."-\li L-J\i ,.,I! yt:J.\ ,i, d ) -raL:J.\ .i" J, ts,
;\,H\ ,\ + )t ... JrK.*," -'{ ;# -rF Jg,*- S .a,-lJr J,r ./-J!
J- t '-a vJ i\J
TS;*^ -..-3: --(.-.i ;.- *.-:i J' J,*.J& *: ...uJ\ -, -Lh!: .r' .1t-"e .*,-- ; -- -:
-''
! .-*'ji j,re ,4J,Fi ;l' .-..\ + 4i ,i,i;i" d,-,tit ..r, Jl: f *
.-,J\ ,);P ^ro j _*fi .i -,,"i'5J..-!;;*" -J-o- -,r) ..-,[if'-.;*:
*o.rE-.,-oi
-,(r
":-; a(" + Str.).c J:->;; ai i**.!r i,-iJ --r-, rr Jir, a,L*i
_,--
59 itbtiistas4e
christianlib.com
A*l?3GiJl l*
,-;.Gg ,+\, -* r4\ a b.*,\} #\ -.rL'!t +rU!\ ;!
"r
,(rUt! .-r.C\, ,;-+\ - ,)r .-.r-.Ir oj-o ;* K;t --UK3r, ,,frur-i,,
., iElr
Y!/'YJv"4"Ii
j;.ts ,-V ,*G -t"K3\-,
o,PNl
"1.-.Jy:r$ 6"..r-
al[!r ,i +\ +\a ,-F -{Ult cl.;+\ + j-t
c;: *
gi;,
J--J|i/ ,+e.L\ zE\e .o*[+\ ;l"jji J Jut'lt ilul J, ,lr..j,i ,rC J$!
.F ;tr\ p-u; ! *!-r.t!\ oU=l\ oi ..-F ;;r;'lt ,\.lo ;,:", .+rt;!r
"i
;L-!: ;) .,.LJt :\-r,:*)\ ,i +.llt ari[!\ cb>L;)t
c\-,>l+)\
"r +L
,F, ,*rUg o*krY t # +\"=-! .L L.;: Jt ,JG:: L,;\ai ;"u 6-, d\
,.*,.r\" J" 4!l\ +LJ\ ;J.aU - P r\-r,:*! oV .{ i6.r)[\ -r=
e
eE -,.L -*G s "[6a-."-.*- ;;*l\ ;L)r\ i ..*Ui" :i "oJ:'* i'vl'
;q- -. ,I-! ni." +U: JK*i ;r"U d*! r.i ) aS, ,rL*)\ L*'y
"*
.*J;i, Jlu;-*;k ;-{, _*U
.i
,_( l";r r\:i\:.#!,L.['G,..;4
v--
& -.*G;+\ *,-*U' j];)
,)e .g]d\r,+!+! ,ar*'h-J! ,o,r'uo:!V il- i,} f #
"t,'r-+
61 lbi3Jt,e*
christianlib.com
.. .r
c*JS .-r\)? t.\ i:-.
*';l JF- ,i ;,;[!r _.i .-CJ\ iL\J\ d] ct#\ U> U,A\ 2Ei\ iF oF'!r ;"
j n ;+r\ 5{ I l" \4JE ,-JV 'tt; t* ""r-.Jt -r:" 4+ X ;-9.r--" ,1.! dr-, \-J Ai q*
^-\+
: =,,crJ\ rr.lg;4Je ,L_-nral;U!, i!^^C\ ,jo eo,1 Jl.jJ\ e i;eij{ * d,UU!\
E+
lerjhllgbtri/Il +:- {;r;!-;r:,u";iJ\ # "f b:-p\*^;
,"U\ ,j-.Fr,r)L;-r
r^+ * -r;e ;$:J "rh=-)3U!r *.Jr j:-# {U:*"-
\' --;l\ i$'.,,r- t \aE
i,ro,
-+ -' ',!k-Y tr,,\,e+
-._$t jivl:t*1 u)+
r j l)ll\ ; ;[\ o!
.1b e".srr')'\ +tr! i"U* z;.b4 ,\r,AIi!\ +F ,".+L - J)
'.(.. ,,ui i3 .^.- ji j+--I, ,a4 ri,-:;,iit ,*i*,rpfJ, JU jrt 3o\.*.\ lfr.aUl'
-' --d J'
,\:'jlL, l'Q.";Kc,,Lr,^:.,i\-i ,,L.Lll ,\,;r, u*_fu ;c -.i(\ ,i iuii
-r- ,-,.r ,ts 9," ;t;
Ji u1t .4-iu!\ ,k! i.L
jL" ts ,a.---j\ J) j,oJ\ rre oj! Ur\. *:
{ -r' ,€ g)Ho2 € o+ i
'
- -\
.(\'
1' rl\l .(
i r' v^j-
: i'e:[,q e-
+s\i:J\ .-a ji $:n Ji'tlt ;, ;F, .o* s lLiJ\ +od\ ,..-r-'!\ "io
a-.ri
. -.,- !, -
as;:-\ j-ii:J
' .Ai'cl\ ;," .srt'l\ +F\ ,* 4y * .)'V iL" ;-f j:+ l* ;i ,6
-*
'
-1 'i
;* ,-t 6r.':*c)2L')-t
' ' Y/I "'J' e'u .-erii".iv ^,l. '.^' .;T .i * 4 he ;. .J\ A
.j.- ,-s
et
christianlib.com
= - -j) .-u-" F k+!* :' .ib, 1r^ Jt .""4 6 ,rLi +\4 4F ,($\-i lj\.?:*\ ob;,a:4\,>,)\ .i"
! .ir..a:\ \i) 4 di;
-*lJl } ) ,;!U:o:rp ,a!'C\ \iGJ .E\i \iJ" ;,-5" .J)lt)\ ,-F iU o-\ ,soa
-;')' ,X; ! [l U;: .,i j,s- .,i LJ.; .J[j
V -J- \, -- '--- -".;It *(ro
J ,J- .* ;J\
^F
<, .,i
u, ; ,J -t=i t"J .J:( 1*1,i:
r_-
^ -*) 'rrr+" )ti-rt -- .-[Ie ,;rJ\ c,!U; i'\)p\.,.r"4 4 "+U!i i!\tJ\" ,";t-\2b2A
(v)-. \-.1
' 49Ua e
..9;i aE U, ii|;a -b b, U ,-t -g.- ;-r-! .tb ;F
TSGiJ|JE*."11
F ;! Lrlt.J ;$- e 6 \,-reLi [J ,rt *)r .*J ek)l ,.-J\ j\
I .r'tit j:- J! .;-i)'\ .:!r[, J)l; "r lUt Jt J* ui ar.^," I t Bt
,ts\# dA ji )rr; aas *1 q*X!: .rtp 5i ,ry &s.J+-J\ r")!
J-I,}J ,,*Li L_: a\ r-rn ,;i!t udJ\ ,..}'i5 1\E J)L 4r;r ,t*, ;F
"r
.r^!t
"i(r,^'!\ ;JU\" j\ ,f;e !.i .;4-rc i{i" ,-,C tri ;Jt *)i o;o .5_etle
,.i ..[; ;* .,-Li--i\ \* +
-# - .*tr i-r"+-,_#\ ;rU,.J\" ri
O.b"
h; a\ \5,et!i *.€t-V ;\,iE+ ,ti *i c,ufL+)\ j" {i\ JIL:a .\1
as'rlt ai (-p,u (4."'dt ;.ti\ rFrl ,rUt\; ,-t' jJ ,B\j' ..,,"j\ r'y' ;r)\:;l
g ,J'di
"[- -s
.J:',i\ j*Jt \*
C ,-i"';J Jr -Li .€y _*! _F\4 -r-._;
&tii,lgedl
rlJ+ )rL$J .! -f t!
I - !1. r,
;r-*^-i.f \. -G ..,J\ at,tl\ n. Richard Niebuhr . s! o.'t^''l .i ->
"f"
.;6U!\ ,&U!\ u g-it x\;;at. ;!Ul\ 4r!i it4 \+
e.^J! 6,.fU
aElb ,6\;:i\
JJI: er.) ,.!
S-1,, ,;,rap(
.(n)aU:iJ a-J
"{' C--t!
-'l vJ;.,*,.^-l\
-'- \..,.fr\,:
\. v fr cuA,r}ril
\a vJ zi[.-L-;.J[i-<.(.
i-
..Jt=-i ]
Niebuhr J,- .;(U1! ;\rr'>rt r.t' o.!\ * a*rl;!t
ei6! ^flii/ ;L*;J.'
\,*;;il r*-;\ i-\!: -roL* &s .4\:1;( ;!+ .!U!b ;*o'.J.r "r" >f
,rd! r* .,!r+ -d'G!\ I vr^g)U -+',;rr f \, .ir.+ +:([ q$*
.r*'!\ ,r,,,;>tr ;,,.*^-it J,* *X\ *+\ !^6., -,it,.l\ ^\ ,A\ .:
"J\
.36r ,Ki
This is not to sa1 thar all those using the glasses metaphor (or ani of the others)EEi6ffi!'i6F-
weaknesses or are unaware of the dynamics of culture u'e discuss here. B1 using the metaphor.
however. thel risk others misunderstanding the nature oi culture as thel emplol' the metaphor 6 See. lor exampic. i,- -- j-.
themselves. Books. lq86r. .: .. :.. .
ietuhr. Chrrst and Culture ( I 95 1 - repr.. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco- 2001 Ministn rDoune:,
ii]Ricllia.-d N ).
..- : -
65 TirlisJt A*
flm
christianlib.com
.:. ir*> a t ''. z1\ i.^"*I\ ,f ;F;,f a;r\c"*\ a,i !) ,\j,r^ gKNiebuhr Jp
"r 1)t &:
'vJ
lot
.!(\)
r
, I ;:(\ Jc, L*jl\ J! [i c^.-,p {Ia" alu!! e*t\ .-f ;Jt=*)\ ,b;F,brQ ji d--J
, .-(, jJ\ 4iX\ g) g rlp 1 .4-iU!\ ;[, 6,tr ,-tst-tr-r r! d..",i g fdt J@ t*^-l\ eJ
c/ r, --
- .-^> c;cB , b ,'rB
.s9o
i
t-;'i \.-.r,ri!\ ,V Kg.+\;!t - \.;-&L;+ 3r i;^(r ,Ui rft\, -;;-
.-'" ;ts,! "16;" "p:E
* HE oy;,( Jl. &U!!;u, o\r[: r,t)+ -r-.r;;L!jr F, ,At
.6rl
r--: ,:J\ 'c\$t ;'- ,-}"
i .- .-'-KjJ ,LI\ rc^ t 4i-tati!! ,L)\K aU!! .qJ\ *F(+[:J\ -6;i ;!L:-\ JL,o,
i i\(4!\i!\ #i) ,-tl"* d#\ & au{\ ;ts b ,i) ^"* e\ LL 3)L ;rr cEfo ;-rs
67 lbtfrittgdg
christianlib.com
i .:larit'ism +Ud\ Lljj\ J,./ 6 U," 4t\ *.,j.Vg;I\ t d\ \rr:+ J*:l, a,i Jetr;!-'!r ,.*
"f
-4 -!^rl- W
&ri "K:+
6. ii d"^- ;; ;J.:a c,\-iE' L\tei ,:u\ ts, .di-i "iJE\ {L*l\,, L}o
' '|-
?ar:irtn' jtd\
r.I
r)uu+ )/ ,Jr4\ ,*lU.glU ,&U!\- d$\ J!./J)\ J)1")\9 -r-,-=lr ;Kl.J,,oir\
J:
\,4
-t:- ' * eu.)g, c)''.a>
l.
o
t\ rz;,' J, rl"*i Ji U& 4:" +! !j 4:.oj\-u.!\ i *r r.?,dl,-
1 -"->'t !: ,o)E) \s,)-r: ), ,il [I o-( ! ,;.,\;i t .{U
:culture i$\A\
e*I\ +!.;- -F
,:.Lt
-t"KrJ ,!)\tut
it'ism,yi.t\ ir*f
s
,t qt,Jt r.l'" \rf-' f ,a .**
ftg c:tri * .-r:rr*" '(tr ;;
d,\-i\.i:r
^.: -^t\ UtJ\ e!.JU'
-,-K ui.4 .A';!\ _L,; L*cr.AU!\ Ju;, _;*Jt Ur* rJ .l\ ,,^ _trL:s
.- :ethnocentrism -ay)'
z** ,f ;s_r ,V! f ;j.E *J\ L-tr f C\ J,tJ! q!, 'F
u:J('J)L)VeY e
l-lr : :#,,lo.J-tn\t"l jdt.&!r\ Jlt 4!i;!\ JrI4;-{\ JteK,.ct.Jr!,lt
;.t :ul arlsm qf-J\!r a:J-l\+
'
-*--j
-r..-ll.'
#jJ t; -V ff
'-n:onogenesls _i"a
. l ttr.
)t cJ>r
,p\ ,>* ,fr.;rc--!\ ctil;jJ lrtr 6s & Ii-a _j UU* ;i ._a ;J"J.\
. .;. trit'ism i;
,J*b\ J(oq c!lt)\ e Ji L(i, ,.F!:*t'!r
4lliir ,r\-b[! q-.rtr\
^.g>L!i ",,,r*1\
a;.*"
ba3 ri \"b -LUlt au1 (;r"t) uir.,:." U^4 elbj
".!l*-
rttr
'.:olvgenesis J-r)\ :i
-
F,* ":ut W & ol, a.1-rl\ ,;;**!\ fJ.::r! !i L=y-
l*- .Lt\ -p *
r '*i L- {.;V ,-i';lt .+tCi Ot .(Y t:\ ta) al\ ljtl\
evr\v
el\, ,[i ,,e.:,, +! ..]! ,/rJf 1i
W
- :i-\1 :racistn
^);-.de iK:- a^*! ;'Jt E -
,ri1ii , aUlr ,jr 6),,;*1. J
"( or-r.\r..oe.u;-r:cr
ji.;i'
v r,j +-",' ,
' r \-:"r! +'!r ;r 6:-.y;-S *:* {, J.,L& y}J\
,.s+
..;),\ qrru u\_..*,- ;.=-**J.\
gL*l}latl $
fi
i:!.t ,+r+ "r l: -^(ir", M: ,f ,rta^ a\'>E ;" oL!\ !^r J."-{\
,i ,i'!t & a-& rdf ;r ct+t ;.,'";'\ jL ."ru\ :polygenesis "t.'!t :*u
.-i;t\ ;* -!*. t -(;U
,KX\ * ;!i Ur" ;f o*f jV-* * l*tr.4\ ,[ :U;gY :racism * -oi.t
du
,*.t ;',]t A " -ev.r.;,I-1 ;r -;!;efi "tacit
etl'Lnacerttrisnt L*:U;+)\
.!"ij _*::
;-fu L*-b:yi i-U :unilinear cultural et,olution -tlr g:L'>t *ibjf ,r-lr
69 ZEGi}t,.jfr
christianlib.com
,r**'* iE,i
e-ViY\r."L-JriYrJ\ ;-r.1" l\r.}*V, *|\ Jr;t:)t ,i o\oo,-:T 4p 1.,.-
a,/;
7 .7, '-
a;a;: .=:-
Fr; o! U eJ ;Jt ;$i ;L*b (;"It ;,\.t[!\ :ao[:J\ J)+\4 \;tr,-[a *#.5(,.,,
t;<;$Lt iu, ,Lril\ rzL.pir\ .i"F\ F i+:.-f-i4 ;;KL+!-, (v
\' -t .\ Y ;
4!U!\ jL it ts, .-,,U\ ,iir\ ,j"- ;lt etJi r" iriJ\ ar[a.l\ g *(;
-tp\ ,bep ."5 .L;:e* 3c-..re L:\-uir) -L.*, .r- #r:.J\ -,br-i)lJ J;<
,{: a"rl' * 4r\ a)1,. _*(; -rt: -t ;^Jr -*(,; ,i \,;\Ju! t. ;({ viJ\
t &'!\ ,\$) .r- q, ;Ut ,f t j\ ,_i-
71 ?8rtiiJt t*
'1lL
christianlib.com
_.
.-;J' "-ri aru" .t
."*.r-)/ JL"lb
t'up\ ;-.j.\
---
::- 'r ;'giJ\ ,-;et .r
ry;-r)\ i.:.!U.t
^.*i
+Git l,:.drlrtd!Jr.[l 72
christianlib.com
3
ailJ
L!: -ra
:rlc !:\-e O-S Oi 4 ,)*A\ \-ra
dr-Qo?ji.:)lltrrJJl ?.4,&
j: ..'aaa:.:aaa:a:::'::::
:. ..4:a:a_:.:::: : =
_.
=',,1,,-:,)-,W'1,?-&,
: ;li
\$.^!\
^^Kt ;<,
,!t
- ^u.: ai^Xiq/. .l.Kt ;{,lt =a"
;*:, ,J(: r€ ,F !, * :-,s, + it
{ul
sqr+ *.';o5,iii ,,
.-1rF ;€ ,F" I
..-, WotfhW\1f1:
l*la)d'ol l
,
...;ii' J;,
'
Y'ei *",)i,
" JJ J
,,_rE\
.
j-r ;r;ug .;u;ri
'
;r";
. t ci"
",,
Juli o*L*.*,rq--:'i
- I fl.
.(c -t :\ [:--*) "K-,i -{ Lbl
u+{^-,J
gu7Aill c-:fA)]9
./
adJl .4,;,rr7j;,*F\ ,-,"'*\i ;r.1-;.--fr, ;Gr ;,. r*">\lt ;(.r " .,
73
'fllll
christianlib.com
r---1*----l4fj
I
J'u+ .o[!t ,; i5, &FiJ fgtu t!,Ur;, ;"tJJr :-r)\ U gU": uF 4ijJ\
e,:*j1 4rJr$
..i!\ f tE*'>'t
"r
+rJl F.!yi'!f ,\&
;!rJ ij^!L il.i ,L\,6 ct.} fs -.: ,c,W\ JB ;s .J,.o.iJ\ U,o ,_i
a a-op JU! .d, * -*U, #;* LIJ\ i-r;J 3r ^;5r ^-!, _ ,o*i;+>a
L,-
7-ri 1;94J1
;r.a* yKi ;tlr I rs drqCr* Ei^ )At f:,LIl **!*Jr
"t'C!
-, ;--\ JJ';.- V LP rj \
-
.,,XJ)t ;>i')Krr;It *lKt -6s g djd-.=^*[ &-"c,
i-j.--+t\ iixt /Ju\ ;*L< Hi stori cat L i ngui sti cs e+id_j 9,, I ! lJilJl
Lh:e: crist on davides ceastre
'u..\r;\g (r-ra.:i -rri ' -4(, ::-r. &s c\ilJ\ \* r}o ;r a(t o-5, ,f qalrl\ c\*l\
- "dt
/v-
4ilJ\ ;i ;,rrrrrl\ ,U,i\ i+ ,l ,&,f\ '\4^r1 Vj cjrlt g,UJ1 ai
b*J4
-
i,.b,
ti rl -
:J\\ [e>] 4*
'r). :.1
a'C; K, *, 6r$t ,4\ $-i F+! ;y;! *di ;,t,(r ;u.p ru,!
-; tJ
"r e+
),
: reciie of
I
:)uuut
lr
f e+t ;"-! -.a, ,y,+ i:;J\ ;j .aj;}t ili..lJt -,, ;tLi)\ jL:-*( -L',.oi
(\)rr
":J*;r jUl, _: *,G)Jr -L=) .*^€J\i _-:, ..^U\ J.#t + _;ib *i,
r"613r
;* G,; j-: .t ii
,p'*t e* i-io:,- if.*'Ji i.il\ ts |, +rll *:,:\\:, 4U)^!, i(*>t$t iJU!
\ \.\ I
*;* .v
--1
, i-.1 rihich is Christ the Lor; .;Lr"e;K.r;Jt o;-(*i-J, gAt _,4 .:.re;-(r,;_.r F + *i !,
,/,/
c 2'-"-c 5 - Pl xs i--^ j,q \,L;.J * i'rK\ ={t;r -t'(ir\ j'r!,t'1\ .--*r(ni\t & L\ou
t---i ^"ri-J" i;ij -r'Cl '* *j*,J aiX\ :Urc.:) ,4;;>[:,,_.ts a-\rC;rFo:-q:
-:- - m rnschang.e .html (acce55:;
,({t+) +1 il -U q4r5
3-* r:-J +" Fr,{j-^ -i,:.iJ } irt*^
on.,.t' 'uL*
i . .,-..'n. ih. ,-,0,. ,n
._. C-t r ',,
i a uord-for-uord rePrt::
".:.t-rn.
' .::::s r \ ashville. Thomas Nelstrtl
r*gtiitt q.r.
+tgJjlt d ! .Jr.[l '1 A
christianlib.com
.'
ogq;qi- q.4r$ll*l&Lllalilc. t .3 *H$ii -.r-,hr-
,d\ 4*N4--- - jr
t1
o=rr.:ri - :*+rj , c^l*,l e;9 aa-
YJ-e
I
I
:Lr .rl Lr,{j| &dJJlj n{+:JJ +}rl #[e
)
I li \,,*o: \-:_* - :- e&
?liJl .+U-rr+J! V]. rli 1*l**Jl ;{3r:Jl +l.pJl :d)iJl ill*J{Jl 1,U-Jl 4url
"_____L_ I Cl ,l=-ii'r _a,. .: 3 :--:
r-llr
+liJl+lrr5-yl +rr.lt ir;LJ;{-y +ri,i l.J*I
I
;,i;J\ * \1" ,i"'u ,g!tr\ & J^is d,,\ilJ\ a,i JUJ\i*,*[ E[,*l :r F 7s
For pa m todag gow ys healend acenned. se is" :\-r.iJ\ iJB)\ ;ijJt ;i\J\ o*K'
i:)\ J,[lj,fd! ./tr):b ,,Jt O) .(')"d.iht.o crist on davides ceastre
* \r)
/
,*F" oi .^( i.lB>\ aijiL i-r*:" i* i u? aii:; (p-u:; s i *j)9 ):-; *-,
^i G- -*-J1 -
A u.A L jr wycliff -nKd ei d;rro'(\ ;Al ,-*:.;tu* ,.-.6j ee*
d' !*j*- ,
'.rll r
-r:-:'.
e 6 -trq 5is, ,a,;l\ ;q4 a.-J\r t - J! Y-rr-C r:-y a.- fr\or: Kt ,i, 6;( , ---=- --
i1
Fcr a sarveour is born to da1' 1s vs pat is crista lord in becite ot'' ::\:J.\ * ,4t *9 -dj ,-J-r +: --_-
;\: cr[Kt ,,* ,-.(\ [ o.t fi \ \ ;\o ,-S dil\
qi &s.(t)"dauid +sr(.*i-Jr ;; --; --r-.
For vnts you is borne this day in Ge citie ot'' :;,rJ\ ,*1,-\L *+ $V\ ,E+l t -.1
u,i-r.*i- ijj\- .l
/
__\--
o-r.o
;* +i b + ! Lj'r1 .t'l"rauid a savior which is Christ the Lord
-.r- ^,--- ,;bro* ;f { :- ;; -(-
&!* \. .{, r,\or*'.i 4-\,!\ ,,C\Jq[.I eL;+ Ft6 r*;',.--- ..\ b) r* a,r j --
_.5_
:F
.it#)t il\r-J, j u\s
;';.il' ;* b-G i,- -._;
1 Luke 2:1 I as talien from the S:essex Gospeis. u'url.bil-.le-researcher.com/engchan@liiilITarcr@-
.lanuan 5. 2C|09).
Z ti,ltdl:i i aii"afipean in The \\,ycliffe Bibte of 1382. See H \\:. Robinson. The Bible in its Ancient .("1,+) +rt L
--. ->-- -
:
3 T$kEE1itl")fJ,:i,Tilfl"Jl{3li'fitrrfi?Ti.la1f,J,1'fr1fill1ill';'V.l?ffii a word-ror-word reprint
ofthe First Edition of the Authoiized Version presented in roman letters (Nashville:ThomasNelson.
1993)
75 ii,lr
christianlib.com
trr+ *ila*nLj.1.,
.-lt-_r)lJ ,,ry
-rU"', +#l ,J'i; -tJi .f.r f f-- tjil .Kenneth rir.. :! {
o!8, LL?t r Jrj $ sKs,",.luJJ
.og-yJi,rUt c,t r;X]lt J--{1 r{,lb .,iK_r J _**tr *Ufl r
..f;; -!, d rU/\ .'''r[/b ;Fl\ 'F ;rr ir'*)\ ctill\ -is*,
;.J q c\r-\, ;a'
6Jr ;g-'!r, ai#r =r<lf i 3(a*9: ,i .:L#! a:.,.. ,
i;! ll ..'- - /
"
roL-" .!=4 gupit Ji *Y;r-t J) -\; ;i -+ rnagpa o., fF
-l,ll1
!,irll1 € -I>'
=-
t--t-
-.
A !-i ,)r7." ,'\ " !-i '* d*; J,,>" <.ri magpagupit ;'6 sru: .**l
-i ,J J qr"r: ;*-
-.i,
;\-r--J\ ,, ,K, +;#)t ;i -^[a-, ;' e""d, ;) ."[; .-.-- -f .y]
* e-, f- *-Ju'J' +_ *Io,i + -,p *d (-,5 - ) ri-;r' ;$
.( rr i
"..;l "-i L -'i * i --<r-r -r"\J ;: 1., ,-;-*p
77 iillr
christianlib.com
'iY*
.-- , \
J4irJ.\'a-gi*
tr
.b-! r-i ji 5i ! a*)Kc\-r-,
,' I;', JL,J)/ JP .:,.J\.}Jll ,\."r -r*,Jt
1tl .;:. J\cr-y *r." -i"$J ru c\"r/\ eL C
-,*, ;rt' A+ Ji ;. .dt.l\ \ia J6/'!\ rE-" f ;or-,^," dt +St so Je,.s! ;[- *
*-* i iil.r ;ut ["4 Ji r&J J^n!.ru\ &- b-" ).rjt *glfr"J\ Ju"S rta.LrJ\ +
i-, -G\ j+5" \a'r;.:-,r-
rct-Jr l+" _*J\ ;F .#/ ^.-J\ $,5, a,g a;,! $-r*:- 5 l*t*"
")!
. j i*)\ i!L*-[t ,GrL b.y- )b.t-6r'!t Sr a \i!.ear> #J y- d"\-J\ I+1.,:*r" C\
-r,' oV ?.:r. A)t
) v l- r
. .c:r4 J-F\ Ji tlU gf * t' +,:L" ,i .fi,
.,./
. -' -it - -*E
J-i ,r*r,,5'! +-J\, d," U l&ay UUtaitt JF .J\{\ J-p,rbr
, 5;*-l\ ;J-,rIt t-<
"JJIf, i,p b* ,:i" Ji ,-,b lrB ,ts i)*" iJP)\ ;riJ! (IJ\ J"i
* i-i! 4fu\ c,,,u'i J\ ,16 i.^B)\ L}jt ,$.1\ J'F! Le f rH\ .b j!
".*)
Ji"
e"A\ J"J\
(-7 6:V s'\ # Ui-, 1. oi :+ ) "to fir,ish oli" {[l\ .* J ,d\ E-
GU
,age rheory?i$LJJif ,'rt; i.[l JI &4 r3 4-1r" * .ruJ\ ;i ;Jt ,"quickly )cra" ,5;\
"!ce
{r [t bs ;) &- 'r=, aiIJ\, Ufd\ # "r f:a- Ji+*!\ \ra ai t" +i Jr," *lt OF
3. u .c)\ -f r-"J\ [ r" d\ oi,tj\ ..-,b J[- q"p ,(L-\+i) 4+ aJ +i ,_*u\
. ::."-l\ .,/ e 4i! *;
i'-*ro Jp Jri "eM dJ, l" "I ain't got no time for that" J;^ ,ru" i!
L . lJr;"ti r!;.1 iir. ,,r*J
./
a,X! ;Jtr € e:.il\ ;\-r-!\ + r,t: es-{\ ,..griJt J);rJ\ & ,"1; F
:-rc -r;"
.-* -* ;\ the girl threu,the ball" c.,"y'([ ;E-; ;-ro f2La ;i ;^il-,..X f ,i;#lt
'*9
r -.- -*jri. ;K*.!' af : ";i^1\ L!* girl" "#\, ;ijt c;li
J..iJ\ #\ the ball u.as thrown b1,the
L uai -*--,! '
' ,/ .t'.
-S;)
-*- f & -r-, -("r-.(, -*li ;Jr i'L-\, b,r,the
-uirlthe ball
u'as throu'n"
: ii -.3c ;i...*;J\ i*'*\'
J*i :r!*Jt 'J -,ili+ z:e-" ,;1, ;-rtt
.:- ---C 'l . ,*, -(:
;ullt -tr,t!c-!,',i:j; jKJJ rL,u ,fr Ji ,;!!1 oq -rc!.i pj
;* f r'J* i,(*--
+rstfilr trr. dr!.}t d I Jr$r 78
christianlib.com
-t\il\ J' &L; r\S\ Jl , c)ir\ -rJ[i!\ ;\i c\ilJt ;" V\ *;i i-r-lt
[b .rrLI! ;43I\ ctlJl, ,a^s"J\ o[Ii\ ;1 ."d\ x&\1J! JL-\4 ul"
c_c>.!\
tr -t
.{Lts'9:.
I
r>_ ,
"r rJ!
J- a;yE Jf I o.d b-?* JJ d_"U L# # ';
^.* "r l\
.TJbJ.4\\
lrr,
i*l .__\
trJo: -E=
..-11
--- -
W -t\\ar"Jr ;rcr}tr.alrtr! tr\;r\ ,],, ortf r;;,;-:.,r- ,-l-!r
*,f, 11
r_>, J:*_ -*- __:
i:r,,:." cU JJ-Kr" ;-{\ ;J*ri\ ," +-rJ\ tln" t d"r\ ilL*jJt , lt . /
"} 'r;f * ;>; ,'l ' -\
*U(r ,fyr;tI JJt Jii\ J.FJJ ;"^;.lt oA:\ r"V ?.r ,a)\tr
:,-iJ\ ;/\ * ;r*!.\ itelrJ\ g i!l\ ;sL-i ,ri ir JLj'\ -nK-r J u^ril\ ;.u
\r+ ,t ,EvjeneNile J: W-\: KenethPike d,.! {;-;itt ;J-1.\ [tr "!.at
;'. .- -
<( .ll
^
,U"d- u-_ :: _
;\r;tJt ,i *\, ,;U; ,I" .-r;:; J\. 4iIJ\ 4-!i i--1.\: tf[It j\d\ _,.
i\:* ";*+) L^- :--
-r 1- /
l* :t 445 -.- +-= ;
Language Theory ailJ LJrtii ?t .,, .
, Ua; JjJ _: {._
:- -*
t. -
L!tr\ 6\Jr ailt ",r, +rUJ\ ;Ll\ A 6;t e k !t 5s ;)
,-ll P y?+ <L- - ---
;i-)l! ,* A.k*; irl\ *=U + jr-{," \itrJ.-{\;$-U\;r Jiarl ek}\ .vrj,-p * lr
-.- --_* ;
,iu(,I\ f -\-z ,E r ei.I\ +t JLt c!.*;I\ri ,iJJi +;t ,);r a*l\
"r
a>;- SY'; ;--. - it
Ferdi-;1--* g;: rJE)-t';--,rft J^-u\ ;KalJr L"b rb g:ft 6r: J:," g (3* -e.--_. ,-
I : (' - l
.( \ q \f -\ AoV) nand de Saussure W -F{rj
tl,
_i .:;<.:
Structuralism +l,f*tt
*v.;-o ;
€ ,j_.:.i:-rr
Ai)l,J\ ,& i-4\r"U!\ ,_rr* ,i -p-r* :\\ ,r^os ot-\ ;n fr- J- the gir! threu rhe - - _
-*i)- j(.1' i,At:
(
-( .+, ;! irt= ra .-.tU\ iiJr -,,^...Ut ,oU\ *,i 61 ,. . lr
s+ir a.2--.
-ro!iJ\ ;," ( l:'tl) -Jt ^J60": L ;a,^.[ ;,-:Jt iK"':t -i-.q
*a ; _\_
",*.s ;i :. - .l *: -= : ,/ /
79 ilrr
christianlib.com
,. -::' ;\:r, ,",&U.\ J#' yy JrE ..sl\ (g;:rlt) rti\ f! '.l"oI\ 1U5 ,-(ilr ,\ :,A\ L.r:,
- \ t, -1.!t
J u -s.al a->z*ji a-, \.6".! a"-J! c,l$t eL (;.;j) && -a:.,Jt- r"gj\ ;Kr,^,:- U ;)
dt I
j.-*.t' ,H, L.;E' ',J;t\
",
.*"iK:*"!}\ru:;- J\5! o"Lrii.\ c,\'K\ ,rb $.,^ JtroJ ,Ji 1-i* u\ -y- !-! s,
alrLi.\
-( : t, .ts L ;:-'- iKt iP ^JE)\ nIJ\ .-# .\#.iJ Lf r/ e^K F G," q", ;! ;t C!
-r- t!' .r.
-ss\,il*Jt *il "r;!" LK*3^ \-.ri .;r- g.*i\ Ji(\j! -tb ,p,k "jrL*"
__ _:, qsJi ;rJr 6r" "4
d, *+J sL*" ,i -& >t **5) "stoot" L(.,* 4r4 ,fr ,J .. (U;L*
-' --(;*.1\ i ,5*-{
'$ *;"1 chair, Bench rrt - 4l-( "-! ,,a k &t " F .sr* (;reEr },i
,
.! ";1, i [J\ .rr ;) \*,;4-L;KulU\ Ji -.*:.V &, (^(ril soru3 (_J r\ r.A
i".*-.J\ q!\ ,6 ;\-u':* d-;trf\U.J\ \-ra c,lrl-l! ,i c\$t; k; c!-'r\ ;\r .:LJ.\ (,-iL;"Jt) of,,\
i. u.!-,(*'+
. Yu-'Y r v-'K;:: 'd J:1' ,gt r,J\) 4\ j-:i ;Ke;-{\ d Lrr..e A)i" y{ qtri't \jJ)
. .)'.--.r ;g"P jfirr.r'
! ,.'
4J) +rEUr 3 (upuar) ;.Kg,";#)i + (ctrair) _r5#u) .(r;'
^.l1,
, ,1 r.
;;::.-zj;' ;L! -Franz Boas
r:s
-*f ,[:
.Edward SaPi: d;il\ L!J! [l- * L)U\ J.\lr,! ,..y', ,4 ,.r,, c,\5\ * J* t,
" ,.-'r
{g. ,, 4./- 4# *Ki iu. a;*ss 15-! J*!\ a ('*l" *\\) +!r)ll, d.E\iJ\ \b ;) .*ij\ *
*'u:,.1
-! -
Utryi t:(,roV Ef n\ i,o ;J .;ulJ\ ,ts+ { -* ri .L o+J\ 4tJJ 4^*,
,r-, i-. s!.,tgJ Ju
,i ,+r. rK, ,r J.^.:lJ arl\ 4r+t .rU e:.- .Cb\ \4J ;KftU a*[\ ;i u*;
- b:i -:r* fV*j .6+r+ ,\+! JJ ;rLl)\
j Sapir -,yL :;!r! oK -
+\EJ\ ;f)'i\ * *y du;)
'usi ;irt
il ;Jtry ";,.j;J\"
*^
:- .rJ .Stt*li('-'i *"#, ;).L-L-i +'i + * J,L:r[ ,H,
.-: 3 Berjamin whorf j;1 t- ji ,\,"rr *;],e ,r, orriilr ,;rt',
,/
--t yf + ij-u- i-' .L;\i -r- _i;L;}.,-iJ 1\);J [*!:
_(',o, f ;i.r--r"';tri,"+\ ;,.rti\
i^-; ,su u<i> 4;f .'
-i9 :-,^^o\ L. ;yr.".:- ;"i\ 9*'u.[ 4.e'6-]4 ;*t ;,, "+-rUl *-*d +*Xq,
i;,:; - 3;;;o ;! )!( -Ui:*
i
- \
..>€
. .l - 1'
,),-t^:.a) '.- if'; ),b rJ.aJr ; ("*- g;-,Jr ,"r*'!\ *-<rn\ ;e;J;;(Lrrc 1=,; aJ
-* ;'g.**\ $" + ;*r^ir\\ a;t ".jJ\ JIi ,+ Noam chomsq, J*^J
: ^r.*
.Jr$\ j'dt ;r &tu, a)t * o\:r.:^ o!U!b oJ\ ,.) ,! i4P qil .rKi;,
The Sapir-Whorf hyp othes;, .l.f$ :*, Urry;&
.iitr;I\ ;f -b i6:srKb d[ ;C,: ;,itt iU ,r* Js:s *L *]
cliijl e"-,:e *){ gi eoas u-ri LJU Edward Sapir 1L* :;!:! ;K -ri
C1"[ .+"L Ci, a!U!! iJJ\ ;* A)J\ ,fV r.y \s e-\ i^r]t q(,*':'t
Hopi J\ L J uatl\ 4P ,b" j;.-
-dj ,]L ,61 0..5: g Benjamin whorf
il, ;) E *i *rr, -t-) s, ,;-r*.!\ ;!) J\ ?f ?* * ;:(-, ;-{r
4 .,ro ,i)C f1,", ,r.i! por, ,^, -u") -i-iJ ;r,i-\o i.*" -U -<;J +;Jt\
Lr;:" ;',J* Ji J\ g--." ;) t!("ij:*i'
-,-.}-re ''o,ii ,:e ,::*- !;Kuopi
Jf U a\ -u13e j:\, .-[a-i\t ,-\.L\t Ualj.\ ;r &tt 4._l;r[-:.'.: ;e+
(3ri i; -t-t; -p*l') -:!t 1j' -r\-r-, .,:, i;E)\ LI'y ;3.i-r*:i'
-c
81 ?iur
christianlib.com
-.\..1r
Jf U1r 4Ju uGr .(J1\ d^,r\ -;-!r err.lr f!\) rj*" * urr*l\ ..rK
I r, i
c)i'a l-t r 4*9\'ol)t
-j>='
.';"-,- +\6?\ irEL* * a{:+ *;\ jf ,;+-r+ q\+ \d ;.3r\ j^ ;-*t i:, ij$)\ +JJL ;,r;r*t\
* --(;\ )r+ ;-+ 4!U!\
f o1 Jr* ;i ,l ;(" :gerca =,f.,",J"a*t! g.tlq 4L+ W JIp'!\
gt#iiJl J\;J\ L!1" ,-r-:"4",- ) ,o(J )V!,;-: u:U ;-r-- i\-r," J6UJ\ [U ,4+ ,],f\
"
'
i*ctd"Il
.,',("rtT;9- \ro,,)
: : jq,*lJ\ $o g ,;;.;lg ,J!r)b ,6*U ,LJl\;* o\r)lJ\rc
i!iu\ \iJ ac:E tF c^,r-,
-p f ;"'Y1 "u-AtJ1b
,*) j-lJ\ -t\ii /=rt; * +ult ;lJ\ a-!: ,(;F'!\ & ri) +!\ JLl\ & .:r,; \rr] f! a]
i---_-+) r L.tL ;*-r*L\ -]c t\ -::: *\- );,s -e j-.*s$\ $:e) .J\J\ _*U\ L. ,r., J, ;rJ, tl'j
-( _,;_s'!\ *5y>u +; Ji d.,.r;K;, cLit.Il,,,-Jiii\ -,U:.- -J\ ,:i !o., *F ot#f lrE \.-uc
:
_. eoi
I \t
Jro ) ,))'q ;:;
I I
./Ut r!'!t \, a, C, +5t sr)r' *.-
- L.-,t1\ e"d \+(lr ii.,- (a,t:l\) 4jF\ L*il\ l.,# i!r)! o"lJ\ + 4i!\ dU\ ,t" et+i
I ;,1
, !.2 -(.i- 1.J\ ;(; aL\ $ ,JUi\ &" & ,;f\ .,U;*1 ,9I*- \+ J-,=JU a-b{
\-r,o
1\ir.i
al\ & a\
_r- --v- v ,'*r,.ti., c[J\ uJi r,i \ri )j ,JU'!\ .-l+i ;,.;r-(-Ua
lrir i\iiJ\ u.,r Ji ].
--- -'=e$-)4 ;f"l\ J, b\ 6r\ ;.*"rtt ,z;\t - ol'!\ ;,L11 * :U>lJ d\L, :ftb \:,_j
-
. tr -
.- * -,1,u. i-i-')\ ;\r).- ;! f'lt J-J-'1.-4 c\;;.:;})['f,,,-l} irl! ,Jb]r - _,.'r\ - -e.\\,_qLt\
,*Jt ;.,'! g-r \b: ,j--L L- ,F &, (f\ grur) 5U\ JrU\ + lit"
./,.
i- q^i.--r1 a*)-
\)s, ^+)
' r-lr er'lrgJci
-
: 'o.j'
-.t.-^. .,.{.s
\.
I - ,L*:'\ ,p e::- "# - J.JJ\ .*rrr ,--J\ 4 _*-.-,i _fu j_*.z.:-
\it: :,-=- ,_F ."* dl! pi p[^lF.i j,'( *:* ]i +l c,;^.-:6-il ;-i]r dri ul
-'^:!' CrH\ I
,/ ! tl i
.(')r;':rg JU}U r.'>'r ;r,U JXL ,J,{\
,
-::\ -,Jt j?!, Jfo' ,1.:--
t t', - -:\ i5!_
- 3-e '.b)-\ v>f\: ' ,#t .*-!\ ;1o,LIJ\ ajr,f re *'*J\ G-: -J]r:)r ;-{ u*
' j*), l,
l,+i i .. .-
,/ |
.) \/- j-,*t
+ :" ;-< Jf .aJ' o'J u.,-
?u, ,;iil\ Ji ==.
_-,}\', .'j, _* ,-u--^il rs:
\*';:\:,;;I ;r'"rY
,--_ a. -.-c g;,i\ -u - i\o;.:*!t J) .+\4 J)L -, :,""Jr-J ,-*K;\ :,+
5 Benlamin Whorf. "The Relaticn of Habrtual Thought and Behavior to Language--ffiiEr6lo-16-Eifil-
r ,-.. lns.lish \-emacular (rnlla'li - Theon : An lntroducton Histon'. 4th ed.- ed. .1. LlMcGee and R. warms INii^l Yoit: rra.craw-Hill.
20()8 r. 15()
;r ': ..rk- !\'alter de Grulter Pre,' 6 BrenlBerlinandPaul Kal.BasicColorTerms: TheirUnrversalitlandEvolution(Berkeler:Uni-
versin of California Presi. I 969y.
^JB)\
4iX\ nf
"r
J)b) .5riir +#\ i(.1t iJg)\ a*llt sr.lrJt ;!" a' *):: :.- .t'-r ;
,\j_b $\ e- -p bh "JB)\
gr*l 4"*r("1.";'lt 4Ur j"
i -
$! - w/.
sD\-I' .l >--=--
; S.. U'ittiurn Labor. Language in the lnner Citr': Studies in the Black English \GfrEcilF@I5Gi--
nhia: I nir ersrn of Pennsr Ir anra Press I 9-]r
8 See Diana tades. Counroom Tall and \eoolonral Control l\er.r ) ork. \l aller de Crurrer Press.
l0()8 )
83 iisr
christianlib.com
-tJU .^fU->4 ;[LI\ le) ,,i!, ,#' n*;j ] +Ul \,Uil\ -i"
-
'r i.-):>\ J9 l'lt i \.(, .iU! .jF qrp ,o",-j- lUD +rU\ c,\1f\ ,,rs Lr.;a, .,**!-J\
utJ,l\ d1 P
* *(;'t*'i\,jl!|,L, if-/\ JJ ."d\ l+'.r i*.J c,,\ilJ\ J d.,E)U\ J j!kJ\ ;r "rl\ & -{;
J' *iit \J"},a jl- a ;," j6\ o:+ HE ,F, ,*H\ ..-rl=-Jb *.a &)l' Jjsj-(-" J*)\
y <l * EL*l ui* a;,.|J\
Jr i"..,Jl ;1"{]*!$ *I]\ ,* f fir.ofU-J Lt-Jt ei ,,-5,"[-J\ gi\?.J! , &iJ\ ,-]" -flt
+' atll\ ;-.*","i lt a o-6 t -C *,d Jt& drfh?)/ .f-r,x\ oF ,{r!,^ c,)bb * ^,H!
i;' :r-t*-*lL-u1r 'P1
i;-,;ei ,J" i* l*"y il itfk*4;t.f +*:Jt, irli ;\j IrL;; i)['iU.6 .o!U!! ,Jf,-J!.*!1,
'.{iiJi]1 ..r/\J-tr! oLIJ\ ;:-r,:^ ,t#! r\++l,U IUJJ o*U.V ;!-r;li ,J^:;
.3 4^-i +L-: ;F .d\:
r ;. ;r;iJ\;-$o1.-ar/l ,->brpJlg ,2AJ ap64ll ,:>ly-EXl
-',i- ioj' ;p 1-o.ur9
-;-i\ "t*i\,",-o
j
,;
Y
-. ..:, , -
g\1
ll. 1.1! ...1
4"'Jl9i:jr eru-rr
t
L!-tl 4si ql clk Jf[-J c\;]J\
'$c l$d-",.J-
ch+tJ\ Llr -r:c
*-I
i :C- Eai$r '.:, f .rJ\ .,\*"\.1: q.
"KrJdi +St -ip; ip!,-.,'str\ d,!U! .J\.r.-)b qr.J\
r* ,] t
e- t-'e3. J., drU ;,.!-r-r-
4i[ i^ir\ $U ;p\]\ Jfr':tt ;!.;+r" ch<iJ 4f\i?)/ c!$!\
:' J +\ JP)\ ',
o.lr
tr r .
i--
4i,j'!\q(.'rb 6ut+t c\+dJ\ "!l ;hd;-ro i;]4!J, ,c\"d 6s;-r-!
- )*\ -t
')t crU-Ut oir ,, ar -l,-J! !$*Y: ,i:,(g .Appalachian +t')g i;LJ\ i(r'lg ;Ur
,. /r, i- .-lni$ ,c,,,U<9 ,11 ,;!.\ ro$Ji ];U',ft.: ,a;U.J\ d,E+U\
->i aa'v' 'r.rlv F,\rJl ,-,}c' ,U
v "P
t;;i ri {L:f b"<e" ;' 6,ts 5;\t$.ir"! il qr!;-r-1, +J , \.-d;F L;[\ e],;6,
ir *j -.i -:Ut ;i ,.:l.i *.." ...d Ji .;(u^(-" ,d[.\ _,_$,JJ ,{" U *ji ,t" t \rE 'a?d"
, /rr /'
;U ;\i r-i :*U\ ,l ,J1Cr &." & ,6;\ +d Wr*{\ &t ;r p,,
= i:-' ;l '(-*SJ! -t"-
, _! a>L + ;,, ,il\-c*)\ ,JtI+)\ o^Jl\ ,J) dt ),+;lb g: ,p:\\;[iJ\ ;" i\F: oF
_ 'i;u,
i r i .r-,\' +ilJK, .,rp }<i\ +$\ iiiJK i):. (:;-i\ -n-LJt ;.J) &r'6,U\ L[\ j1.!
)-*
=-' J'; .-'-'i-.dD, j
.) -,r^b)
).e ,:rr-i(:\ : ^*JEUi ;,r.(t* q*" *i) )o_'* J_* ;Jr J"'J.r * -,, ;.*i'i J'
- r, .
.-2->i ) --11.r' --a)' -'t>
1,
,I\ ^"$t ,*iri) *r'G:".*Ldl ;C ri C,.:1i L,.l\ L*'J\ ii-Ui a-*lt
;r - :i:-e -,- -)'iY ;
\*.e,"1
*:i i-*rw**) ) &rE\Jt -r,-rJr ;., (;*;',;." +",ijl\ il* ilr f -r';
"i\+{JJ\" ;arJ\ ;.i-[\ , J. i 9i ,c"brano -,!*tJl, iiokano _;Krt_!', ;g-rJr ;k+.u\
,-,--)c "y
j-:y.:!- ;,.1i\ ,_r A-U\ q&r\ J,E C,
CJ
,d;:^ ;t;" .ir f$ + ;ri'\
-,?,.
christianlib.com
rSBJ J.&iJt
JJ! .4fo+\' t .-
--
---otl/
J.p"*rk k. dJ 1r,r-:-*r-
#'k+. a:lori ;.il bL*l # ,r -J:-r s ;tLJ, ,:i r
r1.r'Jo
f(, ;+*
;*ilt L, oi, t'1t.a* jtr s;;;EUr_;r, zl.J\ 3ro L[- ;Kat, ;i 11 .d .,":tr
:*+*lJ\ Cj .
.urN rB "J
i *;;, ,1") +f"-'yr ;.{J\-\}t+ .l ,*Ju
ci;-i ;;!1 .[LJL .;l.ilJ groJr -t--lJr I J-b,3 Vt*r,1{;5t K-yi * !L*l LL*
Brl,o,sl: L-t- !fr" oh$r ,i i,ldll -;- +
ji, \A1A,i lu[.-!\ Li^r'tl ;salt ltlrlt oJl .tt f t-!:.t
ljr*JJ*Sb,1 ;;!, .3+;'*Ut-.,'Lr(L\, '*ui 1,1Jt a$l qt,o: ,,],,qEIf
o-{ t -{ ,;
-J.,) rJ-Fr a$l ;(! .i;t ir it lr o'-r i't +iu $ii:*)}j clll o,..*t .t-lJb
irir. ri*r |
;il' i ,r+ ir+ U u ,,*i, !J"-&'Jfr) 15JLii\ ,J' ."o +i ir
,,,
'-,',t'-1 t. -/
*23)\ a;\_*)_. a_\-:>
"c,td\" 1 !L,r\ iLtJt .i" ,j) +j-\
"P'!t .,t' 4-d! _. -+
&)ltl ;g-ix.I\ .-L"lU ,;.K_.
a, r'Jd-..r" ,oi O-j:," i,tlt +.--,
-'>'\
LIJI
"r+
Jp *(j',,p,
C,
.hj 4e#+ gF,Xi .ryf F*" ;i ;3"1,", J.r !Lu,\ri qtU">rt !"*"" ii ;rrs.g;'!r $ .i---. L
*.f" .+tJ -:1 -{_j*
,&!EUtri ULJ\ri ui* i'i ;U! a)lc 4i ,4 jJU\ ol ,(r..(f 1,
,;3 ;uj ;li *, _,* , -
(-a!i .-*.:Jt ,Li) ;.*!E\r.1J ;:Lf dJ[.")|, of,-'>'t E)t + 9;U\ ;,o ,+rl-r )t i;.--+) i* _-_
;*;iEli! ,'r4t'r 'grb U 4..ij" ilr-rf Uu.,l ;,. !-t-i ;) ,;1.-jKii'y d5-, .;"+ _f: i=_- ;
_-_-
85 irur
,udg"
christianlib.com
!:-*:. ._r*ff, ub _,
r, \''-1":-"22
('(;" .-i;b, &)
jii'
LP\rr)'! ,dj:! "bunubun" ;;Ju -r6;s':--r- ;-^11
-
- -+ ' ) "'4^
\
. -r, -.,ri''
. ,*'"1': t*)
i
u \i-^'r- - *!t ;,. p$\ ," ,-i ;r." rr-J\ & ,'r-J\ Jnb, \i! ,;9'u\ "inaboy" r,pr,-
rrstiiJt trZ. dgr!'I t .J ! J:,$l 86
-"nryr
christianlib.com
il.?> i,5-rl\ 2)lJ aur. CLIt"- Eis ,t i,-! "itip" 6)JJ LH\ * ttrll
rr\l\ ;rir! .r+ ap JF
lrrl\ j(r ett & *-[\ ;rlg ,.D4 l"(,
;:i eij
^JE)\
LJI\ Ji .-bL"J)\
"r Jt )', l. &, ,&Ur flr ;, ir,[t\
t-s-eJ\ , $'!t;r':rt ;:) .rp.: .j;'!\ J.{J\ uo u.*A\ J!lar\i:r! L.r:
"r
;ap;*
f l4,Jd+)\ *iJ\ oF ,"JIi)\, uirJ\ -,.r":Jt LJ"i * ,s:i\
,frt"Y eJ c.*^-i [;r'!t Vy e
,:>Gill 6Sp;a ttGt;aill
87
christianlib.com
il, ,J, !a ;-r-5 oiJ ;:*- )],J!\ .* +rJ\ ;F ;ii: g: .(t)crLIJ\ ;:r,r..
i**J\ ;\ilJg ir*!\ d-i= ,J^-U\ J, ,gri cr)L dJ -,!t- g ;sLJ\
C
.,r d,!il! ai\ 4: rH r c !-^"? ,JI \i+ 4.Hb iJi)r ,J:
;;,r-i^:,- -r^: bb riJ .dii f cl;.IJ\ e)rda ry'!l at " ;p ,+;U\ ;\ilJ\
;" c\*--Ji €- i_
dli>:- -sj -.: j_. .
5s:
.^.. .!-
,rJJq :ou9 .utJ{'larts J jr st dald\ rt+ i..-
,$i* ola $eaJ: gral
'):l':*t ?
!
' '; --'.> t
!5;;! r;,5-:i;;rn
'.ltr
4r!1 u* cI--
-;+ + )P;J .i"3 L,l;l\ ;lB;K, ,,-o,rl! +L-!\ $' ,' j.J^bu
c[l\ i .-J
.Euskara ![e" J\ t': ,rC * Jri ;f €K, *"1U, f] o! .9Fl\ L\.+._
;"u!, aJ ;* 'i.a*, i-. -
f .K.*;\3
y; !.\-: -;;- Jr+l, ,U,i S,
g\ Lr-r 4i Steve ybarrota
I I lt
:Jc _Ui-- _* .<a-
'
.:\iJJ\ ri) lK*r J[ ir^J\ J,. ,[L-! d atLJ\ ,)l ,b: Francisco Franco
L
89 iigt
christianlib.com
:"t,
s;tg,xnlt,,- a'4 4 ; ptta*
dig .trL.rJt 9- ibl, .*i-Llt
i;lrry i3e]]l cj &L!
e +i -V\,;5rL.!'1\
'.;)r4 -r' , ._:,::.&
s.-I
;1 ,$
+ iF ft!-]&F-l+ ,tr.-,
".:::fur' '.,fite'-? U.<)6-rl. L,] 6o ,r,ltlr u
..'i, -, :*'^r .rs-*! ,[J\ "
i+ l*l-LI rliJ i1a3.flyE$.*i
draJl i $rqr i" jli jed,.,
rs 3,<-.)(1 osy}}l fUl1t':t .*li-)l J,;-rft jdr{ ! .is-l+
C.
!* g+ { l- +nr
-a d,;+.,;rKc:t,,/ ir5r:1 ,l*i]
;* Ji^:J ojr &xL1" -l n lo-yt
i-- i5{ o!k;t:;,S: 3L' l,"ir 4rr ,arrn i,&1. JSJI
"li-!lrtlJ, dl-urJl ,tdl
ti) !Y"
o+ ;:rt* 15-1.'Edt ri-l .i*6: -1o1rr-yl
".;1 "lu:t"-
- &Lit i"L- -LE - !--rr
5-;a AiJJ! er4ra &-
.
*
z;.LLt *U-Jrjll;-* .1::.
lrrL, ri :irrEll
;57)/: :.,iq,Jl jf f',. +.{!
;r i5=-l il>lJt,r:,;;"llr clilJ\ ;:-r,i. .t#! ,"tk-. y ,d\ ULa ;_**[.v ;,y-l\ Lr:c
f ;. }" *14 ob 1"ry"'e':t ,il\ .;"tJ\ n*;lr & +[* c)t,-,b 4v ar_{, n"F ,dr kv\, "*;*
,dl .L -it " L!:/;,Uf;!
e[lb *iJ\ q" jg ..'[.>l ;U*l\ p-io,
: ;...iJJr +;r ,f" $* .,K d\ 4C\ r*J ..rl'*J\ "*f U
tzJane Hill. "Language, Race. and U'hite Public Space." Amencan EfrTE-ropolo$t
100. no. 3 (1999):680-89.
{41 *1nritJl*dii
.(A.ilJl
, .J ,i.
yal -.k-
-,*.ya
1. ! t r r l.
-*Li;p lilii $Ur r!'!\;-;.:-r+ :
i-a v'n'a;*.-ti
(j . Y' oto
J ,li,,.l
Yi ;a>.-ar-t HE ;-r-],
#l,.,U-1,{,ltlj1 i;F.
:,C d" # +fi*
:
*Jt ii,.UUfl aa1's$1 &!i+-U c,U,r
;,r"jltr!3o9.a..', .ibL- d \-,-5*,- n1,i ,.
-1.ri1 ',*,\r
r-\'i'wJ-,t
',;o. ;.J J'* Jd,l AUJL
Y,
J,t, .+U-l c,L.d ;:,;ji ^e ;.su*.,- .5-{l
i-Ji.vJ
,-,k liii ,b :of[-.Y a]1 .1"-:, ;r^X
:
,-:,.etJl \K- .LLJL..JVJ.JVJ. *..rI1 i-Jl., l',ill i,-8, j rp'!r -"* jf .*p;tll *ge ._r\, -6:; Ljb 4el4!! 4.i! _,,
-:-i
;hlJt -t-r; {itJt ,t'r" .:.dL [,:i j]i:rl J.c JK.l,! !\a-)n L;k -r^: ,c-,I;JJ\"!, u; + Lhll
ir*!'i! Y .."#t; **
.!,,1,.o.L
+,1,.1, Ai," .'*U 'Ck &jL}1 + 'i ;!)rl1 ,) L;:+):
i$/t {.,Lll'i+lil}1 ;y11rr- jli[.J1
orl,tt Jr|.- ..lr o)L;3 ,lsr-i c,\r\"Jl -,-i g
a) -:-.r:
j) :1, * Ur!
,,,.,,,, , .t+l#U i;irJt,,+#Ilrl qp;1t +!"il\J....iJl .-ajj3 ,Uttt ^^! -" JJ:- -; --'
^J+Il, ;_..i';,,;- r-->:--
-
1: 4 4i-,e +---2.
-*
i,};,r ,tsrs .,V -{t,-*rij.\ o',,l, ;+ [ .-i;i J(;4 .{,, ;*x u-; 7..1q 9i r,P.+ .-;t,
/ jj
-.1.)l U
.+^6sg,,*iil\ ,-"Kt .r.:FY'"4 L'* ;r"a4 gKi ;"rg-11 jtl! oJ t:Jane Hill. "Lan?t,;:_ r
I00. no.3 (l9Qo; ni
-.,
i:
-
9l Er,tr
christianlib.com
.-/ ,Fr ."r.ir\ LK' -(.-Uit *li(t JJ O:*.1r" dj**-J\ ;" gf fir, ;!
,;-'e\ ft* # ,,!'!\ iKt ,J) .rli(t ,g:.r- L-r.c, ,c-ldt ;-ir.c;s-t ti:4 j) *l\
,
"rd\
r-f ;l .;li :r ttK i! .r$I\ *Kt Jp ,.-!J\ \+! .,'',.rrilt -,\Kt JI ,4: ,er" J)*:r- 4p
i ::'.i\;b1",-l,; \ .iKtr,. &"-" U ,lt ,>Ke" ;a>[t uJ!
; ,i, -.i .rlt e"! ;'-.it - !
*Kt ,V\ ,F,t, Jt C .rd\ *Kr ;\tL J!r)r dJJ: ;+ !,
;-*'^-K.f,!r1 !,
J(+:)
JJp it "r
L;-) -U'.1
t.;r 5u;i1,1r ._*-*lJ\ d: L.K ;51:,1:JLa ,-*"\.I\ -p ] fV ?.:.,-*ril\
,,,.r.{k 6j;Ut.6, ;).r:"U\ \i.6 J\tL.F prr" -<pr,(\.o ,\\-q-,.0 j^) ri*il!
.tr 14 4;s; A\ Ja ;[.U a*;Jt o]-r..nd\ oKr d & gr'U aJ\ b, K* (o,r,r
J,:':,;*sfr |,\:(\ c\i!r ,oi jJ $r\ e:.(\v-y:\I Jy .t:\y +s) a^*^-I\
or$1654
'*
'i;1 3 Orr^*-ft t4i4, ;KrrJr *" \,\ L--*.-," 1L+a!\ \ra _\:i #\ ","y o.ia L,K\ -,c ^i*Jr
jS
' ,r i:&s ';rli, .a;7r-,t",j., .rd\ -,t(!\ ,4 ,{tlt .* ,.j "LK\" o!"L_K\
b J;.Ji1J*y-Jiq'rf,lF oro)lJ\ ;) .gX-)\ ;Ft f [I;* J*'*I\ u-JiI\ *Kt J+ .-lJ, ;)
.i .* *ril\ ,-'\:(.
;' 1; Y9v ;\ ,rE G,*A\ ^d/\ .riJ!.:,\5\ .-!i #U. l>tlr ;! & otr,J+,UJ\
,r< -_Jt;*F\ bf ,: oFt o!l9Jr & *i ..-1" cn t*lr F $",, *-J\\S: .Fr to56-{\ .lts
- -Lr/\ t'
s-1 ,';31" J) ,-,br.t _rrll\ .IJ\ ,J Ltl G,*A\ +l\ OJ !1 ,aL; iH J) .'aj,;(a,
U" ,rL ri;rLli b-r:r,Ll\ 4rl\ .)!..jrL ,{r JrU L-r:c } ^+ W\s T- eiil\
-!-ai
"u.r*:"L*-'j."+-Jt ,#r: f.riJl -rrJi ,gL* ;') .,it ;a f*Kr. ;,1
"i.=-U'lrJ\51-trJ
l ti : 'l.r
.+r,u1. 4rlr ;1 j" Bjj , il
ar-*:Jt 4ily\eUV\r"re'
.
.rJl -told\ .r.;:Jl ,i ,'y.jt.ill 6L,r. & u:-,/1
t ..t/- t1 r r \ L. /, ,cL.ri Ltr ',J,'J*., -r3 i."il ."1 .,^;L.. !
alll a-;9
,riL-lilt a--tjt
?' \r ,ti-!' Jt!\ ua ,/Jr,.ril .-l I
-J -
Jicr-)l j -{, iir\ Jr'ui!k-,\J 4}il\ i,,tK ,!r .,i, ip- o\,* & AJ1,r.>r\ t -{\
,,,.,,,:,',oi ,lr.e J(& ,;;- .<d!l illi , gl ' 6i L'* 'i" J.r; .JLil p *';
"${1,
\rr.:, .r JF ^"-*r.J\ e:\i_t,}J W),,s1;j,.u;. *i .r.r$I\ -,L(t
*lJ\
i
,r*l\ \5UUlt .i *.*Jt +tI\ ,k;'F,/Jr frJ a_.:l il,ts;J, ,-
.lut Jr ;l;JJ eijii i"*ut of,Ft + \-
'ra\ tr5t* ,;f-.o!J\ .iilij\ rd ,ro LJJ\ ;r rK3'!t 0r.,. ;i f:
"r+ JJU
;..,:r>U r
JF\IGJ .,rd\ .7Ki, fe ..,\:-( j,il ! d\;-)4,-rL-J\ a.d,;o
J'*- ..-,1.;**'q-Y ;*l\ J.'',b-\ iitrK'!\ ;r-*.-u- ;-.o'C\ ;tlj.l
',\r-:-: J'il.\
,.E-l.i\",11
V Ve vJ- -[*.,!c,:otrnFrank J.[!3 J_.-.. Stanl!.Grenz A-?
;
,.,.rii\ *Kr {,;" ,rt i$""r+..tr\ dl a't<,.*r.J.t .-,'l(r ;i";-*ttr- 3U a.ac )Lr :\ 1*- ,.! .t .
-
-*.rL\ oE(, ;L o) 1*:'Sicr."t'J=-J, j -.. -;- -!' ;;^(-
l4Stanler Crenz and John I-ranke. Berond Foundationalism. Shaping Theologiffiociern
93 ?atr
christianlib.com
il'r.
christianlib.com
!L*lllall
tl
; ,J'a;;" J"'I\ * rj.b u9 --:: ''-
('t,1J\ ,1 ,Er-'!\
6)
ls : ,
Co).* 91.*o.4*._-. ;
.*U a;lr oLjq -r-.y L.ur OF" *1\ ln :Creote ;.ilJ\ +ittt ,jo};}t
",g-r*.i\ It -
(,)*: - /
,{l' ...
& ,tr;t ;UJ\ 3 err." ;[ L\)s:Descriptive Linguistics t*oeS)\ Ol;L*iJ\ -"0 '- :.
--;-\ -'-.-
ouiJ\ ;+ +!. -ira UI\ g\tJ\ :Language Hierarchy,-sl\ .l-'dt J-l-;Jt \l.I -rl- I
. +lL!.il c-..1 ... u.
r
:!
.^ft-! ""rE! +t* a;K oL.a[\ri
v
;-r-
.t LJI LU\ L-ti) e;:Langua7e Theory LIj\ {}
.4:.-" 4j.jl 4f!(\ j\-r-rj\ f :Lexicon
r=,I\Ji -*:,"\iJ\ * .L+i', L.: n- --
.'" .:\5\ 6\;, bV\:Linguistic Morphology,5-.[t .-r!i ft Ir-,/
:\
^J + -b 9: . -** - f-r
.tlt\\ ij,i t aJ p\-u*") :Linguisric Nationalism i"l\ +3iJ\
Ol.r. !4'>r\ ll I r.
_,4.:l _lg"lj:f ^* .:1-.:>'
.F ,V L +J .r\-ro9 :Morphemes;-r-!j\ a:"!(t ;\-,.--.J\ 4^l$rJi o-!! '.. * >_.
.6'- 4 J+;" +i" ;r1." i.):official language k-, il ll
-
i,-,Jt, ;l\ ;r'6 J- i',- ;'(-1" j,br ;r:- cVp ar al at'tgu age j\, ;.J
:P .," \l r-.Aj*-.J r,_:- _>_
s, .4J\ -:
! -:.>
taJ.L o 4_2:
_e:--:
w:p J)L ,* i"*#\ a*\r::Philolog.i, ;-'iii\ qJ\a;
F
95 Tigr
christianlib.com
i_--
a , .'
ig,
i, r f,"- .1.t.-.,
l\-.ro.or.r- ,}!, .A,i fh f;c. c.f :Symbol ,*;
J tv, 'J \
.:.. ,i,.: ,. ^i- .. , .arj\ * 4t " 4lol & -{;.,L!: :Synchronic y\:
.*- '.) 9in N',.. .,)g
,_r i6|! 6l\ o\5 a*"1Kr o\-r-rJ\ * xh ul\ p*ir:-r\ tsynlor ,'Jf & *F
.(\r-\ \ .6-r-\. i^K
, tr' ;-S\ j* J*" r*o
, .Kr-1.,**- o(: ,t-*{
i_rfg iitJt
| :-;48 .;( it tQ aJJl
=wllry
christianlib.com
leu ,o.?x tsg ;:-1t ,lt ;rr- Ce\ i*G" ..J, .lU "l\ git ,i -ill lrs.- ,- =t ij
ss l:)\ r- -Ko\ .i-&J\ a!U!\ Jfu"r jB ,t a"e A-b iJ\ ,irJ\ l-l
f: rH:"'v.) j :
.a)lJ\ -n, oi ..f1' +tr\i ;r"U\ -i ,=*Ult c,LK\ o! .r:=.!\
J) 6\:Jt
&\-tJ E+ iy;i t'4 U U * v.o>[ ..,.;J\ \
6*" dJ\ a,-jJ\ ;\5!
-l-rlr j \_a'.. j_
erall .
^
LriT!1 ldrJl
er"lts
.-+ .-r-!t \iA;e!P r+
_. .i:.>tJ\) ,:l\ € -\
.;.)-' ;l -{ ?j; -Y
-i \ 11
'oDt#\l
'' llr ""-!
- ^.ol- j-F\ -r-e
.;-*i\ f- iFU
?,c,$r
- I\ .. \'.:zj' 11 ;
!J.dlI\s\1
--'
.i :*bt j
,u
;'-*=
l, - l I r--
,ajJ\ ,f ea=- :
4
, l})trJl ei r,{tfJlg, i*"Ld"f l l*Jl
4*"t *rII Ai+hJle, 4SIfJ
:"!c !:E o-S
".i
e4 ,lait u.6;'!P &
le: ,r:i! ,(4y) 4alt) r.U:.r ;ai,J.t
3W! ;,t V *$1t -.-ts -\
.(;91-lt
eeo,(')w)l
-f-: ,11
-t^r)-:.c\-.!
r.>;-;- ;i\ -!o..'--;!t -, ;Jr!-
4tJUr4Jtg 6t9bNl
{[
christianlib.com
r,:rl\.i'f
^. i Y'.vv ;i :;-rx.l\c\eu r"-L-'!td\,1" K3: _,aall,j^ OF ,CU!;3lJ\J!jn\
{l cK! L[* +crl\;\r.JrrL*L E+\
,: . a"-+,J\ e"ur! ^t+ ;.ll";i "e ,s:;!,U:E J
. :c *^r a* C\ i+' .iri\ r\+\ ,-|.J! n lt Jy" ir ,*iJ\ J!
.l i : ,of\i-. \n ailil! .r-JA, r!'lt ,\1:,{;A\\r!t+ 1[")t..it " fai)\,i^ J+ [ o!
i;?\1 5t'*^I\ ir+ ji,:" \* J) Lrjrij'!\ ,& _d", ,;l"U! ,C'J! ;$\ f #1 e!\1, !i4
re9 i1e,t+i7xlld.dl iUi:\ -;{ .fh->n g]J, .+}\ i-i- .,'" o*h-14 1r-*Jj 3Ki\,.c, 3;,!,
JleU)!: ,{-* ,fV ,Lr"o ;)\*ij ,'\ ,)c-on c,b\a
* "rU\
* y") +U->ilU\
\.1
"}",\r.r
i\it"ar Jr .J\Jt g L!* j..(; .."!\ c)l*J**J\ Jt OF .;f\ c,,brk
I \
i-.*: jl,l" 'rq9 riti -** o) :+- ub €, - tL:Ut ,, ,?Vrr,.'q-'!i Jr; ii-L,+i r;r-, +,;
. --; 3'+-)-\. :").il'
./,,
;i ir't:" oL.r+ 6)j-.J" c,[ ,b\\ 1+";]"- *,1 l:!31t
: ;- :"-,.r.1\ Q eV ^fh=.\4:r;rt\\
.J \;r,J-rl\ i-i+;lrLJ\ ir-r \.,,: -4, ;1, *4,?r.;\c[:,]r K3
) - :.,:cY) +tlt: ,f* .c!F\ iu1) ri ,lEv: ,+l! .eJ\ 3 ,r!1 -!k ;* J:\i" r;(
; .!->;.\ i!)r\ Q:.4-';
or r!'l\ ;F ,_.e J ^"-J\, e\: LV -C +U-tl o..fri c1.*;lr ;1
i J L'r." L"Ily-)1\ J"f
/ ,4 t, -
bJ A'ioli \-t\
t'*\ l,i! ,JJIU! .cL-!J\
.(Y -LI\,L;\)
):; J
:j
.2r-
,V;e'' ,-Ke *."CU-Y cr[J\ P oF ,rr[.Y #;J"J, #! Dt " \+,
-.+r- J, -i-<!
' --,1, '.1 .\r - .l ,i .or-'*-Jl AtIJ! ,^,.:L:iY ,t$\ Jj ir,olt )y,-i\;+Kl J)
+^ j ' 4,r i .4J U-t ! 'Ijt- -i "";-t
---r f ;i"
'r' 'i-.>'
,:4t ,l\ l& ,tU ;p .;[#t ,-r- Q:;Ur c;lr "/ er. di
o*k=Vinr
- :r.LA * -;j"-tJ'D
,::F: * J'+t ;a J,ll, ;(*: ,t:b 9\J., & rr-u- (;,r-.:") i4"a1^;r( ;!L-J.l
":l\'' ';\' i.e ;,_.Ii^:"" +J! ,,)lp! ,4tl\ ;K; ,_i*!\ )A\ +tE>4 \irJJi
_r- ---'.:;'r rrE "ii '-;J-
I
=t
-j-e:-n:----'
-\ \ . ;l 4*16?>4 ;r.1"-l\ ;f .-.;i ;'oi4 *: .",r"Bav i,tJ\ * !-r .--t;
' ; J:-*^ Ji jlf j-"q ,st! 5-^- ,?;'\ 4)_.\*i! ,it!Ej\ j-l\ i;* * V( ,,,4*, bl
. -- I \r a{, (€},) *y6t ;-!t rt*" .F. i *rr" s,-. .;_j',iJ\ *j{ -::[
i* '- J"' '4--@'t',:
ztr G) a*Ut Lr'C\
*e ,8"=J LC.\ 4".J\. ;lr,*-r\ ;;'l*^r errr*lr ;'q=Jr,i,r
-:?,qie*:N'i<-j
+\i-J;r!\ ij,;L i+ o; ."fU-J cr[lt ,_LoJ\ \r,6 * ,rrb ,4 .i:;r-It -e)_* .--
Ji.a -a:5i;, .;[L-Ir i*2 ,.1A\ p;U ,.r]! ,-{-l;, IIJ\ a;+ 3:"";i ".(.- ,.=,.
""UI:
.e,!)\r .J J\ eV , ps
?r,;yL-lt C -:J, iaE \e ; J, +t+'
\* \rF" oi ;..*^-Jr ,* *,{;U ,W\r.^6U! ,+U?)/ a!! ,
fi..f :'-e\i .'. -4:
"l;ri4
.\t"+ /uoi ),lr o-S ,i t"* -i.(, +U-rl;!rL*l\ rr" jL, \* JJ F.:!*:;) .<..
Jlau)!: ,4 _- ?
I j.*". dt ;]tJ)]:^,"(;;[r>/ #!t 'al \"b jll4) a*[rY q,]t - 1. -
v)i.t-A r
J-o> 9-r _l .*
,(Y J-! -Jd\) ;-iUltrJ ,#t"g,r=*^ -r:c r;,,]\ \+-d jt" F r\'3 .1,-1. u*
"r* O; J+- €t - ;.--J
,*f4_^il\ &tr\ ,,.-r,-rJ\ *, .,i!r) .*- L \f\' ;i\"-J oflr ;,,
ero cr[:" cLr-q !]_o>_u
d-:U ;\*z.Jai ;F .ql,j ""#t ;!B)\ -"-*b; ;:.- ,.,.1, Q u.'u
! 1r.-: j,_1.' .)j
tb x CU.>4 *5r{\ }+ (r/ ,r"tJ\ 4e'!\i :[:sV) 4,]\ ,r*
,
lr -
.i_- (;"I! \j,Jt9 'oy^t
. sll
&r" ;b- A)ij ( \ \ ,L:\) Max Weber Lh-.Y & ;* r([ *;
"t;
{,-L. jBu\ ;e j.s ,jl! .;rLaJY yr, Ji .;-;J\ :;f,7)n .+l\ #, .r
'p;Jrn\ -?i
i 4-J-. Y*:
iLi+ Q .-r" L" ..J"+ J, ^I!t! ,JU-.)/ dol'ri .ilJ\ 4;J! .;r1\ Jo, ,yU\
q
christianlib.com
,)i \{, +U?\ ^* * 4;-:r- ii t ,-r;J ,(9 ."-." g;i JJ _{-lt ,p"
,k i*,J,4\t -$-,"i)--!:.o {r.."" ,i 'Lp; {j.," A"jLr\ +;}J.#'11 ,-r!Ur
.f)\ ty:+ t-r,c j"lJt .*,;l! #;\ J"J-J\
,;(4 rrlt j: _"- .;
*Ir ;1! ,v o.r; J) +*," -{-n, @ "r ,[- i f,,ttt\ -r ji J\,6 "+--
_.
,i"+ -rF)\ &i .r clrla lr*l,:, rlp F:* oj -$.\+ oJ"L+r .tre )
A J* -,i _,*;\ ;:) G# J"4 t sA -. r*iJ.t f;t Ut .k k-t af-l'
, j! -;!-n rJt-(.t' t\:r.K, .:)Ur i:! e) C t )r,;i .o+E
'!'
j(t, jIi'\ Ji .(;-r*!.i c!!r v3* a,aYr..,.r.{\ ,'oi r-i) e+\ :'
,
,o\: f-r a;_5" " 4'; J-v -€ .{r.Lr-i.\ ,-., H-r;!, * y, ir(
-t$r + a^*i *(>, :5" ;l -x. qi,: ,,j*:_t, ;-1, ;o)\ ;bt Q j-*.
A;=;,u .Jri'-L'-
JdJ\
-+-J'ci -*r.j*'.:-J';:r -5ril q*-I!:.c=-
103 i*"t :axr?irbJr3 .i,4;1r3 ,irx)-Jr c ctt'Jrs .iptriTrtiprr
christianlib.com
" i Ji i(t ,,r., Ji" .p)\ , J;(.r J r".;s .!f ri ()rE) G *A L-*r -J r-S ;l
^{ c
; e -/ Lr. HE
\jb .4[ti Jj{-* ;) .""+ trc \;i ;-{ *i + * [t ;-{ d-\i\ udjJb
t-;4.,',Y fs Ji i\'a)
-
./
f_) ; .rr1 -!r} ;:)i,, 8.)
I 4!t
J\ ;.,.jil\ f|t er,\;! \it c.lr\ u*; + r-5" aV,o;21;(1 a"\ c,E
.rt -,r4 41 \" J€Y fk: ;* yr*rlt ;l.gHt e e:.JU! alElt g"! e ts Ji 9( ,i\: r4 r3
.;.-s. (irXt .'r ,:,-{J )* f ! ft,t +\ 7:t Lr-e,(A J"-, -,t\) *''!\
d,it dJ\ ai:\J\ ;"a5
,!\ i;e! J)i"!"#,gn,J\lt*)/ J.1., ,rbJ ,(qr!\ \..,,1:b) q.,
,sll "*.JbIt
$ +b [r\, * ,t\, iLa JtrC.4cF r- / t! c*-- -r,s .r; ,\:\]
^!
, ,' '^i;u \L\ii ;+.y'tr\ ,(\V-\1:\ i;c! JLj\) +l*\a-*.\ U.|L- qJl .r.r*Jt \.bft j, -b\i
'.* .
roi glo ,-fll P ,-p\ :i .;-j\iJ\ ji .aLl\ J, ..!ii ;:,L.Jr _-<1ft , *,A W L*,
= - -.Jo ,JUl\ &- "F Jb eia fV J\rl\ .J*1,* & ,q-[-J\ L*fI\ J\.L*t{ J- qr'!
-)-: .,>\,{sn "-*t F, -{\rr,".r-;B\ ,rL.J.! .ofl! .,4! .(.r. r-r,j.t) .,f,.J! .,*;U\
a,-*j.^
. r tr "!.:^
;- .--">) '?:$'#) ,i-r'r: . ,*uttx ri ,}s\
!* r' -'}t ,i 'Wt * ey ed W. Ji .."r" ii:,,. I)\e fUt ,-S
. j- ,ja, i*-;; t\ a'atc
y-)\ *:. ,-s-rt'!\ ag
-Ly- *I'! .rU\ ,i "r\, + T" :\ -* +l\ -L-L*ii\
\ra ;.'rr , ,i*j*L\
-.-
Li *\ ,!r$ !j'* + j,j4+\ ,-,:t\ "Ll! ,-r(.\ !*t*", ,;,yl\rV3 .Li,u\ .;,.JJ\ ;'u ,"!tJ.t
.;-!-, *. p uY5{t*- *,a)t',(, V t ,15\ rr4 ' ,e,t
Lc,.L^\It o vl.--Ir Yi;.L" 'ftrtaa
f 'v g \J - ! Y YJ
. -= ;
i;rr:1\ 6-, v *U v
.*..8\ o.*,#,
'r' ;s.:d\g.f.h?)/1
Y'J r J .? .rub)!.rr!\ .r oJ\
_
>' ;!r lni:- L*r, ,tJt ,c+ ,yU\ Lr\Jt * ;(! .-i$t geA\;)iJ;Ji ,r: :&- o\
""i'
'',r;l\ j,,L3.; -'; ,i. o5l\ ri,&l\ -{-n u!. ar\ f}t r, o-r5'r! -lt -{Vt u.,i Ji j:.+o+
;t(fra6-rJ\a;,-J\ ,i f .€ ,\ ,6r\ cSs:i ,;a't ,ox ,\,:*\ uor
i!-* 3b\ 'aci::
- +;!t . J,fl\ ;K;)' t;J\ Jr:
^:Kl& ;l*; iru 4 ""+ ,!_;y-4 ar-* * f "g 'KJ\*
j ,
,f U !:\: ,;-r,*It cW!! A.-tl\ aJJ4)\ LIJ\ * " ,E J" #\ ,tj 6\"
t L,'-x J4 t W J\ ay r\,},;i d ,\,}, i! \-r gs Ji i\.b)
,-F, ^,"-;! ;,\Jb li"-, ,rirt gU d ,*" J-SV Li Jn, j\r",.b.f'
JtK\i -LJ\ Jl;s 3,)
";>!' -:i "61,! 1l"" F
*.i -U.- c! U iL;; -cr
.('),1*il9 Jt-Jt
"r
6
;--r +;\.: ;Lto)(iC\ p.J ;tr,*
"r
,Yy'l
oi.E* f-n alu"j,-{\ t'14'! lru\ ..r i.]L ,\ *-r 6\ii ;4 -rit
.iltj\ o\.;&t rlrikJ ,c\-*1" Jp .,-eV
uu ,-{t}t ,r
"r;:J\Cb
\,.;,*,, ,.5_\slt g g-U, .L-!-{\ Jr.I\ !L+ ;i
ro& ,J\rI\ J-!- .}
cfL, Urd\ -r{t !Lr, ,c}L +.-i bfur": ,c6* p(,, .oLi.
"r
b ,ar\, fV 1ll, (... \iU\ "r J$Jt ,r+ L! .U.,..=) ,6sL-'!,.-i.,:
,!:i *-rl o-6 U, .r;"*lt ri , L e'r\ or!\ Ft ,i *li ,\ ,"\;B\ 1{,*
;-.., nLJt ,A\ ,r: ts, .,r-!Jr x*r -1;\+ r qd.J\ ;*,-$ .\;-a^e
i' :< -l'llL b:r'!\ & c$-t *: ,,#V U,,( ,! ;-*;'!t .r(r$ ..--J\* Jrtr\ ei .l)
;' "^oJ\ tW LrJ\ ,F,y,-rU\ ;) .U*1 c7,; JJ qr[?! B-\"-;t dJ ,dJ\ , -!trt-!
j-; i^:.t ,-*[l\ .;'[4
.iI!\ _fU! il"r]\ ,!r$ d"{, ,} ji r"b ;K;-r*J.\ ;!!rJ\ * .rt-'>'t
.- f ,ofk-. )tr AI\j gL-jr i,*! ;u#r € ,\i irs:." -f,U^ oK ,ts* :y1 ;i g:
*l
'' \' - z--aiV B\c. .:\:" .f1lr 4rr,u;F , ;J\ ;"*)L j- ,\ .-il)i;-is;*;s
: .,+ _xt '-t'Pg - vl'oI' L.,JJJJ'vpv-"\,r_ -J\
;--2 )*\ ;n.s J'e
j 't,.' ,Ka c,f,tu l\r,(J\{\ "1"!" & ,t[u\ "r ,-H\ &fr) Yy, -15
V;
-<s J\ ,]Jt tl! 4:1;V-t-s ir4 .r.tr\j*J\ .-\.)1\ .......... .i .-Lrr,*y.o -*\-J\ :#" ,UV
* ) "^-J*rj;!\ J!'i\eLi\ I -r-r ,J\{\ ,f:* J-.Sr\ ,r-r,,i Grrr ci:}\;!:'!t , L(r-Jt otrrJ\
..i--:,+u.>4 a.!\ Ji v*ij,iY i,..\
L t-' J
,\,Up,.fl
J .J .Br;-6"
'J ,\i,, 'iJ vJ Ji j(' J*.J\ iF,JiU\ -L^il\
+d\ ,i ,-s#\ ;U\ pLt ap ,-LJ\ *-LJ \t\i,^) [t* V\ ;r$",sr\
-.' ::+, ) -ir-,f\
L"t
.o+i;+ C;!1-"..J-;i * 3;*- Lr;c r!:!t lr rf *:4+j.S!\
d i;4\'i\ l\-*!)n lri:
,-y.t,f # fk J(*,oci g i-r*:-e.dt ;r;* & ir-J aiJ" -r-.e
:.. ,+ -fv zg. d di, .$r\ & *..i.\li
-..,;
! .oK' \-r'o ;* "); r-*": C,,'(i't'( ";t
- -r.rb ,+)b .d' + J,erLU\ ,,|' tf'Utr!r'!b f$t \4 ;gtJ.t f& Jar.t-
'< '|J4
.-X":"
' r f .i"- r4 ;t.L-
: . j_* O!.A:'uz ,
, whea- a,-*.
* 9"K.J ^r,l\ +LJ\ + ,r.J\ \r r$ ,:;: €.JUI\ J.|.
r rz1I -r\I\
3: .4:-6?) cls
r;- ;)e: \ Y - Y ,-r J" jl f- -6 g\yLL.-i ,ttiinois +-), ,ton
"r";\
t- .f .{.- 5+: iUi"- -J ,y;St.,8 -i't ;F d^r:lt b:'j LL*" ;!.: .J\,!'>'! o&" 6 4eU\ ,=.t
-. -.-. - o i i,. 'i L-C ,\-r;:*\.ve
,,
j\;rJ
,;,^.oilt L\J\ *o i=r.F)l\ !!9: \c -,K;;*Jt ;c*J\
.-rlr;i : -:-:; Q '< u J-
-U
J au
'|c,
GJ)i.fi) AJrjl
;!\ ;LL*. .u,, JF .eV V;'-a b- .-ti; {i ps*...r- *r- &t
!r
.,b ,:,\t+\ & e,li.i ji '.rJ\ .-r *L-.-r,-fr, + u;-,F wheaton gi
J);
---. -n
JrUrH'roe , ]o -is.- :
-!t ;l r: .AeLJ\ * !:':: \-. 1^ ;t e t JI J,-" .:)\-ll
;L\*i\ .* .i g[t'>\i *"',-,X _.),\ ,". j:.*( it)! rfrt'l _L,J\ _*,-
S *t 1.' 1' :-'- *: -.+t'-,3+j ^.jr # -"S"
il,J'i -,.=Y J*;p.(-;':1" *:)-*'
o"')
-+- :! i,*: '2-'' i.
b::_i\;L'u*J.[ i-'*[
-.t \ o:$\ J*J\ ,!G" j ,(i,*ti"* ""L.,J\) #r'UJt
f ;!.)n' ''LF -jJ; .,r;',*" ji E " ji ,(i. *'J\ ;* r-K ftu ;\ ,..a ',i -^,-Jl J" ..;tjJ[
,o*,!! ,;!\ Ju ..rk=ff ;14J.\ l"*i Jtf .B\; ;r:a t\.J\ ,jL4
\-ra g i:*{\ &'>'t y
G-: .o*t-. ;!L*l\ g-rc i*rL" ;1o ,oph.V Ai!!
i/ b$\ s.A\ :c*ss,(d') *+U cLJ.\ cLG)! ,p^$t #; - J*Jr
+\i-.)f tlt o1 Fr.J+\ j^,r re -,os r+
-n u\..^""i\ u^ ,;yL;^ *
l- iy d\ +U-rf ,s1\g* ;c #\ ;,1t [ "KrJ d\ .i]t .tl!
L\a g[' f-" , +1\ J! i;-\r 6rn iKlt t J* ) !-. ]yrr'!\ ;! .;!\-;.'
"(,
j,'ui }..rd\
' Y,., z*)\t .' ^""" ".r,nuil
vJ J J "#J\ , l" -Li ,rlt, , f-l\r,+k?>4 il\ -I:.
;a+ + zl gJr ;,:,(
- .+\i-J &r\\ ,iJ'!\ ,J/\ - ;U.:-: ;-rc ,J\J\ ,i;Y p-r;:
oEU!
,J-I\ + _{rV *r\a\ € LJ\ ;! ..*[.>r i,!\ d ,rV z3 d di,
,Lr) b-! ,-LJ\ \r,6 * CU\ ,tsJ- ) .-,t;(t u,c j" JU
;lrL,J\ g-r"
(?J)iaJl)(lJrJt
A,irr\ ;rr.,jtU\ ir!'+\ t-\ g>r";K,.5;U.\ ,/\ _" ;\:51:Jt ,i" J)L
147 i*" t":a f t ?i.rbJrg, if*ri tg . g x)LJl C .ri$l3, i*c t :" x I ?*rrJl
ft
christianlib.com
::.-4 ;KJ\ Y +rJt .\rr" ri *S -*" ii JrB ;3lJ\ :r-i oqilt * sKg;I\ udjJ\ \*
"|,4
' !, \. tUI\
;-;.. .*Vi \ ,.)i9 'r.J
- -'.' * \r. r.(
,frr ;, -Kr;!tJt crs ,;i dj t rl.* r;\ V)\ \b ;)
,j'! ,j\-i
+;:f)')a)>ta;a Cb rli Oi;i: al"I3 c)tL qr\ qr,-iL* d,)kL ,.sj j\V_*
. \ lt "*+\i--;+
u' i-*ilt i\:I\ ;\ ::&;'
-c,oe'.$ * ,-f "/ i-tj,! ,-F J, iil:3 C)t rc-{ tlt 1gt;1
:: i '-i;i'\
, lr
ao-U\ ;*9
-t1 :
-;* ;(,tfl! :& 6* -f ,;r,,J.\ -,\1!.J\
f * .C)\ *.yr !;L:
)_f *.*>t ;," 4e r.i' ,o\" -ao'\" c! a"-:r,J+,t 4J" -[ir\ l-./ c,\j ;Ki5-rl\ +rJ4iU\ JF\
- t, \-\
; i-->n eia+\t ''72t1 .-"! OF , \ llv l\e
j ."el"i:; *" ,r ci ;!\ ar-ro *,,," b 'r,-i"
_,jJ\ d r/yt r, ;-r*I\ cts!\ ,_r 6.yi ,21\;{e slb a."i .5-iJ\ "Tigerwoods"..J+\
"r
- -r L ".."L-J't ;1 J[d Ld Jb,- ,:{s ,d-yi
^-r-: +o::\
J.aj Jy\ ,y \-t*:^
^\ 'P
,,Jr+J\ ,5r'l! .(rqlt; .-s;Ur;Jt c! Fl" ,y;grlK"cuutinasian" c!
,-i \ ,*, JXi U, , -4' C.!
io":)
\r .
');+r'
^ jg C\ d f,L, urJr ;LJ\ .*-| a:-9 *,-s-:.*'!! r:-!!
-A -r "Fr.a;\,[\
-
;.)*" Jt J-"d ;j g,r\ -" ..rr.J\ ,{O o; ), ,lit:6:;+r^ ,( I +Ur 4*.-r,iJU ..*J\ y Lia
i---L :r;'J\ ;r: -?;\ e"\*L*i ,y) x-;Ubi, ; r,hJ!
i* .j-i\ ;l .rE;;J\ o:P': ,,!o ^"+ *r4\ .-r+\ r.o;i\i:'(-i,'".:) .:i (ily-Jt);l\
clyte J!
-, 1.* J,
.16[,- qr'lrJi .:rU! U'f +.-ya g;-{\ ,pJ\ .-,)1, ,*: ei* 4}x c,li,)\p)
:: ir\:J\ "-4'.i r-tit:.J ;b.t/ \;l\-tt +^:*-t\
- \
7. !I\''l.i
ve .(' aiJ:.3vt
-.r..
"Pf\ \ L- ^,b )),L-J\,
Jr/' tv'JJL-J\ \;S,,".Li't
-
.ir{\ L+- .j,l
- li.,(! ;.:.i"-,-JJt-i oiJ\ \+ ;t-- f ".,"!rt glctr
.a^-..J-Jt
".-U\
fu ,rJ\ .)# ru ,*'Jt i/ .:[-1\ ;," ,;l\ ib ,,*S
-: -: +l\;\:ill 6eJ'") t\,rili o-Jr
.rs;\ +:;,8 * ;i .-r -Jq ;dr
a+-"J,iitjiJl ;l1ral
- rrr l\1. ;r-'!t iU.L^, ,aUrJ! ,1+F+\ "r+-+ ,a.J\ +-., ,c Ji\ .ji:4
;-3 .4r+u+i\ --.1,
1+Lt' ;>r>
j:V
-:iii',-; rr.\
qK, ;;jt ;t Ll.\ e; L1*---U ;rU\ d .-ro) "_!*LJr"
!i5'-:*r,*-i Ju
.(o, !* ,+
-€;**{\ '++ -;'K: ;t ;,-iK' + ,.rL" :\r; i3 ,-l
c,--ii -"t-^ --
va,\ 'i-bbr;>r ',iU
--_-.
_;;t j{'"} ,€S.Y, ,*.i ^} oft;r>lg)t ,-";(!
tu '
',ritrnnoloq\'. )n infrOaa
-,i Jur.d Diamond l;*!l: l+ p!"It -t-- of6?\l +{.J\ ;>L[jJt 3
,
&. ,rbr.,',[ ,*4.- .F +lro ..lF srr-{ *-4\ oKJt "r +rJi );- .
(":LJ'>'t cL*
r"" & 1-i;l\ g-rc) ;;fyt * L;\\ q-L-I\ ,F ,JUI\
/iq Ji 4(yi-r**i\ ;brJ\ &-: ;y!!\ 41 L.;r *.;'! ir-'It;r{
?;, +rL;) ,;i i:+ ;dr f" ',-Jd-,,- !;\oJr .* J,-*L1\
J
.;1- ,-,o
;-r-! {)\* it" ,-{ o) 'ir, ."Vrf" \r{\t -4r,r ) .r* d,\Ji .r:4t
"r ^,,
6 -,u iL" o-{ ,,*-:.*'!\ A ,sr\ {)L-r .}Jt 3^ is>\y,rl\ ;,
g)[J\ ;r:-.r" ,;!y t"J f rU\ ;r,-! "a,l)\-" Ji Jr, Oi .rJt y
"r
r . . lt
.;-;!.LJ\ ;-!!
- . lr
s"-ilr .5r: ;y*-:J\: .:!*Jt ;-r,-r.J\
,;'Jt ,5-r: oi,=pl'
AJ, +\* gr-{ ;I\ d 'Er'yt '{)l-J\" a* ,yI\ dir\ t ,,Ur\ o#!
,r1," q-a" it*-; -. i:
.(;Kr"'!t ,#t) ;f.-'lt Kri oK*, urUJ\ ,y aS,J: ,;:5)U\ -i;
qn+Jti;di J:. .: -
..-.rl\ ;\e>\:-)\ Ui*"'
-G 4"i", ;a\* cE \,.r! +/\ ;\:J\ .;r; f.r;:i c;(,,i 'i_ -_
,lt:" r'lt a;= f .."rJ;t 6:lt o) ,\LE
"{J
Jnj ts! ,i-r!\ 4+! ,0"-.111 oo: _., J,
.""*U! a-:i.-rY;Lt-j.r i&
-* ^+,"
\;tJ sr.,-r;Jtop-J, ;U;rt ,-,c!*-!' /. Lt
-M :' .\}.il J--j ._- -
fu,irtt &tj,iJt ,I*63
;K*r rtF & L,L, ii * ou:i't Jgrjl ;io Llc ,ir'q,:*)i 1"Jt ;y-
.,t-.t'd! c"*t;*i.t &,b .-,r,q$$\ K-*!,L.*!,+;i * 3tf
(.rrrrJ' ,K;'.;,Jr :)L) ;rl'=-*" j;I, ai.ri i*ay r:-'_* '>- :-
=
a3*
3.iaredDiamond.'.RacewithoutCoIor...reprintedinApp!;'tngC.uiturai4nthropolo@-
Reacier.5lh ed.. ed. Aaron Podolefskl,and Peter Broun (N4ountain \/ievr. CA: Mal'fielci Publishing
Comnanr . :00 I ). I 07- l4 ^g-j
j;,.'i-- '* i, -i' .-- -i)' ;-* Jl-- .* i="\i :-:).-i . :
^- ^.*
i09 l*c tri" x I ?i.dJtg, 4i-!'g, ! II*JI d .;g$tj, i*c tr:"X I i*Jl
ffi
christianlib.com
L1
;,-t;*''.1i rq;4.1;rrr':lr
,i i;$r ":^ ;1:{$+ ,j{ &} "r: ';r\: J\5'rt, J\ G e}\ M ;y;-il\ eLJrL + ;rtt tt-
j-.o)' r --$r |,,,,,,,,,,,,,J1
I
;$ ld, riL: ;y.:-,:'! \ ;r",:-l t g-ri ;K. g;rJ \ r!,:-\4J LA\,:: F \ #
-**- ;($r r,h+1r lU-)! g;-{\ *..,,"*-;+-;J! -LU,:-)[ -"].-* ai:** L !:rri *
-.ilt
\3,r) FranzBoas rfr. YP ,( a-*J')\ JF\ C K;* L# ,* riJ\ .-r ,\yA\ ,yurr>'r ,Ult 4t' Jr,4
j: .lr r;(.'!r L-. Jr:r!\ ii4r: ,+;\ rf.il.t d.,')+-'t- J, ^#rU\ 3:[!\ * i\J.J\ ota tsjs.,!"il\
,? j.#\ -*;r;i! 'i'irJr ,;j .;l\ * ;f ./U\ JI ;rb)\ .,ir ,i\ lL(\ .:)l#r .iLtr:*l\
-:-' ;i)J\ .)t \rr=\a ;-{' **r :rl
J'v , #\ l-J\
i ^i\
\a,ji:;l=Ji
JJ Jv'
;J oliJl ;.ru..it
-' J-,c'u.II o-i-,.
\ ,\JJ\ ;
,Jj --( lfuuqt oorll' .in-'i.g
-w
christianlib.com
rQ
;it**lt -Lj _-_.;
--t
. I l-.i
. ;ylt ;,r)4 ;\+!l ;',*(r &\., :$: ,"*!r .;",*lr 1;:ll; ,brrlr I.-. rljly\ .Ll, ,lt Ur:c J,.rj htr3'_- j_* .
., e$-.'!t t-.jr:dl d+9t Ol* ;F ';,J*;y" qii"'{,,,y". 1 4t, \r}db
#b '' ,it*- F g4Ut lri ttpft& O:*$t ;!J
+1,l.i/fl,r, tt/i #l,rr: *;# 1-,
*#1 {L-2,;-r-,:--11 ;oi::: .tr#' J) -"U\
. it,
tE:lS lt -t<s:.- :-.
-:lt - - r!
j
-;\ .;rp;., ,L*-, ,aa,-;.r Lri _;;tl +:..;'!\ 1-!-\Jl sgqJl :
icr^*-, .lLt-t, }lb.{ rpri' *i+l ;F l;(a"
,ar$t -;s:.'1" c,j Ai.jYl oj-6;i {;f,r+ 1.
*i; lir L;rg..#:#, iK-xj. * C"e -sj ._:i : _ j
i*;.lt ;t-r;:,It jf g"t+t ,l.J-Jt iriJl
r
,; w ;.d s jtrll] -[r Hr uF L,J.;
1.
j+ j *rJrrt'lr jo 's'a i
\r!' :,Jja
LU-y & * g*Ui ir* f w.I rhomas ,-*L_:,, ._ ,I, ..,}"i
r..i j i\ ,,FlJ tr r r
1
;*:;;!'s";t':
1;','i'f-i,rl,:!? i o! ,?,-:J;*j\ c[rr-lt
.,-srt')'\-DUJ! 4fU-)4 ;!L*t\ (& ,-r1r)..F
oa-hans:
,
A Bibli- .J.1
U UnO.ttt*Oingtacial'
.{l"
Ethnic' ;i + *tr , \ 11t L* ; -r*!It The Bettcurve " *-.!\ ;;:o" J. '+<:i
f' m This Side oJ Heaven:
J Priest and
Race'-
j'"r^* ,r o:\4!t;\'r]\"n" o':' Vb ,?V \L[rl;lt,].,Krlg grlt
i-r'ior*.ed Robert
\'ork: Orford UniversitY ?ress'
,
2ga'71'211-23' i$yl a*B)tLUi j)-r" -ri ryA\ "r ,-rU\ .fl i,,p ,+t,tJ\ u.^au 6;\
:f,\;
(";-.3*.:o )*.J\" ,i "a=oL_J' * ;:*.- ;,,-1*1\" Ji) +;\
-:
t';+i;";;, Jtr L.,i ): ,*\41 :r +-J\ -t';Ji .;.i 3,.+-J';,':!'
ir;:..a j!,,1 -."Ut ;*Jt ;;. pjx;-r" -ri ;il 3"r,J, i;*, :c :1,.i'!\
:5 u'rr*Ji ,'**I! ,^Jr :jur -L:- Jr) .G.rJl :', *i\ j\*-i'\ -;4 +
6 llThornTTidffiF-
Knor.r'n as the'Ihomas Theorem. this quotation u'as firsl published in \\rilliam
othl'Su'aine Thomas. The Child rn Amertca; Behavior Problems and Prograns (Neu York: Alfred
Knopf. 1928).571-72.
Jr ++4,\s,:,:;-:
.t
!)tg+.*,-f gij * _;*
"J
j[E!J o*k)5"'
_-*,
;, *}\ ,L:rJ ,n )a,(l\!Jt 4itj^* 9t-;i lg- j(I ll<(
J-.- aip-{\ ;'u\.!r .j**,^'.*b- :-
r}2: ;J _"" _-".- -- '-
=; ^r J--J't*J\ j !i3)' J:.4r-*-J\ :i .^*[-Y ri *-:'-.otY
- 1.
-r:'.; ^l
o*"rV: t:"u.:*e, ,q*.nt ,-:ioit "e; LCt L.Jl o\rt" ,2 ;1"fU\ -tt i-!;d--r- jr)' ..a-
-,--
.,/ n I
:* br.i;>;.^i ;\r)'-tr -tri + * .-(*!t -* ;,-J\ j .Fdt' _6_* p*j
\1.
:'"\l -'s-*) _+-
,-;,,Ji. ,4'.t+! ,-il\ Ji ,4.-e
'.:?y ;>Kt;- 6 Knoun a5 the fhoma. ..-.:
- -' - -.
"*+! othr Sraarne Thoma.. . ,,,
Rnopl. i0161.5-l- -i
:
113 ils, td,? y I Z;4tlr3, ?4Jlt3, ! I)trjt C !lr.l+f rr, ?p t*:7 I r iglr
christianlib.com
2:-'.*
, .,, 1" '.\t
:' ff' j
:
Jui ;.\rL\
rJ ,}J.!
v, :,i AC\,,,g,LI\
?;C q Y - t V_J- J#, ;yr Lrr. -l) *\a-ilr
l; :us {:, ,-,y1,
"r
,-<a g Jh-t :" il"1\ JL.r #
;r eV {IJ ""-l\ ,i ,$a ;u"
: ;,j 3V.,Lr"a:o bt'* .;r*L\ c\i)r\ c LA\ cw'!\ iv_#'r! q-J\, ,Fu!,
-rt': i)LJt cx ;l\:"t reJ,cJL#! ,c,>i:U\, ,r!i'!t JLit crj s..:/\ Lly-ai ;'! ,\iJ\:'
t
i:::r:s grl.)-f
i.r
".iltl'-F-- .J4rl! a-Ll\ ;,tj\ ,b ;!.4,,U\ aiE!\ \a-{Ur iprlt c\cr*\ p cr*
}LJJ! U:,L#r +L-')'! ,;:LJ\ cL*r\r, .q:ij\ c\h,J!
JUt'lr
;r! .il$ $i \"i f il \lE ,L!r ,9 ;!)i.J[ ;ildi.\ .5-'!r 4UIr
g{U,";i g:gi \i! ;i {L-Jr .:,+";t#r ,-ra,Lci oi .ary,_fsi .i ,L.r:
.{;r.J eY,*tri
irr t
5;( ,lr ,r$\ a.rL-; ej & JrA\ +KJ rcl Jt*, +[=J ;1"]r g .\J].i
-o; ?:.!.;;:)1 #' -' "r
.' :i J *st-r,re [\t! cs-{ cr}a Ct ^o!! i;U\ 1p[!\ !Ur! ji f*tt ,+U?)/
!J;'r"
,-j-;l ;:.r,:,lt,rt'!1'r!,tS1 "f
.jd &Ud1lJUi1;* ;,(; a Lr:.c .d! aI+;J l*J)U:*\ ..-F rt$t d, +!, c,\"/\ Jb
- -i!
j.!,*1'i"x \
--c
-!.t'l,
lE- \: \2
- -l -i:
o"."ll lpultirL!\J\,-1" !\il\, r,-il\ Lrr*l\,_*\J\aq! ,\-o:\.L:! +^rrrJ\ i*ur\
. -,**i" .rtlt',t$J3\ Llil
.;i, j\i jw:,I[
l#, a; Jr U;r ;U;-Jt j-*,.-f-r
l
-+..!1;F t3;-- (*)/ ;K-*il :fr", ",,o-11". ".1\" :Lr-as i'j-i ,"J) '6-J"
,1
;r"';(?
, --)i .)- e;i\ 'eEiL ;j .< ;+4\ "f,
;*d\ ;u ,\.. . - +, "gjil
;'-o
;* r.^ia)'' uj'at,.,<_
, ;I ../ '!"""*.]! "...Jf;->4 l*\ ;(*:
: ,, --1_*1 j -
';o ;t" . ";f-'jsJ\" Ji;,,a ts.,io\I\ q,"J* "a-..*l)'\-}\ ;K*" ;Jr-
-t-:Pi'
"rr-"
A,J\ ..: ";n."_J!\ ;K_*!t" U6r,LL "g;;!\ ;Ij-Uf
-.=r:\9 a,,," 4.-i::" * L-*
s!iJ\ -UirolF y ;t\ ;K;kJ\ o-r.o;i .,fJ\ &s",ji\{;L"rLl\
,? ,i-..,,l ,,,U\ \.4-r;':-,r" flV f J- +;!! ({)L-) erc sn*It*I\ Jlr=*) O}* {;r*It ctsLJt j}
'
--n iLot"#
t'l .
,?' ,-f: ,U) * i^--J*Jt
\^r\j,J\
* S,r" #\ ;JU ;!r)\ yi ir!\ C ,#"Uj _Ki
.-r
"-;" LK .e-Ji JI A\{t.(A) "4eJ, ,r, rU) * !,:J\ JI :+- ,+U! .L *\3-
o*UIr
c$r'E \4\i -r- ,: +b {)U! U!rH\
^^-rl\ tU\ ;F
>-.>i*'-L Narajo n6--i ,;rLJt -;tt
II \'
-;^ _*:\ e1q AfJ^ '(IU, tjJtrLtl\ iL*r!.\ J"J\ ;r\c;"*s +p;)i itlt ;) .eu\ + +E
"/
.-o i-* .af\.a\ r:-r- oi ip;!t i!;\ Jj trjri\ ipUJt c,\-1U.\Ji ,J*" ;Ki !fiY: ,K;:-lt
t \;JE .+-:L':!'' ,i rt' &! "r 6rs-*^ l" br* J! vU:)! ,rt.-)\ & g* , ;,.-ai ijj'!\
--. -+i
,, '
'\ rt t''1" .";-"jrf," c!)L" ,i lrF ,J.j/ ;J)\ c,U\ ;! r;=- .-:-(4*1; $ b:
11\" . \
-) 1) 4.f")4 J;'*
Oi ;( - o!,.l\ G-: .iqtr! .LJl\ - ".1" +\fr,--,\* ;,o
,Sr\\ ,* i):
j-: r'rdt c,r^["! ;--r ,+\i!\JsLil + "il\ q*'!t ;).ql\ "r l+e ,Lr.-\4 fi I reit';'"\ -r,p
' ,' ..K
"'\rr i.r--qgJ\
.&51\ ,-I" ,i" !a[J! ,4]]\:
*t q$)\
^ 7i v/--
qr*
!
",
christianlib.com
.wao - "jU!' "!\L [.r"i";-."^r" .,J\ tK\ ;" ]rf d-,-i u"\-J\ \a-s-:,,,r-
\rU,i r"e "6r!l\" J ,..& \.ilti ;ry+\ .ir J-* ;_Ir ;U.i [.* ,r;.
,*a;
".J4" a.51
,rb f NavajoJ\ ,F,Jf,*)/ Jy,:,F,"l:J.!:
!,;[I.," e.,-i Jt
,V\ ,F c &'>'t ;'u, "jLj!' ;l,i ,Dine
dt"^i\ !,"-r;**\ ,-[ xavalo ,aii
t)-Jl .Ht .( ..r
' s/ - It r'' \ia ,;-r;r ,l.a * J" rrtr ,J\ o! i^=r" ,/U\
r'oP
t,* 'ap[7\ :r-r-
o$u A,!y +-\"-J\ :\a:lt ;l ,\-!i tir'lt .i.6 ,rd;i .slt U ;1,
;L-l=-Jr :l: & il\r a-rrlgi!\ ;:.8)-r\ ;K."Auca" Kr\ J\ waorani J\
""-L- :Li ftr: L,.i lr), ;Ll\ ,i Jt L-!_*.;'!r o[,a_.;,, :"c! ,.;H,
,f C\ ,rj\ :\,rr$\ ,\ ,r11'l\.,* ";,i\ rLi-\ et+...r \- \-ll; .+-rL:r!
#r +)) o! ,Fr e ,n,(Ut!r LrJ\ ,i ,-,,rL'!r ri) "ai!-{\" J! ."',i"
.:i ,.i:tft jbl\ ra.s o:i!X\ Jr:-Ll\ et;a.i'*-J! ,Ut otg"1 ,ir
,
oJ\ e,tJ\
!+ , jsSga ]V a-*3ril 6\:, ep,!r {rafr ;"f
'p,t'[Jj.,
,rLr .^*\"-J! .+-:LsY J:,JJ lh.-) .'(,$- ,ar)\ c!rl\ [ ,Ll,;
y !(rF .a..,:'!\ ;!f\ .-:, juru ;+t + d) -_J,
4.5!-{! +-L-'!r ,!1\
.+u,: ,41 lL^ J)i;;" -,p !urt, !:r,Jt ; o+,)t;,L-rd\ ;,'* -r.o'
U-ri t \aE,\";"\+,:Jr ,*$! ftlJ!,ai.lJtrlLJ.\ ,r..J.+\i.!
",-S
,;jd"J\ L*!Y ri ,,,l$.t
,-f ,\;ryJ\ i[JJ\ #\* ,?:.r\* pY
:4), JjL r:J.eoi ;,".r'6-",
;isri * J,\1!,_,. t.J\ _b'*U\ ;p
"rr-b-
\*a|j! i,.I\ v-f ,f -.(t ,U 7i:t/.a;ariK*yi \**-;i ai=+ J) g.r" JJ .,( < ?-*
i"*il! ,rry.{', I \\ l;11
-l,J! i"*Jr(*)r *fir ,\.os',;-$+)\ ,+ A.+;*r+!r a[rJb ;;i4)r ;-;[*
tt'^"l.Jt LIJ\ i; J! j)L :. i _1a>:
J.l\ J,LJi ,'uL-[ ;,.i-r.;r- ;r'i\ ;grf(*lr .r ;Ai*r )
o)-Lo .-,1c :J.-, -f
;-(:,qr.i(*:'r c,fr ;r" *;i;(c Ar*-J\ , ".( r.("-_*rrt j B_*_,: --,-. ,
Lr"t 1.:-l'+,Jr ..Li j .l-.:*C j -,-=*=J' jj .--- *;J, ;,1, ; J, L.(U t;---- _-i
j'} 4}ffi
{ !'.,-o :ti -Gj ., \ \ ", :r, :-j-, +-:"r1
i\') :,._* --.-* ;, -. --
=*:; * ,.f'
c'
, t-,i ,n zl - I
,
-.
v::. I I
-:-, _*. --.-. j.
.--rir.ar i#
-t* + \-:*. t'-r'.s i:p r[-; "1;";,";Ji e d;t o-r-r;,P. Elisaherh -r
,J:-.
J-:.-:_.
-: :
j 4=- <oil- .(Etir..: -- -.-:-
r - -,*( i, *--,(--',-;*;ij.f tr * Asi,f
.
--; t'; .
End ol rhe Spear , B. r ;-
117 i*e td" X I airhJ tJ, 4r*, Itr, ! I)*JI C g1$Jr-9 . !p U+:.7 f r
!.i.lr
,,ilfl'
christianlib.com
1OHugh Trevor-Roper. I/re lnttentron of Scolland; M1,th and Hrslo4 (Nera Har,fiTffiI]]ji@-
Press- 2008).
$ !KjJ\ 4r(t ;" 6t!, '!Ut Jq r.lJi ;Ks, .t1,1* tp>l*_;r4 ;r,,-
Jrry" ;a-rJ\ c\4;!\ ;!t OKril .# Ls ryc *')\r t[i # t blrk
"r
g;riJ\ ;=*;; L*, .*i!\ .-rn jyr*=: ,,-sfsVo,o# ;r'J .-+ J) U=
*,+";I;:l.}t J"r-tJ\:^ qtr;!\ iU\ ;*-o\,Lts\ arl\ ,:::, Lf-).\
3jr & -r{r,LK}r 3, _t ..r- _r: ,{i,, itL,
.:r$\
i3!\ g,\;,.,d:,l\ J.'f.$ ;qU\ri"ril ,5,*o +*,:J c[r:"", jL; s
"t-
/J[*)\x ,-!\; * ,sl$V,-lt"*)\ ,/ ,;-r*!.\ ;!!rJt ,\.a-l q Lr*--J\
;r,.!- s .K;:tt q-#\ ,i OC €lr.r," ..-F &-*l .,#y\ ,1j,
^"+
o\sE ,oI ts, ,+\"-)\ ;c\ f*^a ! \i!-, ,$-:i-,s,!! ,e-^t ,\r1\
n tr ;*"[rii ,"U\ ,!3o ;p .;-i*t\ ;!!\*
.ts, ..r>L;V ;+t; pg,
J:= q-[- ll\-i,"! ,Kj* Lt" jr"i.(" $ J"d! ,E)\ ir kL:i; d,Ui
",jf,-)" . q. -l\
,,*,I1, ,,J*f,-Jt"*fU ,C-!! .;r*lt JiE J:";tbl
.\pjlL"", 4t Jtet")t, B-\"- \iJr" d.[-X
e..-
Jp tt"i uG .4;\i! +;\;*lt ;K3,'l LrU c^*--i e*,J\ c\:Jr ;i p(
;'u U-r* ,.1\ri ,tS\ "r .:F!\ +K!;r rLj-1)J $, ;-,-.i s a^s:"r
Ia'b rr+\
or!\ JJt oC ;p ,;-rJ\ c!)rlt J) ;+*lt ,FkI\ c\"'*r
!r[*\ ;*J\I",-Ve ;t-JrY ,i C, .;U[ :J\ ;t"rH ap;)\ a:J\ ;e*,- t
i-,.iJ\ j;J\ .jt^:" * dl )i ,",1;*J\" +,s;)\ {;\ f ifJ\ gor!
ttsl -;, ,ly, !r1:*\ drlu\ ,.-r:.:-r:'!\ ;rU\ oi,, ,-tJr'F "y
"r !Jr;,
,;r*(-*(.\ oF flU ,+:!\ ,L i#t ej\, ,a;.!,gtr,6r'U.r
."+*l ;U! Jy-t'-f Sd
'F ,aE .Jt-r\ Kr"i ;K*, .;G;t9
".,p
'r:r*t
J:] ;a ;l-*^+U ,;l"C! ,,li'!\ ,:F ,r.iil 6r;;;rJ\ uj ,i;\+d
-;:'&-J\ ;>i+ JV: t', -.b )_*.-t & ;rrE * e\ J:E $ 6)?1
.;-r^!.1 ;'u),Jt .j)._"+l\ r+ a*f y a;iJg ;r;; (,.
JY 71,4- L r.:r
.',.. ,*. --
L -
. ,. lt
(J-?-'r: -tL -
4--,:
-t-c J: *,
J'3 * .i e'-+- ,:-.
------
l0Huqh Trer or-Roper. 1,.. -
Press. 20U8 r.
110
\t ) i*c trir I I airhJtg, it .r!b, O x)lall C C$Jr-g . i*.c, L$:" I I i*rrt
christianlib.com
?ijlbJl3ai+bJl
i, :e)ji * ,yut &* \L! ,-rU\ -', ^, ,5 -r,o: +Ui a:, ..J (^fU?)4 &.U\ \5j ;;sr) a;!\
|
-
zit"-. ;1 JP\
S;" ] $Jt ;u \^it j +2-)tr.L,:\! 1- * 4r._* ;UJJ\ & ;) .rL:!V * f--<il
#
<.,;;i 3 rru+ ,r!
,fc ,;1; Llt J- ;.S ri.;#\r ,ti-JL ,;t")\ JJ -L*!\ :L:.^\ .-r; \ii:
U*,:,^.,1,jl - 44\
i-j.5- ;!& -\: .
c!)rl\ d .fi^t ,) V* V 8i [ -r=" jJ\ ruU\ ;s*" ,,-,-f\ 4,
.. '"i't a 5rl' \+
\;\)- Lrl;i;'!\ ,\& .:"* [ ,r;-iJi 'F
u."U jfu\ ;/ 4i d^i ,V,;nu
"r- i.s. (e)|+.;bi
>i.: ;--{r -,rU;\\ raa4;-i*It i!)rJ\-.K,-.^i #c .Jii J:;-1" ;* $r:"- ;i
9 ,'-^i .',! .*3}1 u+ i, Clb g"-';r-, ,f:Jt Lb, L:; & ,V !K;i ,+ ,l"ri \,*i
;; oill ;- \$'r-r
r{t G*I\
3, i *i'rt;,dr'!'U L'r:" - J\ Jb i/\ a-r: ,Jlt ,\tj\ ;i rE:c\l r[:cY
L:] u-at
dU-)/ JUr)\ {r* oi fl\ ,rb cL*lri\ ,.r 4!\ c-*!\ s, EoJ
' ;i! z*;;-rllj i;+At ci
-
u' ;)+ ii ;\"t;a-} 7:^;
,J, ,i *..^-$Lt.iLrl1 + S:V.: '-:*--e 'e.F:i'+ 'i.#- ,-,'\J\ ;* i#K\ 4.ulr ii !) .o:(r
i u-:I,-i;i'11 .o; u ,-tlJ\ J:.-\b gzu .\"" !'ti Ct ali at' )Fi C -L- Jlt a,rh-\ LEii
.--"5;;;t;{WV'* J) AU)\i ,fFV, v#L-Jt ;!r)\ ,-,. ./F)/ -c.e ia;J\ L" d..J,
i.i' ."*;9*r.a*l\
' t( ;! .""lJt ql
-'.'r,f
^.;' :.f a* -" }J d-'
:
"jUJt 1-rlt
* i: $ ri.*1';\1:' L-.:!*:l:r e[c r-u':.,.r- fV ?;-A;*- &loJt Lr ,-.( J' ;U#f g.
,
. ;r'G$,:r) -r'Y],r
, ;+t l-r*y,.41j,;K*
.tr-- ;-{ ;1;J\ ;,u $!! ,))U\ *
t'y:g>[ ,:ii ftr cp" .^C\ d,*^
ut.-: . .i.#t:+,J*a F- ;* dUJt ,!ri ,..+ a:iJ\ GE f:;J\ ;" -U' 35' t \aE ,\LJt rj-. _t- ;)
j\J' j9 \
dr-)u .o.j>'
J;i ;j .urr'i\ &U!\ ;r )Fi ;*")t G- s'\,,-,.;.. j;.C\ ri ,\r^ ,,1.J\
. . 'ij
'*'+4ta;*l\j .eA\L-r,>s o.-:r4\ iteJ\ lL,,r c.{= .r+\\ e )r.y &iJ\
l\-E"J
,ra.:- J\i
1:*-
.ll E ,{-1,,_"^\ ri :+ ,qff} ,;ur.i6U J'i ,Fi ,F ,ostJ\ +s &s
; *.-*- Jr; + ;It ')*-" ";:r"J.t .F" Daitis i-J\;J\
-Ei rj '+,c tu- -ri fJ ,a;i\ f ;lt &!i
ii$Jl3?ltiilt .(,,) :J\ .,o
!_:
- \r rr r' 'ir -'
r
'.-(*r1 L
;L-rn ;K.'i! ir-rlr ;K.r*'Ir Ji 4,ra- JI !-i!.:ir,JP pJ G) A), .-i\*i
,,,
-l
4>ll^,,adl
v r
.." <.
-J ':,'
_y.:-r:i ;(".-Kr"*tt ;rLi-lt 4 rr:t ;-ilr ,"J.i!
",'Jjtn
odl" w La -n*;--rll ,i ;r"ult ^l- r,'1 11- .r' ..-*
-
L;l \;;,y;.:*i- .+[rt ;f;\ :6A ;urt Uf'to? 11 ;';i,;
;-,1 .1.1 ;,-i;u:a "-rj+Liu",*tf, _
*i/.J-ru ".1t,
)ret-tt
r.,t iJ as .t,r$,'J;) ,rr. '->- .
,: J i!q" ;-:c':
. - l\ :' . ,llacy'ss.Saks -!:li 4{r" * SF rV c)I3 +;^iH.r J--r- -t
' 1'/t \'1\:
L;97'o *t
\ ,,).-;)\r,!iJ\ ;[.JJ\ cEL:-\ + -(.:-!r\ ,{, ;r al)I"!a u-(\) s.rtem
^- -*- .*L
i :jr\J]E \ad c^-J ;, + rlt (r)J\ .:; 9b J, ,qt-' 'r\;J.;rF roe .+,J\ ,rb ,,lo.J!
. uZ.' e,9'€ P
. i I . ..
e,iJ\ F\:" ;i ;r) J3r .a-iL/\ ;1r d,iie\.,; -;^:j( ."Fleor" LK
6u:-\
.. 4d"s?
: -\-- \4'l dt* LU\ ; l\ J"i & "4\" cr\q.6l\ ;y.-u.:.,,r- \;,Li dj( JifUJ\
;- -*) ' "r
:-)t ..* Wr *-:' .(\\)n^r ;;j-r*:- !r(j,"-{\ ,!^Jg
.--;5 Luri * kJ" ;,-S *Ul d,t!\ i{e,U#r * L-.}yr,r'!t ,\.U ,y f ,o r\;i *e
^i
-.'l i=-\ ;(li/ fU'lr
,. bt & Jr-lt Dh a:c JU.\ ..-F J:".1t iua *i alJ\ i-ro
t, "5i eH\ t \+
-*3'*Jrviq4"" c* ;f \lrl -.,[a!\ ;f, ".." +U?\ A] * i"*J\, ;-, ]t ;.rUlt
, ,r,.- :FS ,,J-fl! ;ir- b* &" -Scarlet Q Hara i\ j" ,J;!\ & *il ;]J\ 4{X\) J-rJ\ -t\ii
&;Tt g;rt) ,;$;rtd\eji J,(, .(o:.-r- * 4U\ jsr tt u.J r!(\
t
'
-'
. i* .;r''e*i -*' :'
J--4
: '
t14c '- '.t \, -'-'
9) e'; ttr ,";:*ll 06" ! L* ,-,..,el\ ,\F>4 6-, ,(-;"J\ ,ky rb rij\
-",-' j,aJJ\ JUi! ji'- ;" ,J"b!i ^.e; +-l;{ ,;4"t\ 'hVr )y: ,rWl A} ir, .gy }:
- -.; ;F jJ\ J-;)\ jj^ ,l! ;* rrlsY r, .gy ;*U\ ,* b,e C.:\i)l+ -tf,r)/
JU.\
,1J'>'t ;:r,:" i\.o-,i ,ti,. ('K'Ji ,j,Ej\ ,,. .L"Io ;r:) '";:(l Ot \-ry
-. ::r:tt.\r: (\ ashlngton. r'\ = ll\\:illiam Labor'. SocralStratification ofEngltsh rn,\'ev lork Cln (\ ]ashinston.DCffil-orTF:-
p)ied l,ingurstics. I 966t
;K4(r';"t ;-r*t\ cqut ,=r ;*1J\ c'1.Y. de!\ JP ,\. . \ ir* ,_-r,
,*:(1.\. ;*,81 rci,.tr/>4 /Y. i\ ) ;r,J\ a'1.L. ,y *4 r,sf
'l.ro ;X)ie U'1.\. i\ ,,, ,;![il ,j.:,lli A
.r #i *j _.Ki"Jt
"h+:
; "r!,;Y rJx-
Y ?. -)" tf J,L'r-p:;',;itl i-.oJ':-,.1\ .t *r."-);rlJr ;,
9L+ f i:-i'ii*i tr3 !'a'"r f o;*!, ;-,,oit -.tc
,;-r=i.t ;L):
l3Data taken from The 'A-orld Bank. 2001 \liorld Development lndicators (\\r8T;@:llClTEE-
Srorld Bank. 200i t.
- :j;.;$.'!-.\ , of't
r -.1\
.,^ -l\ Eu"r i{ *-;r*L\ c!)rJ\ oi;\;.L\t fb;F,4(Ug {l"J!
! "!c
:-;O J"^2'i\ \r"f .6/\ ,j *(!t ;r.LJ.t ,-rc
lr \
--
*,-;?>1 .!,;j\ * iU.!)\ ?rJ lrf lJ,ilgl*ll A'r9 r i,r*i*df
+K\ p to<
; .-*-i.\
* J$J\ jlrt 'F djfft-J\ -'"t+ ;i[-J $-X ,5]rti'!\ x;J\ J!
:.i;-*, f- & +E * ;urr q!, A qV rE) gr3;, +[=J ELI )Kii J- C\ ; ,#.\
. \-. 1,,
i2i9 -\*cu -riJ-'
-)o -, Jr--J! o,jt ,s4, ..ts.._F ./.,-)lJ K, u$ J t .F Ct +5t
"r
.-j(,- L-'or.ltt*t* I ,JtltJ.1-
-b ,LA\dr\iiJ\ JI
(Ji!\);Qt
:- i -rJ,J\ J-'-1" ril" ,-lr.i ,(' \ \:\ 'ut'
(: ,,) " 2^tr\ \-ra (-ttii) !Kul" Ji ! ;'==*It ;i A J_r)\
.---..r-
---rr
..e
il\ r t:\
iat Ju4\ Jrs 'i r LiJ\ -p,)s.ttt)roJ\ \i,6 -t\ii u" "t-t{,5-t"-)\-r*J\ f -lrs;i
''l-1"..I.
,*_* li-! !.r+! ), - .(1 : V jr) ,-fr;.,,\.\-i ,X S
d, .L-JV: -r,Jb,l'iH! ,g!t "('\:-,
;..: j. ;uJ l&J\ -;t .i LJ\ .-*. + ci p-i\ .;+*, ;!\ e"*; uf oF o":!t 3J9 ,a^,;')\ qfr O1
'|c
) J--)>, i**": ,l :r,-!, . ..j-U g]J, ,-L*l-J\ J)L 4d -", i-tf \ Jp
*;, "r
4;, :,s *\ e *b; j' Ji'r v.* \E t.,K v..g U.-" c!!,
-y.L-
!- r,\ r f (
I -:l( .;-i,-rl\v ;,!t.;-r,r}\
) J .\-Jl
-\ io
'JJ Y'J
:--: .*-r,t rlli-t tl i3 ,rS\ o:,tr ,(\t: Y\ i) a* (t : Y\ i)
fi- g;-r*:".rr*.:.Jt
",F
i,-. *r ii oJ- f '
G-: .i\ ;tL * d, v-: ,(Y : Y \ ,) d Lrb a":Ldv
J,[j ;*a
t\ )*
, -J . *a ,1SSt: ,
,j\*Y r\?" &r4 G-,.i\ .r4 ,5 ,it .-; ..*rJ.\ ./U(\ F+ ,*!t
;
.rr 1 r
. -;) ji\ f'I!? 9H J.
, rf
1
...!\r)t ,*\ C} dr 5i u
'(!u," ;!
*. ,*.Jt: J*l," )' --- ;,i ;t[\, JrE $] ,ruJ\a.;,,- ..r3 f,"
a,,'ti .#! ,;-.^,.*i\.-i]:;\ riJ
V ITU
christianlib.com
J3 .J,rii\ Anabaptists(r')Jb M"nnonites J\ J:, ;:F JL^J ajy"d! ,F\ C r f-J\ & \.t.>;I )
v, ,;,J'f Jtj\ \,-roi-
J 'eJ,.i, .4fU?\\ JDi!
;+\ !,} o! \1+,l;; r,.-*^-J\ !^f
(\1)./U\
st-r .rJ\ o."k*l #\ * J!,*)t
J# "K! ir& ;*rJ\ g ;Ks aJr Ji J,Lt ) ,u.$J.\ *Kt !b \-t
l\g\ J" +J\ J+ A ;-f ) ,* \3rr, \ 11r L et.;!L*l\ f r" .t 4i Q
A:V *{,cl+\+:-\ ;c bi;r- j! ,;rB\ }t-r\ J)L .-r t;! J.J\, ,rJ\
,g[a.."r f C;J+il\ *JL*t * ,5lt
{;}
!i+.,J" ,i *i ;+\Jt ap-i#.+\;riatr\;r\J\;" +-rJ\ ;,r'-rl"
o-li \.trlt Lrr,\
(,-! G(, ,;;[J\ c') irJ\ all\ J\-\^r\ ]F
v,.,i d.i:-x\
.j, "d a 6i\ r':', tPUl € *"|\ J) 1..4\ \ra !,i\" i+
ralr Ie ., *,; 3. a*,.(, . iL, ;;r, .-i J\. .1, *r\i\ ;;U\
\ivJ6tJr'Jg-v\r
JrlJi *;
.-iU! -J ;l"oLr, V;\ \+ U ,6)t ) +u: .+:Li ",:":b.l .*tr\
\i-ic c^*r" .6:Lo:!V9 ,5"r.At
P, ;, L:"\ u.J*J +g ?-V f e:
JJ-) $r "!, J#)lJ &, ) ,4f[:?\ !Li! oj-o" ,-Jr* gtrlt € 6
uv. *V( *s y; *,* irl UU ,#i qtb i!+ ["i'
f] ,6 ;g
-*; ,-_:rJ\: ).+\
"u).J*j, ,* Lj -*;.i, 3o L
J.;\ JlAl" .-e oi iJ\!\ ,r.EJl *)\ *y rlru\ J*i a^*irr ;a-r-lr ;!L-I\ l!
"r
-1,-r\ :Po''n' srP)\
.\.*;r(\i;-.
-;
e I Lj-i' 4,.\) JLe)\ gt thslt
.\" ,i+
t- -t\;i IL-:* -,-.2\U g? 2V g*:.lt flt
.---r-.,
^ 'J L f-t;achievedstar^
'...i:;.'jsnt *L..J\
VY
, .il\ cSk ri {.r-
, -* j: \*\il ir4 .+L ,F ,\ _,k;t >lr., t" #\ ,b f, r;I\ fI\:asuibed starr, .r.
"r
.Irl.t ;; e) ,r
.i '..ece (;,,Jt) {)\-J\
e fr,;i .r;t
,;-..'.*)g c\l)t-! UU\ .h .+U\ 4ij,l\ ,-F ,\r.{ koh?\ lFtY ;a-r-:r acad :casrc iiit,\
'.* o lt :role .;+-.-aipi ;* dlU ,))lrl\ ;ts i-;"Lr 3:!s'!\ ;*u
'i*,.t-
;9-l\
,:', -:; ri ,5:'!\ p'" |1"t.rU\ , ;'-^- -;{ -;^;jLi'-;r'*o::(4f[:?)/ &lJ\ Ji) c/ass &-lJ\
-//
<)-*
tr
je"i'')le r i
.:1.:3Y r\t) + lf,)
r t it a! i^' 3;U-. \f i9\i!\ .Al\ .-,!U\ F
J\ji\i!\ hr,\\:cutturat capirat JU!\ JU\ J^!
*)i :t Jt'!-i\ il! ./U)\ \*4, L aol* -,'ui)! .rL)\ ,* .-+-,n :ethnicitt d.S\\
"# " -(l.^l; -b b,'fl":\
€\: i!; ,, -rs*"
r/ \ -\ lr :-\,
. ) ;:"4J1 F+*
-a*Z
j o +;, 'L e ;L-*r;
.J .'ri\ .:)L*i bF 1- 4>lJi O! r[reY :hypodescent {)l* r,";-r+
"r
.; .9."-.Y ("KJ\) a,! ,i atJt t- 6-;;- ;:j. Jr Lt . t'St ;" ZcaA :institution Z*g"
,
-? VJ Y .4:,il\Ji ,;,-iU\
';$'
L L..;j1 ,'\)
55 +tl)\ ;lr i*ll :(constructit,ism instrumenialism +i!.,I\
/,/' 'J.'
S --,...a- ;i''.status ._r+*\! ,rJ\ ;L["ol _-+
i\ ' :u'eahh i 1-
;f jkii g a-*1 ;(:,, ;5- jl ,k Jlil trti
:
-!-^' ' r?laster stetus
ue4}\ fr^\
.f^ ay
W f-. jlr.i" j.-il\ JlIr'! ;,.riL" ri a* 6r; -UUi ;1,* :rote y-l\
L-r:c ir4- , EXt
'r - rt-/A\ :rote confiicr role srrain -,r9:Yt ;i s\ rg:!t L!-
\
,i1: L:!V rt S
"f ,rUH
\ .: FV \Y*l
\ al it y
:s o c i
.f >4 ir[l
in eq u aI U=. \
Y&ii \.Jnti
.4fs. a t a. , - ,r
L ii*' i"jr ((31 ,i #! ;k)! 4\ ;\ii rj'({
F.*J!
'{t ,,itt
{, ;.J'",a[)! lt ft A.?\:k A i;,u;ts *:ii A 6;:t,U
.t
:r-' +.[Jt A. J] #i.h+Y) Ji ij) ':[c T4r."S ig * #\ r"+VV
.(\. q .(Y - \1 : r qt)E ,-hi ..JJ ilt-J\) l*,:, *rAt
a:- <- , .!;iJ\ ola j ,+;!! ,d\
t>r'
- --*i:J-
o
\.i6-,' Lh'-\ 'i (. J
A -{rtA\.r},J
,."o\..4,,;!LJ.\ f&,_r rLi c'>[,rb
& * )b ,4-rr uJ"+ ,o!, \j, & tU>t' qr ;1-r. 5--" a+**b
,,5 ;-:-*- \iK.JU$)/1j
r.(t (
,'a!9Jo-7 '9D t'o -s ,b Jtr\ l$, #\ rpu! +u-v or"/\ oL.rJi & J"')r\ br".," ;i ipl\
-.7-l
./
;\ t',r'-\; r44
f&: .;trt-J\ ',b ,J"l\ pri; (;,-rI\ ,;+ ..-s-{r) .+J\ ,rG r!,lb ,,L*,J\
-*j--<'-
''; rr+-
- -<'* :1 :i l.p^!) Jb,f\ rrr*lJ irs g5r.t'lj \:, e[i;n )r
-4 '!*jfr,.,-i Oi
- ,r!\ 6r'or,(1 d J.lij + +li:J\ g
6^o[I\ -r-i ..ts i *+t ;1
,r;lr ,f ,4v;p\.i^ i-rc.;
i" ;;t, J o.-il\ Jl'Ij' & * Bi" rfut ;;-i:i C^llJ.- ;Jll-*tJ).:; ;);"Jl "/ tsr .sr\
j;:'- Jr\ q-! oF \I: ,4EU\ ; ir fb ,K! B* 3>* ,C*I\ ,l ,d'\Jr\
-,/ - -l r r..1\
. .[- : P'*i'c"!b
- -l r ,
.4P't:f
r
.,;tct clrE!\ ,'t rg\\, r-J! .,1*iJ! Jt]\ ;* ,;y' ,F r, ! ;;;Jt .-i,.
,
v;Itrs v L4,Y+r#r
J ;r \- Y;i -ru-)t 3-ro ..)L ia]-i ,"-JC\ 4'!i! ^3\ ;".
ntr, €r".-6i' "*f opii;',r#-
^,
Y rloii
lffrdl&larll
,9};4 b u: .:,J\.4 *k . "
jl.((\izi)) ,:J;* L4* ;.ju;-
aiJnr ,;;lr u,p\3
iA M fr\si)i if; V>\rh)b ?\ Fi;L f, -:-- :
-l : oA ,\"rl) " ;ht;:4 ,;r.Xr Jult 'ok e:i;.iti:r * j-..-"
.(\.
#s,'*j., -:':
-afs,at- Or#!*)t ;K.ar-ru ;r|jl..)\ ,\".j) J\ o.h .;riJ\ .r^
,-l
.qr:)! ,f , :<;.=).
rl+iJ\ i-J-b b,f#, -a)^"\-y(, 1*l cd"U\ ;F-" !fE"i r(,
.
1..r.
y+ )S .^--
oi irr*gi /t"! tsr ,.trt a:':-;rU" EKrt g.\5 o-J:q UK.JU:!)/l. -lc €.
l- tl lr
.i--;-ilt dlt-" F,* ii ar-t"r-\;;(V Je jL>._i'r;l _:- _:!=
"{
;*+ 4!iI\ ;)U\ ,:! .;>\.J! t"-lJ ;i;}\ .,"tt q:K- o\ ,$5 6.t" f&r ,;yt-f -f j--;
l\ ,jp & iiil\ ;:LJ\ ;*.as i*;:Jt ;:L.ll aeL* i 7t" ,fi tf ! .""!r) ..:a*, ;-* .:
.ll. .-.r-
rk")\: ,(v ? *r-ilJ;:'[\ ir,;: (v r;lrWi C tU, i{;V*t,(1 ,
r,
.f,JJ
+ *o!' j el:- _
jJ\ ;)U\ ;L.r\r A Cb ,(Y 0 A.i{tr\ J.Le\-.r eIJ,\c ;;\r g ;I\ Jlt l & + Bt ;$z ;--,- ,
- \\o\,1
o+-b [Lrlil r>i
U
.lr
',"
.'r_{l Jejr.I9 ei - i-t
II
i -A\'\j,t a-!r r+
.
. -.1t'
,-*- j t'ua: - \
': '*)J\
-r
;*- "^i^(t ,-r;;
;, d ^*U-.Y
, -.h, r_f
- -t li A.-c.Nl Z/'r'
./ , -.(t, t -'(
-\ ..i '*tx\ G!
--( ;a;;*'"4!
ro-*'
christianlib.com
a
3
lf t*irltlj e#Jl
:r!" !:\s i-S ;i 4 ,)aA\ \-r,o Llrr -ra
JriJtLLr.
' au'L"'
?,c,lir
ut
EdJt ;b)ls;! JrU\i g-.', ,*+, p\,;,:-) .* t"a'E -.aeJt,1'It 4
;r1-r)\
*)\ 'p.-Jrriji 34
cdij arL,=V;tj!t
J
J^oti'C'.-*;!t\ €r s.";-r:':'5 ;r-rql * aJ.g +!. J.
4)tLu)dt t 4'* ,$!-r ".(rr\" -i "r.(-iJt :Lit J*+K}-:
!i";i
+!--r?\ :, .?9,e:?',.-1
G, v-1tr .?)\,
e Jv ,r+i
',3"P .i t^:-r
'ji ..i+"4tt=
olrL/,\4i1
f/e9 LNt9 Ct"ry,
Yrr"4. #.i -rro * # j,_,.';J! *-;,g,ois tj
'<,*";lt, : <ro)os ii .:-/*Lwl
.^y'>'! ;-f,-ilr ,a,t1 E" 'q,.-r ;r: 4'r.*;,
131
christianlib.com
., .t"-i-r" ,.!,\-i' "-il9") c.,E[-.# . c,!!=-J\ ;* r-io * Jt]tr)\ .j.o 6-r; fl f!'!t ,-r^ j:
, : ;{:, [: (;'"-:i .qr-+Jt *- d.rrt\ ;\;r+J\e pJtrteri ,L-:Jg JL.rJ\ ,5-r*:- ,aLi tu\;l
-' bib*L*d i*i.lt cW!\
-vcL ,.,1 . zf! d"rl\
^fU-J il4$\ ,rr! ,-,t u4!\ J.*,,
ft ^', "# J!Y':" x "oW', LJ' ;* ji,ilj,r )+ ,JrB t': "iLE6'' b;fr;r*,
i?\r.J\
"1.":
)riV rfj|\ u*,.l\ -tbr'!t ,J\ ,5r*:- \h-\r,Ar, lt;,$;i.-.+
g^.,
;- .^-*J\ ;!!t,
. ./ -
'\sr;'
-l - dt ;,,tJt "r4 l-d,L*!l\ ;io>\r;)u d! jt" \", t- j#\ i ,5b
, i;q3 ir" +i.,,o \-J\c''a-
rr -i'
.-r.,. JLiSY
* ;..*-l\ PU trre "*,J\ ,*d ji \.-rlj,n)i L" -(
: .:f) qi ,i)),J\ f ) - I lr
.Q\et.1\\
.r r .r\ _U,
.( -'-i-a- J:f \S ,?)
GenderfuiiJl
-zj j;J'il\ + -ii-
- -f : .4.,\l1r vuJ:
z .1,
Jj .r^+\ _r-" .o!r" j'*r{" db .-;t ;F .F!::,t'!\ ,U,J 4--JL
: .1..;-a _*g .(.)jf 9 t^
F ,)dt -ue ;:re ,-!j., ,i--rlt
^r-il)! ir; ,4.-,-J\ a:3;:rl ,i ;.,r<j[\
.-'.) : .jri.+! ,$L :f') .)'*;F.J'i' i*" Atr * G\ t't'$;.K;i +.^-- [ *i]\ i-,-
"f.:^'l*
-- j# 'ii\'^'\ +
?i- _r:!#,_*,i,! 1J, :o-' *-i,>+a j;r;i -.;:\.i-:: -+ 'J, LJ'
"
_ . i, \",P- i,ir*
.jJi ,6:i 4a .ij.-i;!' '"o -r.*J' ;^..cdJu t..,! p,
:l -- iY i ,- ' \\jYv"V-J -* -T *Y:r:
''--.
j -q:^ fiu -e j;-; r,['[] Jo d\ ir--ll ;,;J\ '* +-tJ.u .i!,j\ ;*lri*L L'-^r EJ' -r*
+ i .3 * . .zaa ;-9
,ilr '-*F,tr
christianlib.com
^-! ^f\i-J aJU! , (';r"*"JlL" ,'F!') L.;tr! ,(",-F." ..-LL "tr:") -t-l
sJui:..
uP, *1-j--
€!.*:-r"!t ;F ,;-^.lr if
jU.P 4L
*: .r)lJ\ w eP -.o i"-- ;ii ;, .r..*i . .
*Ct- -iltri ,q.o[.r ,]1"(, , (5i ,Jr)rrt! 5i ^! e Jtp- r, LL.il\. e..' -_
i
-c -.- .
.
.i-i-.i\ +.rl\ lhJ .sJr +r+: ;.--J,-p ;rrd! B& ;4H\ -*
ll
cgp , t n, a*.i-. ^. ?
ri .4 I * ** ;5 ti1 .,;r4\ dh-. >t # uL-L*i &,J'rj .r-+\ r, lj .rd t_o-b.-, <tB _-:
** -. j.
oU'i\
"r Ch.)/
;l; ,arlJt OU':t Jt &t")t+ ,gr'!t ,o,.;J\ r-:c- .i"-L*'!\ ;gJ'!g ,Ur1r I
-lr
d' Jrb' ua*. ,: -;-
r,
,(''u;d\ P: ,i\:=L:J\) jt\ JL: .r JK*i ,-.r; ;r,>'t ;li qi" ft "
:&" p*JJ\ ,fr,J' cL!"li #'!\ ,b _,1; ,.=-Ut i!l! ,4r-!Jt +*il'!!
Lr,J\i! ,o3;b ,-,I! cUi L* 'ud* -,\-i ,"Jr,JJt ;r: .(/b qr
,"..rs! ,j,4)! ,;b;*!
rE! r):i
l) +,..4,.r!'l ,,r_J-|\ .,*[\ ;, g;,r _L_;-^,- );6: .qtl.r-\ ^-i eJi
.f'tr.lt ;l: *
o"-'r*i ,.u g)\:,g[.ri lb * n"';y
\r,:-o:3;1'\,t;-
I q:y *--.* f *: ,l-*'\ )',.t ;*;r{,,"t:+ 1r* .:,g)-J g -*-1, fffi.4T
-^fd, *-i
!' r* "-st -+,;ii ,; Jr{:t -. o -1.!-*;1 ,,, .:* -,-,o
jr),
1al
lJJ iiuqcbtrirr
christianlib.com
L
I
I
A{\L€ ar;t frrr",!f\ {+ Ji ,JUI\ J-1-,b .$E,!1\ *
K5r1
:e 4
l lr I I
I
U''*.t:.:-r'
! ; iarr.:.;B ;i;* a".L .-"+\ -Ut -*+ ,r) .-*\-J\ L\r J)"-{9" oli ,i "J;," 4! \+" 5 i*
t.\t i
i b e,. ,:24-r-lf
l rt :' * ._jI\ +U +L )vd * .l #I\ ;i-J\ ,*. * !o\t ,-[ut _*]+ -\,* LJ\
;' -. r+ ;l' n.rrG -,b- Jut)r ,, -L#, .:yl ;( .r- b;r*,: ,JU=y LJ\, ;c -y Jt ; '*+'
i.-.r'qp.''#ht'- .6;i n-E rr""L \;r;,- ;i -;dU\ ,=r"-
i, P:.ufil"ylti, 'F
,1+ ,;r\o ."J -,tr\ ,A .c,4 .i, -d\ 1L;ri ;,'tl ,;r,x.l\ ;!)rJt g
:;1 -i*-;r- !*$r'i
, :{:*b.rfl Juu\ii}
./r<
fh-J it,J\ + 4-r- -,i ,-"d.-:JJ &:, t' 3Jt {L j .,L-1 ,1" J"
Jeckn krasas
-.LUi Jb'J ,g\JL. by- 4dl\ &i\ &- *, .C_;'!\,i 6JtJ\ JI,-l! .-.-r" ..-E-{\
',Ey
t:g;o(r) ;giKlr sPur
ror-;1*{,1
;torJr A &-# ,,!i ,s4 by ,tj -{, ,Fr,;^*rl\ or!r;)\ JL*(."
:=+;i' ;6;f,
r *J "j*E"s JJ1 +, W r* ;"J\ ,r ;!u ;b',il ;-S * J:, U V \*,, KP -*(;
r ;; ,54t i-r",
.1#:Y! J* ;,!"q U*i,i.r3e ,,-*U\ $," # J" 3"\J J\); -F L--l\ -t)i -L+
o! .,1-!J +.uU'# *i * d\r!r! ,eiUU J'e["il +---J\, u+J\ ;:\"! ,c:[t\ ;:\c! [ i l#\
t . ./- , r. r,!1
l rj; :\ risp 3 o" i"-J\, , eV ? *, , , sl[\ i/\ ;1o ,' ,gi -re ,J\{\ ,-l.1.*
c' Y
.;-r"*I\ ;!!rJ\
"fc
t\ >qi::r..-; -il5 -,il c!\tJt ,!I\ g*; 3\ , ,pri*.!t ;",=r- ri ,"LiL\ f c oK\;*; ,,1*iJJ
t{ ;'.j;Jlf J+ Jt-jl ;\i. e.I!t .I ;F ,A;e {"L.--( ri .4:Jr JB ; -L,ir ,!Ui
i,-'-. )-.c aJ
;-r*!.\ c!)r\ d i\lyJt _[:.r" e;X\ ,.I-*Jt ;F.;]i e e:.;L-)il\i
-'r/v n)i erc
cki€ I'rasas Rogers. -ivr
ftClerical'*'orkers Dotng.Yascrt-
G..parion.=' Gender and Socief'
!-3t. '' , J[r,j ,J.;tJ\1 rU\) 4-J\ rW a-Ur i.*1! lE\ .-J.-1*,u-Jt ;i *E
,f .+\ ti; *;t Jl"t, *l
.,1*c ,ts" [* ..*,- ( ,,L'..1! .J*-Jl
.\;*"t:: irrl gg:i JtJ\ ,"r{ k ,t.(. i( \;+,.U, i"-r<J\ ;!41;,+ ,'u;Jt c^*4t
Et"
christianlib.com
-;f,ltd
r!o':r JiJ\ 1 *r."i^1-"a4, f-Jl ,rU , L;; o[Jl ;" :*^.! #, U-]..r+i
LL.i
135 aluqdutuiJr
ffii{fir
christianlib.com
'-'-,
.) j:s-* u/ oL-l r" t J!e, C\ +;tr\ c!:lq"[ U-t)- r-S Oi aa\+r*p ,L:r\,:.3 sl6r
r
--; {+ ,i L*J\ 4-j; .Lii\ c,d! "o/\_f,Ltr .(1b ;n -,+i
"r+
*r- -l: . p t-l\ b'- 5-
_---vJJ\
-t -'!q'!!r'
christianlib.com
:ii-.I;Jt ,:J\ ,,r +rJl * ]>.e* ,bakl" Lf.J! Jji t ;p .,5r;'!l ol-Ut t./
q:g $lq j* J-
,4 ,rF\ JV ,\;{ uu, rn\.+Jr .s/r p\ JlarUl\ -{Vt -6 o "P
It. lr - .
lb)\ +*^t *::-..
t
6l ,ss$:- O[-'!t ,.p, *.;>l;lt ,\ ,,f r]\r,rLo'!! ,.:,iaL,J.\ ,-+ .t;; 17?
-,!J' UI.;-.l i-"iii+ __.:-=
A:.,j* J"-il\ irL,r,;\ti ,)It, ,Jn1 ;r-L- ,t*- nKr;;.]' ^lr'1
7fl ;1.:l At-E
-/
_i;
cL-U.\ ql g\s:) - a;t;Jl ," I3L; jsy cK;i ,) ,ss-r-s 6;i ;,Li
LJ JJ
131 afu;ugg;.rr
christianlib.com
/. ., ..irr \t- .)tr \5;rH\ +u_r-r\ Jiu(\ .-r jK! i(j;Kt ;i.(g,;-r*t \ ;te)rJ\
)): *\ty r1 erd& i ,_g
.
ua-
-t 1
/ S'Vp+ t:K
9 t3p- \rU j)l (') j',-! \ .r+ \ ieu\ $ 4c\K\ rf F\ $, ;-r*t\ c., \i), \ j
-.15
* 'u+. ir-f, V( ; Jr"L*i" /*#J\ ji lri q ;,aUJ\ .i,6 ,\.4lEL ;-'*lt c,!!r\ * .rU\
.oE
,). "'.\Jo jp\y-: j [^ti,
E-; baklaJr .,_jJ\ reJ* .Jl #, +
:--r:J\ '\& ,-n* ;! LJ JU.>4 -U#, J) griJ\ g-."
./-lr
L; .;;-\ ?)9 )t3 'F\ --aL; -K:" cJt:Jr 7t !1 ,"F ic;i 11 .1 -L.,J\ .-l)1.4 !r ;J\It ;lr ;1.tUl
-
+j)
r \.\', ailf'
:\)U,t\ )9'
\;Jrr" JJl"a J-.a ,;-r^!.\ ;!!\ dl* ..-l)E .cl;Ul\ .jJ;+ *
-:- '}-.,J\ "l',
'; '*$r ',6-r!t 'Y! J, ;': -,JFY rU;J
LC ;g! ;r*h-t ;dL ;: tt+ +! ;!) -*U
?'; ,Vs ;-r.-)t ?r.+U=J ;.,r1\
+ ajH,-*! iK c\i 4i*ij" alL uuttu
'b *.S**'Ll';, J a.--J.\ "[ ;sL. irK jJ\ qutr\ c,L*r\J\ Jlr.,J\ uarra i\ Lr]J}ir\
rJ -.r't:-!rfit gs, ;K;:!-J! fu. !*, uayuaten J\ ;K-r;J g-Ui\
- \ \
l' i_rr- dKri ;!Ko-+>t
- 'r ;r JJ:E '+'+ "
i r t, r - .:lt
n_e:,n-o-l\E':*': .r.l\ \j,o .;,.c3J\";*.e d* \*"F\i?\ f-n Jd.i"- JtrJ ia^V i"J*b ,\iu
- drJ ,ts I *r;, J) Jy{\^z*;b -=:-\f, pr+ 4i)6a;K6-r;J\ CU.)/
, .'obi,;\s\i; I '-
,\& -i:^:{ $J (1 ,-l".I\ d 6)U\ dt f uiU\ }\) ur,-:U\ ,L*ib JL.J\
l, .-t\ '\t Jrer- Ji)
,y l\:;*"U! a"!! JH);!U\ Lbr!\ i-{- c,bl;!\ ;r j{\ L,r},,i'!\
:=;-';.*)\ "\.\" :\"i l'il ,f-f ,\,Jbrji -.y. ! a;! J.*-, .,Uib JtJ\ ."+ J)'u= ;r-b, (etli
C
* .a2a * LJ ,='Jt ;c ge+ r-! ,b F[-t ..t ^,^ i;I* *! :r+ L oF,..u^
C "][:i f ", C
.-:.- ;;\ JU1 * linowski .l rt+, rt' gF":j +!
J:t:' ;* t'
, r l l{
.7.* J-.=
.r.
- \.i \ \.'' g#1,le g. d3Jl-rijl t &*1t
. ?, .r )n' i9rf Jr)f-
o; -;:-o 3 +f ;\: ':^*;
jg !;t' u.:'€ rii't
--:* .:
;i " ^,,\ L(,
j,: J. e'-"r*, . -
. 't -
.a-4\ ;jI\ qr)..-F i"rtj{\ ,r}! -,\r*i Jp ..} u/[ UKrn .[re"" !K tlJ.ar-lrll;. ' , l
ibss,L-jJ\ ;J"jii ,\,o3\L.; J) *"rtj{\ ;LIt ,-F UL.q ar-{,\g{,\ II
uj$.o1.*ir_ -
'5;:c -
;F}
U,6 ie\-* Jc, J^l"p .j,_;J\ J#\ _"- L.r).+;lt ,\& _;,., j)
_E\ji * lir; baklaJr __=:.-
-.
\ I i.l fl\c j Margaret med -rr" &r.tL U-.!r;'lt ol\o -,1(,S ri! .;*!\ .-c.i:3
-Ki <-: ; .)
;.-J9;\ 6;yaa .)-b,,s2,(o)1i.o lE * ;*^4t ;* L!: :-,1)r, -r(i'" V-rr,
!}J^ J+ "r .), -a--
-.
+\ + ;4-io cb\,:'*^ ,-.,r ,"r+ ,; opJf Cg cfCt ;K,."'!t ,yu tt I
ll .l
- --) -,-,P.^?
^t- \,
) r-c.- '
:+,(;
' r Jit 4;
- v *" Gr\',Li
l_ -, \i- ,1,
Y/J
b*J,.,L-'!r
J v- ,a
L/ J,5[."*Ut
Y
l!
c*: e-f :J* ?-. .):,
W Jr ,\., .r-f-[r o\-:.J\ C A),J\ ;-" J)g U _**-1, !.r\t:-) ,_f,tr, ;, ,.i {-*-*i.i .^ * ,l-
,&.jiJ\ .,- & -;* \,.i U:p r:,r jJ\ d, l+;i.,;irt ,+\*Jt *!r- ;Kri E\.*Y,*',-
It r
,[rb c-.rsl Cr .-^uU ,4r-dJt luiri , C"lJtr. a-EJ\,-], ira! -y-ur l*o
.
'-f:- ,:-_. _:
^l-y ,-r
-Fi +, ,rL.jJ\ L,. . i'- "- "f,i lLr t ) ;;dt ,n ,ii,):B;\-rE 3 j
t/,-
. J4 ;,\ i *r;! ,. _
..
-,rL-J.JJ J ,'s i \LJli
JJ. .J .trobriand(t) j'u-J,rJ,., JJ..'* aLJ*
- vJ\.- \:LJ\ W''o ,,
Y -
139 i"nUirtt3g;rt
ilflj
christianlib.com
,* d\ ,-'!\ ;,tjt "r -r,-rJ\ $zY ,&, Flyrj')\ ,U" ,-ri xs ilujl Vlt*\ o<; _
. :l .lr.lr
- Y U. ,#r ;bk-! L).-i JUtlr JlLi\ q,
;Ir; -
,\-r;:-J.
l
JJ J VJ*,,;L\\ \
,.-l\0, L
.,t."W'9 '';r";- i--; -
o+,J\ J.lb l+ ,54 F +r.'Ij ;,r -S * Ur ,,p1.'i! ,p>I')t JV: * Ir+tbi
ll /
((Wetner .-_ -
: -:
141 iit-iiJuUrJr
christianlib.com
-#
christianlib.com
&
f*
*
E-'
ry
'%'@,
4fr
tilE
i,S-.S^61-t
, .i,r.te
a- l.--
h-t, qi {.tG
.Eui*eesi€ra
.Je_uvJ.'J\ , b;*2.
.)B)'\"zl
tJ\
=*\ A\ ;l .1#r j\+*=! ti.,l d' o+oj\ J-br ,J[t',r"t :o L*
J+-,,," jl\ ,-/\ ,-ril bVs.*rIJt ,i q,r j#\ C" U HE 4r.J\ri c;>\J
4* ,-p ijJLI\ ;/ 4) p,i]' +-, J) 4;Ul 4-y JUil d+\ qi
"r udjJ\
_"iU\ JUr-)\ r-V oi 3,o quinceaflera J\ ;rU: .(1 ,J-iJ\ J5\ .,-ri*u'
J,:, J;.^(I\
vJJ - Jy =y.r
-. ,y/ ,;Jr
'\2
\/
;;r
C.
1L-/ J) dr"U\ by ,^io ,*
-tr^, c-.-
,;:,e a*,,\L\ ;" * ,\i*Jb: .o-rJi J\r)r! ,-'1, q\i,$\ (u.'
*;,;f\;_*, ;* -t--r-J! quinceaflera J, -*U 4":
i,-! 1\"!j" Jd\j .o':., ol:.
kr'r;i a(, U;rP, \t[, U* -*; -Ii;i .tt-S;LJ\:r.:^,- t'n
,*: l:,il a-"u.^'+i J" \r-( .!.!r:i .'ei,! ,chambelan .J\ a'v --*- -:;
:.{: l*.Jrl\ j Z-;:.;}s-)' -. ^:*J' ,, 9 ^,r-.<lr o,ir i-s'
KF, ,\A;.-.rJ! ;r!t lf: ;,*:.u,r=.n de Guadarupe ,!jJ\ * +,;
1+J ijt&rtt3$rt
christianlib.com
-ae.e-n.-arJr
\iP;,.i
, t r \- liuglgt"orlr
: 1 _a,* L -! .J:Ul Jir'lt oi ,* VV klp *5+ .;*r ..pr. ;; ,r+'L* ,UJrc.,[bl_,ct; t..-;ar i.4 ;*r*
*-I ,i) ;J'j\\,.rue\ ..5X1
"( :!s!1 rJl u-r. * c.,Ub ,* ilr." jfil fd rul ,x*\ o)1.:!r,
a,.:*'ir a!)Llb
, ..^r, Just Don't Understind: Mdn an-d-Women in Conl
;!),rr * -"J!.r-+\ ;. ;* .r- J*V\ # LLJI -.*-" Ji
' ,JLJ &,t[ d $ir;'-r n'3, {\;t.vetsatton
'";ft
g
'F ( L:^z) \ji ;- '?i " :il' r-ir:e -rr *"j .-I,; ;:;,
r 9' 4 '
Jd x t" i, ;8, #1' ,ti,' Jrb.,
<..>+\ ;r>\*\ dr\:" JI (Jrir) Lb ,jr: o, serl{er. a":+, *r"_*!1,,i-r}i d er,
c.,!1,;!l llr9 Fir
&'u'iP' ""'i"-:Ji1 J-J! i ;fi{t"t*
. ,_* ' ;n-J g'-tr ,\5f
- .1r ,ir+i -! .1\!i, .iili! qL;li rg,1** i.,,ra1.,;i ,,.- ;'Ur!
')'
. U! + .r; k \L ;;tl= c,lpk I
. ,,/'-
, ,rrf j)E +-!: ,
#j#9"'?#"Y,':t'
: :-*:i.s: 'fri+
+k6
{ J*Jr
: €uJj+ ;Bl,"rL-! ;;.,.;r,a-,, *s.r*-riin ,*',
.;;;,t-'!t t F,lt:^ *" {! qx i,L-,F-r n,r * ,J**i ,i a;u;r .*;,
- '-r- ;i .:-J"-!.arU ,'a JL" -r:r U r ;lila 'L;il
-r olglJt b;,, ..*JlJ
t'.,,. ;K + iu'i, -,5*i] J.:,li
,JL.)\ .r) ,;i1 ,r*I {+U't} Fi *U FV,;1*',. .-".-' "1;r -.
'1, -J*: ;
,
',"
t t. ,'(
. ' i'a) ;d.,r,:,o e\'*' os"';i"'3 ci:1;ll oit li s''
;i'
,[oY: ,6)E! ;#;";;,p:i;-rr;o,, u; 1i "*)ttiitr
Ji )] w &r g cl l,! 'e"dll * !F)1
3', --.-J\ !i/. .(lElJ\ j'
Jlli ,+ E,e .rsl+u is\ ,,a
'r'r &
xa.rlr
"-,,uar*'-,,, -r ;Krr1 &liul1,9 n',dlr't'ilb JFJI ;'ti JloJt 4
'J'
ry ,"* '*"j 'lJ! JLri -.r;y ,,,o,Jg
*C
- :' i*\.-,,\Ji 'jti '-iB *'y * f .;-, ..-'1.3 J(-! l
il; *+ **.:_;;lsjl;rc,
a-=i
,/, ,i;o
'!:"
. ,, c'*J-
^a:'s -.
"F3, Deborahrarn en,youJustDon,M
Women in Cornersation (l.leu, York: Morrorrr., 1990).
-\-9
l-;' jt"*r",-,e: rL;
1._r, du k C iJ\ i^t',t-
,.srt')'\ Ld\ +\iI\ nn\ Ur.+\e\ J-"F! ,i.*1\ ;r1 * lJ*i
"*;tjt
.;;d. "ae,,u
uJvJc .')S o-tJ \.U\ -|rl, .Sj
Seruality ef UPt ;+\ Jt- , L#, jr?!r=! Lt-i
J.,U'JJ ,"_:L:!Y
d' a, ,r+
7 ---? qr'*).>l "a.2:.
. I , - \'
) ; ;'.)[eit -r Lu:*r\ :_4\ e4\ i-,#',+ -^.lt:-t $. .jlif
-;3 --* ;l U * ,L;J\ ,-r..;tr,a'c',.i ,*l\
u.,{;iJr.5;)\ 3}")t _E',*..;!+\
,r$\
:
-/
roriS-
Lj-\ \' a;ujy ,r".1! -iJ\ r^,j C ,$r\ ,-d *., .vq.-!t .:\-rr! ;*.J ;isK
-; -\
- - :.:.r3nce itll: a\A1-a5fe-Iiffi- * C"-"d:.],1.K\ 'p \r.r ;-_o,'rLi Jf:,,';;J\ ,_q: j::AL ,.r [r:c
M
christianlib.com
c# {rd\ d4U ('lt-r" G=) , ;A\ lri .*.y (+*L-'!\ri) l.'lt bJt-\, ,;;ill +_-';' aU-1
.,1*il! JL.J\ ;r c\g>U\ + .d!.r+\ i..lU"Yl ;x .1- -;,
W ol; ji\ e----l\ c,[>t)\ f tt'\J\ sJ--]\ A b_* (J"i") \"i ;;i
io _- :,.:
-,t:!t, ,i*"\+\ :jer.;jij)t Jc, glft, .a^=^-J\ j)+\ i\l
,.g,,inl
.,r\+.J\ 1l=. >r,
J) {J.-.) V\2 ,-;2 .-r2.
Jc, a;1;'!!r;rti\ i,e a"*^*l\ $t f ,yF* L
,*,1\ yj C\,Uri\ .
r1$gl..1Jlj-, .;d.j !.
,L*iJ\ J"I \:,U 4"".-" rrJ\ ;i ,p.:tJt J;:{ C\ orr(U!:.-,)E ,,.4f;-*i! ;-, 4 a-.
tf ;\"l JP\ ,.r a-*^*l\ ;\:t)\ ji cr-:: (rL*-61 ..,.,1s: t c!i^ $_r.f i.ar.ii j!--..-. -
,,.J\)t' :t' Q$8, .(;.r(-{\ .p L(-*iri t=Jr ;crC Br..) ;{* e*{ ,i7i lEls,i5 -_, --
-J;"*Jr .r .6- c
il-4\ ;"\a jr, o2;ea3,a -,;l;-Jt uF) ,,1t J, ..s4iJt r[:rV: ,;rF! ---
cL*r\r {:F * ofrL. f, ; 4: rK! JEJi t,y" .(,J:l,tt :i e,115** t:; .3_.r. i_..-d
"ryr\}t J#t _.; -f,, ,--+ -
J ,
,i JL.J ;,At oir ;* \i,, i.&,Jr ;5\,;\\ -i ,;;rJ\ -,\Ji ,-u, . ;t:,
oL.jJt ,
.-.iL+ _(! j j
$tr.d + ;JlJ! Jb C\rr;, .! p+ 6, ,;rr-A! 4J*
'i\
r,; ^. =
- I.- -^-.>-
! n**
.
J
..,
'
j -Jl:.>.) '*-'
. \rt ' i* f\',i-<, ,;i 3r +,*-- 5];,=i"*\ J$ _*;j: ,^;J,
. ;J\
\ ,;ri'\ (",:s) .i -,i ;,;rair\ ,!,*;t *_*: J\+ + ar"*rr -)i ;'r[,]t ;*
-r <j--^ra )q?: . * -=''
nr*"ll o';rirt ,-F,\ ,- {y1 ;+s
"(j ,.-L-[r]t ; -il:+ ir"rli il-Lll
n*etii]t i*tCrr$Tt d ! Ji,rrl 146
christianlib.com
..rl\ oi .r--k: Jtf\ J!; t*-1 ,J,-..iUJ\ e\f c}[J\ ,LJ\ ,-,b
'i:i,, .A"Utt J'*: ,4. j* JL*,e ,1>l-1,
t:;*..
J[."U u;S, :-z:,"
S*, 'y*$- 6 q"\r., itr\ t$, .rr(rJt J\a o2re i^i4 \:e[.l ,L-.ii!
.tS\ i *'s. a-b
147 iluiutsgr;rt
christianlib.com
Jr
a-K*it & +-i. .:E)b * ,r4t c* ,!L^J! 6:LI\ -tC! ,+d\
br_r q,u
', \{ 3" /t -'tJ:
_*i Lrk J[: -Lr:.€L*i,*+ --r!t!\ ;r.r J*Jr ; -r)i:=)f -,1.!.i-l\
,1, _.:)! Sitr^r* ;r
i5 -,/lr
;6 Jrs)t 4: C;E)b -tr;Lfi r-.+ 1,..n jf;J, ,C=*I' !-- _,^1 3;;Ur _jlt
,B!J :!r!\ .jit ;Kr*ifr ,.rd ,& OF .ng'r; y 'j+ ,;,-,a$\ r)r'!\
..2:'* q.-j+ ;\')b
J&r" n-;\ i,5J! . ;.;.1 r$t u; ,-*,.;rj<j{! J$Ul\ -,.Ji}\ ,LJ.\
. \ ,.i..L.:
,i _*r?' F .).> - - ;r;i c)t ;K:\"a ayJ\ + ;ilc ;e;5!ri ;f,-Uu r4r o; j" Jf*
:r +o e.&-t €-rrJt @s.gtll'iU "butch-femm" ;J+\ jr'r\".,**. ,* j.*)\;l\ -a..::^
,, n ;{).rf-rlt ;r\c: ;W .j!i\ Jr.J\ .i ,;r\"rl! ,,.$\ :rfo ;:\c a:d & q+f il!.\ i**[\ ;\s),',,
,1r
+ i *b
-
J,-17\f''a q""tr\ .r.#\ ,y zh p C,*'lt ;Kti1 \* 5-iJt *oi\ b:-! ..fG,
"-ll
Egalitarian retations +!L*i\, J-i;Jt ;U)\J! .tldF! itJt g,l.r[!1 ,*l
j.,-- # :^,,J' ;K;(
3r,tr\ \ U=rj{J':j) :{-lt, At * l1j ;ryal,i ,-r*\;t cr4 ,,;}t ,; o^, ;\r)b t'
,'"i,
.idJ\ oia ,i" ;:\o L,i+ d ,;C\ ;.^il\ ;Eg\
..--'r.3:-'-* ,fd ++ b.!,tr.Ch-)4
' ' '-*': .i
-,1 y ^;*!t 9;J\
lo ;"*--.JJ ;. -J! t' qlt*!\ ,jL:i\ + {r*+! pJr ;b)\:;) re
.=.:- j'6\ ;" )+ a= jKt ;*-J
,,jlt -*!I\ .:'rr(r .L!. ,p ,l\ .-,.i[ 4j
,r^^,-
-* C
<--'.< +'-?9:-:)' ?* : ":u" ;K#l\ ,, ,-" itit ;,s[J], c-r!i r6-il ,*!r u;-{ .-*[l
-,or,l\ --o
t*
. \,
lllll; --r* -
'I
E-*: i?'?
vu e ".Jf ,1*,t g ,,N\ 4'rdr ;l,.-rrkri I ji ,i;,*r-Jt ;r.-+tj)\ *a ;':dir
.- u: J6 ! ?*
I
r tt,
..,1,->t qp:- j \
L
,,e;-il\ +L*b J!.4fr\r!:'!t:i ,[:i\ ,; \1;"r OK: .r'i! flt -*. ;y u-o.11( JI: _. ^, ._
-i-\t
.f .-JlS)g r.n
ud-d\ utl ;KoL-'lt ,-* *:,41;!\ v*1 ;irr ;Kcp:J\ .s:
.j. -
\- .:
.4)1J
-;.,. ! _- ,!r'!\
*:;y*lr )(3;tr'!\ ".+;r.,-*4' ,,*a -*,-r\.;;iC a.*.a :..,\!)t J*ar- +"rJ\ i*<+ - .-
Y ': "berdache" dt.i\ J! -lp Ji d\ "rr .-,-UI\ .r4\ C ..yri iFi Ji a>U .t;f :.-,- i;-_"^
J\ ,1\ L-Kt '"" rL:*" *.-b.-) y ci' ,;r V\a ,Vg,* .*)tt \ F:.JII j* "r-:::-:
,.,F aJ\, ..',*g.J\.rr
v. -r:i 64-ro iLlta.^ ;Kr.rf-{t';br.r-
4,tltcUtalJ . lr r !,
J'o!r :' ,i)"-.:
v. \JrJ JJ Y .\_,-<941
-,
,JU.\ trS,Yr)\ ,5i ;:L*L -iltt s c#]t ;" +uit -;61 _* ;_._
-_
,U" ;F ,;L-'!t ,b *t,UL*! berdache J\, 9L+ f ;!t ;f ,ts, Egalitarian relations i: ,_
(t, r,
b-IE, ,j\+\ J) -*;i\ -s -5\i,l.3 $.;*(.-"i't, -*rrr!, F.J-*rrl' P A\q srJl t '-.
Y
.
----:-
.rr-tr\ U-+J.*>ir\& -,F ,-J! .c-::L" ,\
,.{t.."-- ) ,;\rlt ;*
--L 1-t< .{,.c1' .-^-s
__ !:
;\t'.,r;.*y) -:rir ;Ll -* ^,Ii l.-,.i;l-- ;i ;!:'+ ,**, 3rJi 1*r: ii . 'n>--J +_= J j
,.*,*r zr^lJ
g rJr u,(rJr :1 ,iJ;*!\ ,J""H\ .r: .(o.*\;Ji il-Kt .r )+ ".!
J'J - '..t,-
-*r l^ .r-f <-r 1 -
v..'
{tr } ,L, .;LrJr e* :# ;yi*J- 1, ==*; ( ->(\ ',."11,,--*)\ ?* +
+" ;(;i' ::-. i - .
4;r*i+\ ,f V-b t-rai cituert Herdt -.t ,sambiu [.; Jt -t*, +\+' ' : t. .J
*::Qt:* -_ j .j
-j!;i;J!' U* al ''".,J, r-\o.r;,1" r..ri:*-i
.,c fu;-il\ ,iLI\ ,.o;
Y-J'vJvv
i2See Gilbert Herdt. Sambia Sexual Culture. Essavs from the Field (Chrcago. llnrver-:lt5-iTliiEI$-
Press. I 999)
,)
\l\9rt ;9:':^r"
^*;-'
> ; :3El r-l- 1"rj
F, *+i1 *d r, #,
j$l*:fi,m
r-rI
+-( ; J!.U\ ,,1*ij\ J,e UE ;'!, uu*\ 1fL iyl-+ ;i S fL ,-J-l .rL"+L;-: JL3UU;,*Utr ;*Ir
i- -*-: rL*il\ ,*i'-
, )s:
''tr W S, f Juii $5y',, , ;.1;J" ,,,; -i .-r oblr f)tr .C\=dJ
,11rt
"fU,.
,./ +-uJt ,i .,*\r! .-+ ci "sr- arbtl t')(f]..;;i;=9g-r
,-: -;5.7V r!o)\ ,-r
'L UKr ,l"ii o$d1 ;;.-+ ! ,J;llri1,,=-Jt +*: ar\tlrz*"9 3; ,u,, ,K
f' :,&*-:;e:L*ri C
'.;, ll;$?L, *+l t r" js t UE (eoauuoa rN) 4ii!1 ;.5,r.'i1 ,i1 "s;l;.-.,t
i ''G:'J#'rf il*il\
uiJ\ uE +f' 4 ,:y$\[ ;" C';#! ;Er ;K3 .€^f, +,*IJ F*y e;;* :;{
-L - ;F qrLo:lV 'i '#l ,,J .UJr,r,'>tt,. *o;t aar, ;i+Jr::.:,,,, dbq.Lti"t }+ 4 *d:*! eLr),I!
- ' .-
-'J.t r :jiu:)t {f}-.yw U .rb, -r.!r,,l!t 4trott IJE
;J,r, -*lia 4f:'LAra+qi:--ti"l+:'rttrrfl Hli u[#1 ;:l.l\ r:l]:
J,-.-"Jl O{.$rr $, IU
;l :lfLt" rl3 ll3 g.rr
$:r
;Lj1 bj;61r # J., ..b;r L"K-'y d,li-j *i{l t
JY.J.
& Vlttli't ,\& s,,r^-a E-" d\ ,lr:! a;L-+\ ,c tla +-i- J.-
,r.F\ i-,It ;+\ -?L! i*;Ir r.tr C*" I r]':r\ c!L-4 ;-53 'J{ 6* +-j, **
.i*{J;(J.i1;
6*r a: o
lLT'Ll,. ,V?,r- ,.;
;].,or"k >n {- .
il3tdl,e,leg, g3iill3, $)dl '-j$1 ,,r;- \* i
,r4L, oK-LJ ,:"
a"lL:}V :.\J\ , \\ Jy{ q* t'U ,P dtt a^iE!\ JK3.:r\ r:!rr-./---
,ra ijl u}r:r: _)- { <
"-,.X
*u &;r y-",a3 ,} ,+>t*)r ;t#r 'e ,ig.o.oi;.V,
A .J\{\ J*!" .]t.1* J!
,e*{l;fE ;j
.Ll i
&i "r ,\';jt , "Ei ;, rctr, ,$!\ ",J ,; \i* ,W, B& ;:l!-
.+;tll p{:ti ,i;)
{L-i* p LLr.l\ ,L*J\ alr:.*" ,rF .iiX, .i--,}t #rr!, Lt, lt " "*_
3.: "-(-
'F
l\ ,-lr o,-.!r+It .*,j+:.,-,arL+i ,li;! J)t r" -{-lt
uei+1"1.;;l
^.rh-:l'), ,p& o>*^li ;- ij
.tl,+i u(\"*i-., rfrlt +U-+ t F,f Ur.*lt ",4,$ i +!U\ ,,1*il\ 1, !6r';r, .*'-i"
. -a=
.- 1',., I -'i i
rF !* r\!rr s l+
ur +r,ii ;i .+lr.
t,4 =
;ru4 ! s ,L;Jt ;r\ g;-t :'Utf' jlo*,-r ;p)L.^?i
..;-
-i i='!t e\s;! U,\J9 , L;i 'uili
"r4)i.l\ ilt-.1
49Pt
+-U\ ,rS\ J) Jri\,3i,a \", ,$r\ t):.'Ur\ J+,u-<il;lt p JHlun e5'
))3 *.;r
-:.:*
r; _j:'
;,. ".i;'Jl ,r-*U'y ,qi:'C illr :r;jt ,!". ,'utrl -t^*"- ,y #r*
-.,*,
{ ,LJ' -.,)',+i ;* ;(' -n it-* J.^ --I' ;-..J ;i: .",-:L$Y ;.-
I 3 See Suzanne Brenner. "Whv Women Rule the Roost. Rethinking Javanese Ideol6liffiT11EiGi7i'F
Self Control.'' in Bewitchin-e Women. Pious Men. Gender and Bodv Polrtrcs rn Southeast Asia. ed.
Aiu'ah Ong and Michael Peletz (Berkelel: Unrversrtl of Califomia Press. 1995). 19-,s0.
:i -*-;l ..F 'f'\t, c\: ";;\oaY ;{;\" . "q-:j\ d Jr,J d-.- ,LU! itc,trf .lb *
,lf'
.
r ll-
UIJ\.ar c .-;i\ .iAV i(ix:! ,L*iJ\ y ;JLJ\ ;1"Jr ; ,r-J\ .r fj\ ,,|o .F, q"i
*;r' JB + Lp-Jt ;-{It j ,L-Jr LJ*: , )r} U:;'-,"( .;l ;!1 ;r-+rr'!r
-(.c*Jt
J '\./
.a;l\ JerJt ," 4-rJ\ * i-i- lr J<-i 6L;\ lU! ,lJt",:i\ J.J\
&-u-u
3-Jr
alL [a '"i
.
tj-**os7)of " .,r ,. J.1 ;g -b i.-.rlrrii'!\\ ol*!r-{\ Jp ,4rrt! .i^-rjJ\ o:-l\ 1trs :&a
:* 3:.t.r"tst ,r*- * ,e ,\ ,e 2'\ eqfl e'\ ,* ,5{ q," J#! Jt}\ J.lir i-,! ;.!U!\
{ -il\ '*l.}l\ ;*t +ba € p.:Li*! Vd e d\ * ;!*iJ\ *s €r_r
,: Q.r"!\ r*."" .)S\ J! Jy)\ +Ktr+:
^*[.=ra
-,: i> j JE]! ,u;t ?.xJSJ 4f" dfrf.rii'lt Otc t4*f t
/. .r. ,. t -(
I r ,ji ..rG ..'*i:1'
j-t i Ll! ,+ul\.5;'!\d,l.t'Gl\[ "Krr Crq,5';'u:.r ct ur
JVa
--?
' jqo.) ./,
n
1 \-lr
ji)q i*r-' t jt ,r\L,slJ u;;;,,^; lrfi f(r ,l€U;r#\dr."*^*I\;, 4!;ji4
.s*^lt pJ! jt"" r .dt j!.,l\ cJ" ,K,," #r4\ f+)t J\ 4:,lu\ 4r\
t---, ai,-.-it O'U $\: U*iaa-, j*r.bb[l ,, 6 U iF l&-,JliI\ &- &..-lili::J\ ,nc
-' :r'd,o);['r\ Jr4 "r
jJ\ E\.;Fj ,j- di 6,s: Ji *l; ,c* ; ,Lit rsrv,6 i^;lt
!:,; ,t <rLaJV l"rJL .uk*q o-K oi q:-- l-J :i yb ,-.ts oi o.-,- artt ;.r;t f C--i..
-JY
, \aL-., 1"
,i ,, yb 9U": ei a;r"!
+ --r*"il ;r LWjJ ;rei\ Ji 6j )o UF Ur .;.!U!\ ,ip ;c
. )::' ;'-+ .:!'i;Jr :!.iK "*"i-
.L:!Uj J.[.i ;i \a ,its\;lt
te );it r-6" ,i .+I "(
3J! +arrJ.i "-=^-J.r -,1-riJi ""u -,i 5
6iri ;,\.: ;'.g[!t ,1c +L-ft:
i '' ,\: r y) ;,]t 6..+
gt#hrtf LJ,,!r,, .fr4, pJ, C srrl\ J<t"i,! e\a'!\ 3-*^*" ,1"',o -o( 6f
,JU +U->1 ;gul\ r* JU) ;;:\-lr ;r-*-*J\ -i+\ ;,( rr"+ ,;
j i.J ...bakta
' / -! "(*
rJ ,.;\ lU(\ j:Er*<:n*'r*i" r\,gr-r,t'-* rlr,! r\JL;!-a,- *+[\
:'' j* )-'; :bavbalatt j:z
v..J JJr r-\ ,':]
9j
!-.\a' ,:*:;=-J(
C/J
;:-J' -i:,. 'r.-+ ;,u*; F .-'-; -.i
'
-\ ;j^ \s, , i;r^'i *;1:{ _t-ir;1,=€I -*;'=3=--Jr 3: .l-{' ;.J.'oJ";(3;,,",= J,*
i,aa2,JA
- r,- ;]t "1
,-ri :.burga'tq ;94
---f
r
christianlib.com
r .\+->b-J.r L-.tL-
'--r--' r.v '\a 11 4;$r ,!;t.L-o
V t - lU":r(
\?u te',lt ;-7 ri.-,
.( t l: r :('YA, ri) .-*!t *a,.,
El*lhrtl
.;9( qsrt {lr\, fx )t- ,:^-:- ;"JJ' * pJ fr,:.bakta
il-* ,\8, :,1.-* j-, _ri ;V{ #i,,";K;:!! ,it- A ;ba1,bo1r,,
'{L-*; +=
3+
o,i n<c
-,(.-.-+J + ,rl' f,'*>n -rl\ \,,.aJ ,i2,'E
.U:-)\;A\ _f
.'f,!t J,\lj + q ,;!it ;--> J,-z f g J"* q;:.but'ga"t7,2;
i53 ?$t*irttg3irt
christianlib.com
I ;,:rr- spirft6V3;4 UJjJ ,i +-s)t tlr*'*l\ ,Lao'rt ,q :i) female circumcision j[)\ JU;
--)' ,;f \isy L reJ j1*4IJ 4"*U\ ,E"itt F ,\ ,- {!) ;"-s a"rli:' a*rk .(tpcrral
| \rJh'r:
\r Jl,i,.i d otrtt .U." pJ ::&: f>U 4- ,f-v4 it!/\ U &_# :gender rote p)\ ,rs
'. 1 {' ,,r\i"
U;.: ,\rlt iK^U i,.J,F :gender souali:arion
;i- ; J'VJJi ,'Fr'2rJl "t' t ;t.*-t 4*Ll ,!t r*,,
^#r
; ?'-43,k{ r- .r*h+d, *u
-t;
.
j i:,\J\
L t, -t ..trlr
e12..:J rr
,b )4 ilU,J\
ji r* ud-n ,.* -{r:sender sraus dt f,
d 4i't"
..,. ; -r,u +!'"7[eV 'ft ;{t;tr.L _-;J ;:\c .-j,- ,!, :*.i-;lr -i ;-:f,i! ;--lL"
J ^o;\
r1
-','' ji,r \:) '\:-tr-r: .oir\o
J
,v'JL, ,-t\o
c/
-J .5 :Y* *'J4)\
V-,c
aJ\
J -a-' -L"r,i lr$ .oid\ *)y ;)L ,-1-*'r a*"8 4'L-b ,["1 Jntersex Jg
:: ;.b (>\"t ,-sJjJ ,J: "rr:J, s,\,\
.aiJg
)3 ?;z' \j:) rr+ *l' sL:j :-r € 4--L Jf JrH 7V :kularingkula eL
Trobriand Islands
J. .; -l\-* ;" [L'\:
:-:: ;-i\ ;r F*- ;l .iU\ *jl\ ;e ,L*.Jt ),as :purdah;L ei .r-t-
. l. ' .r I
-. , -€ r)+ttr ;/ ,U E;t \ir-o :.*,.2t- JJi J esr ,!f;f s-J33 :quinceafiero
r
Yaj'o'l:
p!, u, J){yu\ tl-y
,*)*. eA :\ ;1f: :se*rol dimorphism a^*ilt o*7rr,ilt ,i ,r, *il\
lr{cJtiai P,b .*o; .))l"l\ -uc i:\c
iLt'*! aL-iit ;l +U!\ q2U\ P :sexuat cutture 4-*i" 4e'A'
"f
.i't&l 4fU?\4
oav * 16" # 5-*i ,"ft \ ,t> :(berdache \.Za't) tuw- spirit rL, { t"r.- ,\ *-t\, "*
.;*^r-Ji y(ei -;V
LJ\ -t* !;;r, ;i't 1.-JK\is-,
u -rs, cl;"lJ r=-- .
: \j,clJ
\rJtilidrt-rtt
dI." &J Dp, ;',- -
,'n
V.JC 6&i .;i:t * ijJ\ ;{!3\ ii'rr ui ,-r}U Ju+r; r+ 'ii" la,trlr 4 *.;=-
(r \ -r . -r I
,i) "?q-'r\
+ \AJG1 r'x,s ,U":q
i
W: ,>*;c lsl ^;Jr Jb ,r ;!f i qu Jiri r \ JU"i * ;r;!\ ol"-:,!t -l-^r-.
,-,*-Pta?)'- -l
brf.! bi, srt ,f V:)sUtti Lly .Ji\ q").rth=.)/
'ttJ\+ "t" e +1, -!--: - -:
-!U\ Jll ,J: eb)!r .Lri u *-i(J ,ti"a s*$ #rrj f! .!iE2
,tJ,i, 3s t* 1!r!' *i; t', ,iU\ JU-l\ * \5-i -t" r# ,L\*\ I I - \,
T!_* \-r >
f, .r.-! tr--+ y \rtr: b\i eJ*'ir 4,rue K>ttg;;iS gr,
)
:rbU:J[,]*"
\1t:;*;s }l a;.,;)ll lU f \ JUl fr,r ,,LJ \ir-ra \p[r\ !r::-r+ ]\
,j*^-l\ C^# g;-{t '.Uri ,[, -r- " JI..,,..!$: rL^iJt *-r9" ] E*! Trobriand Islands _=)-:
j :jp'ft Jb.t';; grl\ t :'r\JU.i",* bt:;!\ ;5J.\ f F*- oi
:ijfu ;rlr!i<!tri ell U\+il,iflt e \trii ,1 \:** * ++\ _,r ci.lc t:--d- _*
-f
Y,Jni:
:/
'*it 6: : ;-jr -
t![r. ig,. {G, tgtll_ r,i &lJ'IlJ .lZ. gjll {i .,4 ai P,b
j) 3$ .t\6 t4 ri1 { l_= ,Q ."1!$; :'*-id\ 4i;: 6s" - i
-*;+!
iir
ai--> _J -
..
Qr
-r;J\ ,*;L>\;,.At,,\.f;:*ii
e ,: ::il-' e r. JJ - ,iA, r^L.; :J
-*'J\ JG-:, *; _T
c:"r^i-\ tP ayq,,;-j;-)'\,'6 ;,r .irli ,9-i *n
u.;-:Jtr,!* ,-tt-r;;(\r a,.ut ;',r.j\ .1 L['Jt teilt J-)q.- o].si ;".
155 iitqtJbt3'iJl
christianlib.com
e:: -F !egl\ .\
. .- i)b ;'" ,6f\ .\
t l, n l-lr *
--' J'' ) J
i.,$,.
-: .,.: !* ;,-t, 5'
-: ,l ,..i,,
- ,r I
J:d +V: rr
*(:rJ ;.*1.. .
-
J+ ;',^--r ---. -
!**- j' jl-j^ -* -
t .r. ;.ci :'t;!"; -! -.
6 iJr v-a, ,Z - ,-
I
'"',,.ryffi,
' a)lit-l ''.'4j1"1
,, , '
rirr
ii" tr .lr
l@1 jt 4 Jb^rl
4.&A
ii.-^!
s..lL+,o*$ rttX L\+ ,j{r -K;i ;^.=- .rt* -(u- -\: ,F
\..KU
U.Pl ,-*,J\
! i;Jl cJEi
.,) .t ilt
-i(lr o'uji ,--Ji\ 2J+:,1>-,*)! ,Jr#! ,eb)\ j)L ,.*
u>La;ilt ,:>t
^b;).
ol\
"*: ,iiJ5 n#r'J\ J!=i'\ C
+-{\ ,ec\-u\ ^-*J\ a-r*-*t
-atIu,9 an,*L;
'!
i-.,*\l ,Jrd! ,eb)r ,:*-; "xlt ;, l*',,rl.*\ V-f ,-_F J
grlil *6b qL'ieYt
f\nl
157
5
J
christianlib.com
ir- y..:jr.
rq-J+,rjt EJi
C
,#\ i,h s-!y:,"'rt ,\& p;o":-\ .,i/\ LJ\ \ja "r J:!\ ;!:*J\ g
ia, :;p\ .F i$j * Wrr,J\o!t ;L;Li-j -+, ;folr -; JUlr
: ; .(" (, i ,,J\.
,-.r r,.1 ,'.>[ -dr+s, il+^4 JKi,! is cU#t f ;,i .u rL-Jr
- I --lr
u*r--r t r o.
./
_-_i :- e-ti:-,J- .*,*
t'r(\ ;L*'r\ Jf
,,i
;" ,erJt &, j.d\ yc ir-!\ ib'C\ g B\c i.lr.l; JL*l\ lia pa,;-riJ\
.
-* g|_y.";Jr :;J'
:
#\ ;stt ,*(; irLsv pJJr oi -{, : a',au
:l
ti
.i
,.pl 1*s'3r\rr* -ru jK,(;,-*'*Jt j,G,-i{;i.-+ o!,.__K;i q
t
i L, ,,';r-!\i j"^- i.rc br-+ 4*:4r)r ;^=;y*\, ,i\tF: *;'! ,UUt
!
r1t:r"*,! iiJi.iI,"!\ + LU.l :-$r C-L,;:r.-r-',1\:_"-.r\ .L(t
,\,
a*6irl*.drjj}rd!J'4t 158
"qWllll
christianlib.com
'e;r-, 'F
;L-JK,',)
"Jr vic ..rLt
.
zb)
i 'Y
,i;-rL
-
c.".ol" J^--J.
-J
*:*:
'\J-' V $L r"
J(, ,^rBt n;ut i.y !\,
;:+ ;lJ\ ,p ,-F Fo o! ,nLiJ .:-.r. s i\+1\ i.ir" t.. i
d,!\=+ FE $:,--ir[\ ir!l\ ,,b \iU"\ -d d,U\ Jfro! ,i4,U\ o.-U\ "tL, & -
"r -ll
:{ie,)r nl2! _i\
\1, L l //
..r-'.
.il*r a,Jr _5;
?-e 4+i a-.r; +
-
* q"! cb[!\ .F4* Lri]Jr)i'!\ '[" ;,-.,- .,-bj(\ pJ' , l)\ &: ;* Ua:ii) :1 -,* ;. ;
.,/
,ai-Jg ,,LlJ\ srV J!f\ :;Ltl\
ais) ,'!t JL-r\
o-r,t g;-r-!* .;r+rli
;' .4 i ^i .).; ---.
.-LJ.,,Jj n"'.aJ\, t r'!J\ \ia ,!c ;9-rs-- !: ,f: .4e\ ,'J\ ,\
'r\f 47,J\, €r,t\'(:1 i-: ^-.,:
,iY {\")r
-. ;L,\r,a
. W€rJr v' ,'1., ;i;")r
J e J,.rfrh
Y'vr-
LrJrr;lr ,\&;F.itWb
,illi a.r fJ\ ,trr .c,\;;"a Lri J! ;U:\ei {:c-+ 4S"l ,(1. ! jii}\ iU\
t
;-r"LJ\ f$+ Jh lU ,-K ;3J\ ;f"Jt
,..,o.tt -
96, f ;t-.rr:e}>)J
'-l,clt ;p
"!o I l, - r.
.-".U\ +U!! ;rUt *uJt ,_e.b)\ +v,b;
_.j.. ,-)
"-.
lr
4,e
U*! qrL:e\o1_,Ulg uKt ir\-tlil\ tsoF ,i:rrir;K 'K+ ,fib
vaa>L?, ,-ta,| ,-;-
-1--tl
-*-,., A ---* ,;'-_ -
,i .*'$' ,i ,c#\ ir 4r+",F-1 crE>\r! "rU\ r f tu l$i-.,.r- .4r a\ ,.* t
J v- - -
\ r J'v .b..
* -,
,i'-\j t*y4 -'UI,: \r'ur rrul\ 3 ,p[tJ\ eu) LJ'!\ ;L-'!\ .-( \lr -l /
)' ,4b.d.7i. .>r-\-
€ ?F o:^ri,- rg .JS\ "Lp "|o .4\")t kV of-t:";-{\ ;;=)[J\, '.1 - \il
+*)
I
l: .',;-> i . ,-a:- _:
J)I; \;L*i ,[!Jt ..JlJ*-J\ €!J\ oK* ,+ r3r .\3 .-il\ + dl"-''*
"r l.l -l
14j ,ala:*l' r,
rjs ,a:tJ! Fx oi lii rK! J6- 16 ts, .aU '|* + ,*--ri:;)rr; rll. I r
..a.: _._ ..
i2j: ;* t
na oi ,f.I.-ig ,;[]r^l\ -r.ra' \r"ra J! ,+E by e c\:g^li --' F . .: -'i
.
t^-Jt ,l;J\ a_-.-J), -1ll-lL
cl.eEiJ 4.djt'
-[Li JrJ!;.*)\ ,\-r;:*)t ;) .-J ;I;* -6lJ ilL^l -.,';Ui .i
!-is-rc ef _€.
_"o
-.it' -r
OJ> )' Jr: ..- ^'' :--i.
"!-.l *O -tb
;'q J-$r q.r1*r;!t ,\& ,Jo4 r^ - :U\ ; al'r'!l
"r.
._."[\ 6!r,*), :*=l'
1-s9 JrlnJtg6ti3!t
*dg.ru
christianlib.com
\'/ t
i,J.3
;*
r,,-"-- -.- ,d,!\ + 6,1; Ko$'ar r!-; -:,.jU9.Li 9
L[Jt.r-^*,-1. .+-tlt ,-\ .-
[: tt-..JKrJt '"
- . .,.-!'V,;-t'Y',;^;S
J.
f r-:d ipr.9-"otr
erj)\ JK-i .r _51 * "!r * V-, _ra u f ,F, ,L\triJt{\
i.. , i\ ; -yr ;"
:.!f
'
rJ^r\
,r') )
.4r JJ,.-l v
U"
, --:- ;- j,;iJ\ J;
--YJn
" ;t gUytJi,J .i'utJ\ y9;rfa.JJ i.*'-i qrLsi ^.3.'rl!i*) 'r^4\ ,,t,
_G-, .r iF,. ,)#,: € ;f J, f -I' ,H' ;J .r*t .rJ ;4, j ),j^, J-o ^ :^aa -<-i j*
qa t .-!,c)t ff. *.= '1'ob zra, ! d, j+\ j$L ;J"'r-"
eb) r_.*J
,
i -i,(.:-r-ll---Etl
:, .,,/ q* jj) i,r!J ,H\ & -i,!'6 .i**^,lt e, ;!;-'i^, -K>.U ^1,-
.
-i_. -s;) _.';- -bJ;.*; eot
r -,i) .:\S ;(r.,,',1iL
L-- ,,sA\ 6;iJt JF q*4; {E! q+.ry*i pttJt ; V JFJI ;K '- :-- -,o
.CrJ ,lt
.E.,.Jt - \-o\tgi
s s.J .,Lu\ .,
\-. e-"=KiJ\ y'Ji o\o.,:i
J \ J-t...a; i .r ;-rve\t
\ i-
(').,LKe*<U\, g * \c-.>:
rU\ ,e;$-U\ Ji.";9 Jf!,
.JUr ,\.+i 5* .rt*l,,
)i -r! ,-.,)'o
J.p ,rb ,Jo/ hoansi .,rF ,z )t ,lb ,t .^JU\ ;+\ .-F l;U ;e-rP"
I -=.
.tliy
-l
-*-
,J L.+\ ;,!;'y\ ,rr,A\,,tU * flLtj\ af ;*-FB4r\i ,J\!.\ 'f t* )-a:
'r
;K.5$ ^LV -ra\;'c!: .^J'r:ff': .Mongoneo i*;\ P ::+ I e,j)\ J*''_, _(
i r,
.;t)\) Ji L L.,*:', (.r,-,j-l,Ji) rr- ;f -',-,-: j j['--1, ,L-. #' J) z:.) -'-;. ,
,*
*:-, i{..'*til -*-.L- 5*.-. -.( i a';'r+\ jc \jci ,(f,H! .,---;:9 €;-r i: :-' =:-
t-\
/.\._
k:he -.! :^Y 1: e -.*-. r!. 5
-,1- I 'rr, t.i- .-: :; * .s,6j .1. j) -€ o: * -j. --:- .x -6 ;;, :a:. -r.!; \
.,*',
' -* :i;:
: iK .;+ _#'c e:\\ & *.r,t 'fi ,oA -P 'F: t.;,lt ;\* "$:, .';;t .rar,.=* -
_a
(30 29 :r ;-K) 'J^S ;!'r " *;'
161 J.rtiJg6tiilt
ii
christianlib.com
w
christianlib.com
lrc ,,!c d,
j+ 4= : r!i'!i .:,bt*. i1.o);K-r;J .cr\-'l! ^f df .rLI
. ,i,r!\ ,,!o
f.!B! l^:Jt .r" ,-;,-J\ y, ;!t*lt
:A lrrl\ ,.!+\ -,--Vs,cr\ar. E!'\ t\f,
JL'" J 7U.\ :\"-\t ;;,
ftu ,rtr l-
)t r1, .u!J\ J" ;rl,5rl\ lr'>rt ,e!! .r-,t5lt ,.*Ji
d+ Oi d-.-" t
!r[ roU.\ r[.J\ ,-,F ,p[-Jt ;-JrF": ,A{:.}o,)t#-
r,;J\ ,ao\}\ Je Z*i,:;,r..^;JUb ,jq)! ,L([\ i) .tls..y-{t ;!}t t(L
I ,z )t;t .{E} flLtl\ ip &+! -:^a;!,-) J<\ CU\ ,} r..-,
a-U'-\
163 Jrt{Jt36EJlt
,,reil
christianlib.com
- -;:,^."J\J:S ...,.........]t}.ct?.|ti+l].......l::::
--*- jo4;+ $J
;r {L Q a*-:;:,tt* r"F..l o:-.-r" $ 4-UlJ!;:F-uqu;'rr;rr}c#$.-;I1
. - ,+r-J {)t -'P .:t-,11 ri *d\ &-J\, tl j\il jtll ..,! .-;gsyr C J.J\ .uc :+ji!t j,-* iLU\ J,f
. ,/, ,:ntsb.t,lLtll
=lt +
a;- :-} .ji.> \-N: - if JJ:rU! ,,r{ 1" ,l"ra J'14 . Ul,+-,.f&l,..L5_!,di"l *rt" i1;t
j .,.).r^\j ,&Jb -n*V-uJ.* " 61 ;U1.1". tF .:llnj ."Fi
'4r,lr i:;U1J ,}; t!,p'
,,r}
fUU''*
a'"L + & J ,l! -*, cAlastirBland .r!)L .trjfrrr'y\ ,Ub uij fuIi d-
--) )2-,YJi. .rLtJ\ \
gU iP e.!!r!
G,#,-
l*L - irrr+jf :J:,.-,..rJrr.Fi.,.b . .";-Jr;p.;.a;, r.,
"r1+
.= -,*\ JI Urri ,trt't.-qrrlr qs+ e,*1, gr, J*L( ,"r,oioi*'**in",,;;";; ,#ru1t +*;
//'\t
.-: \ .;_;\ ;[z\ ,.F jt*- rorj ;Irct*-i rf, a*|ttr!" s'- rRichard Lee
J r:H;: <Heren Lee d od*,
tJ$b, t G f* *rl.l#' ' Jo* ,,0i, o;rLl., uarsrren sahrins,,,*iaL JE;t,
al:.r{Jl LJi ;," ;jtil5il1 oi\ -i:, jJ.r-r\jr ,16rJ-
fgg\if a:-Ur;#r.*U +.
.q"t ;1.2 4j\.\iJ\ +Ll\ ;," !* ;ir;J ..9;i if ,qr1r \S"1.J, ju..,3
,-.21.t ,; :"'LJ\
:3;,- .ot j ,t **\ p 11;e :1.r;- ,.,(, ,1.,
,i f*; i, *
=5.r;t
*, -u;.2;\
Ji 4.,i\ ,**i;t*,,r;;".1,1',ri,'#"# ...f,;!;t# ?
)
-- ? J: ;^;r, Jr .',u;r'!l ,;l",;rL'# ;,r bbt rii- 6r.'li$.t" .1+ or,rurr *
\ --\'j l^ \,pw' \ I .;{t4$tlgu:iLrl:J1"i-;,;srlr3 pa" .ipu ,4-,t-1 ;; -'
;1t11 gr,,,drt iJli
-_-,- - -t Je
.0:*W r41,\"'u-6,,',, F"dt:,.g*;>n / 3*.,+r+rl;6*
tt-a- ',e --.-]t 31, ;J1l'oa;-,1,1,
H, ,:1 #,? Kr"i g ,["L-tip [i J$#" o{a4.r +pj ar.r' oF" of
:__- :
,-s)t ;1* J-*J.- j,f ;p\ ,tL ;r; JLt.*;.r-rJl ;L ,r;:'6:+
;* orj.-'Ir i*iCr c.,,,;)lJ\: jr,*Ir :.oV &
-:' t' -Gi irr.' ;:\c ei*t i3r .ru1r sft* rprrd! .n!
;fu ,;j
.,..,.,,,..,,..,.51r
p,*;*
.,o"
Cr ii';)rJr J" , U."*
oi,!;;F;b.} o.y ci;laL.-;rer
-, ---ii -t F Jtlt ',,
;-6
;
-) ,
i..
:-> rLlrr r-^Lr4
' : : , "#",& trLr.I.,, *u,;j.*i.,s t {i i.rj-;,l ri,o;iJ*4
'r- ei{
J.i+
;* el**l
18.2003"ow,€gulla,coo:,tllasira[sahlias,srmeAgrEcoawiuiCidrag?
''i-#\'*P q*1 o!:Los:d'i
a.n-a+
- it t' -
- !2. aeSi,
;{)t
'
?F\ ,l[:, oo,At "*4 ir[l*\ ;r ;(t U; .k4,, cii:lJr iK-j4
i-> i.,i\ ;,l .i -!;"s ;*\;-\,-.ro -,tr't ;\\ 4oj+\ b ,\, ,lL "i)1 J}; ., ,_.'ui;')\ ;*
/llr
=-5 -;-- .;e) .-*iJt .4)*l:"'! S;:c
- ..\'!
. ,> I \v l:.
--:
,L!i or) tsJ .il-.1 ,''-.uJ\ _* ;--.,-rl ;',*4;-LI ;i ,+f j!.-i J- ;
;.3L , <-)rir )?r;\tr
2,
+*l--J\ jL-.r&J! ,4e\_r\ *+4 LJ\ dlJ-4\ L !r" a;Kt ;y"-'!r au
-- ;
^1
*; .ll\
"rJ'!
;" a.*-tJ t :; !*iJ +$ \ sela*Ve . JU \ +K*l \ -# b, +/t Jrl
\
!Ur\ a,L"\\ ..*uU ,;r&rt Utr-)\ c!H! ,6;\^,)\ - .\rJ oi)t -to ,i
Y
-*-;.:
--2
'--
,.-Li;'!\ LWtJ"i "r L.*y €,, W+ * ilui\ .-r,o ;;;<, f'J 't
,ao\*\ri ,,I\ i[b # ;"" i],iy .]'!\ ,-,t'\; L.r 4!_iq ;=;. .
Oi ,:-- {--i +
t i 6:.;y*4\ ;* F J.Jt er;, C .eLr)\ +P
r,o [, ,L*.il\ ,!r! JL.rJ\ ,t ri ;* F o;r, ;r\o
"1ri
;< f, .tU\ r l".]!.;sU\ ;t F Jtlt
""e .lF.-\.p(!l ;'Jt fE t.+'+
A,luEir Blod 'liiiq t*-ic n ir
,**:;\n Jtr tlLi gy*;l\ ;+ rl--
tL-J\i 18,2003.a8 eu:;<E
&
christianlib.com
=_- ,./ !!,J)u! ,;r'!\ ,"3 \+- il"E +sV y: oebr"jJ\ 4r!J\ d,,\*rkJ ,d*L:ri\ 4e\r\ ;)rA
, *3; y j) )re ftis \a!l J;fj\ "rr'tr-\ .(1 .\ ,_K. }:tl ..j,1\ cl!,*-J\
,"+
"r-,..J\,
. "r ."^
.*rrlt _l'.-l]! ,Jt, .+\#\ _LJ\ri #\ J:" +U*t\r ,-,. --lr-;bL,Jr
,/- t
- .t t "rb {uiJ\
o! ts;i tr: q#\ ;. ;JE\ jil\ *;:!\ .r V*r, C\ -F ,la,
- -i .o^lt tr,. ;1
,;r*i.\ cliu\ J:. \ri+,-ri:rr-. $ ,lUlJ\
, '--a ,;^srJ\ ,.'1 eb)* Jirrr 4 ii-utt d +
,-- : ;.jJ.\ Ae\J\ ,tsr .ltU d ,,6 -;{t,;KJ\ a '1.\ ir ,-lr\ aol;]t, rr." .:-^.-
"/
, i.o ^ AU\ lJLr" ,dtr,,5ra}\ ,ylr .JU;r) A[Jr A -d y$ -lt!. r"1\ JI ._na-d.\
'-?. r-tr 1-
: /-.-* .vlrilrl#ar & * a;c ;-iJ\ il*)r\ * lLtJ\ i/ r-! * fq:#r c\,1"J!
eb)
!;* ;-*e- JL.; . J{.}J\ 4 ei"+"U\ cU#t g;rr-.rl\ 4lr & ai*.it
-;- 3, +, Jn\ Gramcor- S"rrf fI. J\ J'.. * tl, * ,ry acr* d: ,Ob!K)J\ ;t:
7
. ,/
_.:-= ,*-!\ l\
I -tr
0."- ljr&;- J:JF .;hLJ\ ,3 Luzon Oj! JF * ^,rrt\diliera
4ij\"
"}."
l!- _', i,
'r{ Ys'':Ot +r,J\ r+ ..rb ,-S $ ."1! , jiUI\ ,,r"!i
& o)
(D.,rLt
p :f-r"! pr;;
- :*-)- :;91o -l\s ;,\)!;U:l! -,,r'!t -;,L;';r rHit,$ *t tr;" ,J^J\ .,o j!i"+<\ J*
3;u
o-{ ^b !! ,"+ V jE ;r;':rr a,U o-S ;i t'5 I ."rJ!\ + e, &r
,: J{ ilj 4+'" ;-r3 r\r") t[(t + k,;5;-S ;i c"* fU 4j .W G"lr ;l"-':.*tr ,
CJ
.i-+\ 4r(t ,i ,cLJ ,"--rJ\ r$\ ga +Ur sy a;Vl ol .gLut ;r .-,f
'i- ^ -* 5; 'J\J\
+r-
--s; j'6?\
tL$ J*V ;..=)lJ\ ?-.:.,- s+: .-L=\]t e* C \"it.*) *I\ J) ib ;_."
. *(a ,;*\) ob;;b lrr! ,r" u;-i\) obi gr')t ;os ,r\ UUJ !r':,t ;rllt "F" ,air;
C-'
q,. ^i ir"tr ,jS .1Jt ;-.-$'
Go-
*, (;r-it tu;" .ji ^.(i..s-{r) ilb ,;J*l\j ,(---,!\ ,}'
.Jil\ +\r.- J,*3 J;z\r iJ".I\ :rblr'Jt v,^ )rej,;\+:U!.-L+.;i\
;'' -;J'c ;-#-- ::.4:
-.llr
r 61.11 .Tieer G!'ass Ji =;,r al-iLlr c-,
i;*;l\ A\li 3c gV ?,
. ,-r*.:I\ *
--rs;(;rre. J
._o:J, _*K tlUi jy.: L,J, _(
+ (=.: u\.A\ _b_o .3_. -* :._, .
. / /t..
3 The name of this group is someuhat controversial. uith mme speakers of the'IaT!'ildlEr;-irn_Ti6E-
r- s-);S; .1i1\ a;--- term "Kalunsol a'' and others -'lkalahan.' M1' (Brian's) ressarch $'as ln the town of Imugan. y hich
is the center of the commun!t1 trpicalh' using Ikalahan. hence the preference for that term. For
an interesling anthropologrcal studr of the controversv abour the name. see Babeile Resurrec-
'-*-- -? -1b '-*
cion. "The Social Construction o.f Ethnic Names.''rn C. .l-H. Macdonald and G. M. pesigan. eds..
.; f -- -J s . ".r .9\ J,9o Old Ties and Neu Solidarities: Studies on Philippines Communities (Manila. Ateneo de Manila
-'! 'u J
-- Universitl, Press. 2000). 41-52.
.J/\ + [,J\ Jj- ..n ir\ * a-rJ.\ :$\ y: la \i- qd,.uJ\ \& i\+\\
c\-,ri pt ';'\rJ\ JI
g JF &U LLi .-["r :L]t J"'-\*, 'r:iL*t
* o5..fr ''Ur \*;r \1r'IL .:)':'*" J\"!trJ\ 'Li;K-rI' 'a*"
,-f\ q-" * ii-lq ,-s' J, ao*, ,r,.pfJ\ ;*; .f*)\ 'i ,"':J\ :"!i
vl)t -i*-.,. a;;rr=.-.-,rJ' ;,o,\ -Lo! Q P:i *X! i*-3\ 2f:
167 JrtiJt36lJiilt
christianlib.com
-i ..!;il\ Kirr !v
;Jr\+\ ct#r ;r Jlt" ;-(\ ,*U\ S.\ 7e)\ ,* ,_r e\_r\r\-ro!g rE\J\
--G(J*, Y v4J
.-E)\
g , t,[f, , i J; auJr ,,n rn{v,s,.,F
V r-. J (r, ,rL!\ --- J)Er
'l ;- .t\ir vz- .:L}t 3 ;.rL-J
-/ .-\J \-/
*\- itu + d/!F*ij 9.: &U\ ;/ \r? W 116 vitr {;:.i\ ."\r\ OF [re ,ts
+ 4.+Ll\ ;! .a^-.rJr^(Jtar-U\,_r: UJ id.f \{-K\"/ +'u ilr$r;!U\-U*" J).L:J.\
-^r:*-
, f *9 .(A 6bTri ,u^:tlJ ,)A\pe
"r
!"G -6 gt JJ ;:.8 $ ii-J[.-fU\ oF
*-: i')' * KPt .;(a, rt :\h:; cbu\ -S ;;;i :"* &J\.! ,"cr'li *-pl *;\ La*
-. . .=i)'nlr. ,1." aiJ! i;B\ fr.;"t,,r-
s:.(L!/ alL) A*U" Vt\t,4! J-.-)t
,.\, \\ - \
J*" | \" U.rli z-".-- ! 4r aJ C,+L+\ -U\
* J ,-l(-uJi,, :.
-e r-r_r) 4e\ ,'J\ Jt ,#r
- i') * jtj'J\ J)L ;-rJ\ c!!rj\ ,.$ &," J+ ir 6rid\ i!U! ir\;r .(rii-i
'. -rlr - 1- 1 "r
z
-i: _.>
...a.:.)\ rrDJ\
bbr.t'l\ J\.=*! ,\o-.rrG\ ;:, ,L:i! ,6r,rJ1 .:"rJ\ -rL",\ J'q,.-l
),>:"t(i il Ji ;i.-J! rr,o* $ ,)(4. .*L-lt ct*r."r ,a_*Ll\ c\+! .;r^*!\ 7*;;,
t2*. :*-i't q: ASJ
- - I
t)+B,y-L: k-k-r f#;ri+fr .-U:r ,-,K Ar,,X.irg t\"-1
-).-- ;., ,-,,\:rL!\ !u+ oi ti,tl\;c Jr-Li\ eL+ U, .lU\ ;c ;$-LIJ oi>t ,p :\L-::r *
j:
):->:: ' -a 3 tj '*d, ,{fu jr* J\a-i+ ii**JL ,-,F ,d, * -! ,-K LL :r$\
"*.'l\
t d\ 4 t Ei ri u lirL J! \:!lil
./tt
--* - L-:l\ ;rcyJ\ P tr;:^' cai- J, ,, I "j'Lo>.4) l]':, *i .iiJ, ,j;ll J+:
a;i ; :+ ;i! ,J+ g;I\ *c-.\\ * i1.-+ i) o*+ ;'. ;t*\ t-r:r Kr\ c L.rr i:tc
"i;:s'
-,FqFr
F"q
christianlib.com
Sh ;i arV-u ;rl\ fLtJ\ ;c ;t'-U\ .:1t&'4r? "t' il\ J(-:i' ;r+\ d.,t*+
-- _:
.zli)\Lte ;. --
;F .,U! l\.'!J\ J!JrJ\ d !*" ,F '{n
iJ
4!U\ Jrri.,"J- a:,*+i! g'
"fU\
.*,:rq
,p f *V.-rp\+ $r JL! !* ;i 'sstt- rp \'Gr '-! oK * i\,*ti ,;i 1-c_
,J-, J;;\) ,i-J.- jt!\ c*U! ;,*ty--i.t JKJ\ J+l.4|t
;'J +''It d .e"--i_;\: .?-
- , ./t _
---
3o'lr ,tl5 ,;j!\ &i ,"b d di, .rip\ ,": i;i*'l\ 6s s, '(A -, 1 1
ol)\ jl . :3:
1.
.
-;>- -
;.- i*U\ .b;F ,c)LLIJ *U* i)\r*\, srra is-Fe '[ib! ,f tJ '6d, ,i.(t Jf :-
V-tr f'{ ;-6"i I lL '
o \\, d9.4
;:>t ei-Ji ct# "r +;,ri ;y .,.;r'!\ L-*r3"i:J\ l'(-)\ +!e 1\'''b
_.L-
;^*.iJ Er-r**.--- -
*{\ ai.*JL ;,^i'r.ij\ .-;-u ,qt\r\ J:i\ *',"l:f vlt'\ i
L-up'r}\
(J-- ! "f J\ 4\iI' ;i- -z: j
JJjt'l ! ;;J"J'\ i ur'J\'9 1'on'*o*' ;nL;r! Ji^' F
J\
Y'J r*j(;4'-J;j"ly
,\\ I .!,
J--\ t'* *-- j
--
" ]-..
169 Jrtnltg6t!lt
christianlib.com
r"ti! *) !r[il.-- ;i gr51 .r-I\ .-"It g\- -,[ri o+6 au\*r" j\-r-r,
,F d-,,,i orr"[yU! ,;r];W! ,irL]! ,\*7.r]r,u'!\ ,l& J+ $:
'o
;/ ,.b:.* frJrr-i*l\ ,y ,\ 4i + $ J,llj ts, .\19,.aLr\9*a-
-46\
,i & .,b!jt * c*.ty! 1. . . J\ ,E ;F ,/U\ Jr ;-r,_!\ ai-Jr cLs*
,t;JJ _i-.* ;Ll\
cfJJl
c\:!r"t\ ;Wr, pL*:-l &
lrr,:..,r- .a..-r'u-*l\ {b) +;F*\ 4i}l
^"+
J\i*! ,i)\:,;Jq;Jb.$!\ :"9,;4-ic ,-hV\ J.i cLp\ ;\c,rJ\
,,tJg,-[f\J,-*jJL..-b-J\ ;/ +Uj.;L:r "r
.;*iJ, fij.J\
..:-- _ic,!Jl y)l #,
, YJ
.',,.,/
' VJ
c,[b,- *'yU aH\ j+ 3e Ji €)\ A Lr;;*l\ rt!]! ,,ss-l\s
3- t.z*. /\ rr.L\\ 4-)
J+!, , -blt ;; *:{\ ,i .jF! ,l.;ji j-r ,} +1i\ :"i:. .;[Lo\\
;rru\ +J*l\ ,-itu\ \+ ,i>L" ;Klr , at'!g .uyb ,\r*ii J,r"
c +
,(4' ) *i e" \i^r) ;rLI\ i;a.Ir o,"!'!r + ;jU\ ;[\J\ ..j trg
"Ei "S,
Jfi ,;J[-xJ\ K/l ;l .(!Hr K.i Jq- J! Kyi L_tr\ f \ii \">l*:*r
?& l.;i'u.*" ,LL.o ;t$ fi .6 I ,i.i'(b or.:-,,:1\ J*.!r Jr-:)
.o+-{\ J,-iJl\ yL,, -.J\ ,y o{s \r.-;U *.r:"*\
".*
,L,-- ,V;\
ai,i ;E u L--IJ!J \* A-b A1;!\ drj\ J*r"r
',b
f:J\ ,--.,tr\+ * qi'it tM: ot'!b ,aK! .;#\ Ji +'(\ Jp ,Jl{\
JpF +,tr.\ f): ;d\ qi,-U.\ lr;d-*,- .(A '!; ,t;\) ;*\J\ a* L,\, ;[!,
;*j\ ,L.:,"n!* r-"r<r'';t-It i, l,;-rJ .#-"*";\ )A -1u,Ai ..,;rrJ\
r-* J ;l*j ;i ;( ;1u!""-r ,:r- O) .!:L --::I\ W ;{ ;r jU'>i .3
;.S ;i -;., .."=!t ),;-\, ,(\y;'I, u;( t-) ,rlx\ J*.,J-,ui\
,r!*."': LJi \L .;r( -**! .,1, .rr( ;,)b,ii\
^"*Ul ".-'J 4'KI\ "* *
.iJ\i\ ','n_ry ;\ :rl.i\
,Fto # -:
i,r j{\
u*: .-; '.
$,ie [,r.- :
' V v2-.
?-.1c[!+\ JU:s!,:"as dJ\ C]\ JtuI "r "K-x (&rI\) u;rJt ;'rtt
,u! .!a ritb.- \, ,i ,F:o\- ,f .p rdK! pr ;tolr, ,,[! fuu\ +(
J-Ja," $ &J\ ;\eri\ Jp,c,\ileJ C-t\t,-aKt ,\.}.t rr;1;-,l Uts gntrraa
,j-.. ,t 6,)t J:-!\ {r*, -t\ii ;r 'iJ\ + J!'!t cL"
'c) JI "J!Jt
;!:" c,'o[: J\ .at{\ J.ll, d cr-:.rJ\ 4r}t :b i)i> ,J\:I\ J** ,-,b ,F;i
lab Jt-r-J\r *r(+ :-'-..^U\: .!!c: tr<* #LU\J ,i\b-'\1 .r. -"+ .i ,.-J\
.+U\ JLt3 C 6+-rp at,r- Ji *;!:+r" t
.!r_J c4 iF ,cs;.!\ 6,)\ oV::" Fji J\+r A;V\h: CL \+,
;," +\ +,lU\ ,-E -It",5-[t ;;J\ y.ltr L.+\ Kit'-!*]\ 'r-!
ks^r, {lL.i.\ J!J.J\ u)V C, Jr*At r-rx r:e ,si' i\6 "tl;u:; *a!i
J#i ,r .,U.jJl ;l ir:.Jr ;Lty---tg .+-Jt * a;,I\ 't aLt 6.-:,"\ ,-r
,*d .): i-*j-l\ ;rfr .',i J^- ,\.it\ oi--Jr J-.-Jt rJ -ue ;J;:{t -*rk ji
,$!, .,;( g\-,- .-*!1 k Jt L;"*l.r ;[#r ,'rl J"4 i;i;i\ f!'lt J," -.' s--+3 ..'-
\*l
-
.j q,,?.i
;
Vu .J'YJ', ,,'C\ :ji) .;';!jL;-"Lr-* t+!;1iiiJ\ ..* +-Jt ;,' ;i..- 4?.-.
vJ* I
! .
-
..- .*Jr
oJ.aJ ,( -j-\' .o j'o\
--- ' ; e'. " .,t 5,. .:,.::j\ ::i (+:<Jl t-l' l.*:
-
'- .^*, ---c)L )#: * ;;+ -S
171 Jrt{Jt36G:!t
christianlib.com
--; -=-l ,rr\t -t /iri ,L,;l\ {etr\ rr-r- ,\ ,uar\t,* br_A\ r,n\ l"!i#*"
'F,t+
-
-:,-
tti
! .1,)lo
J)JL s7-o4Jl
.tl .,u r"l\ ".ai \+-,!i Jr,)..*i'! -l-Jt * 6tr)\ ,\,;-.a\;\"y.Jt =l
. * :KK! (;4\i qJE) fj'-+ r ,ir:at, g;:[\ ;l\ *;St c,s-g]t -.rL'>rr
-----ar" "F,
, -j --^ v l\ [^a'r}\ #s;) .,;t#r +\4 -.,}\ ; \-"rrb" 5 +\#\ ,*:Jt ,_Ar.-;5 *
-.a> *- .,tU, .r5ra +U\ ;* q*i ;( a*U!r .>,a;r,;r;+ a,^r\ii. ,b J $ Jtlb ;Ui,r
o-*
. 1. I I i .;lirl\ -,\:\r^\. Li-U jb l,*-t j.."b_U,- l\ i)_1, .;#\j;iKI -,*f
-.l j.9 c,-P\+
-:
4Jz j
- :^ -t(
a4f t)Va ,b ,-Jt \j[ ,iI*J\ L,rJt ,,J, ;!"!t -:.4;+\ ,* _]" jj+- ! -r.s;rc_J\ .,\
r j-J\ ./[,,;ti a.H! c\c!t ;g;L*) +r. _Lii 9);.e J.[r i-S- *_"-,;LI\ +
/
S :-*i r 3\ - r, -
"
4.r-r\
ir .+u\ +'c!\
?clJrf
;i", c-,L,Jt 4r\, 4:\I\ j# "1(", ftU V'"r*: .--it!" At) fU 4c\J\
* qi\ut :$\ i:\*" ,:; d\ c,\;;:J\ ilb .;i(l\ c,\'l;!I? F.!yr,i:'!r ,\&
,gF\1\-w:-)al(t c[:;r;*s .Jr]\ *,}r JF [j-b e, .i/
jl .+!,* y le fV ,: -f, E-o >* b.br,;Ki.r, .r',.J\r .+,Jb
a;.rrrJr Jr'i-.-U .=+ L,J" !,"I,,
ai
v-JrL -rr1\ :r ;nro ,-r.iJ +b)\ ;.l.]J\ ;)!i
.ai\:;l*t-u-*. J_r{ d,[J,, J\.?i ;r.J;-r-r, a;t; g l;li t"*., e\S
.d-:U'r *:y o$ \ s, l*x ;tr*. ;{J* lF ;'! ,4rb)t :r9" d \1^= ;_.
"rr'rt
.arLsV ;!LJ.\ f! {KI iJL,6 d.*+! +-+cJl
-r..= =;. -
Jt: U & -LU" * 1,. ";,-Hr -( .;rr," ri nLu q:\; of \r-il J, -L."*r v +-u .L:* ;-
,',1
,H ft, o*t -qrA\, g;:L!r -r-Ii 3rt ,f Jrlt:L- 3 L-i=-.;g +.lllr a +' -i
il.J\ .-*i .u*J e*r', f- ,-6 ti"Lilt *\rl\ ,/ d\ \j" ;F .J*\: .;Fl\ c,1:*.L-
y1s ,(i-+\ dK! ,'*)\ 4'u' J>t *!t ,r &u\ j" ,*e .>t { ,.,b ltt \j. .i..- -
"r)
r-\J\ ;r!J *\rll*;yH\ +L ;'" lJi W ;;:.,bd\ * j-rts\ i,r [Lti zjlJ\.
l-
i;) _*-
.4LJ\ , ,1*( o*s j rJr a:Jt
45 ^.--*
c&
_-- L:
A^
I
....*...1 ......-.".-........-........................,.... ... . .. . . * qil-r.Jt J_* I1 -:
. . ..-. -
$lil-r-li,rlj*lri +l 3
-tc -.. r l' /
35 ,;
-- -a -"--- <.-.rt 3l ri*i:-_ - .-'\-
r *l
30i j) .+!." ;* *^ i-=--.;
J ,31
,i
,* j
,1 :s it -\ +f,_:i\ ..;r-s* q
..
;.-*fs$ I
a' "' 4 I
3 t'J ''-l-"'*"
.<1: .-.:---
i{ rc
rJ
;
-- II
v. i
4"Lr#-J'
i3r
i : lr \1
+ 5 -), v:i >+ :-;
,*i -
ru i s i
-s*' .. -1,.
)*t
s kl":l;,:-) -=- -:
&l
*a
c c€ " , j';.^b .f ,- :-
0 5 10 ',15 ?t)'
:
2t 1e 1 .rj
Art}irt(*ll
ir t ._q
arr -t(:tJ-.lf --- !
ril;rl
\; r";^,J,-,,
173 JrtriJt36tj3!l
christianlib.com
Jp ,,-1.J\
uL ,rb ;rrt! 4(ij.\ ,:,;= g\;, JLib" C]b "L-i\ ui 15
.u--i'\ aUJt .i -U,
It irle t tJ* .*-" trk=r Uts L'ii -Jtrur +\-tJ\ -E-i\
.Jl\ & J!-
,Jr, p.-lr r?! C d!.fri o[r,-], \rE
"r.JUr
n3' ', l\;" .
ir
&r ol.Jll\ & L-y, ,\_rJ.;:j ;r i_fr">\l\ \lEr ,i".onJJ ;-r;,;I\ ;r[:Jr
J:
o,r.o .i*J\ ;i# -r;;j.r r-tJrt J:F.__s: :;!J\ gj_; ."ts i_f;r +_U\
4iJ\ 4i")\ J, -LUI\ ,1
^-B o"$r oKJ 6-\,-b U rrE *<>'r .U,lr
-pV
:J'u.I\ J") *\r,JJ 4ei jf!\ ;\I\
"p J[r J:\s rr-; Lr-c ,-L*;!.
j.r;!\ ry'!ta- .-ltr c,U#t-r- | .(ft gJr
'!U, €bJor-*," ,r$\
L.;jJ\ c\slJ\ $1 ,u+ ,j*: .+_) lh, i\:)U\ J)lr ;" i-;(t ,i
f." -Ir ;,e.r-c-- l!e!r -$. .iU\ ;c ;*Jt .i ;.i".:i! ,;,J, ^Ls.e.ri!r
* uS.l.^ la\i g ,.F u\ o.a;j1 a,r ert\ c!r:*I\ ,.4 tr,c ,r;J\
. ;;r\ 6-reL*^ o:+ a:.-L*'!\ c\r\;-\;1s.; ,!c rrG
-* -Ei 'i* ,F ,-L,o\J\ eb) l:--J.-( ;,& L ,$; .,Jr ;Ur * -*\-J\
;-.Jt
J..
.* [la viL* -\:r\ .. .,..r*.!.
9, v -J .;.irJ\
-v r)
I .*JL vJJ
'.]rU\Ve-v .,;K-a) -\i\
L 'y/vr..
A 4; J*jts
J.l"P ri {\'1tj .r/ i\.3;I-),rb 4It cioE!\ .,",*)J
.Jl\ cL:L:g\ t r1! J.J\ri C\Jt ,-l.J\ e l") *"+UJ\ 4\')t ;'ur\r
,|11.€Jl;r6i
te.etr.,iirlt.J!J',$l 174
''!F Y
christianlib.com
,)lliJl,rl! 1 .tdS'i
,!
!l3.r,l'11 PJJEJI;rt
,J\. .\-^il\ . :\
,='',P :l\ ri.
e-, v?--
i; .',L'd .
L\J\ 4^,
- c
aJ! v'2 ;,j\r.'
rt*io
.llt gJl
JrU r"J\ JrLir -ri"- sub .o-ip! ,-J\ :JrL:J\ ;, LUi 4j')b iL,o
ir+ -;:: ,.I a+-, ,i tC :-r.4 1]-i ;:*; or4 :-r.4 ',Li-r ;e+ L\rd\
*-U\ ct#\ ,; .--!r $-:["V Jr!" ri ii)lJ\ 9g r't;':i .# Urf,
"!"
&," 06" \-XJ ,\ir,t)i r- Fur";'\}\ ,U! * ,-*\rJ\ .-'F
.1LtJt y'
JLr)! ,+$J\ ;\s>l' c* ,;ej/\ i i3r ':t*- Oi :-* [r\-r; ; "€ ;* "Fi''Lt
\3; .-. .
--
,r+J\ j'o
-'1i -..-
.4o*\ ,W\ J, .!\r LLi jk, F\-tt rS!,,l" ;,"4i--; j -
.'rl\ ";e:-a- -:
,l.:L-[JrJf "f \,,r)i-i ,tJ i..J! J:!.il ,.r-L*'!\ 4J)\ d.\ J:'u:lt ;K
)i u;;a.J\ J:Llr oF ,rU\ ,-il\ d" JU * L ;r;1'" ;It "l:lri
,rgp;b\- rtl * *J.r J:Llt ..*tk,;ui.\ i!!)\ *:.r\It 3t-ji ,-'-&-: it -.- -i
@-;"r ;*rJ\ )U\ ry g ,:'uJ\ -f d;;(": .o$U\ "* 'oV Vs \^: ;
l-+.*.;'.-- ^-'
.(
,{r*Ci ,r4$!.cr.Jt S-;"-'iE':\-r,t[ ;g- d! Ui l.* il '\"
.-iUt -,.,e a;=:*it ;i\ :n,}u\ {-jj: -t "t;It ,-fJ' j'il!'*'-I!
,!
175 JrLriJt36tit!t
LilEtr,
christianlib.com
t.: rf,f.l\
'-t-a;J\2
lr
1^\ll -
rEUr 3 ;!1, qf J,! i"LX JUt':rt .".+"".,- ;,'! ,L.: BE JU,. a,,(
t3;;i
- t., \io \,1\r
.:,^.- ii4 ?- ,;J!-f\ e-L V JLr)\ ,f \:*. Ji .JUt'!\-1( Ur;c .(d-\b ,*;r.,
".fF)
;- ;c j) '44-:^4!
ll
-j+2u\ JUtlt -p-* ;,'U L r3.r -JL,a;F- s: .!t-'4Jt5-,c .i L-;!\ jttK!
& ,;iU\ ;I qJr ,i ,i.(Jg ,UU\ i-\,J\ .-!\]"i\ Lq" +
i-c
'rr*f+;! ,ri
"r fJ\
:*- ) *9 4.P.jl'*I] ,*! t llr\" ,Fl 44 V .oi\ c,,Li+ g 0." .,[#\ "r+ * E^, r ]i -lJr
t\,..il4 drJ\ .r\slJ\ fb;,..,[.sr'!!,-1., ."*tr \a\:r" f ,c.J\
HjrlJlirb! .A!5 .rLn)\j ,e/,, ,iLr)\
,t ,i.";;J\;:\c1
,,rL*L c,Ls ri & JrF o* f* *rJt J:Ll\ JK-li ,-r ,-Fix ;rp.\ $LJ\
3
--:.{p-jjplr-J ,V\ ,{ ,: L\J\ o\*!\ j .Jtl\ ;\s:*) ?u :\ a\s*-) s.} _p ,V.-,a
-; .i il+ri(r'!t
.#\, ,,,Jr op"6-: o-JrE dU\ j! .JrH\ a/ tr\: Uli e.\l: -r-_ ,f\J\
:-.rJ-;J^:l\;:E ;K
//-
-
*- --:) +;-tl 5-trj ;b
r./
c,\gli\ ;*;:- ) -u ri ;r$\ JrL:J\ ;-ar- ri !"
&, ,rir\ q-r+ ;\+t!
;\+lt\
' ZL*rlr,4
L-' ' J' v -6r"
,'n t l]E j..a:,- JjH\ J:L!\ .,(;)t;,.1 ;,rt!.\
.-(- .q!*, ft\:;:\Jt
iJ !\r,-ri+ oi ;(a UFt ejp Jp ,^.,I\ 35t,'\t g Jllt e\{r.a.,",f\
- o.J) J,e /i-J.\
. -/- .-ie L\.iJ\r;*:
' I Y'il , \yr.rtl\ ;r*It ;1.1t.3,.(,-*i &,i ir-J!: , jLr), _,
\q-ia
-4 -.-:.;1-A
., .4^" ir*-JJ CK!r)"!" ,E g-r.J tr! rL; ri! .J\!.\ J.!" J- .Ot!, J:L;
.Lr * P L5,''\
.C
.-L" JrF" ! $-r,J\ t-[i Oi ,6i\ ir\"-L ri ,X* r\"ci ;-io r,., +i i-r- try
a-.ri, ;'*#i6, a|! :i ;,-*-r, alti ,i --,.,1t ,:-,: :-1.i ,{ ry -[!i L\-,.a ,b ,\.;-i! q=.
I. .-rf ;,*! ;:!jt99. j/ .&)lJ\ t JIJ\, i+ ,a ,i,-*.r tts ,i, t)|r*J .w it^ir
"'-S
:( , ,,S' ;iI\ r! i-rd\" J^:r,i l'.l.4!j,j\ g -"t!.,.rt JIL:j;r(;5!\ !'r A;b.,jr$\
-r. aL -.ll! tr * "r
z
. v, v
!\r{i\ J_+ ,_f, t-,,i_q ;UF\ J:Ut f! ,_,E)\ ,i #' cL.r: ,;i "i,dt
,
-:e- J;, ,[--il .t! j,F\, uiJl *r+
' ,-
- "-J' U.,^ 5 .qlr ;--f
{-,: *_: ,b .r ij'.
,#, .jrtrl\ ;*;;; ;'o>U'J q{*\i ai)t U J-:*Jr J; -(
;{ ( ;{'*; rl' }..=l J*}\ !("i . ,; + p-;):L
s.!,1i,!-
!^:g J-'oj+' fi.
-r-' J) *j,J\
.;3'(^^
-p ;:+ ,>\* ..;J'rJ: o'\.*Kg .a*l\ b C'* Jfu e, ;ir:
= ;i;)Ur -ltr" d, ai' ,[r- _ui u,Ur jrd\ ;6-,;r-i\ ;,*#t _,
+6il t*.+t+ljiiTt
"t!.t
.$t 176
roF'"*=
christianlib.com
-.\...:--
1:
t77 JrtnJtg6tlii!t
christianlib.com
1c;.i,to\:J
'
!fJ*'Il
J)Y
tr 1rt
. -r:#ir.P9r)
-l ,4
.'.+P.JJrt r .r
1
,r;
V-2 ! 'J
: . -e-* . Ji *^'* ;Ko! ,^=r5,r}i'i ,li" Jr'* ,Jr\*il .E t')'\ *ti! ^#\ qlt*lt c,'G, r.:c
'[t"
- P
:
.-Alo*)
,, ! ,.\lt -a\j r';:- '{}\i
"<s\r,ti J,q^r,.i-r- )':i .*.r;*-- ;(" -(+ --{
|2 :*',, .:ia:. uts'lti*r[ -*!\ 4-oJ,.;j:-J ;-ilr ,jti.r ;,u LK:Jr4."[J\ J:+l:.,j:',=rY
) --: ,o
==Jlj}!\
-Jr,s, .a;.U\ ;,r'u.$'>4 i.! f ,-#.ft Wt -L1; a:r,-:3V
erd\
.a"!t ,,;t ; Ji l\
":.,TffidT.ffi e!-{! ;:'.-:!V "r*' ii i-;U\ i.JJ\
a!4 ,.-,L:_. .-
h;r-"-"r*l;ai.r"r-e?.rIi..,-\-+\ i;r jur
'u'' + *-u' g"" 6 '-'e4
u,i -i 'ff"er ir& v n1 i ', *'{ n6- } t+t Jli }.#' d 4J- _!i =,i
I lr
, L.+rJl V-.'ru :
,;
'\ ,; j'd v,.rl -1'*' #i;) a.-)i ;--)\ -i ^,Kt .*p * ::-* 9l# l,u
-
179 Jtt{tt36tij}t
christianlib.com
i: ,\J:i ";"
d,r{ \"s -,):U.\ iKlJt *rH\ u.)$ .c,\-iL!\ ,^o :L:!)/
-.,
3)i.-,1.!:;i
j' i.j^, _b q-.;tr ;rrL,I\ JL $: ."4,!i" :\-r,:*\ & OrA r{" U J)l- :-rl -$ ,iJ:;
"r
.-.rior,,{,\"
J \J'V Y
J:b..,[#\ ,^ +-iJ\ J;),br- d-{\ .ebJ\ -,!rL aJ(ilf "rLil,
.-/ "[,,
- 1 1 i ,;t.t l\.j J J5\ "-4K" s ,(ls.J,J iUiJ\ ,L-,Jt Jr) rr,J\ ";r-r:" r 9[ F ,dJ'
'rl
JJ &
'3-.- .?;*-U\ ;F 4ji\:" J"i L Ja ,L;\) /\ 4r4,;(1, ,-{ *A.(;";Ut Ji 6l
'-- "r
; ,;.ire *.iU! (6t:Jt JrF:
"d\
.*-+. ,L!J\ ."c ,;(-U, J)iKilr
\p.as.!".;! +p.)! &)l' d \r^
b" i e,",LJ\, ;,e:LIr
.->rr
'
-'-J'r!
c
.-\'l
+)\ v
I I -
1.,2\e)
J bA ,:xlt:j\.ji:-! ,*, +E *l;: * ** ps:LsV & r!
i, . KJr -r.;I* J\ i,il\ jt - 4+\ ,5*l(, :LsYL 4-Ll\ iKr\ c,-t,,tJr ,:! gr;,
.E[;;:r,; k; ;l djf- *-lU! ,e-l\s,# ,r'lt L\ O*1r,*_#\
.lJ'. ':Sxl/lEiJl
,r:-:;{,L-J\ AaI\ ,s ah".r"U\ ri rEsV Ji Jl! !.:1,, -r;l
.-.( -ii ;J ,'#, ;j .i"#\ c\+l\ &Uff L\,i c\r \ri ,- ,c\-{\ eV"},Ys*
--.i.jr? s-;-Jt
J v. ;; c,tlF) UJ."i ri1 'J;," o_6 ! s .4.,p/\ clr[Jr + iJ:b .s-rj\ .Jy*i\
-
-- J"->[ r"lt .;S\
"r ej\,Jr4\
rr-.rJ\ e"t ,c ail:; +Uj
.-.>-. (:''*U\ ;c
J,. _* *G, .3;t
*!-r JrK+:LiV F c (+-L-'yt) 4+U\ {rL$V "rL..J\ i'u:u -';t
a -,.G! qJ ii"\*-\ ,-t Oi :r* :Lsy O! Jrt #-(\ .rarr
potanyi
.i)r t .;"-J\ \-r.o,
o:*r4 4o!U\ a-:L:oV r!ri"i! ;rLIt L.!rr;!r ,\& OF JJtr, '').e;
.JrFt
rF\ i\-4\ ;) o:r"+ d) .t *h d, dJ$r. J!- + g;_:LE)t 4U\
.-i$Jir\+\ l, +U!\ Fil a4-{
""*t
Marshall
-;"IoL Jbr[ e,o ,i',j'U\ ]U"i! ttil\ ,f,J\ ;6s /-jC,
?:-.: .o*,-*+tri ;\.I^J.t ..,o r*\q su "K,:Ji a-:L-iY :!rt!r Sahtins
- J',!
_
a ,
V
JJ,r.; -,6i *: .'i"s,,J\ oe,ai Uj_L_"J\ ;,(. (,t-ll) ._p_J\ ;ii ,(i;-rri
5 Karl Polan1,i. The Great Transformation 11944: repr.. Bosron:Beacon Press /|
,rilr* n!lr".T
christianlib.com
d,F J+
"r €b;)C
f
) ;*- tU\ ipUr iU rtr ;eJ\grr .,1*!: ;i
c\oLJ\ ir )ro ,-E\ J,J! i-4- rF .,Fr ;[#t ,i Jl. q=.;tr
^lr.rlt
u|,t j6t,1,r- h (+* it::i + : J\:j.\ J.i- &) "o]-,- f, iy- ,F Q"
,i\ dr.-\J\, ;,,.ir-:Ji &," .-r -CU c!*-J\ Q E\, f;!; C
^rF'
,rarJ\ W;KC\ ;rJ\ ;F \:!r il"L*,r ;-J",," !9( I l[!J\ ;e ;g-U\ ;F
J^,.1\ {,r' ,tq \+ ;'qd \;lb;r^i^" ;r+\-t '-[Ji 3(.:i;-" e;;* *'lIJb
.5+', ruu, ;t r-,t-.
\Jb9\ r: ) e-_. - r
gsljli .$\:i';:r* i+
ir".lAl g a-s tr:i 1 t rliU t , -.- -../ -
-j
J,aj^rrs: ,1.-.>:
,;a(lt y- a-\+
I .';l* qrL:i\ c,Ef* * ..*Ui\ oKt ,\i-i ;,51 , J\
(,
.,\
ve
.i:. -
;",,- ;i g, .,*|\ e,i ,{,* JrJj" ,'ni r4' rpe-.t4Jt 3;
,3i, --' . , -.,
r-,t-,a\\s\ ,-3t :- .
E+ .-,p\)
6 o, eb)\ a,i !) ,+\ Wa'J^^r" oi uL,)\J(lttJt,-P.4\
,-* )r-t fr! Jo (r' -\1 :\ i1; ) *l\ ,=1 LU'\ ;LJ't y'
+!y JrK;:-:j)
.rr$\ J.)\UKI * ;!1,- l-:i ,.l..il -; iL^ ,4 UG, '3""1t 2. -i.G" a4- *.
'F
i,L: ,b e* Jrf l\.\;r e\j)\ 3, V.jUJ\ -t^! e!)1" d -'i"'!\ \-ro,
o.794 i=i, <-:*
.$L!i
J\J\ j1#\ ,;. -:-e
Bb dlij ju>"/ (2;"\)\.i i.i-Jl * dn" ,,! 1r1 I ,r4t il"; -r+
J. .r \r;i * +k *:* ,b- ;F ,d, C \#9 \?':W S-:- L
\ab ,\q -\ t
'r;-F Q )::Ur,e!J\ d -U\,^-)/\ *'UY*{ti\* Jut'lt
;r5*r,l:irr *;t ,f-b ;,4, # ^ty a rJ ,"i.,[l\" ^]' Jtr 'u
"r
a>t 4 u-ili /irr :pJt ,!c \.+\ I"i\ *,-rr\ '"!; '$t -* 4ra eF.
;,j*i, t*: .€t:-l' aU)' b i-: il; -b, + J.-)\ ';/" #I: -U*
d' * i*,lr ,,LJi ;,L :, 6-u'i* ;!L\ 6" +'. d\, tllJ\ "r Ut\
!-
181 JrtnJtg6lj,llt
christianlib.com
'..i
v
.oo
J
. v' [^:\*\
t e
.(\1-\ :t t'Js) +ti\ ,* elt, as*r\t ;Lrk [n! J*b: s,V.*e,
-'. J (;,il
e J' "ii
C.- ,JJ! lro Jr" p\ E .":,[!i " ]r'r\ -,[\ ,-r " iiJ! auJ\ ;-*b lr3
- ri Jr
: (-_.-u 4f,\ 4X\ ,") Jlj,J;ir U &l^ Jlj l9., f .(t -r:t..jl) " qr\.* t:& rKi ".,^ "
;! :, "c jrl-U\ {t ,-F ;J,ir J, ,ti-J\ ,* e} iJ;}'!r ,\t") 5p\ } -,$\ ,4.;*"\;
-b b: "r: .(t :\ \ ,-.c) 4**-{\ ;,-l"r -J.ii\
-t.;-a.l\C)P"
rt - \. tJ*i ;jI\ f ; ,*)y:-r.\
,' J.
CJ
--r
t ;; 9\ tcVl 2t
. +l\')t p fit""i [* j* jl ,(5' ,qr" a;;J! ,+k >l d,le!".i\ ji -{
,-1.,
i-r t -trlt
-li.-> e.,l;-t jr i.Jt-,lJt .u;!\ ',+a.,r aLlt
! .t.-z -/ -.a9 ,\q
YJ &Ctgrt,-l'4lri -JLre ,6-riJ\ -ie,J\ c,L; ,ts* ;to!, r'J!
,j .--r.;;K LLt :,"iU.t _U+ -*ii\
"f]\
.(^UU rri..n _@ e"!) .JU.I\ _l** ,ir)
*r.U 3
. lt
t -- t': 'nt"r '^' ,i=" .(r,+ ;c 6r* Ji- JI fri OLl, J-& orr=! .rjp_) ,-t Jt €y t
,-a .* - _--, 31.sJ*
lt -l l,
I
s ; ;>'t 4) ,-b c dl,? i^-i\ -J\ $! .+ ;"*!\ ,(5,J-{\ ,U! ..-.r.lt ,J;
C\
#: :-' :g ,tr .+-U\ ;J.tJ\ ;^Js Fli ;;J\ i1l3') J!,iL\ ,\tlt 5iU1t Cb d ,'o\r)\
7-')J\'\ ( 't'\
I \l\
,*- i\ ,',\,
e/ .,9 *ril\ o'6r J ,J"J\r -rr7*
Y J'J
L(.ir
- ,4b \/"t** Jri ,o-Et i(Ur
vJ
.,1
-, i}r,;, ,-.(lt j* e lLtJ\ ;c ;-*-J\ ri-:.r\ -:vr 3 .$-Jr -r+ L ,-e Jilj ,(
Jj* 3 jj"{...;-..r>...; )'-(! .t--l' -.ic ".-^+ tt* ,+!,J:}' a''r>
'- t.
--^_- _.qJ.j ,_Yr*
i i e
-vr .^a)-r
' : ;\ / 1,,1--u-
'-:i A' ,r;i \is -=r!*: ; i(u c:* ,F C ,r= -.(; ,;r: -^- ;1 L(i'
--? n-'^ \tt--;i ;i ;;, d.- 4ut -pLi b::" E 6 r-y, a-:'u.:,Y r;4!
6
'p "pj)U
Charles Edu'ard Caner and Carol L. Meyer. Communrfi'. ldentiq,and ldeologt'ffilffid|F-
proaches to the Hebrev Blbie (\llinona Lake. IN: Eisenbrauns. I 996). I 1
.
;ffit-
christianlib.com
L,{- _.j
...
J:-l\ 3*i r3: ,J".^;\ ,\a$ {:L,:sV U:i'li * ;:.'=ft .-i;) 'lr'!\ l\i-r
t\lC(*dv-
183 J.rGlt36E3!t
christianlib.com
l' o+iii'jt J.c) .;,^-*^-l\ ;*, &G)lJ\f;s ,,ic J",," ,y-{\ igrL:gY cr\;J\, /"J\ -r;
.(YY -\Y:\ \ e(\ r \ \ -1 :\ -,.Ji,* JU.\ J-,*
-' -'713V
n,::ie. -rlq)"J\lr Jr,
1..
{\,1 fur .)i ;ts d.r$I\ ./U(\ a bt Ji j(i' ) t;F,t'\Jj J(*
-7 'o*'s j'> ;r-)t -(;,rUr 3* ;-r-,Jr o,u\ 4:,;- .i ";\K\" .. .Jr!il iE:i ,-!
'i J!
--.-(,'.?? l:L:J\
>t)-: j*-rI! .+rLJ! q#, -:$I fut +At,\"e-\\ i-&+ ijd4 -*U\-i
,-*.a: oJ\ J:,Jr
i;*J\49\rJ\ ,b\ uS;r rr!\ r*" C ,uiyr! ,\!\ya ,i t ol
r;r:-:
"r" rci dt o-+t
, e) Y-.
1\fuj cKu*lL C,a \+ *$ rlf, ,irt ,*tt, ,r*.,-i \" !:-" jJ\ 4t#\ ;c J"i\
i-s-i;;riltg J't;i,!\
ar,n\ & ,Jh.)
-,8)\ y:: &d\ c\tbr)\r"ru ,nUt J:^ .-l-.^r 4:tl\
,-a- ..i.
Jj=!\ c -S Lr\ F-*,*!' C e,;*;,6)t J A-!\ ,s\ .,-rjt -u^r.o,-:U.r
is."p" LKLp Jrr,: $! ,+)\"i 4.- \+l ts! i--.tt =,r i,,;..IJ rrr":;
,'i ,to;C.:-J\
oujt *; i r, y-eI\ ,I' JJ i-:L:gY I,IUJ .,iL!r
- JJ . 7f t p 'v'- ur(
: g
! ;* n-t' 4bl J.i ;r - + UfU.r! - "LitJl,
7
L*.s .r.;^J\ tF! t'/{\
--/t-t.tr
---. ,".\-!\ A-,}a!\
J,tJ\ "(,-;
s' -..H ,,*\-J\ t' a!\ J[,}\ €j:\rj# oS\
..: .-:-.i\
'(- zr[ rihlJrstl
r-':..'r ;t J:LJ\ aolJ \-r:*. JyI K, \:tr Ut-ui=-!.-lb" il\")fEl iagrecutture 4e\r\
---> ',.* '"UJ\ .i'"--\\
F;-T
christianlib.com
'P
,*y. d"\-i\ frc Ct +U=>,1 c\"i.J\ '.exchange svstem J:LJ\ aE ,-i.KJ -r, ,,
dJ'
f:br;t-il! .te'.J!'* *,
J;u..n-a:' L
iltE niU C, & qF iJ\ 4e\,\ ;L'r\r :extensivefarmins;+^\))\;e\J\ V lF Y
.,,,U..:,>'t
v .-q Z\l\ ir JJiJ! ;"F € ,-,b uUJ lLtJ\ j" J9"=LJ\
v..LJ
c -L< '; o-
:..
i:+JLr-) (5!', ,r;t ,i) fLU' ;c ;'*Jt fS . _* .*l
foraging (or hunring and gathering)
oEJ\ +.! r: .-
.LU.\ c,,\:lrJr +: ,4\ i Ur. r }\ c,bL,J\ d: ,,|" 4i.^ ilEl - 1 ll rl> ' 'j-
,q,l2Jl
VJ V.
4^J;:*r- ,y-{f ,;blf Ji F qrL:}\ L,)b, qor*olist theorv;'Kft -
"rU\
ej ;f ,*; 5{c,, ErLrg\ >UUt ;-6 ai)L:!\ ,-:\-r'"i ;;=l ,tlt
.al-\-l +-:L$\
6-:ti
$\; *;r- JrtJ\ JKli d :generalized reciparcoitv *J'\ &L:J\ ae\JJ ,Jqr;. i
'$1^:,
.rl\ .*,, ,i d #, E, ;:o.: 4il io: ,;L*> ,y+ L\rd\
.\" A\-A rlsi Jj Jj\ :genocicte ;:11 e1* \
J-il\ -;lt .vtr, ,Z 4C.;
\)Y
ui-Jt
,,J\ J'."-tAl ,-.r ire.& LH "r\rir V rCr4\o)a.=;!.-\:hoticutture
f1j 4+ L-r"( ,'\-r;':-L ,qrJ'u &i ..n \:)-t
'Arlt ,1t rJ'unJ..>la u
!
:r; ii-lj[ a.,E i'+r; 2\ *\:) i\-;t) :inrensi'e farming t;:(^t *i;t
a;\-rJ\ :$\
.'r;:ro
-ki .-L-,, 'd:' 'ir;"\ ; +.1?;t'
m *-*iJ i ;[
j'6-:/ j- r.l' -E t 3# t i :,r' l i-r'P
.
-*
g le relin m e c h at t i s
=! "
185 Jr!nrt36E3!t
il' lli
christianlib.com
, ..,\\ .
,*-,:4'\5j' 1\
,+rl\) # r\,,t\ ap Jrf, Jr!il fb :market economy rL:r\
"t*J\
;--* j'\j\J-!\ .cL-r;,
& ..I\; olrt"" C Jt ,Jlf- (U frlU ...rl;J!
.a;. o;i!t ;rL .-!;[*r Ot
ci;L,J\ .f Jr]\
i+-rs Z\Jji 4e\, :monocroppi,rg -r-!\
;.-'r i
-dJ-\J ri # \ r-i + J:B *-{\ JrU\ ,.r ef :ne7ativereciprocly dI-J\ }H\
.vJ',,Jt Yi .\)l-"r tr Jf( v.vl
Jq ,l \.o)tr
\ tloi: \7^
u4 iub.,\
-\.r lr l-.
Ja j-br-+-{f ;;Jf U Ul ,no*o),r rortoralismU-:!\ ;iJf
.'U.5 ,LUt 'p
e+:&Jti3.iJl
: i' .iL\r-I\
Jn
', ,ti ,t-r;:*).
V W'.^l'L*" C \
j" a"." {\r)4=.r$-!:pasroratisn
- c -'-J ,E)\
\;)J
'- !3;' oi\"i" '\r,,
; .',/-: 't+'#- v'Lj \) vr ' v ,, iJ\ ;)\e\ \K;i .* {.i;oortach L\_iJt .l;
.* ErJij *,\r,\rL:J\.
't|fut';
.. .it. Y-- . ./
jr"; 6,"i.,\";'
-.j\
i
- ">)'-o
^.ir
r -r 'i z/;{
V-/
.,Lt \\ il\ l:,\J\ Ii * s.oL ,<;.; w i:oroduction -V\\
:*
j*,;;.n- i 4g>dU
,;r'!\ + .*t ^"1
V \;?' ri af\" ;!,-t[!\
.q""!
.4il\ :p,op",ty rigtxts ;\';,\\
,.H\r[i-!i Ct J.-UU
3)i-
... lr
,ta- _9 e"-fr
-- . itJt'lb ;.r$\ ;J"i-J\ 4t'
e+ Jrln g;;J\ ;:lol
:redistrebutior
.ll
t --:>J a^+Ulrq d-J\ fb
.2,, t*j ,4lLJ\
'["lY -'rl': .rU\ ;" '"F "r
j t*, ,-i!\t1\, E-L-i $'!\ .\ ,\:-r*-,t!J\ cti"* \:subsistencefarming {\r)\ ie\,
'F
i ) - z.--r r1;)\ 12
.4e',+\ Ji #t efu J+ ,- J\,*y
(-:-=) -t, \ll
vu>a\Sut,)t
,.\j '+[t *r." t+*: isubsisience strategt ({tr)t U ,i) {\e!\ i:+j!i*\
; -{ i ;- ,b JK}4 ,* lr;, .rLU\
Y&U L:!V i-.U\ ji F a-rr,-:\ L L) :substantivtst theorl, +\i\ ilj\
=<
.AG!\ :-+-4 -.Lr
i,r_lu:!Xr Ji*J'I| 'rtr1t,
. : -. a t _ ,) .'r ci:sut'dcien{urnting ( jf
vii :;];)':i L)U' ,\)'+iA b',':'
.'nLd"\
.' .! i- Ji\ r
. ,7
: -'. ,\oX- ,J.i,i\ ,-p.bo,4e\ Jr &:," 4L:\ ,r ,-[ S;\, {y)\ ,;";:,4'i:*J\
i:. JJ;*l
.+.Jr '* !+-.s 4>*r , r: J*:!'
Jt!,! ,-F a*rV Lranshumant pastorallsz i-..xU.\ & ^* l$':.,,r- g-{t ;;Jt
.,L--il\ ,i *-L.J\ cLtg.--tg . i,a\\ * {Ui
er}\ * F E*r"
c\:t -l\
l**nt rpl
* e frqgr,\, ,\r;(*i-) ;l;ulril\ * ,tgl\r o3\"
g*. i\ * e;,, $t;e;"#,{, #\ 4\ } J,-Jr^*.
.rLJ, i rtgt ti$" ti ,1A.\; -lW' * ,Vt, riS"j'5 .tr-i,
$a" "Si, J;A.\c v\;ejl,,:-ri,LrAt,t rvf
'( \ i -\ V :1 gr; ".4,4'!t ;!;iL
oL# ,/ .fU\ ;c ;-.Jl $ et c V [-r-c \ir-rt (* 6-il\ oia j;"r
,4 r- g:1 g6:L;;V o:U\ o-6:;Kt-it u"U\ ,-{ ) ftU\ ;r e-*Jt
J\p'>'r ol .6-2.il Fr Bry - 4!U\ Ju''rt oF .,'LU\ ;; uLU +-!!:
o!r"" o'!! ,\u\-i .r.,I\ J:L:[ +r-Li t'V W frUrtU ,l;J\e ,ilLJ\
&"1\ A tf+ .o!"Urye Jlxz'! -r:l o-rae .-! 1#r + ,U\, gF)\ !re;
,==l ;) .arVt -( ,!\ ,ir :i rip :\ -trei *ts' -p Q
jt {L-, ',;;J' +
;r J.\. ;L \:-r"u+ alLJrJ\p')'! ,r**Jg ,,.frU*t 4",U\,"-)L:1\4 oi"3.r9-)\
.r-+l't
. v'JLr E'G)E ;r -S o! .;*(i ;J,l\ & JK)/
^"
Y&E
187 Jrt,3Jt96{I}t
christianlib.com
(ru ,.-xt JtJt oJ.dk )4 t,l\ ,# di &*u ;JrIr ,,",;J\ ;v+ J-"I\ j\tJ\
qrL$V,aF\ ,\utr1t + -l^'JJ Jl\ Jr"U;" t''r;t'! rVstg +i\")r *V A
t -a '9
Jtl!,1*ij\ ;L* .tlV;lt a.c 6+ U i(,y*lt JLil\ ,-U! ,Jll\ Jc, i,J\
:.<'^rr
--' r-'
i': +Ut ;+\ * oLJ! _-L; li C,Ll! il"il\ ;ulUr JL,ri}l, ai$\ +
)-4
-* 'Vr ,f 'r ,"-St -P ,t 4+*" d [-*+ oJti JJ 'r*L i JtJ! "ru
-6.U; 1\" .! c!"\J! ,,Ub ,JL.ril +-iJl, kk\s: a-:L:rV .-.oLo.Jl
.-ial ;), '\-rJ! ,;'i;
ji i*,,(lJ & -'{t tg;:L$Y UIt, * t,;*J\ * *,
i a-:LEY ;tl\ l'i! J,f\
+ Ei t tr;fr.*,r t
! .t'$ I 188
",
christianlib.com
t --
.v{-
,. J
.'2
g J-,
;
(iJ)
r;('. -i-' e.
:
7 iL".[ar--
- 1r 'r
.4.i.*l
.U 7'>
!
- -
i#Jlg?J.t dl j--[\
- 1
ii* - {:
-t /. -
auil^a:9) i r .€.
189
christianlib.com
r^*
' r -1 lll
y-.ll er\lrLtl * ^-rd\ d, ,\ flIf €"1".J\ ill\ Jp ,,P br;c \i,Gre .LU\ ,J
.-.1 4-4i--l\ ..&P! ,(* oi V"f :a -i!e .',-.-.:rJ\ ;'r: ,i L\.-J\ &r; -^r: I ;5t" ,F-
_r .1.;r-*o 4*,+5a .*F\ -i ,_r *^(." up.U -di\ u.o ts, ,^-U\i jt"" \c i-r.-[*J\
a"Ku .^-ri V$:-*\ L:\s:*)
-F -" LE L,-!: J-i LU! .;r-J-*:1l;i'\ -*til\ J," ,LL.-J\ ;*;s
,V ,ss-.+-{\ oE)lJ! ,c.,tp! ,c,!b,i)\ J*ji .ral ,,.1"-L* ,E
\2)\e,L gr-..;, J-r ',.c.jlt
,,J eJJ ji,*qy,J a-L-Jr L-J"llt
"# U-rrc
L
,il\ c\a,U ,LU\ c[J,!L u,r;!\ ,* \:;b ri ;r"-L.-J\ lr\a U-uc
-b b, Lr}rn'!\ ,Uo .sp- t BE: .4s"J\ f
J!-cd!
'{:oa,.^^:J\
#' p, i..," ,4s-J\ f LL-J\ jLtp Jl *u)\, .L*J\ LL-J\ ;ts*o
(_L_-v-r
ZiUitre;El
,iiffi{lllln'
/ry''
christianlib.com
o!6!b ;/\ \ .v
"Kj l-
v. v'r
,l^9 r\4; ---
,V ,5, .'=:-. -
,i*tills igill
\;i. .u . .- ..
I .v Js.i)
,r,f\ .i-_, .t
/. o};!-: =a: _-€, (
,*\ij"i -tr ;r+ .'-(1-' --t .;r+"'-.;I tui '-o '1)'-J' J+ t"' * .-,----
J.vc.',, .'.i^.',
-1'*,) - at-
.b ;l.ir+\ ;f\ & ,FU!, Ju ;-; ile: ;K* ;rt'-J \a':q L {e: ei:!;!\ a* ' :-.
-1,
191
;t'It3zbLJt
christianlib.com
i ::! 'pP\ ,:; ,d' ,; .rU\ flt " # .r 4-:** ,y. ,'r i.LV fi :r+ [ -,* & .r[^'!t
i-- r-l ',.:'\J\ v Jl .+U{\;'"-LI\ \a-4;; \, ,brr* ,y
i:? '" -,JJ nlnt, ,Wr iF ,l\J\ ,\-4i ,F*,JuI\ &* ,-F ,bs-b;-S;i ird\ ;JiJj J,(i
--; ,9r".ra L-f.f J-+,.,i
?v ,',),..JLJ\ ;,Li,7bl
,;KL J\Ji e.v- .\_.o|\- .b JUt'ft jsrt;:r'J\ jlu\r
"L.
-i'nb'e tLl-J't Itn=-tdJJ:;;r+ UJ$ Ot li:; )lJ" ,P" r\,,-n*" o\-+\ g o:LLa,-l;t -r-,
.-> a.eU\ ,L:c J v-
*rl ,,;!t .d!! ,tf!t ;'! ;4 LrP *
JUt'lt .,b .B\;J c,ur:.*"
o:: ,^f)\l\ ;JU\ ;A L:A\ .-,![c*)\ ,F ,$\: d' * f_r:) .""<f+#r ,-rL ,]
;rcr.]\ oj.o 'r:&
,i +!*J\ e, & qJtr ,,1\ {rtrt 3* ,"i,i c!rr*^ g;rrz.r* i}\
-,_.-:
: ,-.),:-)\ ,* "+
,-,./\ r ot.J,lJi bI;" I \i)df)ti "fo
,-.,*.t:-)tt ,\ g+ rrrlt a;!s act)
--+ > ,"6oF! & ,ior:- p,],lj ,;lU\ ;]\,-'era -t.li u*
"*Utt #,_r;[-i't
\r'U
f . :*\p9.*K.
z' . '.-;.:-\ ;"! , I\ rF ,Ui\ il"L ii -,i r*l,.J\ W r,.:u",r\ &t *: ,fLfr: \+e\-ui y,
)vc ,jU'!! ,rjJ\ Jf* + 4eJJ !rt, J! W;-r"i-- a-^"V{;ratJt iJt ;,-S- rg
.- - ,=il' Jp :!'!\ .iU\J , i.j\ij\ _; e.
' ;; j .*-s a*
a*.i..llrgiJl
, -* ,(i:1 ;;,
-
j i Ic .";1i
rJ ' t) l)'J ;,r( r" HE: J:,4\ ;s\, ,s, t o ;;lt [4
J) b,+, J<.r" ;r,o\;lt
t.:' ,'ocl'jJ+"f q{r ;u#i *: .4w ,:-$ t HE, E r*,"i +o*tr#\ ;F ,iCuy:
'F
itrgi i*tr'1t;jI Ji )!^-j ,(lr ;F ,,,!}\ J\-X\ $! .*.; \4, cE)\J! ,g;rL:!v J:Ll\
,c[K\ i\-"-*J 4ij-J\ ;lt*;s."*r\rai j;=l ql.l*Jt ;r;Jt :]'!t J",:..J"
-,d! +rrtt fti:,-Jg ir+\ ;l\ j! .i.,;5'\ ,b ;y J\ JtG'rU ,cl,)U!
.;E)U\ ,*\* dE .tl\ ++\ & ,;Li-i.\ ;_"iJ\ \"i.;\s)U\ ,jj t HE:
*;l L--Jt ;::+"-;rXt rJl,i iF !*n[ ,V\ F,l ,J,Ct ,[,.- -1,,
,*:;\i ;6' Jp -J,J\ !,ij .;rG ;tr- L<;^u l# b\;* ,-*'rJ\ ;:: ,i.A
(;r;y' -ot', -h ,',t +i,i'r 4* ."q ul+J\ at rf jfr-: ;-K
=i
,.-u\-r-!! ,ri'C\f i.ro ;.l: ").i---lL.i"* a-i,o f-r;, +;"e'".r.! .-,.rr;)t
I For more on Big Men and Big s'omen on Papua and other Pacrfic islands. seEM;fefi-Sm-iE1-ei?f
;rJ\ ;)U\ frr.:,,J- oi a5Jr .-,.a .-itstt'.frrF a,,,.4- L-r'r ;9eLa Lr= d-+ ;i .<', :
,-:*r:i .UU!! ,-,iL!\ fs;i a:-\:A\ t; F A '+u.. t[.-J't - r t)\)
..lr
,L-*-J r,'r
_v-
p\-l;:-! g* ,fr.'l\.^ di5\" ri #\ "r Ei ,.q .rr-, rrtr "r J"U\ J# Jrat'li Je e:>-
oi r!.e'>r\ ,F ,;r[!i ;KK, .lJ,i,.-l\ ;s\J! :re]! 'o*!J\ ':W\ ;rA b",'^ -'.
"n*
* Jf)\, *i1\ Ltr) * ,rV U. u;y e*K urx c,\crJ\ '-r-o t\ nV :, --
, *p1\ i:*"A f, *! P.f, !6" ui '-*;rU\ ')r" o)
vJ J
c)U:-)t 'ro ,u.;\ _- _..J.
t)! lJ \'
193
,JiJtJZh!,Jl
christianlib.com
,J.l-J\
e *6tW\a\-i;.:-! ,i(!Kt^*<U ."ljLJJ;)r$t" 1!
=] t--"' rs oi f\* ;! l(-J +\ flli r3 at\ a,i ;;t ,,,rjJ\ ct Gr ;" ar a;I!,rr
.+ t-a
l*l*: .[t]5 ,r41t. ,i,,.r(t J, c,L*] ;ls ,a;]\ .j\, .r:u\ d;rdi Ji ,l*
.;. {_.-.i i.-r+i ,j*,\,.s, 4* C rL,J\ ..li .a;! ,"Ui Ltr) A;[;Korr-rJ.g
-. L:f 3+"ll p * L\oJt ;; tsr.rr! * -i rj* rftt; a:"rL,;!,;l^ J1[;r*
L -; .(-l\ i.
W'J
;K,J\{\ J-!.-,-.b ,:r:J\ Ol\ *:.,_rl\ f #, }:+'#.q"b
t; ;'rru : j
=' #! +-U\ LrU 5r{*Vr 6f ;} \Jy * ii;Kr {t:J\iJr
, j*'-t,*r(li +tr +\-i .irL L\eJ\ ;,,l 6, *rr&\ fU-J\J)6rJr S, , *-$r
iG, cL*;J\ ,r).5"! ;U -l'6;rtr ap\i:j\ c\-r;-ll ., \i:
ir>,(;i.,i -+;sL*I\
'u
; r'r v'
l-; ,rKl\ cls ,,:.-:Lir\ J] a ,;J"l*J\ g *-{\ Jlrr'! ;;:1-*r\ #! r<r'yr
---.e'r3 ,;$J\
eW\ ir b,:i\r,4 rK'!t ,*"
.6*r ,pi # .-r of_i:Lr
r j#t'e;eat
- \ A1\ ) Antonio Gramsci pV *-b\ Jh)i g+\.-J\ .j_*LJ\ ii!
i)\- ;+ + -*r. lr,; ;K!" 4f'6?Y, l,!^*ir J, '(,E !,.';' ( \ orlY
j1.,J\ ;.i= l{* 'a^'" t''._-F-o
+*"1- jf ri r1l "f J\ ;9.,*-<*1t f,
,
fr
christianlib.com
.6:L;, ** r.ob * Krr" 6*V oK,d*' ,i -Kr\l ;+r* .:,t 7\*\ *: .f,J\.,:>..
\ J v '' '
^r*'
;;,;", c#\:,Lr<,r +tr !:e .i-= -
tVt l1 :;
+\,-J\ ;U#r * eV eo ,;41q.
"L; e'q,5ii,Lr o*"F
rff ,l 1
JaJ; ,^-N.a
l/t'
-
i c,
.g:K!\ +/\ iJ\ ;.. +*Ji *;j? t =-o\ i ,;i'J'\
!
:
t+te^c fti, eaf ;gEt
- \41\1.{::--:
.3*Llt &i, u;,6"'+.: i&o ;i it J* ,rl\ ,-boa iud ,j) a*)1, \t; 9Z--s ,. -
;c,Jr
)
r#,.sJ!)',
JJ t_ "
;*..+.*t #'Jo 56 r{l .t *' y,Lb )i'; .v\\i-J\V,;,;- -!
. '. r,
* f t \4JE;l iylr -ti!\ ;G ,ii"'J\ Lr'*r +'tsr ''-'-U" -o!J!( j))t ;>: ._--
p ,i
J-JU)Jv-g s., j(:l i;i ;i -(. ,-Jf o,o i-* |L* a( )-t.Sr\ .,*d 3 Antonio Gra:-.-.: ::
Smith (Ne\ : ::.. -
195 ;JAIJUhLJl
christianlib.com
.j..j . jY'u, -eJg cui:,,J cL.lk j! .*\.7 :\ * ,s) # +r._, i/I.L" Jir .,_+*,
"r:i "r
):':n -F i"+\ ;^s"J\ c,!!\ .id l3\"- [\;i\ ,J.U\ ibL"", J, -tu]t ,es .rJt L\cJt
e
* ;;.1" !t ,-{
.i r{. - \rl
,;lL.rr-r'rl
\11
rli gi o:( [-rrc ;L.l t lau LLg)\, qi^i-lr *, j'
. ;
AJ
:U) ala}\
;,u-.,, ^*fi,
j:[J\ J) .*\4 jt,;:U\ 4-rU., + tsr.U,u.l ,B) + -:-;*.3=
)=- -" * fJ-" ..;P .E# Fr4 .-i ,"+t ,J o:{ c,t\- ,i :!i -r,r- L-uc, ./.fA
-q J4
t . t J v
,7lr!)! tF-J.t
r
"i#\
vr
i^s"J .:!\+) ,f ;:V:r:rJ\ .-r.o ,-fuo ,€* & .rU\ l"'ui"" ,-l\ .4"U!
- ttr
- -
tsiz)t-.,!prrr
r
;r.p! ,i*l\
rr i - I
iJ.Jt c!E)\ a6:+ \- \d[, JJtr\ i:]"!.
:i:'rJ\ , **q iJJ\
ry9 c\* .LF ,G. ,,grl' .;1"- \r -{U u-r;rp! i
"r!\ i
db
,4$ ocl4J ;\,!r L',ri ;EJ.t ,*s ,l+*-'"t'L -tui E -:J q" r-.-i].\
!* ;-S Ji ,(a, etn JUtr l*h-t
* u*y rlrt* J.i er af.-r 5reK,
Jr.; :i .4."+! *$ ;6 .* bry r.K .**, ; ^iuJr ;.1"!J i;rq
.t;y a-rl\ -L-rJi o;\rr"
i*r\ ,p -,E:Li\ JF ,1" ,pt'o ^.-j\ ;E:L-ii * b-Sv,jX\ :;!t ;-
;* i.\* ii.r-j\;p ;'6:',.-l\ Jts' .+;\ ;+\ * aloo, t1'u :5';; ,$
i*l\ ;: .4J\ ..i-<ji 1- ;-iJ\ a'.Kri qJ- ,i *'+: J'*i
;1c ;'rer',*.Lt
iV-# ,2 )o{-, ;FKli-, ;};" Jp .,n ',41i-; .i i^f iat lt 4 )
- lr -i
,eA\J+ \* .:,$\ ..i ebl\.r +rJi,l.J\{tJ.l*,r\", f!i\& Lr"+\ 4-f*
.J
J] -
\r-; :--
f;, .f!\ -,t" ,'F -tJi 4* 4 ;'=:" \aU S\ .s-r\ 'i*')\ o5'
.-,!LJ\ ,i (-!
4J) ;:!iX\ ;r-(rlr "jJi + \r ;s\-J\ ,rn\ d\ u;L:'i- yl ,'L:-rul
V---J'- -)iJ :-
,iL*
v- J,^ zts)!
e .
{\i*)\ pL* ol.(!tJllj )'b*,-b ,,-U\ ;c ;e) it}t
-
,-,:U\ u. i-
a*dr Arfi ,rb a,"$\ -i(3;, ,o;:LJ\ -F\i brl" ,:i .r!U\ c * e:-" -rE . \'*J i-z
i,'
d' *rr-'! ,nK:D i=y\ o4t 6U! a*;:Jt L^-J\ J-j "r -4! .,i *Ul ^ -;-)
.(fUi! J.iU! it " \* +L, F,"\ ,i!l! .J*:
_r
./r ;F .,)LJ\ ;:\.iJ\ +le jr.;r- gI\ ,#\ *.o J" a.S- 1* r?t .Lbrlt i, -:^
^*;"lJ
i/\ #r ^.i fI\ ,5rL"L)r ;F q{r\ +\-J\ ;,l.4'U i-F i#\ ,/.,/
',olv',\'-\
vJrzv-J -
e ;,;+U\ :*t @::rdF.f; *tglt ;lB ;-{\ iJtJ\ :;*-*t\ j;-J a*E)\ :r:-- J
q,ur FJ'J\ ;U J)L i..4+\ ;,;}J *u";;), 1\-w:-)\ ,l \* f+ iit, ;'l.- ;
"r -J
t
;J.U fi
f.\ ",5i-:.L )\ ,E) +J\ J! ,r.-[\ ]" ;:rb. ! ]i iUr i
\*b
, i\; .i ,'.-.
---
;"U\ jl tilri ,6f-ilt ,V *( x ;,t*\=* -J'ur ;Krt, ,V ,qt J- .-F
197 igijlJ?l&Jl
christianlib.com
s,.......
o..
; jr\rrl,ilj
lf,e,-
;Jr , tr;r ,$ ?4\ ,f i.r,.r.. jLr" t 3 ;ltlr \-e-r;:-.- ,_J\ i--c-.J\
;,-.F3e#s,, j .;jt)\ } 4s., ;tL ;e+ .i ;*4^.jt itt^Jt J, -LH! -:4o -*U\ 1,.
t;l -r';(t ;* ,.J" \EIr rK;,1cU.li);Kr:Jg J\aj\ .-,\:El ;r d\ ,*1.3;t ,;"
: ,r1:tglt,;aJl ,fi :F .4,-$U\ L;UFI iUI t trl\ ;I:.1 \)! .LPt +lr ;ctl-Jr
's'!-1;-S- Lrri
*-
-y;uP-a- A-
lllt ;rL*lt +rf\ ;t"-r;*..,* ../F)\ri ;;Uill &-)l.l\ *,+\ *tr:Lr)t
:or ilc;r*rd ,"\s r",{,4,|Ut ,V\ FQ J\"1\ rt'" tsr.oEj)\ J." e#\ ,L)"
1b ,*- J+ .;-}! .;y[-J\
:,
i)7 ;-u ) I j9
Lr, ! -.
'.ae
;:\ij\ri J*J\ ./t4,"i c,,K,rrlar riB of1
L, ;1*
. -t
J*$1 B
-,:J,
d.ryJlLt\ a-1lJ\ James scott cr{',*+- .f-jyj}r! ,-f*U\ JU\ ,9:
j .4-14; 4t*
'i5
i; ;1s'u + ;J\i .,:l"!* *-t; ;,U jrLe JUt € ai\,\.*i ;i JU!
I
L\c.;jt
i"-i A ji, #1
,!j,i! ,crLr..fl i-t*!\ c*: d/ua.J! ,,,q\J\ i::-hJ[-Jtoi ;s{t "'.,-rU\ €, &
': i-;-: .rU-.}4 i".;^ilt d!t-"
I .1l
tl -tl-h
M &,4\rJ\ d-*t*-l .V ,f J\(J,-'!\ * 6*,l',
' *!
,t-.,,l.J\ Jr" cLrU "r[io!\LLi" F.q-.:\\-ljp\ ./ f]\& ['3
4(lrJ1
'va'v
fjq: j .iob-.Y
-i;'.$-i ,i .&Kr*;ri'r ..*6 ,b ius ,* f i\*I\ri c)r)'\J. .:\:,I\ ," -f,,
+&, -r.;; L:"rj (d-'! L! + &".*iJ 9:):-- ,, .;JrJ!) j-a.;r'!\ ,.,a :!
:\ -3*r- .rlUfit ^Suu '*
r,p,[: rrE )-F J-b.,1\
"r ;,r*rk;i A;It oi "ruit\ ir,J]\ .+
, - \' L
--1 *. ) .f e2^a:t
lt . j+ ..t I t--J\ i$J\ t\ arL, -tt r4\ ..-F -tir\
,-:.-(. (')1\ . \, g*t*Jtr$i:,tt
/
;1,r* i-;
i-.of,ruuy
Ji\ J:" -i,tj\ -* *-rJt
+<5; J+*t5;;lr
, : JJ- J_ l)
+*1=-J\
j*.)\
\lt =J\
- -->- J'J
^-'Lt
:y), L--f b, =*=i\ "LuJr -L- olr,;J, og +-..o,-,',!!.
-l- 2---o;j .;,r"j g-rJt _r."uJ\ :&-t.J:+y ,il'i\j ,;r*s.Jg ,-Eqil! ,(r"]\) -,.-Jt
;r.i
4 .lames Scott. 14eapons of the l4-eak: Everydq Forms o;[ Peasanl ResisranceiIiFFlZiffiT?l-
Universrl Press. I985 ). .lames Sco1:,. Domtnalion and the Arts o;[Resistance.. The Htdden Transcnpt
r{Subordinate Grozp-r (Neu Haven. \'ale Universitl Press. 19901.
6jt --*.15...,*ia * r\ :t g* .r- :i J;Y92 LU':4 L\ii LWi !t-vta;3 '-l- t9 :-1 -'
"rlt,.";lt ri,t-!)! rt:,- b *C ,u*- .(y. :\r -frl "5t'.!,!j \t].*s ;) .;>t) -' ;
_*\t-
//
e\.ag\ jC .1---Ji
i-:{ i$ -*"i#1 9;L1'f1$':'-l Jl ,'; i!4,-t J*J1'K,r; Vj i-&utt
L.* J# ,a ,\:\i .r- + .*t'*
-K i -o \5! t4f d.tr-g--,.te,;r- +l; ,Jl.lt ;r';.-: ^--l
l-"*- ,F $ .*l\: 47:;lr * e.},.c,s* ,.5,i ,!U" U..ii ira:, ,;
.*i,.,J\ ,-l-i.*.,- \:i
/\j --
',
,J* ,{J 1 fr-.i* } * ,.*-r*lrprudr'$,,54#dlbr*& ;& -^
*.* * .tit 'ifi r*-: lta i i;;lr -* ,Fib t ua$r ,r!t ;-o -ta
$,#1 -;.^s",Jl {J+l ,1L p#t'+Li,.,:! p...15lt ,.l q, *frJ 01 L& Jb- &!i ll I {
+ oiK,i ;,(4 -a;$ ;.c --r!t -Js ;r$r ,U"lt ;li ,+ollJt iiElt * .irUr #,
t\cJt .r: r::::
,j ",i-* ei ,i C
!+ L+,(1, ;t* t+
-+ Ju, J\ _
I ' : 'lrfa,1: {rt: -*rf e-iL1r
lr"
fl f.'*"#il:'*-fi;
;;;i fitif ,,5 .-r-,, U{ #i,
.#t
rA:t1
r:11. ,;!F\: ,oUr-lt
3r:-,U#i *-.!-..,r,*i, iuk i,rrLr:3Y9 i*1, .\t t .F+.,-!-U\ ;u;; cLi* ,:, i -
-* F.J\ 3r.-"fu ttr;Jc {.c)r ;.,'";;*;3 +-,--Ji ;'**.;ie-)'t .- ,s -
./ C.A>\ z-
=-
a:il-!,oz.i.} ,-r;:i;J'; * &L J1 Service -4;-;,*;*--b,;i,..r,j
--g/,)-'i l-lr
fu D-l -:-'a-
'€*J' -L
41, zs
- i.
^- :--: J
t99 ;3i.I3ihlrJt
christianlib.com
-? n.
?JJJ.rrl =
I3, J'
1+
1A i<
,'}
: --+- :€"re^" 1
,]
ri,f ;e
*
'' '- 1.
,/.3
* r: ,)t> c\a9\
,3,
$3,) *5 i ,i.
a.
Y-
):.-
- Yi*.a/.-
t J'
i.
)
\,
to;*Y
- -;r
.re
tli?"i
ria a ?\e
'L
ii{ ,3
-,) 5
-1
#-i
J
J.
-* ..),
t/
1.;-- i!'r
;' ,\ i
It
3
I
]
-i J'
,J,
q
qa 4,r 7 qra
'j' ---,1
.:-_* Jd v).92 i E
.
:1. _'
,? -? {'1 9.
-
uf
Y
.- Jq*-\ 4
i :; -i"-: , {9-{\ 7 ,a
'3 '1 tri':ia iae EA i";_ 1 .:9
{"'
4 J *- .1.
tr,:f 'j'-: \
,s 4".!-+dJ
5-- q.
i".!+
1 31qi ,r) .\J f,
_---v 1
,l qJ,}i
--t ,l
-i1
-
J,
,J, 33,
-q'q
$l:"
.lg
.it3$
i\X
I .)
:2! J:
",1 ii
B*'
1
rl'"7 ;-i
,tr 1 =.) -l^ r' rt,6-'\
=l-
.r. J,l
1't.= d3
10
qri ^,
I . Y ,6.':=
-.j
r ,l' ;3
*J, ,J,
''"
QJ
{-)
") L
'1 ". F. I-r
3:f
v9:1a.i-d_*,. j,
E =.
:t 1
h{e'r\ "-i a,ea
iaJ
'1
n.-^1..
-\='-t (--1. ii'i '1 i :\
-'
'J
las
^1
oL
las ra!5
r\=:,
\, '1, -.
I i
e-i
,it '< Jl {-s-.',:;
.! '1 r !
Ii
J .'9' l.q (.
-rr 1oJ "3
,l=.1
1:d f'.)
\-{* _9
,<,")
__!
l*lrdl
3]
J!t: ,-.4\ .-,n \.,,!)Li € -6 .:re 4^r;:r\ :9"L* g\L ,si ;l ;--Jf
,r;,s xV y }i
ar H- ';\ oF..,]t c\e\}\ A J.s r gu,:.,r- 1
,ay i^-J\ a":* .LV\ J)E ;n
"a,Ji ,*t
et)J u(4r or.. .lr- ,-J"-
i.t: .tp {3a-+ a^-Jt gi,;," ;i ..6 o-JUt o\ae\\, ,)h *l),s\
J\ ,-.,.-il\
a.
jF J, ;)Lu\ -F .E-;i ?# *6)f *v
*;.r,i, +L*t r -
J'
aL{\ j *J\j
c:, ;i ll\t ;,:.it alju\ I Jr Jutr! ,iJ\j ,*i'r J," L:r"'
.(,LtJt
'i v
.e
-:,-,J v'-V\ 9_*:LJ\ v-LoJt J!r;/ e#-t aU! Ur* ;i _(
J.^,.Jt
'
101 ;riJl3ibuJt
christianlib.com
-.-\(- r i"-Jl{
,.,n,o ,-i\i5
Y jF ,_-\--Jt
t9
* "J'+" ,-i, C\ c\e$\ ,-r ,1:(! .rt#b ;rFr JCr! i!)1" 4 ,\,,"J
,fly*'!t '-;uc\\ C f), ! ,.**;i :y':ri p ,,.^ g= :i ,1)")\ ,r-;
t ;- '-:Jt f)! bq
// ! .r-L lr
: -\ ',\
vU' Lk].;Jl ..r-U\ il+\J
. -l.r I ll
.-? y \21 \_*l;1
* tLr, ;-6 Ji ,(, 6f_* \ ,r'** l[. ,] rfij\
r '5- ,.3j
s3'u.si
"K" +!
;i-J! 6*r) ,,i;u, o, -[LJt Jf ,-,,-;i\ o-J\ ;, 5n.0,
,j1j..............'C\
.ir-J!
) >1 c-J9 ? \ ^--l\
AL C d5 r*, J^ ir" -r,;:; r.! .t'u:i\ ;r ;^-Ji -b*. j*s,L!'i!
!
vr*
! .\1
./, .4*
''
el\i\
-./
,;'*\L\ 1=:g 'ar"3 ,F, ;t *3)\ j;!*: !',*i -E^ i!;ii -ri ,*X! ,4.b'.;!\
vylJ
,
;:-.: @-g-
--ar nr and fifananc
;.::.::. 5f reiative agi ;{LJ\r\*) L"-{-* L-* J*r c.*,,!, ,i^-;;Jl ;rii\ y, ;r''c .-.tri ;r(,
nr *}l.4-
christianlib.com
3.it -Ji*J Ji
Lr\r" ,pr-i -L& -l-.- Ui .CrrJ\ S. iu- J L;*-rlt
i; ,',: -lr.i ) j/" fr-i J:." u-r s\ "Manong Rosario -yrLo
.**'lrcr_
o; ,j* E-l.-.(e! ,.-.;t ) l.a t-[r "lj!\ -i- J) L" 16,:t
(Y)*
;5\*;\\ ;l; .,-E r'!\ i"+H\ aJ.;lr crt#r .r -r{\ }" .JlayKJ-iJ L-J\,
: ar -rj ,;KJt jf ,,#\ t-e J!,;, ,a.,i:';il\ ,.rJBI ,;L::ig ,;_*1i ,tu i\ ,a:-rj
"[.
J:" ;+:,- ;\-r;.:-L ,bt!J) :i .rb!,.Ji ,""j*..jj ;ro3 .-F ;_o**" jJ#L*)\
kftg it*Lfl i'+! \{\ ;!i\ ;f.-J.\ ,'.r\ ;"*") ,}.c ie\ r*j\_L gi :r!ji jLr")\
; -*-,.ft "!i .b-s s;(._;:,u.; i \!j *<! ,!; I+! r,i:,,-;K;;_* \jp ,y* l,*.-. s
^:-j - a'b _*rl ,,r*d\ .-,',,(-U if'C\ ,!.o\ JJ. a"*J! y;:4 i,c\^j\ i;j.-,$ 3)
. -2 ' :n io"A' !+ ,+i\ i',*j*J 4tlr 4_;',;jr z!J\ *_*;.rb -,-;(:-rc -^^=- *1,
105 ;9itt3iUt-tt
,8il
christianlib.com
-..a.i\
.v-\ lL .,!\ -6i ip-;i 33 ;1"L,'lt ql[-rJ' K-,i ;K- -4 b: J-*y, -$ crL*!-jt
,;- 'iL,-J\ .i\-iW\f i-u--re {K3,i arUr- i4! ,L-;]\ ;F .uy(\ ,W\
-; -...a-:!l -|i-.:^t. j\_u.Ir ,.t' .u; veJL+
Jr
KiJr -i
J
L\,-Jr
-J LU .a"=!r-;!r
V. -. JJ.JJ
;UU-Ir 3
\
. di.r\' j'iJ\ v, i jr. ;Ll-J\ * 4; ,{,ii\" {)l* J)t Jhr" ,e-_;i fiW :,*a- +-1: " J\
. --(, ,;r-\"-J\ U{; ,l+ r,\i:,.c[-,i c!-rs,i ,".#t n"q 4E c*4, +-..J.\
"[i-:r-
, ,.):\ -U" ,J\{\
. -i I
.\:u*l ai\: q#!oU[,r! eJ Ct +t ;\ ;]"LIJ
jtr.Lrl,;)l\,\& #.r U+ l;, ,1*L_,a-!:.x lt
- - I
:.-)4;)cJ*:i.t
+\+Jr J-J\
-i :*^r g,";:\r:\1 L,r Jbi ** & ;:-r €s.rikopia U,t * i;p s:! Raymond Firth J
; -.-{-ll\Jr JE ;l\ ,r;[-:Jt A 5.- JE -* .(";d.* ;r;.{ aj-... fi ^) L;:)1." *
:. -\ ;loLJ\
,i e, ,!.3,( *;::p" u.x l\.. J!- JL,6 JK,giU\
.:
L
". re;,,'d.rrJir\
y-t- / - I I lr
.qr-,Et lut JK-)\ \r* g;;* a;f:t .rrl j(" I ;rit !r-(
"r ,[81\
,'--l-"Ul
' ..',. 1r
---.a_ 4. q.z,r> il.>l
r
8 Ravmond Firth. we the Tikopia: A Sociological Studl olKinship rn PrimitiveJblifiEli?Ili?El
q i1936 renr Neu York: Barnes& Noble 1975r
' r - 1 I ll Peter Skdlnil. "Chiefdoms and Kinedoml in Africa: \l hr Ther Are \either Srarcs \or Empires.-'
---J.v*wJ - \'\ u.qnepa.org/ilca/qovemance
lU.As
documents/chrefdom:andliingdoms.ndL
urth the leFms "tTihe-' \ersus 'ethnic group." the distinction of bhief- and king resides in the
ofthe speaker to suggest something more or less "civilized'' or familiar than in a particular
-i :i;!-; &
desire
drstinction of polrtical organization.
;it/lltu
rut
christianlib.com
J;n- ,
€V ?g BrE _4 #\ ;K\:) *-e .al*Jr ;i.* _At _lt- ..)r
U-ilt ,a:j\ ..,34 Lr^c p e JJ ,&$\ ;";t- lti fu ,eJ\
o:c JrE ,i *.*.1t ,-I; nq
.-rU^'J.t 'r '-. !
e ,sr\ JK,j,'! ;]\ c,L-LJt ;**ri l! ,r",[J.\ lu\ *
c.,[t!l #;J"i*' * z-
J.y &,[t, t:,,jr')\ ..-i" U-t ;4>3e d! ).-\JU;(:.t-U\ ftE; "..
L'i-,e" iJt
,, :- J\
,-.*L.I\
.l-9,$l
,-rrgi!, g, ..-J\ J; o-'Er ;G=-Jr 3' )foV: ;)'j\\ j; ,\ \{ #+' ._l - -:-
!r-)!
.rr,",ilJi.r" ll\ Jrj;ljl! -J'(=:r -e Ae-,,n 4;t!i -^..-lt -4 -*;*, *:-r* + -- :
209 ;gilt3 ZJet-tt
christianlib.com
;r ; si -f-+ )
V
*
o!),Jr-,g--: d.ll.l j k .lf' ;l*\-.q J*_ F ^.-f*-U *, u4 ,ie
oFffit?i?G:- i'l '")1tr}l
'
.--,.> .tl\ li Jf
For,one-of rhe:rflosr fredueru} , :A-'4}T"i:JlJ*lt1r'ry:i
argl{ten{" iee,tn{iihnei'wal#i;,The'R;r;ilri;n;i ' Samuel ,:rl*'$rlr, of,.g11,
ttre Saints: A Study on the Origins of Radical Polirics ,., (
".,i2' i ', ,} S;:
., -*J\ JU\ tc*'tiiai",-naa;"Ha-r".durri;&ityir*i,tis6C'* +. !15 .#5 aJuJ.o.J: ra, .Ratherford
Agt.ii]ltfJg.lj0'rtcJ!eb,{l 210
ffir
christianlib.com
,l& ib-: .4t'U.J\ f[?)l ;1}\ .-r JKi! 6;* a",lr'cb\; & Uy
'rV Q t.n +i
,,;,"Jt i4.rp L(*;l _*LlJ o* 5i ! iUi; -r-..* !,;i Lqi L-eJ_*r.t:'r r+,& -r-(.tY,
6; l(.t*<'
ol" Jp4.ri .tLJg ;jJ\ g\-i;-:--) bp":
,r:?
J!t: ;\rU!\-ro o*b: +i;i -/
..r-*- j,y.r_.a_'
.;l"i^J\ c b:-b *: *Jt
b:_b JK,ii Jt:u o_r,sb-s ,,"Ut ;r4 "l:9::: * c:
;b-glt i;' (
tu.ts&[a#dl ,+.rri 6-, :
:: 'rr-
, 9- rl
tV;* JF U{i ii(*l .arL*Y
&t ;, \:-e ,-&".rd\ o1 f .7\-(t .lF ," y9-i -
=-.-'-
+"rcrJ\ ;*U\ ;K aUlt +-L;\ JKi,'!\ ;," +rJ! Jhon Lock "-
"rt ,nrAt oU(t qr"\!l
--/t/
6,\! 'G
J'" ri'r ;K.fu Jt ," f lr,L s: .JF ,f 6:V t\r.! e + al;:l!\
,J2-
. lr
./ -l-u, ;.+ :
(r).;r*.
.(i tr \jrt) b\:-)\: qilr c ,F ,,, J-=l
;tr(;LI\ ," Li *_+!*)\) {trl\ ir}!*!\ ,-,F ,+$\ *sJ\ e-: I Fcr one'of rhe ram !
.argurnent see \t-rcta
the Saints: .4, SrrJl cl
E*r,.rd\ *Kt t-r+,1".;r'Vt aJ\ "--brp*," LrI g*l=-J\ J[-J\ (Cambridge. \tr P.r
;-,.:^'Jt 3i-- .,!, -$ -t+. -{,, },,r b-* ;t " F +r}, ,,6J\ Jk
211 ;gilgabu.tt
christianlib.com
_/
\* -:\
4-!j\ \,,*i JrB ,ii U ,( \ :1 { I ) +;l;lt lt,J\ +!. u;+ .^:+J i$"r.\
\S-o:r,
e.i.)"
* -".c * ;:-p" C\ *J! 4W;,i*E U;( oi ,7&.-ttJ., ,r"(;*.4\ ;!
- ---,t -L,:U JL.r"U irLiir dr f lr 6tt-;F.*!\ ,-p t):.(1 -\ :\r 2) \a;r-(
-
&t ,:r;4,,"S\ ;Ii s (\A :r$) f'!! r#b ,r!"'r! r=J! ,,1-iJ!
-lt - -lt
!i'"1 ar 4-J,(dl cq!:l\
.:-r'LJ'av. v
.,:,J\:i ,arr)! .&"J\ u"\-i ..-1" ;*r C\ +[-:t
, ;:;^\ L\eJ\
(Lt;) c\: -l- + J:." ,J*l'J\ +-J\ JKJII a.r \L! fr oU qr9- [ iL" 9."1l
.I'
.=--' -Y it
r ,.- ..j-r ;'l ,ur
:::,.';iic,s
"-U\ ril*llrll
' I r..\lt
*,g.:t )' .',\-i'u
-f, .,*"1-i ,; -r ,,*11 ;, j-K; Aieq?\ b2A :age- ser L * b9A
a-t 1L
--;?)'crit .;-Jl LJU
a:^J,
.ll :aurhorin il"t-Jt
..:z :power 6iJ\
*: ,4: X J-b;ttJb .-J\ o*
- ..f*,o-, :E iii ,5ond Z--as
,au;\
-2J ,^
Si;Lrre
,u; -'
er r,i i\,f J .formalnegatwesanctions:a5t 4J*;t"r;r
q*, -L ; -'')
J+ t*+i-,i fb .bS\ 6" 4fU?\ ,!{ :format sanctions ar*r;t";c
"r .o^""1\ ;l"Ut K--r cL t,
.,rlit * ;y
.4f[-\ ;,*! * iJ\ p\r;.:-\; ,€, ,v-1.9 :poiitics a*'u--J\
.4f1c,-)1 ;'l\
.r.-tr :!L -F ,^, J\riJ:r',J\ :pou,er iiJ\
,IJ ;3iJtg?bj*ll
irl
christianlib.com
:,)'+
.r ! i .ll-
a"a lr"i & atiJ\ lq" u; ,;*1=J\ #t ;, +tX it'y i.;-o storc 4s-l\
-.>.Y s ulc+\ rJ.! .+-Vs c\*3"
Y,JnU M\ i\j il\"!\ -tUL Lr-* i-S- L;:\c e-f.. * lL^il\
"fL*:[i:rri6e
ecliitti3iJt ';)\t;,,i4!
\,Jn'r:
'=='i
: ' - - '
19
tltl
b\
(\\ fury!tlt*3;9E
b W .rj,rJ\ A & ;$ ,))4J\ a h* ,i;y,}{ J! Ji\"
t,/
i--;*,.L,1
4)\ -,it\ d-*.rJe .-6rU ,4\.u4 cKra ,;l"U! ;P\ Jr" &\a.l) ;:*L'!\_r.LJ!
.+;\ rF *: eu" + -jilI\
L,k
J ;V' ,3i\ -i,:1
a_. 'a
*ilr i t&- 6
-;
,ir*u
it J: tu bj ;$r o ;)B
qr lr"j Jc ;iil -,, .
(\Y
u ;Kg;-{\ c.ir\ "u" ,yr;'!r irJt otU(! JU.'r! -r"S\ gy ,V, F,}
* ^*:_J! i;i rtr:eKr ;r ,;t _*(; ,.,,"L-Jr .ur , i{t \!,r -!!*!
,zer$\;J\ ,t-r*-,; * ,A\ g'r "i.]i." Jrtr ortKt ;5U)\ ol" .l\
# U
..t! ;le AtUb iJ\ Lrrr ;"r-;1\ #.\ e-$ glili,J
'F
,\ '4,-i:* [*: ,q*!.J\ #\ * {\!\ Lrk i.rK! Jjl\ u,6 }:4
!r= i.;lJ'nrAt ,9 c,L\*;:-)\ "dK! UL"i;r" --r9..-*LJ\ ,,.:j,. .6)lr,L\\
;rF ,j:.* a & LI*j c:1"" ;p\ .i^ ,-r;: ) .d.i-J\ (l; t* Aq
'g
;:liJ\
;s:*r- L-r:r ,-*LiJ a".J\r ^J!t +-rr!;;n;;{i ,_, )* \r(, ,UF
.*:? * :\ b:-* jj+ ;l"IJ\
-*;f [,L;c,)r + ]:-) €U' i\tJr r;;,- l;*W\: -ELr \io:r.--r
'q.i il"t-X -5f t,i u4 :.-1':J.\ r"r,o .^(" Ol "a,r.t g,i\
=*JE tU
aLL"4,
4t \:\s .;r-tr\ ;,'* c,\j 4LL Jr! ;) b\, ddjJ + ;(1 ;Lli
'F
,;r^s:r- ,\ ,llt*. \r;*, ,bJ+- ,.: ;-rF\ ,_Fs- ,S, ;: Jf)\ ior,;- no
drv c -.;:J\ ,E)r-\J\ri ,#,-i ,i;j\ ;'-i
.BB -(o-#, ,J;J' :') -,-{ irr4 rF" -J -lrf,
\* j,o.o!!,f, *..Liy
-;( v .(J..<U
''":.,rJ' ,s -G ,(.2..^\'tr+ i ;,c * 'lj:|'l-^,t .i,r"E, ,r^
!Y'v ' - ?' '--:
A.d&.
; i- . ."Lait
Yl
i-j^ _,^ J +l'?
- ,-: <";14)t a;131
i* ' u>\-:.s, f;
-'-;- _c-\\ {r&J!
- ._-,* j
- | r-.t',
cu-tl ) t
- * ;* ;,c
,
, i-i.-to
t irL
>-L /4\ _* ,Jj )'
i j"chunkee"
$[J\ ;f-
*-;-.
.l\Ci -uL , -: -.
bI\ ;1r* *3. . --
I
6tellslt-rrtt iJr
e.,$.
J.EiJ'hbi, r)irJ.\ p\E J.r-e jy4rc JI;ti c>tu\ -L." u-{ .;}J\ g
r
gtaiY
Zlell ,i\ -*(i.tCi!\;iIJ\ * ".1-'!\->1" -,i) o['J, - jp.i*--r
"t)\: iil'jr
.r*it
"r. €\ e J:j-:r" "Lee chun kee" 7')V ".--;:Jt e"\ ;* j-)\
-;lt -rSJ' J 4EJ'
t'\
\ t- s ,') ." Leu" /," ofb .\ ..S, "-{! }
L7 v'
"
un chun kee"
217
christianlib.com
-**t .J *Ft e ;f F .d:U\ i-,* 4,fi ,rb J-9" ,jFJ.\ a")/ Ji {iU\
"\r-,e-" J\ ;',\+\
' ./ r
JB" E* -lt -.16 J) iLl)r t- ,6i.:,bF C :..t J) u= ,V-A u,;
r,
: --^
-r - e)
',-\o ,v \orJ\
'J
v
.; i'.J\i.l .J -)
.,\
v. ut) U \rj ']j, u-{ d] u(r 'lF-) ,!rf(t"r.-"on'-u-me) ;\ (tnonvmv
):;. r$ Udj'\\ ,i" io*L L"-+;\-\
I .J, \\ ;,\-l)\
J v.J :,t V'-e. \H\v-.L,*t)J\c,..l\;iJ,ll;:
. U)-J .J \
I .-;T
YV=t
'*r:''ff ')g'^ar'r'r)'t
,#r
christianlib.com
,,,(
vJ' p) ;-r-\,J
^1 L'
"J
"-r^
,r+ udr\ 4F -y) ;p ,;a,rJ\ +-U\ c.,t*'t!
,;-*L*J ,Us.o+_: ;L:r ,.;Jt Je 4,(e.f'),\ +r-i U:r JUJ\ g
,*U\ ,u.1, ,r-! CH\ _r:) * -U3 ) o!,6J\ .:,r, .$J\ ..^l! ;!:":
cU*--tt J-\o or4 \5,_;*:t \6;,.1 ,!rr'!\ frt""i L-rrc ., St
L-r:e
219 etslts?g,.ti)tatg
ryr
l|'
Ic-,,
christianlib.com
> -* i\u'J\ \r'o !\.il\ K/iJK* tF ,oi\ c,br* ;" *U ,b\ *l: r.i oi JJ+t")!:
,i ,i g Uu'> -Jt- \*r.r, .t!U\ +:,<J\ ,rt ,-t't:f ;, ;,-#\ t,<J\ & \rKl- Oi 'iU-r ;i
ii-)).,( .;+*i.,r.ir.,i (.-'rt v.*
--;Jt-g. b): - -J \.i't)
'\) ^oJr . .-e v Ulr v
oc"Li-,-.,i \ -t, Y\
\\-ilt Y,-_/
i)*<-t;ll J<,! ,!.S s, c.t[, .;^a d.[ii -r-, ,(J"*,- i-! ,tl* f-- t) i""-Jt ;>la;I\
.Jl;t'!t ,\ *r), ,os\iitri+i .*lsut e Ar.'",-.frLri- ;-{t'uri "{liu\'
r)r! ,:e4\ f ![r.Jr K-ri JK* i-r*:- ji J#\ * ,y .M ,\ *K[.,,
,!e..6 /t,5*,,i * JF!! llp'r-[,;!\19 .r\.Jb,-i\ c\-",
fr.;i
-6 tu ox +l*it +: ,*.)ii f V gv aiU "rr:i d* ,-,r:41- r!'!\
: J:LJ\ -[$! Dte \., ;-r:^it {EU! .lU\ tis,-J\ iJ[n\ K/i JK* u"
'*
.a-rLrV U:Jb
* -'fU\ "r ?J)l*Jl
r j;f ) ;)!.Jt
;r,:. e^ (ff) e:.\
al)i* Ji +i {)l- ;!" ,\+ \" ,-F;jJ af\ r-r+ 4reli?\ ;-rcE dP {>l*ti
qr(, ;bEI\ -q' gp({il\ rb .jis .[i
,i = jl ;JLlyr ';'=*{r "d- * Jo o1 "f,
- jt to)'- halapeci
& , -t'Gi ej)ir *!' ,li\ {- & *lt {)l-Jb ,-J[\ q:L'!t +l>t-Jt
4^-\-r Ai*:.Il) i",,'!! ,(.':rt i^,-t, &Idi\) Ur-l\ :;--:r\].\ a-rL'!\ {)i-J\
"-.;\ ;r-l\"
.\ ,'!\
.' _', )s--i;44:,t a F J!- "r 4f\ - *+ fl\ {- 'F qdt 4)i-J! ^.:r}! .(.:'>'\
(.iilsi\3 uL!\ &ru\ :;ti.J; ;,n:i,,t1 ,-,'!t ia ;" ;>l-lg oa ;," ;>L*'!t
.-"-Y',
Jr 4 & ..[, 'k re. d\ q*(t * .!c .r]r;\ r[o'''!t.';^ ;dU\ !f:
.;.rr;ir -Ks .ia -S. ,.g)-y.:-);\t -Li*J\ ,U) + .rlq - ;--\\ -" ryIr, .iUi
L!rr;>l + 4F\ t# c;r.*\*'!i
LltrTt ?,tlt ltreEl
.,'!t t[E fl\ ,F, l:]t to Li, ili\' f \ j;'s ;tr\ J)E "r gLrit t* ![ri (_,'_(_
.L ;-r-g {)L q ;ult c!)rJ\ * +F\ ftr ;i g UUtl .*t- .L.
"r !-r*- /
r"-.r;-.
.;:,.," l-lJ: ;F ,o*i c*\", *i ;>L\,1 ,\y - & fuy u.;r\ Jg- bl, gi-a...( .i
F,r1i.a-.tl0[i
iltaI{.Lisilldi; r)'rn.r(-,i ..a:-
r--j-----*i.{r#:.x
{aclt* i*lY*,,ii$
I
d';ir.-L
6 tu 6 ;-
t I lr -
---a;
j)'J-rl r;* --: -l
stl f* uu
221 etUltt7,d,ti)tUE
christianlib.com
') La -'^ 9.., t!\ ;!;1 *- ): ,*K-,)t '/ 9! -[Ut ;F .J..")t g:Li -it-cr.*-r, etr)
jJ\ ;F-n\ A &*dr + il\ q S*i k /u .;Uu #r+\ J6\ ..; ,qf
i. tl
:^.a "./ lt
j \'r-\
,fS
- -, 4-o\ 'ji [< ;l"L Jr" ,,.#' ,- ;; ! ,(patrilineality) -,)\ ia ," +*.'J\ +*i* C)
. - r -lr 1.
, \ -!l - ra
4F\ .lj;j .'L*rtt i;n ;;,6., ;-rc'r! .i .i*'!t **l ;l ,iri ;f;r S-"
4t*i*
-l
-G i _
4:-.o:
,i*l*-J! ,i-tr\ * ;_l'lt o*'r.V rg:'!i I ,-{\ + ,'rJ\ f, *ui a*.*!\ ^:*i*:
. ,li
Cta.l4.'9 ;--
g+i +:',-." \il 5;J1. i oryr,.i,, ,q.t ;S, ,+._c!\ ,!:'!t 3 o* s\,,o*.v\2
JlJ
;-
1a
, ,Ja
"tUlttitti)tit
christianlib.com
*i+l**
i , J)t*'!\ ;f
-, -lr -l I
) ee-*. a.\2d\ 4+tr
-.
;:
-*rS .-tui
r, l 1
"f
t
,.'. -I "|C
-'.\l
,,.& _f O-p )
i, f r ,i.^"a;-.:J\ e.-\lt ;\g[!\ -;* * JL.,jt g-rq ; t -Jt ? ,LjJ, o., -*;k r-V
-lt
.L
-z i',)L,a, *z ;a 6 W .-Jt{*l-;f ;bE: J-S t \.i\;e) .i- ,J-i J)u.3'!\
,\.tt\.,
' -\ 1 *w
.&lal ,-\ i .(+)'\
-C -* ,,iVa \* e" ,e::ji -*-,Jt 4i--L j,6.--J\ ..yrLi i;;Jt ftr,-r cJUt -t^!t
&)
i li
cc@'3; voko )\ {" *, e!! g'!\ oy' a ts,ty- } ..*iJ\ 4l--L ;L::l\ a9 g\t-J\
-a
,i 'Jl^.t<FrI\
t(li!.ir;Jj )iia x\a * jb-*)'t -:l-;,:j.1-r* * !.1.o -*
",;[U J\iL? ("prll) ae\!t ;5[t isis.,lt i*i Jy- Jiio J-oA\ cKr.\ .i ;:U.\
) -.' j,f-,, ,.')\ t*-
,/.
\!
-n-
!r ,I-! tu ,;yE J o! f*i 4 a{.lt ,r jo;.,..'ll ,-l:\" J!-,r
!
-\j
.4?i-J\: f *\ "r
A\:j' \vo ;*;(;* ;*e.;ghc Jj Jldf "{"Ji I *tir o;,,r.i (L
, *.-' J- ;iI*- George Nlurdok !e*
tr, 2\c ,i
" Y
al*9j:ir J+ -f ,Gr" -;1i i-rLi
/ z:e? e'JJ'-
r:-- o.*)' f U9 )r): ('),qi'*'."*j -Jr,
i&,:" ;-;{(1.\.) .t;! \A ;,* ,\1t1
{-.t-J UlJ
: ---? ,*9 j' ..5u)'
;-r!r;'!t,'& .1 ,--*l\irLi erj ) ; uu,-ll --*Jl'd*L ;Lp ,Jtc.:'"
= -; ) i$ f-iJr 6*t o..rir -r",-"rJl Le:y\ {)t*J\ &;1 eJA\.-^* L.e:-t\ {)*rl j*a-
-r-_;
'; j i!.!\ -,!;r-t (;'>'t ;* $rI\) JFBJr ..*-ital*L+ i-l-i\ -io\.J\, g;_2Y1..-J\
'4i-14
,"F &
'r:s-: ,'\c
ao.-* ..-J\ al*i* * !\":rlt Kri ,K* aU," *-" i-/
/.\
.-r'(J!" ;^ cs-:H! 6a,lU\ \i..,jE(r.iL!\ J*'r\
i),o>ea \rr! 4L,iJ\
."\r JI .--n" .J,iI\ .;r*Lr ;!!.Jt * #\ il .r'!,r,i', JL
'L:- $ :
,.U\ "* ;1f +\rI\ +yJ\ cLI!.-", .4f\J\ ;b !(J" ti\: y:- ..nU\ "r
ur, \4(, ,(;*lr ,!t; ;-rtr ;r.) J*\Ji (J\l\ al\l\)
d, ,u ,u
"!\i"
dE)b * +!r +pe plr 4F ;* ,"U, o* .-Jr
qj,ib:
l)'\ 4ii\" ;r ,:r- )
L;t )-nJl"+t"Frl ^"U(t + k A"d &*4 43r.ii\ .j,o ,ts, ,#! ,q-aA\ a".ll\ ;::' _:
.4!ni c'uit"-" g 45' ja ..;9 ..
--
.z\ri\
L..
ro,[-,!t
) ]# d 4:?*l\ c\,oL+Y (il>i-Jt) t^-J\ -ro!3 -roLj
r--
t[\' a\ iE! q:ii\' f\ f at]\ P +Jb !\"il\ K/i JK* ,-b k\-ya
,.,L*\
\,/a 4?,JJr)\r rrJi ,.,,(
J a_JJ v
\.ile ,ro!;\",1*,i ;f:J\ ,^r LE, ,,\621
it,,'F:jJJ nISL
-J-\t - J' 'JJ V.,,, ,#r.L.IU;llUl
,. '':r.!\e Ir*\ v,!-*;E.J\
!f'\ q_urt \JJ \{'
;" 5-+U ;+r* ,l-i jL-t dr,' ,."-, .-[+ rj ! ,i ..tJrt -.4\ fA
t t, --
,;,o)l a,aa. d;.aiu +}Jr uV e.;tft
. - 1. -!
-
,i^
"(,i $e.+er)\t7.41
JIr;F.o'>'! fl\ir,5 U1,rr" i#le \:1,-1,*l;4iL!\ i.FJ\& Oi.--
f! ri ,r<i, -! \+i\:l \r-*r.u\ ilt-# ;(1' .+#, a.=e;J\ ,lk-i'\f+ C.y-
i\.ri ., ;;l .F +L q;.i 3;*\ ri ;*n*t >{ 3;* +ra f! ,i .*r!\
Y-::-e -r-- )''< -,'!t aa ..r (=*U) {-,-\-1\ r-\ il.r! ;I- ::t: i,( Jf r 1i
..-ri nis rud j t,_J' ;';:->
- l, . i, -t,
,,i
3 See Georse ?:::- '
225 Et3ltg?r,.t1i.ll-a1r
christianlib.com
,;-S)' or,\r(t ,i*r,tJ\!(aa.-r JU\ q-*n\ ," ft a-.y,r {!iJ\ + r/ J\!\ -t!\
"f.
-r 1 I
i".'
;-r -=) \(Je !r4. .(z\,!\ rC\'. L*L\) i#\aLl J*r-r^c {)L )\Jr\ju4 ,lCr t,a y?f.:
.L-- J I J J
e.
,;l ,';'1 -;o qs.c\.- ,\; -,\.--i:i fi .-; ,\ o-.\ r\ kiri +"i {>L ylt ,V *,
;(r.-;,.1i ,gJi 4u & rl\ "Ui qr'l al)\-J\ *"rLi /,-J\ Jg,tJ\ K o-tli {>i-tt .U
' .c j,":u tjoi ;K J*!* J'! (*'k) Ltl+:" :+- 6\tJ\ u" ts, ,-ro! oL+\ J)L .--J\
"r
| * .?.+L "r !\t! .+SJ\ c\s;ic. ,+([\ J:" c!!rt & ,Vu.;F;)[ L\:" ,*-J\
..( ,*-!t ,j \ss-s UL,- ,K4. rcJJ.r-'JL*i .i.-i *r* p -*- ji #\ :* fi,...-;-il\
,i ,7\.rJ\ **
. -. -Jr {)L +i ,,F Jut'>'t JI-,t+ .;dtr\ f *, .U) vti) i.*rt\ ."r"+\ 1\ -i*:,- ;i
,a y-r ll*L j* ;F;\ ,|,;:-,.8 4 JU!, .;\rL-It i*, ,|c r-*'!t )( j-r.".,;,- -.i ,qrt
; ;.' t!;fi 1o p!, i-J"-" [-r= *-j;i*L
";
.- ;,!t Yl r"-E i.t,;i5i
UliJllf ,rrJ,jldfi ?.-lJJf llii
-'-* ,) r-t'-r -*
_J_: .-*;Jt et*L
j-' .-,ji.-tY*
-2 .^Zr-''
'r*-l ;l(
:-'. l.).-*
,;!1l\ :oF \- A$ f!.5+\ + "g_.i',
.i+\ ;" +*Jrv 4p\ L.:-;
/-- 43-i.;o. .)
*url, $* .4,]' tb:.j -ii, j --::\ u\p: .t_i'L-*; ,.-.-,\i
a^i:Ur i(ti ,f>,, *Y i'\-y &
: &_', \)-i- -,)'t aa j, 4'n-Ji i-\l\ ;L*r,i\ +-J\
;'rrtr-Jt ,.&,.ifur i*>U I1r! *<1, ;>n;,(,. ri ,i ,^-tr! r:A );e
;K;$f ;yH\ ,-*s ='42,o3 J\iI\ J-!. ,*r,;t[a]t ,-r. o*\r(l ,i#,U' >!;s _
jJ"\, +, -'(.Jr q-+i ,i .LjU\ ;,"rt\ ;-rcE r\n! [,J" 5$, .(r\"'i." !-t i-
^ui.+"i C
.4j illi\ _U+ ,\,i ?j: *"r5.;*,.!.r- j! -*-p (i\, !-Jt "i"J\) .-,:,n- a*.)i .ai..>
-r-:
,*-.;r(1r ;-icls:jL;!r.^.-i ;-,i 6" Yr *h.bs;(r..;.o'!r ,r-.J' *:l -|- Je --;L -
dli ,"";, *6r.r}iu\ k\+ t6t- ;K+-il\ 4FJ\ fU & \i* La"\ u( t\l
u)5 )*
.".,.'-,
e.
.,--'!t al>i. t+f \ [i-i ,-,C ]U,.i) ;)L" a.\2 -,3i+,.fr.i, ,;i *L ," L.\rj)\: -i -
,Z
"-( r- .l
,Li +,
J r J J
,4- L-,!
,-J ,'*
W 7\r;J! .slr
v_J. ,Llt J
J 4 -
.:r!L(t ,L-il\ ',o \.,,", ;l"t*"
-JJ ".-,o.-1L:\
f:J! -!!:"b ,o4\ d,, -. .r-- JL
L-,.:g..te[. +
d:;J! *'lt 4>l- ,Jy &Jui j. -a
.(t :YA -\ :YV J.,,)!t) oci *\3-.r.,-l +J,-:t
-L j" ;*t\
'! -:-j!
.
227 etUtttillrbiJtiJr
christianlib.com
.;pi
k'q-i ,.1"'i1:",-" *:* ;E* or)t + *j^" ,.r-yE .i ;r-1*r\ :,+):s 7r-J\
('#-+ t6 r*g-:o: ,#r ii>'i ;i.>
61 .nFt iB: J"t:'t ;ri -r\
.a-rLrY; ,--
rr-r rr-Jrr l? -.rFr:-
<i ,,-.)..^x, -,:f,[TJ#tf1:ffi,r]J\
,g'
14,\;r\ .u; i .-\ . J\ Jo-!o ';-
e_JJ
--
iil.4 Jt-j .JUUlt
"r c-# srr .";rr*";-F ,t" ,i "3E5 J'" aE a>lJr t:,J" ji J"Ll\
qri,j* L-rJr , dl f lsU ;fie ,"JlI\ ;\ .61\
,,1" r'J\'.c:L -rr; Lib.(i^:Jt);-*'!t ol^It." ;l 'i;;lr i, i'll;rro- ;l ,i
i.}.llr .uli-'l., Ey JL-j JI ;jLly "+\ ,.,o d-,+ \r \G ,r-tir!!elr g i glr
"d
eli G,,.,; +F- $l- ,u) * -,.r1,'!\ ;p ,s,:crLlt+|1; qf r-r, ;'l .oull;
;1r;\ .i 6.;1,' L"..( ;i.6,--!tri ,"!t ;,^ a-r*.Ir +!Yrl' g4 fi.tUl- .48-) J!
.l S,r .";;'Yt /,i 2')t
Yw L
"r.3-"
- ,i ".'rrft
Jo- Y' .r-i .J*,Jr r" rr-\ii.r>LlJr, ,yrol-C
iiL* ollgrl JI + bli ,r*(lr ilU\ -U\ .-llr ;*t" .>,*r,tr.B}- 1fti j( ojv3
9
1- e' zU-I
.'^,11 J^,t'/ ,i Jt..,t" i\4J1, ,:1.u. !L .,!11 ,1r: F L\rt -ti:4
i- L
#t,t +ti.! l.. ;1191..," , -*1,11 rL"" ,1 ,o'lt ,-b;,.,r!::b...Jt
"rt
/r1.c'!t.,/(*!llt)
p,rlri + ,rUr -,(;,. .ur"i\ rL- q? (^rJ\) gr* ;Ur Jr ;r,s(r & tU\ ria JI .JiI\
-" i9(" ;x.r ti:l", n-r-; +E\r Ji ;..ny n,.i
.li,- l+ .aS, ..rt*- f ,-y l+ra ,'t.,.l
+ $ri i/ lS11 sg':i1 ;r1:e,,sfi ,,*[.!L*, oyr- ] r!' 1-1r!J.J,,
1,
t
O! .JIj ;* -rai :^ F +ytr L.rr -.,1*;t vl-r"!r }'1 ;yLot)\ :F ,LB\ "i$J\
Jrl.,rlt oK+ f,. ./r^lel *! -*\rJ\ *.r+ ,,K:+ ;r;* ,!L: LJ,o," ;i *K! J*Ub
rlr-Jl r{ja*3 tl-r.1},,,..L** -2-.ra9 ;Li!! . tlt- t!&-Y i:.r.alj3o+
.;a; EF c,1"3.rr.t1; YJ& L"+.:,)- ;r,t ;1 ;,ri*",:,7lrlt .f*i'." t .1*l ,J':
vLri ;L J.J ,;{, r, Ff rU; ,*;S, #i *\ d JUr ,i rl' ..i, ,1 SUtr ,i ;t
,-i.3 ;J ;3 qt ;+ ri] .4iUl ;\ ..Ji:'e;l:l\ Lr.rll .r'fl,,*t ob vit
- *r dJ*l jt!. l. Henrylouiscares *J\ J' J-J' d ;F .-rr e*; .+!f f ;)
tpr pali" 3.r*.-! opra winfrey ,j-p-s \-r:\ Ar\ a*).;n;rt; ,+ ,p -"J\ \ra t/
LLj ;s, ,L;[\' .-; +l*I- # ;s*lt J.i:;tr.o +iCl L.r-il\ j, Jl ;\ ;i -LAi
r.;;,?,i*-g,- '"-{\ a,t!r
C Ww-'l'Y- r ;Kr"!l i^:-,J\ .rr-rft
r', ,-i 4;Lr
Y'v i!L:i \i!(:\.r-'!i -r-i
,.;- ; *(.,-r, ^-r# ,j= ,rrr\ Jl r.r,F & -F, .elli\ L.ril ., f h\ it.6- q/
g.r*:r]4L-ttLa\.$:.d- *i.E- ;. L( \i) JS, ,J+\ ,.J ;* '4{ L;
^.-- [,
-.,L,,i 4LJ-;[ r\;-;rl ,'Kt\';f ;l '+Jt' i-J\ . o:;r ,:.r= ,;*13 ;J.3
..o o;l;.-rrJ ,"irii r!.i,Ir ;. f ,* t rU(l].;'*-.: c))sr.-y-.;:) a-r-9 Lr:
iq!-J, JI a!* itqr -., *rr *!r 4$r ;i _S, .t,J'4 € .,,i;-i e^ jr- (J*)
'{l).ebJ.\
{Uf] ** *ryi tU .;d+ ** -r*i 9.o
HenryLouisgaterk.,FindingoprVfrMisTn@ .JIX 4t";)LJ "it-.:{ .j" +r1 ,r,"F ;1"
Your Own Qttrew York: Crown Publishen" ?007). = =
229
.gttlttL.tJ;,Jl7iE
&,
christianlib.com
- 2: .r;;' ;i g
,o\
*A\:)$\ ."a.1:f" ;r,,4 "Ui" L( tt- cr\r "*Fr,"
,-r+l! ...,.;\ri
i :-* .4[; \r!\ Md.ri\ ..i) ,r ,\j\ ri n&;!-"r$t c* ,r ei ap: Jr,(
- _./
,( +i
z\,
L4
, ? ,.,.! tJ\
J\ vv-t Je5 7\rJ\.
LJJ i- ri\ 4\r, u." *JE)\, "consanguinity"
^..3 L! byy) t ir.- \"-i:r e,] V +!Jt c.,U>t a,-t ;t k[U,
J!-'!\ .-aj;; .9 ,*r ftr\
+-) r: .i*;-Jt d, ,or,[lr ap .=!\ \+.61LI\ jut f si\tEh t^ il\o:yr r-i
\_ \J J' vo J \2! V vJ
vr.>--i
' -t , -\r
-*ar -ft^ I
t )l-r 4-.i.LrJS\(J\l\) dr ,f! c.,[ /:];b1 ,.s_r$\ ^J\ ;\ei
"*
;*.i!Jr AJiJ) ;y;,.i"g',\,*"LK;) .*\ _A\ -i4.iJi\ aii L*"6
;\r)uo aS Ce+)\ A,Fj- ,LL "J\ r)ri LL.,i 9i :-.":."r-4t u;
.;Ji'.J\ri Titt g$t -L\i:=)U ,i &\+ uy\
"i;t+ ^r;;i
J^-" ul! .J\ :)ri c rl:-l\ i't +rJt ,lo ,-*-uj.t .-'6t 6-9-a
'. .g* r.\ 'F ^t "r
.-r:q) ;* u|,F rl i.u;)'\ .r.r'o'!t;i {.,.r'a;;; -,:rG:i r" ;ilrtr\ a;r
-rJ
-,^l\ J.i ,r e>, p. Lri ;J L*I\ l\;Jj ,*r *! ,,;,J L,.,- p(t t -.: '
grt ,J\Y, v-- ---
-\ ,
JrY-ijEi
$ti pU- J-lli..,(r.i\+*
-vJltv **..r !a (.-[-Jr rs g L! 'q.. i1) t;" [-;
.=)
t_
Lf&!!.! il>i-Jt j" L\;Ui d^:!a ri Lr[t ,i^ oF .dJUJ;]Lb)U .i.-;iJ\ 6*\ ;-. r-; r
LVJ
.J^"':'t {F\ *J"+ **-* cLs* :i- .--
:jJ.t -r. i+ ;-u!.r .-!!-Jr 3f a) ')*:- \' ^.
-,.'c -,,\-ri:J.L .-,.;'U!r IrJ "*
Yt )Uti .r+!-g
Ur: , 'r rz'i-to^:L- o"* At:.,-r
Y W;l*,-,s-it
-- Y - V-;-:i\ ,l'r, -KlJ! ,>\-f: , J--
t-/J-J -',r e
:-
;*\Jt J;\r,j,+i ,!c, _!: -J\:a --J,a;lt *.ot) jL*\j ;s\ J* ,r ,J\ -';-
YJL .i>
L; qG ir
"J\ b\ cr.o""r
oKl * t4*i- ..,.r8!\ 6\i ;F ,.rj(\ . lr
(U,a*Jl .*.
-r
.
|"tr;-r*lt c,!)rlt ..i L+\ c!!l JF,"1L iil"j" j.-i}." t'I\ v ((;t
.y-. ulb ---.:
.*.\ilr j- "rrJ\
-\p\
L v--r' r r
y 12;,f-il.t -rc\riJ\
, v./ 7[\u ,z,sj\
'v j!r" \+ L!- ;*rriJr u:\
.\A
i{,M,
231 gtgjt3Zutjttiilf
christianlib.com
. J J E)')J.JJ
dr!.i! Il Jst+ittg i,1tgll
,: 1,cl\ ,5p,!\
-\.,j\ ,\rb,\-r;":-\ .r\a.i'Ji'.;nL:Ei z\zs*i\,EU\ i.e t\c; t-ft q+t
L-
- \)r,;> ;4c q+r[It 'atu i eW i-r"L -
-+ .ii\ dJ' * Ji- ," ri .'E! ,J+ ..:,*\J\ ;q a-ru.\ rr$\ ;):b 6\:Jt Jr\+ J"ar"
,,yr-l\;sls ,,ys-l\ L-s d J:Ll c>l!t L.{t\ -tli'!! .iUJ\
:_:- j ^+U O!
**"
6\:Jt
tr- .!.!
-.j .v,-' ;,\.i.;r.i
;;lJ .r#\ ,Ui J.i' "r.;\ ;" ,..,":,J\
J.*," oi .-Its
,-*;\-rL t' (.-*r-J\ ,3 Vo"\ J$) -*:j\;:,J: ,.!:)t ,,., :i -F *i.J\ ;^
.4
.,J\ L-K\ +L atiinok d: .-,,;\,li ,!t" ,j la1\ kr;:.,,r" ..,J\ L.K a,!
"r
,(')"Li*;.#'.,\" JL6 o-S;i" lFtV ,2*-2riin d:,+rL,!E \4yr;:.-.r"
&-r;i
ji:t\ ;J,\J.\ ;" t3-i",.r./\ *V b;:,e\:Jt L-rrs.t'lJ: iraa
,,..*rj\,5-lt),g.{a;;* }:+ r, i,Ii ji i]\ ,*r.,_rr-lt +i J!+
ry; (j..b,;;* 3,:* .u, ,;j"L.+ ;+rl\ +U\* ;W: 6i )1
V-t.-
c)LU\ a./ )& i/ +t p-: r,rbi .raa ;i t! ;K,,-rrlt -U
")1
*\.1r 1,- ;l u:;J\ c*\J\ .i,o Sj:jr ,-* us-P;:; E;" a;Llt
,;19 .;.;" ;u ;o;.c rj" 4 \,oJ"L rJ\;*t\J.\ br;---,F !r-" ,;f.arJ\
".;-
;L;r" a*1;;r;.-,L:Ji
-r"J\ c,J* eilt t'lJj J, ,1i6-j.o;s!t ;!,\Jt ;p
...*r,J\ i\: - ;>;"* 1,* Jlt ;"-,tr\ ;*t*-t J\ ;-r;sll :>,UU!
vJJJvV-r-v'U
)\-b-*\ -,rc :*' ;,'u ;', ofL:=' ;^*'r" -* ::|\ l;.; ;. - !:)
.+.idt _;u::J ,_* i-r.2.c iU\ ;* \r_r-, ,Fr.4j'*J\r.?lr\
4 For further analvsis of Murle laneuaee and social catesories. see.lonathan E AreiTeaT[ffiI
Language and Socieq among thE M-urle of Sudan. lntirnatronal Museum of Cultures Publication 27
(Dallas: lntemational Museum of Cultures. 1992). xvii. 362.
/-) ) eliJlJerlrila!.
christianlib.com
a,l.ai\ ,i e, b.; *r;( *i ircl, y, i tH\ *: I .-,t , *:-r- t' 9 rE:M: fd bt:
"* -(yt ..,Jt ,i ,ro k -* jfu +g d- ,s kL*- eilr .-t^1 , fi i i t*tr.r*! ;(
f^ tql ,-iui
.JUti! Lo:3ie ,J*\ ou- ;i .J* *F # ;t-,. {*, tLr jfy\-.,,itqj ry
; I -'^;i tQ A";-" elUliJ! ;)V\ q::,*! $i J)[ +'U.: ."J .\r\- - " dt, i-J\La':; t{t/, L
ig\;,:A til ii 1*U E- c.,.) LJ\ j :E"iae p"+*11 a;r -L;ll u! 6; .fi:
"':: j ,Jri ;(Ui
au-.*,J[it'!r':J:Jri
tt;"t3it"iULi
,U ;r-+[i-,-. li*-14- * ui,
L .('. r-::;")
f- Jyr.o(l4 \" 5 n, JtU'lt ;Uri gf.ta ,hl5 alsUr ,F-) + l"a ,Lq"ir
r;r
vJ-J''J'
_-j_*i a[t +p,] ai; & oko- ;stul aJuti J'1,. ,.6+u1;i*,,;LJt;i.r:'i1o:r- a,rd\ f
:_- * i\;c cU-.:..- JI.jla, ..r-e* cl JI et )! ..lit .r-)1.:r\n :-;$1g +tr)j- * .-rU
C\:J\ 3o,
jUU"lr ga: .a,{.-, .i-.c! ;.,-LJl i-rL:g\l l*.$(,tir. Jld:l*\c.,:b fi
', :s ja;i
,"K"! ej
J-Jtl-tUl;ttlr""ilr:,re+s;,i,F+Il J:r+ rK1;i C .cllUi eri" SUrl LI;i
.-,L:^ t -te.rrlt ,ft J!*J..:*. $: ci vS y_y.ri .r- ;^lc L-rrp .494 !1;r)
JiJriJlefJJJl
,;;11,U{H!.*1- ji.};;;t{1;g\*t, ',} ;({v'}tp i)
1!|,,l otl$
.' . <:J\ -\.,J\ i.e3 i,.5 fK,"*iI] vKr 4!.::r- [ ;! "*,5 s;ii{' fra ;i .* oi J^.J' ,1)*
-YL-,
E j v\9 u"r r.j 4u ;l ;* .,fu.lt ,; i"5I; g b-*',: +1 U ;-F .r- i.+rr lal,ta ,/*\ py
,o-i.o ,y*iJl 4J- ;r:E\ ,i: ,J-\:-
-. y* .i1c! ir;r).r3a ,**.,iJ\ ++-" * t1-} ;"S-
7 r)' :r,:, j'\?;\ d .L.-,- Jl ,tq,:r *: .r:\.: JlIt\ J) #1 af--L J1, j.# .i-l\ uf\:e,:,l ,.r*!-e
-,/ .
:-i- .j: \ ;J+ ;)1.1, ;ler;i,\;r,ir;-t, abi ;K d-JJl Jt, J; E;;) * .-!-* J,I.r,,,= J\
J\ r'i:>j '
.-t-l rl r.:'+-'>'t -t-i
i-t; .i -.:rJt ;^t*" 5t +U.-: Ur. .+l5lJ\ z,E
-,
'F
4L.I- j Uf: J:;:i .g-{\r. .r-S'rli-,-,bi'r p.y j" ,r* J.,.';") .;q=Y ;, fu -,
'-':-P' ;j i -fb: .(tv -r.t --) ec*: -.-*) jL t jieii,'.l\ _re r!i-)v
g- ,
_.^ JBi,- -,--,+
- -/'
':'2:Trej'\ . .\\
*a---v ,'"v'2t,U ---a- ,isjls.:rlrlr p-r;J ,.*f\ Lr\J ,-*!\ :" Jr#\ :EJ.t -Klr Ol
{ij'@
- L "r"
,*+J\ !;u-rs r\.,-i r-j 6u. Ci df$J o:\)o,,"ull J) !U\ .i
-* iit;*
+tiilt ts. dsrslt d ! Jrrrl ZJ+
qmr
christianlib.com
rJs,triJligltll
/rlt ;Ktru ,-*")\ 4q:\,!d\ Jt I IIE .5:-r,J\ z\e-J\ ;i, -,'r*-'>t ,-1
;arrj.*r-,,i 3;Ky ua !'rlt :rtJ\ 6r: J',,--jt a, ,un:-l\;r,; j!:1
'( ,J*i\ ;* r$r rr;, J',.o>!! i*u;)r ;,-51r -'(!.-y l, c -6
.,.*rl f -*\ L *^---,r-;[ ]-u 3'*r- ,;:1\: c);;7. f-:-
,*d' J, ia-i t->
235 elJJJlJZrljJlT'!.
christianlib.com
+ESJ| si a$hJt
6r.uille,gJI
" -.i' 3L:1 L-r-r
f Jt;'2r1J\ :r,,;
,,it/'iu"
christianlib.com
u",JillgqsJl si?ljtrtl
q:u.. c!t\}r u-s ,(=J\) 4Fi\4"-, ,'!r ;to- ur,l
J")1, ,;r.{\ +J! l>r,
,.,FJ\ -tU! ,k*br ;**t J\ kk; U
;F ;i d,td+.JJ +11r ,;Ll\ ,J .-F .3 :.-t t
ll.lr'
J v'-
237 EtglJr1il.l.tj/l'elr
christianlib.com
-.-:r'*\ ;q ilrYJ\ ruJ\ Ji A.,r(, ,(\r JFr) +Ub #rri b iu.r}! ;>\2 *2)
-u
--uV
e';i , -tr -(dt
& Cn, dJJj .--.--.r- ) 4Kr "io! ;5*! )l*.," ,,,(" ,i .; i*,-(t t tjl\
, ::3r!:!.!Ui arlut aEut -t\ii J! .r$l\ ./K\ g ;!L(r r:: (t \ ;"*^*l\ r :
-1, ,2 "*tJ)
,..,.r\3')'\ .J), ,.r:/\ Lo
a,r iilt *! u-,os 7\s;:*,! ,+'!\ j"\e"U
'. .>c 4>a
./.Lr-S\ Y
J.o -".\;J\
9')Y I ;\sl=,,J\ ,$ ;^ ;[r.t* :\a:-Uy, ,l:L')tt .--Jt 4LL: ..-,l7rJ\ :r.,;,
:J .itg\;!\ ;c ti>^ J.p A JKJ $,
-, i)\ ,*:
-- ,-:"f.\ lU")! ;L+$-l ,d}t iqk
- I -r - r l
,\-J\ i-r*:..r, ,-L(JJ {!\i +1J\ -tti'>'r ;1
lr
--:-^i\ ;t -!\J]\
/r,
r*e, .;=-\"-J! +F+\ /!-i
.-*\^, jJ\ +U\ c,["s,lJ! ,Jlat'!r i;
j: 4, 4-"l:N\ ,i i ,U{ #I*) c;t L-uc oirt ,,.-*; ijiul -t\i'!\ c,y; d.o*h=y
o , ;4b,- #l\ aI\ rr+_ .J 4\i\ .Ui
\ e. .;,--J.,+!y)tt); -
.,)
qt K-gr",
--j.f- ,,lLJr i -Zt:[.-j .o(r(
)".
,.,ij^:-^
,Vef-'
,\&:ea
_-_*-,-:J!i J! ,J:'!\ {'nr\ + ,\rj')'\ ;,,, .:\i)Ule jru\ .r .rd\ +\:-(r * ,*}i Jlli
I - :--t rtr L', 4.\ f- )r" r,:!F! L*- o! aJr * ..,I\ 44\ it ,f e- ,^:o*ro}
,,rtf
{4 "i-l!.t {iU\"
:-?# 'r*: v-t s ,-bi"
", dt"-" ;4+\ AJri\ 4i!\ f;;,:;: Jri
, :tr\r,(\' :1$ ;oF" f\ "
,t- Jtr .rJy -e ,) "F, ,"d^,_J\
J,-.i
* q14\ (J!t')'! l\.o')! .;!1.fg i\.J! ,:\.q'!\) E-- ,f>rr rp'>'r ;^
-r-(:i ,i
;i ,(,8'!i ;ert) iL(! ,c;'!g
-; jJ\ tt'!\ 1!r oLr) E* ,;'!r :1i'!t ;. ,i<U
ui yli ,"$l\ oKr e +-y- ! .elJi J)&t")!: .(i;\ di\J\ J\ a[;)q
rit lJrrll
tFJ\ l'(i ,i) {>Ut airL'!\ +F\ ;tri Jr<l\
L ,*;P qF
U J)l- y 4>i-Ji -;}
,/ #J "u ;\: (ajl*I\
5>yfya il
-i r ..
.-K," -i xV U lpi -C,'',i'r\ O1 & Ky".rd\ *',5i oi :r+
-lr
-:, -.j _'U* dr
F ; .#L-);i j:i ;a ;f irU\ .,\c* .-';a:, .,rfJr
+ t"-" 3-, .
1
;=; --.-r at*t* !_aj.', ;\"',4\ ;li; ,t1 ;i ;EyUt * ,f;,,* \*: .+*f \ +-J\
t /t<.--J'' j,\"ll
, 'r
.f*.; .o:i--l zt{ .2,-r.J:..,,tr
^*":(
\. er4.A)" .) .,;s-} 4:;*i
)-'.::
-*
o,,) \ L$ .;yr.
-o\-fA\ *-.: ^<+;=;1"-ri,;di''r rJ'*;;q: " j_.i" o1,
o.ul
- - :
: !--Jai
"iF! ii;i" ,\l;:-) ;J a\
-& -\..4 ;i + ,.-i,- ^*,53l +
\1
r J !a
JV
"+", =e.a
,iJr Jo -*,i1\ *U(' :f\: ir- -JLo ,;\si:-)t oj.a ;* i,J\ -b:
rV
j) .q,u\,i\ ;;lr, arr;tr 3' J,==J C; j*..I\ -^l\j .JrHr rh")\:
\J{Ir;,t-qt ti:Ut g;:r-.]\ !\rl\ J" rr(,-.i ,--4;'."?*-J\ gry ttrJt
,l* ,V J trL).,a;! t lt,; & ^r+ --4 p$t e* ai\: tr, L*u(t o.
.;-r-r, tl.:\c ..J)U..-" #rlt "it
.--! 1-S, il;!\+fJi c.,E>t .5r ,a)ilt 4rFJ\J.lJj;!r;'Vt ,V -+l
Ui L.L- ,-l,;,ttri Jtr" rJ+ ,;{t \r,}.,-*J-J\ ,\.dr}\ } L 4\
:\ \ :\ ."") \r* eli- A*4 tE * ,W\ ry l.sU;t"2'.*"
e,^V*o
"r
r{t +$J\ i-ra .rr- \.};Ls* g E" ;"-:.t-- irrJ\dl4! ,( \ ' :1}
* a:-.-lr j" .J.t:. 6 rK' rci ;-5" $ {j,(j! lru\ Jsr.J + f/\
.+;\ ;+\ * &: qe;:+ +!iJ\ ;1,>b W LE;t ;fu':ti
i'ldlrll ,i -"!i e*- -:
'r-lr l'.1
t!4t ia; : ' '. -'-
ddt e* ,;;;il4 ";Ui :ffinalftlr(a-fi-nul) gj' ;f ;.V'-pl'J't
+i\+l\ {)L..lf fb ei:ambitineat cescent #)I-J\ UK&I ,f *
"r ;(". -i u i _. ":
.(r\,
'l_-J
J\ a t
arJ V
p :r*,- \,lL) i.r,Jl *,s, .r.,r tLi- :\;)\
' C. J -.J
v r-'\r4 - i i
-^ag Yc9,;
L-
".Jl -
4t- 11J L^.r",+{l {-*\l \\ :ai; ;* Li :bilareral descenr q:tl a-L*t*
*!*-.! .)cz ,
"i
.*'!! i),\ -*i _rLI* V f Ab f ;:-*I! 41,JJt
uP^-: .* u-* :--
;a^ ;;^ tft -ra') ',f*. ;1 --]l '-'-\3:bridesert'ice
LJ; ,;!.,.,[
-^r-5--
"*r-J' 'rJ/\ "
239 elgrJl3irljla!.
christianlib.com
-
.r-+u
- L I I t_\ll
a.-J3\ 4.\9)\
->
,v;\.!)t Jy -[UJ.\ rt2;)t -W:ooss-cousin maruiage ]UrI\ -,.;E'!t 7t.I
' 5 ,';*u' .J
Lr-
v6 a v' ,J '-u
: :l .:^\ -- 'ii\ ,i *- {*L ui" ,! \" u.J r".}j\ :l.4 dU.\ j,iG :descenr "!o'!t
.(.J\ .'+i 4*L
;--'h
.YJ.\..\l\ ,EJ\ "r"l
\e\ra
,i ,isj :\,rtF Fq ,_.*#\ 4EL f f:, Lr'u :do,,,t' :A\
'e''l' rtc o:L:\c'
,"la c!s\J\ ;q a":U.\ rr$\ $\; LrV :marriage exchange -rrJ\ JrLJ\ .i , \U.\ .* ir r -.
o -.
'r.-i\'tJ\ -i+ ei '-r= I,qJ\ ,-.J-9 , --;
'i
.rL*!\ J+ it :marriarchl'grlt ,ltJt
"f ^rt[->l :rL,
g;:L'!t .--J\ -t\ii j" Li :matitineat descent li'\ ,i.t f .--l.Jt aj.*L
.ji'!\ lij\" Jj- *--il\ t, .., i
"r
.;+\ DB (v'!\r" ;:\c) -ta \L! lii o! ;F\ :monogenesis J-'>t i"Ui
Ai,r.ij E- C.t*-:f *-{ u)V ;neolocal residence ;4+\ a^t}t +"U;'t
.;LIr ;i; +jb "r ,F v rJab
.,5 F !, \rjl \ .* 6bJ \ a)-b3\ :p a, ail l o in m a* age .s-I H \ t F \ d,
e -c us i
I ,, .i ,!t .:;i ;,\) -*+, 'J -* -.,!r 3.i-L -"\ p grt.:!\ *r;\t ,i *^"'
.(+'>'\
6r;1t ,r;
plurat *or- ,5s:,"ul1 i*!i drr) :pof,gamy cr[rj\ ,i
./
e!J\
i ' ,* ^"+ i^-r. -5.-
. j5, ,\;".a;-a ,*t, * ;" ?i :(riage
"or Gj" f:;j\
.-5' :i -*:,, -r-! -t-, ;\+.-J\ :i;
l:::nolts.vnr'(puh-lij-uh-nee)
.ltt q},i :primogenituru arr{J\
;l'-!) \ a^V rck n orr,r,nl' (tek-non -u -m e) ; u;i a(. tl;:* u ;:** 'J
\ \-
: rt )' \ E:'',."- 3* 'r-> J
.,^
. E v \i!i' r )' v .- jo i' .-i I ,Y t, I ,n--,o,-, *JJ\ jl
"i
v, ..t Jr--l\
0--: ,e\:-.. :-. -:
,.-ri,,
211 GtttiltL.ti)tb
christianlib.com
.\
, - /a" Yu.\-<" \dE .i \i .o-
' ! i\J\ c"
*irl *^j lU.
\ :unilineal descent.--Jt 6:L'!t "f-'!t
--
)--*-).qf- .-!.:i J)L,-r
o. .9^.- -11 LrV :uxorilocal residerece (you-shor-uh-lo-cal) .,,#\ {j\" Jb{ Ll6)\
-* ^j i-#s ..r#\ tEL vl\ ri C QJt Eo u=:r ;rt:j
"r
.: 4.f: j*\
1.J,og
.(1
::-*-:-*i)rdr
g f! $, ip--\e l:(l lUt .-ry'B J., + LJU-\ \5.r^-l\ i
+"\r.r
,*{-U .rrix.l\ y-*J\ Ju4) ..*U\ .+ f$*-^)- g;-rJ\ ,;,r*l\ oq)rJt t' *
J)t f .*;J\ :\-u") q*i -,s ;l U(, .*\, ?- fi ,^ '( -*U\ & ,a,!\
,r<lt -r>L'!\ ;" r.--rJle +rJ\ ,ts 'l.J oJ, -**i\\ 4*-L ts! ,rr,r, a"!l
-g!v-
"#
\ z?\ ,-"" ,8 .--, 4**;tt - 6,V i!;*;a L. i:; }t a;r,Ut ;--J
"t
u !'
z.--.a,- cs\.*--Ji b ,A'
- A-" :.,.)'
'? "
t* j :;J' -i1+J\j ,:r' ": -; -(rr
.;, -.- -K r.-:
^*i*, ;;=i;,
243 ElJrlJLlrAlZJi.
JI\8Iilil
christianlib.com
Ilt
e*r-rJt #iLJlJEl{.lJl
?V J-".\
.i\rii ;* i"=J"r;!r iL-\,tr\
'. l;lilrir
- .a::,::a:a:::.: d*3i4:,:
.*tr fU ilC ctlno.d Geertz y3 t;ro$ -;urj f .r
,:. :'.' :.
a;$Jn 4*'t/)
itt
,..,..
o)gult n7*u19 tuurut
.4=-l\ ;+\i i!{iJ or-.}y:}'!\ L!j\4- als, 7-J .L
::.:
ao,i;-rirt tStiril.',
ilaJ]l Jli@l .::.:::j:
/ i"*
,; t,',6L'y'1'--ni{iI
/ :." l\ i^---J\" ,Jts- crh;\ d j..t iLa
ur@ yU; a41 "*.*"
.lt
)yJ' ,-FiJ.i .-i .-F +(C;r!r )',"4)b \r! ,4,r,
o,ro;-u,:j
r. :';tll
d.-r6\
r(r
.ryrb .rJ4 Al *r-- o(rC;t ,yg-:\ -oF\Cf- ,4F t;
'i- ;--i: ts, ,;6)t i-".^-lt ;\
-1
()''ff .L.$rs a"a*
€
$)\.*'L
-ti!,
^ t_iE- r
I
n;L,_A).)p O9!^!.AJ! ilii a*!: Jji j-*--rt ..:^ai.\ .-1" j'!-t\ .-;,., +
;[ -.ruK,-..qrJ\ ] *Fy & ;:r'*" re\ *.f ,g
t45
christianlib.com
ri .iltrl etr)!, t o-S Ji ;(1' d\ olr ,*,A\ $ J-ft u" +.4,eU-\ +Uf,u4,
,.i Jd! e^-fij o-H.)J* ;,,.3..-Jf Lr,qriul\ ,& ,i $. ,ra, Ur=--X a*g\: i!rJ\ Lll
;-, :a;i ,,r'- .;F -,. jLKiL-il\ + oy";k grl\ ;rjr * .rh ,U-(itrjr
-7 .r-,j i) .Ujd\ i itlt up,!ri Lrerii!\ ,E e4 ."{ .r-- !LJ\ U,6 d
.itr1t
j'i\,l-\]! ,L$\
"jjUr\i-;-r .g[5 -; .F.]yi'!t ,\& k*r+ *{, ^*.*,
;
-l ,ri\iJJ 4fU-'Y
,-
--:i
s .,\.>d
-\l,l
Ji _* +t*.rlJ a-IJr L!l\ ji i5.? ,!*! ;U:,U5ct*1r ,$b i
--,:ira'ceer to ,* ';+t J-S
-i-e ." iUi ,Ut<
-vt It1.tJlLtts
- t-*, ," 4!!
,ltJr qt' jil"i r- J) ;Ulr ;" ,g(r r^:5: ,L.,,A, {! - iLtrt ;-,:
-*yn'6 'F J."
,c-:
:o* ,J\ \v,[:,J\ 's- ,_/U\ q. u;:"t" ai*E ,L: ia"" ilrlt _fss,€r)\ f\Jt ,i L-bJ er\I\
(:).-rr; ,! *i L, 1-s rrl , $\ a;r!l\ -.-ji Jl"{ I{," ,[lc'IJ V'] ar-fu" 4f t i-lit
,',,Lt+-\7
-:( "(1
-*! L- \*i, 'j
:.
J-V.JJ"V
\ t.t
bv\o -r - !r
csru.eld.L
-trt
.4)tr\
^J! Jlt J-i o;"-,U\ .j,.;(lJ (\).'nd4 * _*Ur
z\' :*)\ Jt,j\rJ\ \3-rc;i
d -"r;t ,J'C\ &. J.c .:';."iLi\" it or [r!r).;.*" C\ JrU\
'.t \7\ 1t, c\-JK\ri ;>l-irt c €D ff ;,"-;* ,_p-rer 6;i d,.e4 i'-il\ .rU\ ["<
-J ..i.+ .c-.la- .;9Nt "/
>'j ."i-U\ :\a'>r\
jii t!, .(rr-.e)ll\) anatma J\-, r[:cY e -{; \jri C\,r jF .4,1}\ 4:}\
:+ ' _D r r.ttr
'-/t *Jg:f)\ ess- o*i1ri ^ll): .C\ri L .rrrr ! - ,q +-t ) ai -dr-'; Ji J.l"U ;rf")\
.. .iv ti i L\e'J\ V.J
,--t\ -t A)U! jL:, .-r,-,j j iL, jr-l $ i"rl -(, .iJ\ + ;-S, C
-- t--! f, ,a';!t ;--r*il\ ui ,r,. , t {tiu JI.JJ !U" ,U.U p,,,(t).;:tlJ c,tli cLrK!
.i.=- "js JF ;!
Richard *6rt, :rbi,, J, ;d ;) .i!:!J\ "r fl, ,aU\ ";!:" ,-:-z--*k
,,,-E Ur* 4+llr[:c)\u +r\: ;!r\4 -J",.-\Jt ,Dara'kins
- Lir lt\tr
g * \:.) ()\}.)! "(1i^-*i!
:.-:) * AA:)\ +* f iJ,.:i ;\-ril\ -\b ;K-1 .5'- ,..,:1-ri:.,.i !y -1'1\i.1" rtr .-'i :rr-
(.).j;i
;;K
-ir.":-r.=J ,r"c'
.'n.a
9-
I Roben Lavenda and Emill Schultz. Core Concepts in .Anthropologt (New fffi;--ffiGfTFFIilT-
, r-. .i -1i. 9(t: Hisher Fducation 2001r 68
lnClUSIVe I See-tlalnb-la Hahifa lIhailhe Buddha'[auphr rl9:9. reor.. \eu )'ork. Grore Press. Inc.. lo74t.
3 See Rictiard Darakins s websitc at u'uu.rrcharddaukinslnet.
"5f
christianlib.com
q$t +"lt ![J\ o:-r+ ;I\ ;;r;r'lt ,l& r,., .-,F ,dII +E)!: L. ''-\
r./t//
t.vJev-J
'. -\ *
"r\r,!!. v,.r"'f" jl;\iJr .r, 9, l,]J, t)t
9! vJ ;) W\; irfi /-.-. \j^ti;.IjLiJ\,
JJ- 7.-j J -- V--;- J .--;X
au J o:*;I- -i:i-:- :
fr. ! jJ\ iiir}\ iJUr -.[I\ & *; r:* rr t;"F Uul ,-e* a\ e" .is
qL'!t c\:U! ,r[)! .tU\ J.jr" j'! atl+ it*1i ri,. f,* d.kJS;r n --l lr
il-{\" clc Jto" *: .f! ,rU": & fs:*l\ p- ctinord Geertz yse
";Ult +1i -u\ ;, -r,-r.J\ -L-:r..r- Ji -,(9 L_r -t-f it ,"-iEl .\-L(
;y)\ c lf! ilrlt \o: r.s, .\"*!, * p\ ih: i/ 4!b
ptt; :lal
a^1." &L-.,rLl! JL_J\ ; "i\r- .;-r.!1. .i_r ;\r;, _*y'u _! _k
C\rr,
BJ!:+ ilrJ! 4r'6r\ A _# t'\il\ Cb.jiijrr:=./ 1\J\ p\u\ ,r
;1r;lr ,p" -tu- L ,kL-$ ,(1' ! U:)\ c\-gK\ (').-,,; ,(:.r
,|^Jl;Utt -b;r -n# E.yo,L-Lll ertl\ |U\ * +\r* J* f:qOi
*,J ,f c\-r;:JL 4-1\J\ Lr rE\ qr"J\ oL*r[J] 4f\i->4 r\*'!t J1 +\+ll
)n itrlJ i;J\ :\*1[ ir, .rJ\ \b OF ,J,lJl \:b .;{t
"F +"tlr ,-,
,& .ru+ .6tr\ ;\It c\: -Jrl-J\ -t\il art! a-r'L,:sVe ,i-lr :L')t\ ,,1t
"-i;\ J:"-JlaX ,? C\r,jt & 4*\: L;1 ,\r\ ,;a;A\ "-ra rlr;j
;LsKt ,f A:,lUr 't Gsi ;\ i;-(r ;* pw G) "F +r, ri'),:'r})g
,'tJ\ ,r4i^"; ,i!.li & ,4\,.S lri ,'r31s.q:\j y j *s)'
a.r',;:Jl :L'!t
.:.1).j5-,1;L.lr " j-"J:3,Ji,;'' j -*(- J, J, *-(-.":-.=.-.L.-J'
.;1_
I Roben Lareni" :-: ::
4 Clifford Geertz. The Interpretatton ol Cultures (Neu York: Basic Books. l9BJffililliiF- ^ Hieher Edu;a - - -:
language added. .
r 5ee Rrcliarc -,"..
-
a
_+t
^1 lr,ibJbItr,gt
'r1.tJl
christianlib.com
: . 'io-bYltt'
i -. J[ [,"r ;Kii1 F JLt ;\,\c:! t'), Jl+\ e".q ! .i!C;+]t c];uJ\ n"
i, J, "t *J\ ,r;
J-- \
_ -t+ k )-f,J\ iE" -i "l_j,
"
tJ\: -:4" b ,rr ir#.r. .! ii g.a2
_K,:4
.-:\-r,i:^, j.t"-.:l\ -d;\r." ;"-tJ\ s .4$:]!\4-lri\ Jr\r. ; ii*1t
,!; ,;"J3 .4.4.u3 "ru4
'.u ::: "Jb"
/ [*, g J)s :\ouL:^i;,rg ci]t ;[[rjtOi .-f,, ,L ilr,yi Ls:-].\ :y]\
,P^
a ..;
. t- ( .r.tt
+t -tj.L! pl*ll
,r(r ,L"bu.-8, * Jb- ! ri L"+a ;s! i!: c;Ktrl\p JF\ J).d\
9> jt-l.J,r,U\
.d!-Jj'r\ +\*Jr ..-|.,J\ J)t # + 4E)\ ,f|'ig* I
+S, :".i!ir ;* -\: +Ll Va vb to-J";lr ,-,;;
-/
* L'i jP ,Ei! ;, q.^-,J ,J;,l\ o:+ ,JJ\ utg: !,;a Ji t-.-^J ,F ,ir--1^1,
"rJ
* <-l-jr .r\rLrl\ \--a - - /r
jfi -;u# Oi .;* Ji fd\ ,r ,# i"-J\i .;,e i.^*^-l\ ;i, \:r',;,s,t
'""^:;)it f \1* .U)_y.*\\ +\-i\ ;/ 4p"i\ *,.tt ,1" 6,ti d Lr,^r ,f\ ;"
:' 'J-J\ F Q:
a*41-,W { o-S ji ;(5' 6-p
i6 uu\e: L!-{ L.}r;lr p\-u,:-) ;)
.:. U tUf -t";-u
v.J\(-
-!^] onLx"'t! &,r \)-r: tsj J) ,l.c.;;i U,(,)rt .1.*;!,i L"€r,-F
o ,. 5E +u+
qr[ !z r_,p;4 ,A\;r,,.c,] Oy#! ,lK..ts,i , ;4\ ;!.,i_i!\
-5j
, i- -=b Fr.;r, aV J{t:e u4 t Jij 'j"l\ .jlb ;Ki) G-: ./Ut d a"*,
,qn
;-1*cJ\ ;,p[ ;X\ J.^*^-J\ ,,r .:tr)! qctr\ F.*]r\,( rr, i,^.-r-J\ eJr.r 'r o .L.,.1- .>
'F
.di-n! .iLiJ\ j" "r,y lriw la"$
\,eJJ
.**i.t
L:g
?* ;:
,gs d\ +5t 6, & i.**X ,f!y:;',"r ]-il.\ .tlii
[r"L+ Ji ;(5 illt ];, - --t
E"L"
-l=" 6I\ .r,1iJ\ "-!J\ l"i ;!.cle\;!\ X: c)\,.e-.ct"\J!,lt I
q"? ,r)$ .;:--7
;Elt ;yu $,U\ ,\-i;:-r. Ll! ;JU\ -i.*Jr U-- ,flr ;u- ts Jd3 ,-:\li=o.
\l
-!r- .
;*.*.*I\ ;9 L*r;jF\, jJi6 ! +ll\ dLdri 4 *-:_ f>t ,1o ,J;:(OStr 4l(l, ,q.})' i-;
--:
;flr auu il,AJ\ .,,.J\ V W;,;i\ q,$l.J r*i! aur J#.i14.;.,n \*I\ =
.aJt + .r.t,}\.J".Jr ;trrJ J-ai \A *J4 ,i .-6 n;, 't: .*3 ->
t -G C\ +5t d, ,-F [-r.oLi iy Q]t;':tt ;;t ^a: oF ,W\, ;; a$ -1L -:
,{;:- {L;Ic,Ltstrt -a j'-6
"(* u"U\ Ji L.L- u.$i.\ *K[ '' *--'
lej.i! J, i,K ;*
;r*i ,-!L: .J\J\ g o,^r;,:.,l- gK,4tlt rr+*r ,oi C ,rl\ ,r ;r* .-,\i d.l tit* u l* u-.
.( I or"l) ,lt ," tr* i-:--
ji
.i^r" .
=tJ-.
;:i'' ra
'.S, .,ju-rl rE,. A'-Jj,;i-.*iiL .-*-J
,; ,.!i \+;+ ,iutr\ J-\*s \^'a'E i'!.:Jt ;sit ;(,it Jt L;ri\ *
C, C
249 e.tJlurilrJl3IQ.tJt
christianlib.com
>.> .f ,-r=*J\ Li *< !;*;-$ qtr: ,+H! .eu\ j^ "l$ t'* '-:i-i ;*ar- !
"a
-- -:5A j *::;-f .,,F .'W.* ,\ *r ,i & o:{ L o.* ". & f oj3^-il\
o:r+ .[.i"
i *1t -U" -*-i! .--;:Jt lt an ;3-.:..:',.;1 ;...j. ji ;(. gI\ ,:*-'1r ",,a37" J,i:4, -c;-l'r
".)
tla JLri,u
'".r(;
..-..r,- J3 a"$\ g t Jtr#.j J,r4 J,l\
7b
s
,',\v 5i-\7 it .;:r*'i\
r- J . -!^r1 jl
-=fr-.i') i!i\ & rJ**r"-J\ f\,:\ . i ,.1, iK*;:L,i.\ .:\-.':'t f;;i; Lrc r,*-.-, *"5
i{:-lt.-rL*;\j\ ,"
., iat,_r
€.firi,i .r. -.+ g ;ir*:J\ c\l.i:,J. \aL ,\.-)Adam Ashforth .-;ji
,.- -;;*> ;.,, #! j{ t g'ul
$' cvy J-*,1 L '4'E j-.""=^-l\ .-ir ,;t*''ir, ;n;Ji ,rt
Er
,##
christianlib.com
((. . ,
r}lril#Yle i+?Cs
.1.
):* ::trj-
i :
.
- ;, >.5\ r* J)
- .9 .'ir
iu. u.x f : ,f il-i.t" ar.lL( Lrgnir'!\ ,& k*r+ ;)J*r\ g," .-ai:+,
(t).t}\
1 -^:> ;r$\ ,-5:\al\ a) Fl "!r,r"
j: . :* *ona \tV )\t ?j t#l s, rj# i*r. dgJ..,i I rpt*c
I
:'- j)'a_J
-1,;,;!L .-rL:
-
>; '{.'-*\
jp \jGJ ,lJ" 4(* dl\ d*I-J\ &Hf .d\,i; f\U.( i!trI\ ub -\A\ \i^ fi
b | ,\ 5.rA\ mana
q\+ ,i!rJ\ ull;"-it\ ;-,Ur :'ri g!.-ir- u(L,.r:y,U\ LrJrr;'lr
.("i:u}t; ,,}.Jt .""itt ft,
#:L'!t ,!"lt "r
i ,d#\ ,J"-l--iL\
J:':A\ Y ".1
L -tt r+ ,C\rrll}\ 5Ki ,-u; .Ub ;\1": ..,lo p*" -" I ;U .dJJ, p"*'!\rlJ\ .-,1r3 e!
"r
.3 t)t, :\ *D ;i .c)\ x J\rI\ ua f -,r, Ct q,.(! tr!r+'r\ ,V 5u, G ;r^a;"
t -' ,-q ,),*J{t ,.f; it,JW\ ;tulyiX;"-J!.;u)t "r ka B;'Kr at*rlt ;K,
t'\ ,* til ;i:; !.rP\ J.iJj )+ ;I! b:*r: *J\ -,b\aJ\ ;!U JJ-31- $ tr, 6 ,u
"r
;\' * #r\"- .&r'!\ 6,tJ\ g\-u:*! e* ,fr.c.,!.,:-r e!)1" djr jut\*, ,y:;6,*
".&y:
,.: ,jl )i -!*j\ j" J"-, ,);\) *; ,.e;19 (U;a;;f>r J) ,j\lJ\ ,* ;:\c) q}-i*ilr i- ,-J"J\
or^ae
\ -a:: .,.1i'\ g""$- l:p aru-rJ\ *J\ * E# (\q\v -\Ar\)Eawaralaor;,[-b:r!:! g;! .(Y
; --ili ;96(t Uto b;L( ri it*lt _" _K: 2-iii -,i )is,\n ,iV +..;UIt ,5,-:.tl Hri Br_"
:*, eJ\ \-ra c-.o!9 "Tn" qrD[\ i-Kt ;" ,(+\2)\) g:]\.",orl\ o) .6!'!t .--o-il.\ ;K
'oo*
a"\-
,"+ ;K;ra\l ,i LL-irv'J,J., ;Jr .iY -Ej v-,"J i:grg^
Y J'J ,i , *#, V'r[ ;(;jt J
-i.,1\ J\JJ Y
";L-" Ji
:r,
..--\,\L, &
--
- v 'J J- v' l-J ti\ b-)furr.crif\ ,{ rr ri ,L-tJ\ -eV:,c,L+b ,cbLJi
,dij
,z L-- .t,r;A\ P r* J.l, "(;-rtii r'"*-'>'t ..i.$ Ji\ C\ri! Jr"L "! /Ut u;
'|"
-.2 .-,as iUU!\ Jf # ;y- ;." +\r!\ Star wars pJ\ -:r George Loucas c{} gr
L -- i \J.i.,,J .j* jl ,-*-.J\ ,LJ\ ,-+ .ry- C; ..,L.; * +\ry t\:;*s *;-f ";rJ\"
"vv'-J
((: ,.^\r \r \^..
,'- - ---:-^t J; -ft'
J!' ) +r-t,,'rul ;'o';Ir j: .4iL3 Jr) g G;..-'.;**1-i , *oi,-, ,q"" !Cr"
;i' -*J'r ,!c ,\""4e .-,ir,)" -(qJ: ,Li.-JJ + -(r,f i)o>no
.*: -. ,i,i\ r*\'\ -na
.+l-'-<JL,.
-; .n*!\ )'d\ o"-1
.--(-.- -ri J=- ;-dt 6 See- for example. Tanl'a Luhrmann- Persuasions ofthe M'itch's Craft: Ritual Magcffiiiffi!6@*
England (Cambrrdge. MA: Han'ard Universitl Press. 1989).
lsl$,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.*,
,,iriditllllt'.. .,
christianlib.com
tlt ..r di\ $ +\ri \r! \aE , i."a a..*ti itI lrsu Btr \ jU,o) nu.e i. ;;
\!+n (;f! ;\oH\ ;,. r-ic .-f! ;3 gr;f\ ,5:Q\
,Tongans,samounr)
+ +o, Lr"+, ," ;iCi ; uitt ;(;,>'r .JI ,#t*r # .-r iJt r*>r, *
;U)! 4$ +L ,\ *e Lr-\ z^b\,r .rd ;-S. t ,aE .""*J\ ,;6r "+
:uf' ;,*;jr -i,.C -, ,1-rJe :.[: *,, .g*' .fS -l .-.5L- ,;'. ;1i
"ri
253 (,i{.ljtlrilrjtgE!.rJt
christianlib.com
-: 2.ao -rc!.! -';:" ;a, *--+ -f, +;! ,4r:.J'y ,i)L-)\ * J'Ir _r" tt,r-! 4L;,q)i
;_ -* -c'q7 t-,'oi .-r-* a;\;-rJ\ ;,iq
j:+ -r; ,;i\ ,rtlt ,-;;*
'F: -( i 0,, _t: JJ, ,r_"[-,6
...-=.> nil
'Fi .-"
ef -* &,,*U\ * tu!.5{\ ,(:,rI), ,i e{rr),gt, iCr J{ p^r,
' .iii]( Lnterpnse and
-'
i. -::.:ri-e & Sons. 1922). ..lC;.,--t j!...4
s-I\ ,-t1,.-:!r ,gJt ;=- tiJ ;4-1.l J) )-*" iril \L\j U,+ g" -r.* |Ut
.irL"Jt ,c+i
:it1.lJlriilEg
255 (,.ii.lJrlsihjtjiiti.'lJl
christianlib.com
'-> 1
v!,.r,\-o +P.i
eJ
#, ,i tlt ..I; *.Jr orLJg ,(-L;.aJ.t .e.p _*\ ,_$ zi.Jr .ro .i
;:: *t LK\ ;iu!\)
#" ri*ri _t" J" ,U:)\ ;,;J\ ++ \ri ,i=" ,\-:;i) o..r ,\-::l al-ilr
..:E:i\ C"Lbt
;r_ _*!\ ;([-r-r
* j:' .a,Ir ,;p'Yr
. ,I _r!, 1-,.
-6,- _J, j-u, * S:* c-P ,p-:! ,.aril, ;:U.r ,^eJ.r
,'e- .iJ.Ji AI^{\ ;\r;:J.g J*i\ ljI-J\ -*- *s.F;*:q*- ,Jt +rU.\ J;"-}t
-:.:.-q-\*.J
.,/
>- l) i;\.,- ,-l1-ttg E- JJ+iloJ\ ;\o- * ,r" ,J ^;-(r ;'il,*r, ,[,+. Jd ,;tL-Jt -.oJl\ ]:
; -,_;*ii &
-[--
.3G:-r\ ,*J\ ,-
J, i";JK*=:,rr *dlr & -f,, +"1il\ *:[\ ;(, ,;r*r
-;- -, --ial\ ;\ i G-4,F apr;i:li a-:U\ (Y.. \ -ltfV) MarvinHarris,.--b;rL 3s.:*\
8 George Gmelch. "Baseball Magic.'' in Conformrn and Conflict. Readings in Cli'litrEfTfrTE-r6lo-)=
,.':,'. \-!FT6?f,:Tal6m- ogi. I3th ed.. ed. .Iames Spradl6r and David \
. McCurdr' lt ipper Sadd-r,.i. NJ. ,cllun & Baion.
2008).322-32
,,,il|iil]' f."Ki,
christianlib.com
k J) ,tr .j--=n !
oh i')
',U
eY, , C'.-- i>
&i Le* i=-
",n
;{9,^.F --(:
;-I! .-L;l' ;";,^ 1fr :--ii s.-b : ri., .+\ ,1, -, -at;!' ,l ;
9 Marvin Harls. Cultural A4aterialtsm
House.19791.
257 e,$lu,.AhJlgll,$l
christianlib.com
-. .t'.^?Y\/ - l- l.
r-tu9tr:tr
tr
t i,* ji*"(.:',l
.? i-
;\ .5rL$Ye
&
lii,rtJei5E!,rJl
s
rg
r -o, .,Kc:.
JY' i
. rl
,,9A,Yt
:i E
j.}1r*J*id
o*\
fi
Jd.ir,!dF rdi€
..5_.. f i^'
o**lf /\^\i
'
,&?'+a
r: ,+
*11;*;pg'H
il:rid
cltij,cl.6is?jg,rtt
,.,.4**r ;U'lt, ,r".:f\ l-;,l ;-r:, fi J*, ,rrdt Jtr *: ,.-l+b Jt'!!
JrE ,a . .-.u>'. -.
tr6-$"1 ,*',a IL5UIA;i !"4 i\rtr\ o! J+r -b\*,s.*e.(gWJr
.5r.it ,!c ,r-- J'
;,\+=-l ta: :-# ri ,ts V\ :\ e*$:
tb it*ti ;! crino.a Geertz 117 :: .+
JrE: ei-
,,;\j -r- ,i iV ,{ r!.I\Llr ..} !-}rrryt,t& d "(, .tr[ .-trp
.6r\ q.! 4"+ ;-S ;i jo & !o ,;" -1. -
", t>3,o-' ti _t-
i$r-.J- 3t ;p$r -)" L-!y:,tu'Jr ,[.t' ,* ,,]'u.U*(ii,ir J)Jol" Ur;c &H);-:-^ -! .-4-
\+ ,.f"t ,+\ \i.6 er.,€.-(, ,;-S! .;pJ,J ;;" rrJ i\ii\ .r,U\[
'F
.; r.t*'!! ,"*;ug ,)_r)\:38l1'Lr(i!i\ :Li ,oi ;, r,--rJ\ 3
\
./
.:*-l\ s:f nl;,*--*!! (oi.:,so;"-J\ ;* "6)t J''*," Jj(" ;i ;-,:-A\
*t-d
,!l n- -
2s9 (,{,ljrd;bJl3i;tr.ut
christianlib.com
J .::,'^\\ ,+ .L";* 3, .(;:b) L;;t" o.--b b: * F\ri t"Jt*- l.-" &.- ,qr\-r".Il aa!"
/,
-4 _, [:t^ a-*N\ .t e\\ f 6Jtl=-" \+ .+$\ ,- {ll\ V ,$",qiliK+t r 4
ri;? ,*rJ\ !EJ\ *: LK\, *+r & au*;lr t'ur$ I L4.fl g;ru.\ :.*il\ ;J
-'^ f:
: -, io; ,\5 u$" r:- (.j\+\:i, JUi')'\) i;lb .i",(g'),! ,{[:J\ affir ;, ;L\1 "!i
; -;-p ;4" b,21..g .;:LJ\
'
L-i; Yi Lr-,Li'jr
- t li v'-\\ -t-.:i\
J +-rlr
^{" C
--.+ -* aK;<lr
.^:o:\1: q:L$V
.) -;_: ;; _r-r!t ;l
'"- i!ll\
't J!t"'J" 6rUJl.,
"Ui*i.:
'n)
*r, :'
.a:
gr-)t,,-1.19
r , .).>J ,\J\ ,U;.J\ &* ,* t
* :-
nysry''f
r'! \ \ Lt V
:- ,*,Jr..;Ll\ " &'
rlxl#%
i:'
Y: Ki---rt
'. l) J ' 6r'= " &..*. "&
(;)\,',IJ!l
._ j -j)\ ,F, ,#tt
.,
-e; a! +I\i P" *L(t j" {bil.\ e-I! ,r$b ,;."-}tb ,r*i"l,J\ O)
:t-rr'!! ,u*ril.\
-
,oL i\d\9 -Jt
- rJ'Y' + +U! jl\ Ca;r i^*^J .5lt Et-Jt ;:S ar\\ _i:"J\ j" iG;J\
r.> _c .rp\ ,i".i" ?**.1Ut,.\."'u."-+l;\sL*,i "J-11" jt( 4Li.\ oruj\ ;UL-Jr
'* J-Y-v-J--Y
'-- --e* , ;,i'r jsss-;iJi ;r*J.t ;!)!t 6.\ * !-(ti-io ;i .i*,Ki 3l**\, .;\r 4r;;
^it.
JJV,
"+;:" ;i j9-d- *
.i .=r: o, *^iJ q;:t, o-i.o)
,r4)ll\ .-r,o
fy- ,.(ri "l-^IJ ;r-,o\i f9 J-J\ ,\r,
,= j.-? r9"+ k Jl + & ,yrv- 13 6i\ jbF ,"U\ F, ,!-r:4 ;K-!te ;l"-;, i*jr
,.-l?.r-y'>t
-'.--*, u\,''L;;;- \3\-r*\)-'; LrKt .J.'4 s ;Jr ,Jj *\o-ir -rrc ,,+!J.\ Ji.h ,\-r:r1 ;l .(.-Jl:
tu
christianlib.com
: -,* J)* U-J j4 J) ,".,. Jp \i: ,,t:tl\ f ,\"-j,')ll \-6d "Ii- jilI\" p€- *it:"
,9:u"
:-L-: .*_-+ )bU:. oi J*" 3,.i- J" U U.jrt iLI\" ; ,jJIt\a9 ,\":!t tiil U".i,,;3*-.-- e"\J\
- i.-t'-r r+i ge I ,Ll'!l ;u! oe o:-fu" [ :.+-+ ,;rrL:I\ f ,iU!\, J*r_r^U\ ;! :1;
i--JL L+!;rrLJ\ j\p'rb,F'!t ,"U\ p-u":*r- ,;\
-. ;{:-rJ u,;,r.b-:y- Oi
;" ,*Kr ;p +-;ttt ;,*; ,-*lJ\ ,"ta -*:.g\x lb, .rtl\, J.*,. -*,*,: Jli J'" Prrl-j
".(4'.."1\
S
E 3:>.;t ;)u\ K5ry .a;l :r\r^*a, ,L-g ;\.;*;JLrl*) *.-. ;,t1 \ir"-u,:...r, -p!:
6*
':-l --..b,aa t;(-u.V .;*-J"jj;jr\ jLlu 6r, \& qp J\ Jip!\-,i ,L*:'!r ,\-,: F a;*I
: ;.; !t & 4f'!\ .ritJ! *l- t U,b Jp
. _-; !:--J\ _*\rl i
Us-iAl
G .t-- ;$) a:.,"
.a.'^ '^ \i
LL b) flf i;trt ,y.iU\ j-d.4 -#\ &",r-fur,J"i Jp - :a,-*;tlr
'-*r'-t ^1"'X ;rlt" # ,rU;t +:Xi rL:r) ,i .J.5\' ,\& Jo ,i ,UJ\ a,*r,i\ ,j oK ,f er
,J\:i\ &" &, .rU\ *.r,J 4J\ Jfri
+-- _(.:J\ r*n" JIi e Ji u;*i 1.,(,, ..,et*, or-
.;r*:l\ cllrjt * ,;!\ \.#" \r"i ;E-r- ,* 6
-! ,-*..-*rrtj\ ;1 "b\,
"!rr^'!\ ;(*tj -,l(,6b"
t --it- .i 5iJ ,",n*"
.<; ;?Y1 ;U)\J\ ":J,IJL -*(.f! [ Jq"
'F
' rF$
e-:^-, 6: "iJ;-'*,- JI\ U jj) .,_r!)"
'- --.L t': ,,-rytil 'lc;\ .-lqu+ t5l\ t.r$r ,*!'v.r4"
:,,rr1\ 4Jj.; glr t.ru\ diJ!.*4 q,(I ,48 ioia
-..48
,\",-rr. )", i\.'!\ & ;Ut 1ri
,.r; \i'(J :&rb\ .-t" rr^irt
f-r \i\IJ
l,i .U- -. - :-
,t');:-r- J3r ,u.U\ -t-))9,fl;J\ Cb.;1. \j!,;."*3I9;tX.;rI" V J
4!tr\ c\j cQ.!t ,b: .f!.) ,U\ g;-rl o-S d\ gbl! fu:
"rF$
,.)\ -rfu:,ilt *JL.;K{l ** J-i.-*.t
,; ,+
t:P
:\-
t
263 e,guribJl3lg$t
christianlib.com
* - a->i LiJJl
-ill rll
UarE+rl
-a;6t U"yb
:-) .:d..,J- ! L-rrl,
,.:
-
(. , tiE:J -i.^,'
Y2 Q
-t[i :i J[ ,:[:rY, -pV \], ,f o* J i-LG\ t+
.a+,
e:' . -.a-.a1-;E:J! rr,It 1k=U ,,,-:lJ\ ;+\ ,; ,J F a;.; -lt ,\ ,;t-, ,i.*t!, _C JrU\
.:'i: j) tiltij i*U" \i" ,: a.! .-;.(il ..r) f ,ltj JU" Lb L;- + #\
LU->4 lr
JEJ\ ;:ri i\p\ & pEr JI
* .+92,;^.jLr\ ^JU\ 6; 6-f.a,i-)J\ )y: eWL
- . , tr
.*'t;\;c. ;.-ti:\
lt
lLil 1'.1"9.ut' JJd\ Jlid,i dJF+j^j.\ oLJ:s.ii*J\ c/\
"r
;-ril 4Jrl\
-*
.iJ.i'\ v K y r Lr;
.-ra ..:L^:r.\!: [ ,U a*tt cLJ\
Lu C i..F lltr+
4-Jri\
r \J ",^.iU\
* : ji +i ,r.,- v.l\ .+;\ ;+\ *;:\c +rL; \r;r,- ;{tU,€.ur,^r-,-ru\ J#
.;; :*L ?F Y ;-;fi,* o-F -4 ,\Z;\ -"Kil "eL{ r.#, ji ..fi +, r.\ ;)U\ j!
'- . \i.','u
- u \-rL
-(._.r-r-.- ,iU\ U,6 ;, 4 ;:+I\ ;rLJ\ ;i !J,r JJ ;,{.=.*i.\ y gStiu
- J\ ,e..r
; i-:* ) ro,\ j* g ?.c)i:J\ ;" ri ..;!t "r ai:r+ r.r, ..5:1.1\ dU\ ,\r, t J)8, jb _,qs\ ,.r(,
< tl Urgzb
,,s" J+
"* +J {L ri ef otr oK}\ ,\ tr")t lrr*.., \r! ;y,,u ;i
,-,-re": ,\3"*:^ 'Jl.i J-rr*r*I\ ;L+ L-r-c ;(! ,"rJ qJ! j.r.3,, L
"K.!
-b YP iJir\t)r*.;t ,i) ,.*t", ,4+lt ,i iy(t i$;\ g\-u,:*) ,-* _,k;)4 ,:s:*a.\l>t i;,
--:4 jt " \j AJL,\ ii"",,K:r, ,Li,ti ,+\.i;s; .c* ,*,j>4 r.!, .i , <:L!L -*;A\ .. ( .
\:9..t0=;
e
--\.
:-i : .",JJ[" ;.-E un* -roLi .\s\"i ,* t+ rrlt f ""*+t i:1..\r Jb='!!) a_:1,1\ ;JL ,e. L
.*r;Ji :',:uc>lr',-:*i\ ;'tlt ;t l,*;Y ;Klf
J:- )lfugaogL.-J "ir
;. .hulal -' J, :-* j!*-i- ) * , !p<;,,:;^ o:i ,L:-:: -2;l\" ,oa:-{ 3,r_t, * ,+ J-;
!
t
, ,2 tus
-,,, Ju* !:*,*;-S.'i ,-,,-^\l .-i.4r'Jt ;''I\ L jj
;L+\ ;,J 4*Kr ,-"f!
.>-[' 'J^^
-:-. -S\
,& .;#Uf+i ,>\** -t'\ )*;!t .-rrJ\ J\ y:".i" \38 ,:,!:," .)Li
,t E*( \:.L ;r:7ri u-t t ;l\ (;q!.'!t aKr'll ,\ ,fltr.;'^+;itl
.;y*tJir,L-!, ;t ,\ ,rj ".* ri .-^!\ *l 3\,;r t1a
r)l.-Jt l.5.,,-
,'a!g ,J,^-'ij\ 4r,.J,r J.'! rr" tF ** -JLs ,cU#r ,^ +rJ\ ;:
: r'dt ,.i -.ri;*\ ,r €:;--r= or-La\ cr\ry".j" !\aft-i ,.5;J\
"r"
,-r* ^\
,u>.,\', L$
i-,.; ,y*,+l,*r;}Jt +-.t.,(, ."i!." *,-rh-"
;1 Ji -. -; t*, .;:'u-J\ iJU\ ;tlt L'; ;,fu ,i :","-J4J[" ir,,-;
J-{-..J ;S 9'\ +r.7: -*rJt f+ .,r\l ac\; -r.*r ,;*-iJt ,-i Ifugao rL-.s
J! A;)\, .t*j$ ,:',-.!\ 4) J- :_f u..*- JEi :": .bulal j\ ,y fi\
.( {1-^
-b * c-r t* sF;)U! ,,A\^,;er}\ ,Fi ,-s-{ ^=X\
26s AJJ|oriLjt3Zitr,rlr
christianlib.com
, .<-r YJ
.
i^ ./-
-r
^'t< 4rJ\ 4 tt "r J',ii)! .(J!6*V 'r* \-.|" ;il"1 t 4E) b!' ;i d_;tlt ;" U
'-* r*L- ji JJ.ij _19 .;*\ ,o I ri ;J\ Jl ;Llt ir ;; ,i ,(e\rj\ J!- BE) ;+r" {EE JI
"r
r -+-- .r."1- -*j.U' ,JU.>4 -i.1\ Ji + $,-" j-!"
i>u ,41 ,i ,.;Jt ;'u rrpi ,_**
-* -,1. .ar: 1!;) vrls i;i
Jr t l'6
\
* t-p'cr; +o .(Af -\1Y.) victorTurne, ;; ,i,fu j) .-,y:.,
::, r-.j':^. _*:_-'_tt+
. ir r \
,* J--G Lni 30, ,*r;J.Ji .,! 61" K3 -a-, .Arnoci van Gennep y^1,1=
// .,
) 'tE--\ c;l
(").-*ri)-'
6)rs\: . ..^Ji il:.s,. .-\.d) :-rr, -F!* i)ij
:-- -:\ !-'/
:= -.. : .' \u'thern Rhodesn I 1A description of thrs rrtual can be found in \rictor Turner. The Rrtual ProcesfrfrE -tcat--ilffi-
1969). 94-1 13
JUr)\ J>t- \.:rU*;Ir "Uri ,J-J [:t ,\Y-y, JL.)t ;r'lru;r ;'u v, a, Vr' -;lr-
,Bemba -[ AndreyRichards :;\*::!, us;-r,i p;-., ol .4{$J\
f: fo[r" .f
r{
i\_J
c{t' Jr+
v/ pt(c!\ i\i-)\
ir+.-v a ,r,,L
V
. r,o.,;Jl!\
; t;. ^!- o .\a -
,5{lt or c};\tr d^Ur ('').;J,\t ;; pt ffs,!}\ JJ ,aE i)l+*l
Jt"rrt # \t**",-.( l, (D#r6rs ri*,\ gli ;-iJ,iol+\ ,tl;i o" ri*
ri EUi q.a ,-71:J\ Jtr,+\ i(r'lr cb\}\ p L:,j:.aeLJt eV
," a*-r"!\ ^irJ\ l,-J L.)e J1^f-, * ,iJ\ ,f t"* .;-r-rJ 6L*r
'rC
vI-.Epi--J .o;
vr ,zL-fsjLIa
y -JJ- 5. 6-'c
- -$r.+!\ JJ \. k, ir
v}t -,- vc\.-:J---l- g- .rr\t
J\ !2-
..lr>r p J-3,J\ .,o
e o-;ab* -bH\r_$ * ;L-:Jr Jtr:).* ,r_roLJ! gLU.\
b ,\19 ..2.j ; ._
,"at .r+:-l\ Ip u-{ d\ ,*+t ;jJ\ Cb ,,t' E).o{rn\ q,lt LL"i
"*" .a-z>: ".
-r;=- cUUlt c* _r{t d .-d\i ri t-'," f, ,-J1,"
I .r*-J\ Jt;uari L,o
,(
\:; ,i (,*4lf +;) L* i-,( cl; ,LrI\ ,r^ ,J U o.y J_6 tr;s *i u"Ut
S+ otgo* ?it " ri JL-'r\ ,-p ,),.rU C-" i;J\ ,-,b ,.F\ ol.[r"Kri
j Ndemku J\ jy; .Jj;I! I^u i .i ,i:V:,r,-:Ut *-:,L}\ ,)b* j,;( r\;li
dL :_* ,_& J."4!- +b
,_f v-wJ oF ._r* "e;: ;-{\ F,'ii L,
'*:
d; )r- L-r,e aijf t-) u: .df +r!\ +K J: ,;e\i\ 6 ,**(*r;lt
j BL-j ,p ,,.\!;)\ .-^re r+ i,rn\ ..J) \+r* >i,e .\ \>u .L4 ,i OJ, &
pr+ tl.L";:tr.4 \1\.t;
,y',.,o-ou ).,+.r9-,;rJt "**!Ji ..-.r- r";lJt
3 +:i -r:=- ,;:LJ.\ +rrtl\ e :p -f J$",;-{\ :!J-J\ \ra, .4lr 3p)
,'*i! ,"i--\ ;i)c:;,-.a JL -*dt La: J-brll 5rE: ',i->\*,4rjl ;"|
'lc
ri-;4 ut .<.1f, *.src julir+ J*L*..\ -*yl\ ;{ ! ,4-J\ ,*a
l2Audrel Richards. Chisungu. A Gils' lnitiation Ceremonl among the Bemba ofTo@Fffi\ff
(London. Faber and Faber" 1956).
267 eJJlt,rihjrji.itr_.ur
christianlib.com
.. .;* i .,K {.. ,1L4,i* o.t-{,J"t +i d, *,-.,[.;K *-j 14, s*r-{\ ;,,r ari
r-r .r.r-
;r vui;1 -" .,rre F* ,i .rU frd\ a/ J-9( ai,ru\ ,J1, .d4 * ,*.!:
"r
-.i (*irt r,t' {J\ ,J^:*IL .*.=-,J\ U* .*-'rtUrtt ,-rG t)1" Reintegratio, ;:\")
C-
.b:--e (r,rJt) ,:;rft "!,K3\
.#l\ {L +, .;+*l\ a:-r,o ,} d' + ,pt ,*r\ udjJ\ ,i ,-**:rJ\ ,i
r. .r,etl\) A\ e ;F .1\r;,15 A-H\J ..:li:Y- ,-^-Jt ;-;.! Lr,.c J
,116smuu
-.;;{\
.!:!
,l\ "f
rdJb
Jl}t sKh.*
"r,rs
o) se-rr=. roi C, .,^L,lJ +-r"s -iI! +'yt ,5 ,U\o U."-i
- ; ,-Jt U-U ,l 6rU\ t'lb & {,tU \^4r
f" tlL ci )) ,kr a:_r?-
d +E rJ\ "r
; , a,.al . cr$lt
--r ru-y- .\/-*fJ\,Jg -J\ -,,EJt ;;
p_
/
\7
-t-\
\-.>-," .a,lr:-*" AIjL:D
- - l lr
..)i:r-\i
1
: :, --TrVn:1ffiffii67' 'a ;,*l*Jr jr': JLo #, 4,r;-i *;'g ,L$i.\ +:"-rr-,)r il',JJ\ ,a(
a
4i 54r[=J a:_l\ ]K-p ,*\ a\:; JL.J\ e$:o.lu\ ,];K ts"r ,;Lt, .vtJ r=>
Jl )\"i
v. --; l)J- ;J ,;f\.;)U\
,'rq;{s -\J-J - ,l;*--rc
Y - U\ri - Po
- vJ rbh- ,JUt
\ J \
',, ', )L;1 ,--
t-r .l
,''[, .-\rl-\.
Y.-
i.:
('').L-GJ.\ v. Lr'-
d\.oi !t!r ,p)\;i!\
;:!r (,yrlt) ,,rUirr"t, ;r ,".rb
E, ;) r,--t --'
r\r)\
C--JJ
* i')l!\-.,1J\ ,F &.rr4 !\"r\ K/'i JK* .[J EIL B o! oirul i.$ _-' .-.
us:f ;*+ Jl;,^*L* e*E ,:"*:_*,/tJ\ U.o ,r"a,- .,J+E\
a":^
",n
,f WV: ,-rr-l\ JL;t J\i=)\ jrr- ,,"-+Ii\ o.-U\ "r .iE:* i[\,f
u.b
JU\ J\;:*>t Jil\ J-H .6f\ ?; --:i -L Ji v'!t t-j 4*J* ;"
+ J)lh *I\ *rJr * ;lr "p ,i4L; 6,r";! n-l\ ,"A
;L*l+r,;rl.oa";,7I\ ;)Era,[ 4-\l\ ;lr;j\ ;\sj\ ,*$ iL$i bJ
rVV r-h +! tl-rl\ '-ta;r.;r>\ .j#\ ,s +1a".";st "!" tj\;
[i\:] urrj\ JF J+ F, *f t ,& \jp
,(i-rl\) o,,Jt 4--It
+'u +'>' .\;i <.-\ ;_.--
-r.-JK''"a* C; & iro i o,-rlt ;pi jtl( ,f, .B*i o\qs;;y:lt ;!
;x*r- [ ac --: -
tsf[t! $ Ut Jri -\r, ,";n+e;J.\ ;1*3rJ\ J[ri "r ;tJ\ ,r!;a-:" ;+*J! *, ;n- 2.o-- , i
L, [i(" ;+:j\ Jr4 j: ] ,"rli )# g";S" .d,(t ,-r -]a [-,, -
b\t
r t1
\-*-Z-, . .;
,
-r
LJi .::;*i r -,.ti',
.vJ'uYju
\t -], s;,
v.L .2 ^-;-
13For more on the pilgrimage to Mecca- see Mamdouh N. Mohamed. Hali & '(,6i'VdfF'ro:ron- taT li. ;_*L- _i= -:
(Beltsville- MD: Amana Publrcations. 19961
269 adJledbjlgIlst
christianlib.com
.*;
.J
;.Li-*,-"-K" at
:; :.,-*\ )-fi\;f .i.-'-!tiui't g ;r-r*:" ;tF)t .-r,o, .rr,*J\
":_S
.ois gr J* ,, ,-/1 ,-1" LprL! ,1.,,l;: ;l tri .\ lqr g (;LJ Li ;-:j Lrre iE\L; _** ='_.,
.,.Bl F. -':1 --
,F "t.r' 'L:i iS-,t ,#b" ;(,,oq,; Jt Jr.#! f t{5
,,rJ.rB)'hi q;-,1\,
*il ',.r.> : .,-
fu. )s -a..:.r- $ gii*,S'
*t
(i*r ;!e) ls;Lj: Irr ,J) ,,11 ;* \-)l,a ,J VJ 'J
A
i;r( j .; r-il\,,.
I lr //
JJI.:]I '* _-\_. . --
-{ lLa 1fr,r .i ,.,o,-Y' oKIr-,Jl;-y J,- Lc .r;r d, 4t -{-n
t2 *:; o*a
-.
.oji*Lal\ ;" "-lL 5;\ .>K :J',ra ;( .JU\J\ f -lJt tilL: lE\#
fV\ y;f .F, ,zJt ri,lt j* kJi-, 3+ -ply'\ ${s ,-*;ll;J\ ,E- .r-"
\r.ra"
I rii F:ti-; !;r:,- | ,r.i I+I E-r $t et,(r-J *li u \:!r) aJL .qi\i ;-- -.i,-, ..
=+ ,r.i
d, ;t;:lL ,;,-rl\ {tlr Sr ii .ijr_,- ;,i -rJ\il\ K )i.( ;f j.lr ,JL}.-)/1 fy * f rL+>' -..! - +
.i,lb J,", ;i ;;ult ;" i-6
-j "p? ;;:LJt et(r,Ug , ,.*Jta!,U5 U+ j *!,.}.1 l^ I \y--!' --
,v, ta \tar S
.71e.; -.!-* yt: *:F ai
#! -r-i 'in.r i d$\ ;, rl.B +; ;, ,;ill 1- ,b-# ,.n
r - - 1 I t1 - I
LlJl JI ;$ L*rst, .1::lr ;UfLJ:F: lr.Er L*o., .rUtr J) li+ * jJLa -;3l Qs')F,* 'L '42-
.Ul"rc uf;r 1:=*-tr) q*I\ .r.J ;:F1,1;-:!t gK,,iJt r 1:
J)|+ -^re .g:-- _:
Lr.a .rU;)t ;-Crb" .:tt,
"*)&,*#r
;,rr;lr .,rE!\, *tr L: : :--.: --,
.'*iJUi ot i-''. --
,JJh..}l
,L.-r!, i-:_..,- _,
obK, --t !";rL\" L(rtr;=-r) ,t& j--.^ j\j ;a g;r.t-!r t,./
'-;!
:\ €\;
., --*
L(;I- j;2+. ri ,;( * ,-S tr.J! J$"-+\ *-r -i!;ylr _*-iilt .ra?,,e * j -=.!
jU\t\ JJ -::" (^d-J\ + r-i:) +;#Ir ai g"Ji J[,.*]\ ; ";r.io-i" li -. -i
SrJt
,P f t \+ g--* ! ";,*L-i" #rF ,'*-.+,;i'\ i .:--iK>rt ,i
.,,''u ._{-,-=.
'-;:Ji ".
.,;\*r,rJL -$ t*, ,nr r+ L ,..,,*'Jt p i'*t\ .€ ,.Jt,-.-i ,5! ,*.d\ ->-.;-* '4
"a;
L-:J
l)'tJJ
.!. 't -:\.tLJJ- .q L4 J) ._*;-t
jf ri'u ,.i;: jL\* 4;y;4-- -.:( -
3*J\ ;"pi -t4 j: i." r-;J\ ,;-r*-it ;[!,J\ ,., *i ; ,
271 eJle",ihlrgEQJJI
'tL
christianlib.com
- :rl
-- vr)ar lt ,. P/- .^A\s:-
n(!{
,it- J:{ k,-alt ,p, .MirceaEiiade ,U)L*y J, itlt *,*=Ut o!
\-
,-- .:. it;,cl 3\ i';ty,
CU.)/ rdt J"i ;r ,l$r :-"^* 5-r-\ v; Llr;lt ,\.1" -*r-
l, .
j; ," _:.,-JrrJ\
1-
B-,
t r.-l-f
, i.-;r ,i,*roL\ .S* #I\ ,at Jt ;a Bronislaw Malinowski y,a lL;r",Jr'!i .;,."u-!l
- j.
,\r*$ i"+tr
4, -A.."ll\ J'+ ,!*irt ;i ;,r: ,,-t;!i F, i- gF -*!l -r"..,.r -,t,-'r\
.'i
'|' #',
,;-a
"^;
: "?- (;rtL-i)
. .i - -1 I
- ;: .o )-uo ./*,b- l4Mircea Eliade. Mlth and Realiq'(Long Grove. IL: S'aveland Press. 1998): alsoGlffi
Kerenf i. Science of Mrthologr': Essal's on the Mlth of the Divine Child and the Mvsteries of Eleusis
-.i. *d(t-qef-- (1963: repr.. Nera' York: Routledge. 2002.1.
,pL-':tt & ,rr*- ;I\ ,*\-J\ OJ bp-, *;ll\ + ;!rr;;;'>t ,& .-r -dt O) vl,i. -:
.riF ;1tL'r\ q. -K$ J, ;J"t, ifr* ! ("-..*-J;rJ\ " ,i \i." or"*Ir)
J\ L,S]J j$* J\J\ * ;r-( -*Ut ,1 ;+rl\ -LJ\ ;* )-jI\ jt\ J.rr .ryU\,r( ._'i.
r I o:F" ]t cu;Jr "sh ,i a,-," {}* -Uui Js }L-'!\ [ ;rL, F gr-' '-+ '' -- 3
Ld ,_"yu! jtt-'!\
"rui f
j!- ,"1\ ,-i,tJ\ + 611\ ,*(*, ,1ur \-r,r
u---i .\
'+t -
---
.i+-r+ ,nv\ urJ a:J. , " a- _-_
,l;s dd ,i ,-*U\ ;tt"! ;i 5, . fr q.,^ j!L-'! !pn\ u*o'>'t ;1 .;r;*" iU,tt*; ,--i )
,- t
ubi;--.--: >
* j.r"Jt K.i JI* ;L .sJ 6t:)t (V *" u*;U\ "Kri" [Li UG
,
re"
273 (iJJlgribJl3Itr-.Ut
christianlib.com
,r (\\ J \ ,_[a.ij\
-iJB\) mabaki jt[\ ;-f: c !r, ,,i\ J);-J* gr;i snF ,rf -r u"U\ Jf
/9
-:.a- -;-r*$ \. g\"\ J- j--+ lii ,l !:t ,b:i +r+ J* &! dr'ft K.,. o[d)'_"-;]Jt
ijtr_.tJtg !J[-#Al ji .canao J\ .c \''r-; aJr Jr 4-;L\r liL- \# $J .-L.J ,",r!J\ .3.-,.r-
.i"+'U\ L" ;tl\ ;i\tr\
i.
-i-j-J"uY
;:," \"i , i
--i jct\ J*\,J Ji tV:.Dl;! ,;:LJ\ !. ;vri d\ +n(t ay & J*;\ r ..ts I
i',- j .t .,(j.
,g .-9L. ":ut ,, rF:, oi -* t#t ;) b"e d(r
,I. ft", ,cUL+! ,.-iUJ\
Y'r
+ ;,il * ,e ,ib ,-,!sy- .Fu M jp .JUI\ fu ,-b, €u\, --B + ;r-" c\i iLIt r.
' // ' s> lr .+ * g^i^ r-a> Cr r\,.-![ij\ Jr- J.')' Jl\ ..-ici r\rre 6r\c ,\4*;1,*
yvV"
."iL*;\ i\ jK* ,-! $ *:V"; i("ri .F ;(";-,."\-I\ 3.! ,rei ;-,J ;;4r
ut e
' ,.it' tl :
\ra:r/ fU\ fU-J\ f (O)t i-*^-J\) n*[^,jir," Ji l,q *;,rJ\Irurutun
nti)-f)l LF
J# ;i ;(. OKioruJ\ ,r"J\ .r-6 ,.U" J,t! .i-l,ii ,.r
jr, .a.JUl
'. i.- *U\ L- -"-r, -\"r;:^"
a--\iht-'
' -.1tr
4f),-1!
L l. *:rr ;+rl\ 'i.,u'\:
:.- _l - -W
I Kalahan Jf ;;"jit J-\.*- ;"^*^-J\ ." Jlr
r -L., ;* *J\ ,l\ *,
-+-./J\ "};-J'\
'.-y: a,r ;4+\ Jlo-'r\ ;fr=\ e."u ;.-u\ rn* *=s! .JrrJ! ,;KJ\
rli gF)t i)
oel- ,-+! ;;1J) Jb-'r\ .loi + I Kalahan J\ jr.*^-l\ ;ykJ
C
lt-)' ,LLl\ -,L(" Llrr;li * .+rrlt ,* -t*, ,* k-,5,""i ,lt , by _*:,beat Rice
>,<" v{zY,9 *U\
jt'-'r\, br-! cr.-*" \*; -$ ,.*U\ ;,i ;rjt & o-"! re .+,;!\
- j- ,--" ..4 L v-L.\dJ "1
!
"n" ;[- u-S d ,:tA\.-4 $** oF
,-n* e:f ,q5 a*-I\
t
-* ii 6r c\rr;!r
,a?l\\ c\"r*\ r.*. ;p+\
. .\' *, e e-r-r s\ Kr"i .-l'* tr Jr ri ir+Ji * c*rUt
-.t,ortr 1'1r
, _::,--: 4* )> ) I
.;jll rK + J.; ll 4u'\J 3{ I Kalahan ji ;*5-*;t *;* uF #\:
+ .-t .,
"r2--r
,;t.JU,JJ,ill a:-L-j\ l-V L-r; J:");-rJt ;riLJ\ e j*:\
* 'r.-.{ "!^jj,!\
-:--l+- "l^J l\ ,JC\ J*:". -b- ;L.;-u i1*a ...(41"J!
-,-.'U W i ,,1\ (tongrongan
"5;i
j,*,^( ;:i!. +*:.:,-p ', +-^ it.. ,i ^i.-* .rt, +K-y -,-.,.{'-*Jt
Y I J' J
tm ",
christianlib.com
;c \i-,ra ir"!" c\li:* \+"{ ;;, ;;, .oirt ,c .:-.-X ;K "(ol ,Ut
-4"
41[.U,;r]*')'!,r*JJt ;r uLil\ -UUi\.! |L j,*-" r,o L,.LE
* [*-) ,tt-+\.rJ! &.iI\ ;c J-*^[ L u,"P r4t ;i (r] c,,\r[!\
* V h &y ;t# ..i O:;p" ;K ,ts* r4t .t \ a:"-u e er-r
\c.
Jrs-:,q=, L, ;+\ ',";L ;J\ ;;-(t ;e \ 2 ^\ ;oo_,_, o*>E:rr "r"ir
.4 j*i [ .----e1 ,!^J
27s aJri.rihJt3ii!.rJr
christianlib.com
:i1 :, 4 o t h i s m a; \-r-rJ \
p U ey;F ,; ;i"J\ ;t[,a)\ + & ,rrab dLrk: ,r1.\ c\-r;:,I
3 Y'J: :nn'th; , ^L \r\ .,J:-'yt e\b Jp !"# aLlt agyl jUk: r:"J\ f JrB C\ +$t t p
'i
!.J;:,iti ,r"i)\ ;)\p!
& ** Lt+ [(, ,L -i"- J) K; Ji ,;1]* a*--{\ c\g>L;)\ a*lr: ;)
. ->j-*i ,+U!\
--J[ *"U! .i3-\J\ ,.:\-r-'!\ ,X;a^^,lt trL*J\r t* c--..-i d' ,;,tlr
, ,-1'.religion i!i\ ,rril\ ;,,oU " * EU ,i qfJre iri t ,l\ a,) ..i:"djlir cLL:l'lg
"r
-*<rn (,'\-*X\J) a;uAt Olt r.r" 4rJ\
36-il ;."2..*).\ ;i
Lu."-r, Ji )b dIJIJ ,r,rJJ\
L;) ;jq;r{Er\ '+"
Ct ;,.Ut ir 4d\ ;r .j+! r,-,u ;i .-4 ! bi \5,+tr\ rt$ta,f ,L,rJJ
.t .:.q ,rrrK d #r4\ &l\ u.6
d"r atK.i Ji I:.:(a..4;I\ a/ f*; f _"+\ [ ,."
'':.':;:ricn l'ft ,rU .-ir\ii\ * c,,,fL:,jJ! c,Uy:;)\ t, o).lut Jr- *uI\ ;\"r"|l ;-q!\ i!J\
.'.-,r -j;G\
'*slb
U*. * ,lt ; ,; ;:\6* ,ri,E -U5
: .*-.)k.:9)\J
l- r 1
gLillrll
.i-:,l\ ;+\ ,;
i-:-i-ii..e
Jr ,rl\ J la ,-.i ! drlt:i -,-*.J\ ;,'r,l i(;li ;animism,_e-\-\'t ..sJ\
')l ,-**
.o;$\ F eA\ Jr ,.,oL\1 _p\*s,c,tp! j\iu\ + tri ,
v. - L: 2,,L.
' J
'*
l)
L-tij srV 5{ ,\ {) ,r. , ) +i :[:eV :otheism sV\\
g--: ritual ,;;L)\
.6 E) -rL,. Ji ,k SA qb *Ft : catturat materiatism ap\i:J\ ,,.:U.\
-..ieration JLl,)\ .L.e o::p" ;J\ qrtl\ J!-!\ C f$. ol -j+ [
2 _=^ Jlri Ji.o!
t :) isorcery
.+ti A b ,*r;i k *i '.l"*,- ,61 :fetish,JiFj\
,^)\
,J) {y;i j" \;*,j", ,.rd\ ,--,J\ iintarlon rituals l-=-rt."-)f t+
, : 'i:symbol y; "*it
PU\
t:,., b\^o J-j !
bq ,JJ,
.lY -r*--lt LJ 1*Jt _-jt ,/ o.,Ut \J- I\ timinalperid ('"yJ,;q-ilt ;1,*J'
; --.* Laboo
'b1
.^i\
.";+.$\ alf! t-\,j\ iu"f\ "g"r F" 1!;
')-.:
.4:.+" -ii!." 'F ,!itu U -'i ,;=- 4-;t ;;ru ntagic r*-Jt
2- :,' :;:hcraft ;jJ*jJ\
,?+ 5:: l,:., ,+.}\ iliK\ '(-[tt *::;-f :*o,ro i,-bJ *rr .y
.+'.'!\ ;r:!tr\ ve €
\i:[ ,i Y-y, ;*;"- -*s ,-,]\ & c jr'!t 4-;t separation JL;)\ ;(a 6r- .-
.o{$J\
r!:" ;p JUi)\ Jrl:+ ;-{\ JUri p
.dSb * U^r + (* ,€'.sorcery 3-Jt
,*) ,*'*\ U.-;, 5 t\ ,-F t\ i-t' )\ e6i:symbot y2
;r-" rU\
.'L*": yJ\ * L;sP.s)t -i-.;; )
, t J:t:- + r.=. 4
.=r+ &i c 4
=i -u:-1 .;'j)t y c,d r\ !2\* taboo ,Ll
v
.ll
jr*U,
.*: j:r. -€ i.
^t iy-
,,€ :v,iicha'af
277 siJ_,$ldlrJlgiit1.tJt
christianlib.com
-*- ,i \-(l
V\U .-^-Jt
1t, \&u
| .;;>
.Y'J-Y'.. .4*LlNl ,2
'I
- -* _4.q i'lfu). rJ'Ildh5CJriJl
r -i-J +rJtd\ &r.rt\ \i dU)
dJw:'riG .,r+,ir )y+ JtJ:-lr 3*;. (,
./'
> - .-;"o'u\
r,
t-Qt
lr
)a2 ,) ri'V: ,it iril aoV\s r,f\ .F.,ft, A), i) ,4\ Jt f
i5 1:. -J.r- ;' -}{
./ t;l:\ ,u... :t'1il) i" ,fi F; *rt l*; VV yj* j;l
,; ( L,\'\. <J,U
J Y, v,J J Y .- 4n\ * i) i# aa s14J\
e 3\
:rK St ,* ,# ,*;a
.;; t\-oJL ,L,iJ
'\ -
1,i_ W \3U; :.rl r;
4.Y" ;3\ \jkJ .1i" :# ,yi i:: +*,
-t :t Y;^) *^ir ,rv J+! .;j;i J;j u\' .at ;.;t
.(o
4!i tJl.r3ruJl
-d .: "j
279 si{,$lgrihJlgIQ.rJt
christianlib.com
{t
-; -"r L!:4
-: .** ou-
il ' - \
.I
\' ' - Y
- -- ; .-i-a.al . 1
.pe-VV\
i'j'a:*)\
..4ts
- -+' \-c.'at.\
,.t) :jiJ ./S*\ .t
--
AAJeA
,. i.);_o\t allt
j)\6 -11.
\)\'|a>
--
+ J.*<r\ -* C
' {.,.; lo. i\.-.
YJ -
10
ctiiJr*FiJre ?&rlt
U;ia .-t '(r, \Jt .t+ aiU*t +,* l.\ Jtj'!\ :e:; .7g+\ t .
::: :
4^)9fl
l
t
4.,$,{
',
at]2dt ,:;b;b)
,JAIJ *;lla ,l$*Yt ;r ;t:!t & ,"" i;:r\ -Utr\ j) .U r- ,Jl tr3 ;r,oU Lj,l\
281
christianlib.com
i_-
. ri i A\ax;t
-+a,:
) c'
:t ir &tri * ;+-*i i|il\ e) ..:bli:J !3: ^Il\ Jp ._rJ wi{o ..-+Fo
J',; jJ.,." ;s: G) € -6 -pl ;"ri,I! ,eJ! ,,-*\-J\ ;'";*\r J4 -il\,
^ eou\ u.+
.1{, .-o;j -,iJl -(i }, E-. -,)l+
: .,j{- .;;ia,i!
-il* -i- d _( i =l ,K!!,5:)'r
';td! -[-r, .r-: & ;J ,€ .{.t; o) .},,rr * ;K -, + u*+ ^; .ur!*}
,*jj .g;: ,!*: J:5 ;l ,(i t- J: ;.!i:jr g: ..,!Kl)! .4ad'
1 See.lanet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony. The ll'orld System I250. .FR1?IZTI]iiffi
York. Oxford Universin Press. I989).
._:;
.1,-/.
asrJ\ a-\_>-
J liitr,.r{iil', ilr.ll
,oo:Jtua ;-6".yf(tstc,b-.: i +,* **11
"f "+
*i )1 .6t;: -*t, a!1 ,' g ,>) : i:* :-
glUry ;." \!-" +$1 -ltr .F ,at * * g d'rrd' .r-..r .U\ f ,..i! *laJt u]-. ^:; a-;- .
4iU\ q-.----:
tr .$,,**Ed *i,';# crur ;;., ' : :::::::: -Iiu *:lr p4,Ul;l;;tEU J(- I
ilr; 6-rs;,,/;+,li :t , F j:l .^,, +!lJt,+- ?l{+13}1l #1* jJUl1.-J',p .
C\ ,J, '(''-' ' '
-
;.:q *f,"1pt j f ,f t;pitt ,i glotho*'i g*F/FJl'r,1!!ii,Jl!.,;'1gr1+ c ,V\ --, -s.r
5...,; ,:$,'g{o ,it;- r*b;\.''.. ,ar;:d ti,J -.r+ 4 f[t}tf ;-J\1i*
Ul -ti\J-Jl .; L -. _.
f+ .'yo*.,- Lc .-le*f,\ {, #\ (\ ;$, ;r,l', a;V ,>} ,S UtU-! ; \f{r{ ^*V.;
.iLtr.+l$r. 1ja /r-J1 ,r $'ri';",;, xti'.+ t6"gr ,J" t l*1 ,,y!
o;;; u**t,....;:$JI,;b *;"lr g pqtb J !j,,j-r! l*t g','jJ.sr;, ;,;V51,
).1=.
.j\' p ji ttF, rUd,.; aU!\, .JrH\: ,#f\ :\l , ,=#'1,, ,#, 3t ,!, 3\"i: ;l Al\
-rt
,-, i
j. -.1-.
.4t'Ui J, & \iE ii.l\ y\ fr.F.!yll\
.jy4 6;\ irgr., u; a: JV
_\-:!\
.c , ,-r 6E)t c+f, gir: ,-l.*ij &I\ tr*iJ\ J" L-U J:-{r;i .rL.:!Y
.. ,--
"*l.flyi'>'f
i.*(J.t rU"" , E
L:1t1 a;ta) f*i.Il ,y ?h a":L:iV ;+\ dr,I,+ L. !-";'!t ,\.1" ;i -<9.t
J\
,_____
..:- - :- StanibrdUniversin
__.-. i---
U \e -a;lJ\
-{ a-*\ j\ ,,6 clF ,\-r-! tuS*St f,
Ji
;; uu,'r-! ',;*kJ! ++\ dr\ ,\-,: I J) 4!\i!\ &;i * g;rL$V p\
J.*: .(t)ol*il .C.\ 3U\ j" jd\ u,o ji ,i:-- -;*J\ ;i ,;trLrr( ,e\l",.
jpJ.\ j:\+ iiGl Lr,* .-,? Jl \y ;:e7,* i-y ;:'u," ai' A\ Jr?\
;i Samul Hunt;,ngton .-:-d+s ,)"f : Benjamin Barber _rl! ,l"f^: ,;,h.-U\
,-,tlil oja _p;t dI* r; +'Oli q#;t-iiiJ a3;'; aq.j\i;rre-1.,-;-i\
",-K,
,r\ € -(,r*.-- .-,1, I L-L.^ op';!\ -,rL*r'r ;i -9(d ,;JL i. .1ll
(Jt.aL.a-. ->-s
j-J\ _F )'* er{ y.r,i., ;}1;141,: _,,!*,)r l!\ ;: LLJ, j-;.7:*:l: l:
& 'e"> >
.'t' {-,-J":-5. ,'o ob >g a,:.9; o-!'
_9 -u! .:-i c--a
^r; ,$a a <- ,>- . ,.
3 Fmti#;Eult-fH,'Jtu&ifpJl*,?#ilryilstt??dqllBll?i,lleHiL?ttsbekffi,*u"***
rt\ -+ _*i -: .-
Press. i998r c//
-t Georse Ritzer. The }lcDonaldization of Societi' ( 1993: repr.. Thousand Oaks. CA. Pine Forge Press.
, Bo.fl1ir,, Barber..Iihad vs. McWorld (Neu York. Baliantine Books. 1996): Samuel Huntrngron. The
Clash of Civilizations and the Remakins of World Order (Neu York: Simon & Schuster. 1996t.
.- > 4-)-a)
c!9\ '+lo:J:l-: 'rs-ji'a 'r:-#so',..,J^P- ;-r"ul\ c!!r\ d J"U\ ii
?J,'>))
.,-.- ..e,+t
trl r,
F,:*-,rF\ +jF\ eJ\ ei a,^(r .5;r * .rU\ tF ,fui ,V\ F c
.t9\ ::EL*\.*e.J !J+ ;,'r u. lU\ ,Lii J/ i!{J\
.-) ^-i- i*\: a,A*i,i
Si,J\ (1 J-3 \aLl C\ rL].i.! ,".*Ub ,;UrrJ\ ;:-r-*.i\ .:t-ilb yru ^Ir\,1r
- ti,
:.=j)' -,r"J! *9r4\ ,i .ooL ;^ .LB\ c,re[lL ,,*ui .-; t\*l ;/!, t") ;/ \ii,r
6*
.' ;-*!.\ .iL)Jt Alrl\ e\Li ..srt'!' +U\ j"lr.\e a ,.--]\ .iE\;F! .,}\ ;!LIr
"r /E
t - si e..t \;*f 3ij5 i*L"p;-{.X, ,JiJ\ ,f *:.r:,{, .!7') \. j:-: ii; J\r.! Jl,J!
6-r-.r
.i' '
J--1-.r"-tr
c.l--ji e,;;a^:;".:l :* ;l.,.Cr -tr" a_-tl\ ;L*1- .r .i",a*J\ ,*tL.i fu, L--.e,-,*\J\ -" 1-*_
--: ^":Lo:lY ;F.il .Jo !U, ;r;J! ;tr*il -t Ct -*$r L-rrn JL *J, lrrlr ;L+I.
!
ti € ,i*-Jt 4,,L .LL ;r.,"-'I\ _,a iJ\ r:o:V*s J!+\, lF! a+)\ 4-Jk _l?i ,* _*U\ *_,=
:i 'a .1
)*
I r r'
aro J)14 ?{,rllabJsi
i;*"-f *r.=;;L,*\ ,\""y) 4J\ i}, ,,i1rl! d,*J\ i,t; ,*a )rV i"r ;g,t;
,Jc JL.6
. {- Ji ,;,;]! iti' .qltJ' J.ir ;_rtj .1j=t,
-. "- ";*e.'u;'' \.J\
--- ---.t
-; - vJ -
- \.
,J:r.-:iV J-J"i\ J,-L! J)E -d-,*; i'ui*f -(;i ,i'\Jl 4!b ,;J,J
l, .:t- .t-,,4 -
('uit rrr;,F arr J! &\+ .Jr L*-Jr a"$ *;;.lu\ &\ .rE; *;
,rl\',:Ls>a qn_,tlt ,I! .(UJ\) 6rU\ J\ .;a.", + Vy J:-il ,f,
F"1;
(\ 1r. lE ;" t\+) tmmanuet walerstein LU.)l /t ;i c .!tr
,b" 6 +ft ,c uL-!r, ,( \ \ ,_l*o! ,L;\) LlrU ,iJ\ *,L:
^"-b "r
J:tr\ S 8! ..(::r ,r."".i -5']t Jr, rp ,JU\ t\t-J\ * 4i JEr .!.U\ &\
jq Jft i,L: J:lc g;rL:i)/;\ a/ +ii ji JrJ! U ,s .lrt'!\
4JU\
&:"*" k'"! J,,( ilLI\ ,..].t*i\ a-:L:3Y c,u)U\ i,o .J)i=)\ & ug
,!ut gr:^rt J\ ;": .,;r_,LI\ Ilb €_,Llt tlt ;-,:" * C\ Jrd
d/EL;[,r. jflt JrJt ;'ur.;E\ :p
€ J,trr "*... Jp ,,-l.,ij;:s.r
,i.riti\ r .t pa*:,! UJ' JJi\ ,U *d! .jJ\-V *e ,e\ri ,:
a(:-t t JeIl j*; :r$\ j'J --t N ,-* \- F ,!-\'\ J-rlJ\ $--:
'!1
J.:,i;.lL .,K U \,a8. ,rJ-J\ .,"(L^*, .fI, \., i *U\ \,1 .rl,j (
.!ll\ & Lrl\ cK; ,: _f_l\ J:r:!F l;-- E ,,,r;E\ -tlr -i-;
+! 6-,Llt !"At .;; * J\.J\r''i €\2-.J\.+;\ i,"bl! ,;1"'C!
J:)
,1+) I' rU. c -{U4^FL*I\ & ,rra" ,Fi tr jflr Jrtrr ;ry{b .;l_It J) n- e ,rJtr\
.rfU\ :LsV * ty.:;li J.J\ri gtl\ :$r
,1&,J-\*,.aJ.*J\7\i, [-uc ;;3" -;(cUpt,;r 3f
\vJ-JJ(-
^*t;f!\"fL
4Jt,;b-'>\ j" F;-J\ -.t" +\ ;JF!, CU\ J:LJ\ rl$ .rut JlIr r\.-:,y
i-# u=!yri'!\ ,\& J!.j*l\ 5:L:,V lt &>' c!K)rri ,a,,\ e!
;;n^;!t .$ !-+ Oi litr OlrB !f*(r.4il +-:LEY:!',nt* 3;*t*
.L,p ;-r+ uz-r\
ofU=VJ ap;!r cro'fL +rl,-$V
eiliiJq*iiJlgrkr!,It
i)i * j)q: $ 4*-J, .;.'.-l'-t;i.i Ir.J).:1', ;;.,v:" r| d*
,- Jt ', ,lt o,:\+ .e- ;.oJ, Li. 1'$ 4 , .( ; +C, l{J.,. ,\;* ;.o _:J
!vvJvJ-
)\r")\ ;-:*_r:'!\ :!i -r;j .qtr$\ K.y! ,f,*! .F+i a,-\-t cLL--
"r
o'*L- ;.L--, ,Ll) ;!,}tr) !r\;! ,r^,-!t ;!:i ^'3\ ti rtlt :t"iL
"p r\i;5'*_,r- --! -
,J\rr'..-*>
'^rti (\3,-. ,;
^lLL
Ir
!,t * :Jr ;S iJ[,:*]\ #t ] --,# .4JLjJ\ K-*! +U.J\ 3#', ,i.rJ.ti.t ,1 3--
,i , \\jiJl
YY J, -,J-!\
.J < ;i ;)*
VU^ ,,VJ i, .i\ J*s.-^J.t "i,oY,i \.JJ .4-.,J.Y ( i.J.,
Y,J J
,./,
4\!.i
-_)-. ;. --
3: i;\r ;r.+Y -i ,;*$\ * "rL*)t ,ro!b .L.; Jl *,.4i $L{\ vJy \.: ;.L* (..
i;K,1.,+*J.r :tLtr
+ -U\, \.*:,\e j"-[\ .r-r:--Jt Jl+;-,-:i'\ jF,E-;i.-.,i ,!U\ -lr^
.;-> -0.
lU\, L& S ;tU, --.*;:!\ ,)'.4 ,\-,;:*l .;ryu\er-)\ ;*-\r)\ ;J,t-Jt t lr
-baf\: u?)- 4
,.1, -
f
.,5\...*)\ [I' fU. ,-t' -/{'u 4.i^
-
.i :
.* '+ ,/
l
", $r
;J i:A:+ut Fo'V &, '+F't? .+tJ\J-iH\rlr f s-r+ itt*.* o-,( *I!
,.>.-. e;![e .,;:a J\
Jiu.J\ JrL ,\;; l',ii +\ 4!U!\ Uri.,J_ ;i o:.-/i J:t l.- F
--..:- -;(;it
aoi\- ct lt claUY r."
i)t ,*:.El* ;:r-.rl\ -Uli'!\ * or.:t:'!t +[!\ !-p" ;i
, .:i)'-' v i"\ ,o,.t#\ i-rL:!\ &, c[L jE Jl({t ,-(; WU ;Klr ,a"ll\ arL,:-)\ driI
. :-*rJ-*\ ,Kli ;'l Je ri-r \"!:Lsr J-e\ ji\ ;r.rrr'!\ $l! llJ\ Jrrit ao ,i\: q-L*.
I -.; ) vJ
,.1&-;*
I *i\,
lr. .+rLlr \arr!* .l-*!
f * *;y1 jE\,
-.// & Vlt*i't ,\.b r"L- c,(^!j\ ;'ur,r UUr ;rUr
Jy=) +Ult
i .d .>\ ;"l"4i\ jr,
L\cj\ \.aJ JL-U Jtr{- JLa .t^"i J>l=yr r+ [ J:r + *U!\ l#\
5s
)-7u -u -r,i1 \" f3'
- !r I
,i ;!1.*J.\
lr" i) .-r-r-,- e!\;I1 ,i ,K'!t ;)- [i OUr ,LoJ\ .-54 .ittr!
- j't ..oe)\ ,4)b,- ;<t Su*ji ir\5.-!r LL,,Jr Jp ,J)lr-)r ;,;lr;,J, *ll,.:.L-J\
l.)t +\ii4
_-.
* +"ttU ,+U!\ *# ^J"*, o.-.rr-'!b 4i1;l\ lr .-.*\jJ\ JJ"JJ \Jrr4
.r )' .juJ\ .ia .fb r\ ,.,J\ ;i jJ\ ,,*jJ\ & ,E!\
{* o"\r.,if & r! *ut
J)lr-)! J\+-)\ ;Ltk: c\"+.r$-)\ ;\s ."f, U-ry+'!\ ,l&
=- n, *frC.-fXpl\ ",,:
fa'6,+U!! .a"-!.J!,a-:1":!V ;+\,-l' 6-i?,L* 5t\ * b,,y+
a ., +;)Lr.L\:"
> --'"
-. .^3 -.\;j L.\;J.\
*: .g: ;rI=A\ # J" \& ; t--J\ ;i 1,, ;*;Jt ;fur * ;( I ;1"
3', r
u;[:*)t Sotlt St ;f quJ\ +-U\ r,,L, li Jl dU)\+ .J\{\ ,Lp
;?- LA\;e\"
:1 ;*o" :;(.:J+ i.!5. l+
.--.- ..\+ !r 3\ ,9l,r" ,Ut -rta JSrJ ,* ,s"b" \r;r:-, *
u.+ jf J>rr-,Vt *l .j ;- {uu, j$=)t ,Jo)*J
# JohnR.Bowen
i L:i -*r\i, .;-r*l\ ^i
,:LoI\ ts i c,*-\ ,i^ tJ(rl vo;-; ,\ ;f * ;i ;,r^:-- [;q;;\erj\]
, €t-: l,lllr *LlJ\ o'
-;J-J
- :. \ :l
^1\,-l.rr
y:-.A $j ;K'r- ,ui L*: ,i,,+o J\ ;iJ.'; "L--t" ;+*t ;q# +-{]\
. --=- Jr qv
4;\ ;f! lrL.+:; ,l:,*;.rJ, +-ir j(.i j^
_*:,f'9_p\ .r", ti>L
- ;.;' u-9 z--^i
j_J:.". _*J' ,K *-r:c _ni5 ,i _( :{: v,4r;*r ; aJ
^rx)\ Ji iE
F
\-'
. r :ol]lEdiffihi-h7F
-:. -:1i:: Changing cultural
:.-r :. -lnlikeJl 10 occur an) C'"The1- '.(. '-'"';--r- .-frr\ :\;r'+!' ;,c rt+ ;,-.U 3;'., J)
6-5f-=-)]'
lohn R. Bowen. Mlth olGlohal Cbnflicr." L.rhnic Joumal of Democracr ffiTTft'6]F
-i^li( .ts;[.=*)\ (It ;t*i;\i orB\ 4r\i!\ A ;i ;U.]r u;l.,:-)r f]r ,+ (!"sr-- r' -f '
;"pi ,-.1" it--Jr ,] f,(; U6" ;1 :\-r,:-! ,,|o ,_*lr o.,l.!\ ;) ;-dr=.)lr .\-+ ri_. *_
6*; .
+
"P
J!.,j,"-u&A\ JKJ\ ;si s\ #\ ,-F !i! Lrl;I\ p ).c\*rJt .-ra
il"L !trt J:V ,\ l,.* *I! *,\;;yi ,=slt .-ril {ri- -tU! .;;f
'F
d"--: " J)L ,\-J\ p:6- t qJE ,L .-,; & l\ , Jl ,, U* .4plt
"r
.* i
V JK3,i .Yvi,.,"*etolt
" aKJt
e lr-:""
J " .lLlt
J ,J*J.t ,',LJ\
L v, ,v.I) aU)Lr .LU"
291 ALail{*ii]bibJl
christianlib.com
e' -^f ;J*.I *:p ,Grya ;:\cJ ,i rl, J.\ &\c\+\ _,Ki ;f 1)\)t ,*U\ -rp. [-r:c
. -JL,o
; *a -;6O[i
-ii' ;rU, LV;t;lz, J .rF ,"sii\ * \rLr y-*l\ ;i l,: .i:l;z^ L\c, ;_.7:,-
:; a"s lF
-* t*,ts, +\i \,o.";,:r ;r(3.ilr lU.."l\ g;!\ ci;".:ij ii-t, fJ\ !I.-!
. _-_--At)(;,,* ri ,r,Li\ *s.\\{ *gr, ,F lar-;\ri o*L*J\ c.,ierl\ J\ d, #rE &
i* ;i, .. (,\ .:* !t J v-J\ c ,b ,\ ,;4-iq- ct-:,a; El" \+p .,\,_6b ;!L*i.! j!r" \", \aq* ;:t),fr *i
, ; JJ
G.s \^r, .;d\ a"*[*J a"rL:3t i(r -JLa ditr,,;,]\ cli:-Jt ;U!"
,rnr.a4-ril\
"E'!\
-ii. :. '--' "('.t ti'i) t .l\ iru\ ;+-rr JK.ii t1\J u"\-J\ 4[.*\ d-i f,<,;:L;I\ ;[c;J\ ;:t,;,
"r
- ;> -,-2,*J'^,tr4-tJ\ ,.-U! a":L:!V;!LJ\ .-L5:t ilrE * "dj\"
''-j- Jey
.jj i*-bJd a"lt c,!1\ ae!" e j:_b rli ;rt*;r ,f s c,t\ejl) ;rEI\ cK}-\
r +) ,(}\ \i\.i
\' - I
_tt *r^rl\j ,-,:^r*J\
';o
t*U JLui -)r, u"i o-$ $ \(! .s\urelJt ,\Hrri
,9-:*;t ll ae.c|,.j.
1 l-l
,(+ +lt i(;\ i:_b,L\!\ dIU\ ,.,,}\ ;c ,J\:t\ J.p & .*B\
-
;*_)
.J.-
\J -JLa .--K, "i-**i.J\" ;L!: a! Jr. [ :.lL,o ;K.g;:lai\ -t]\ ,_,2^z oV\
rUJt &Il.q to drltri r\-q\'\ dr\, ir4 {L.r;.'.J}\;rU\ J-*+. L klE ,i*l- iEJ*
;:\I\ eK,;rn(c)L ..j: .;+$\ it*jt "i:,*-irJ\" ,l!
-', ,C' -:\ ;i L Lb) - ,-srt'!\
j_*d-J.\ ;-Si J[-!\ "r+ * ;^*5" crK.rd! -.rjtrU\ ,V\ b] f 4\ JA J,-e.{I\
-*Ut ;K, -odl\ ;.!U!\*-U-iJ brV ;( g;\.-E:i ;: .Jrrl\
- -ljt-
\'1 I - - .,b
*-: .r-t,,\r:*)l ..-Etr V\ O; drtr .,J\ (i;*jJ\) ,"-:[f 4flr ;-Jf ft*;+ *
- _: .:-rJtlr ;\!*rHt
-l-rl I
-)*lJ L;;lb
_-''-: -J
u ,ll - "/ ,1, uB
.-r! - -"/ pJ, .-,l,"=jV, ,6ur\,U-_J\ ;1 ,-;!t -ro.--
^t';ltJ
-i*r
J* ,; * J*i ,_r:'d\ .-_.:' * '4. ;r"]t-.It * b-; rrs ;Klt Lr!'
tf.Ctgl$lt.J!Jr.[l 292
!t.r "qtr--'
christianlib.com
UA oro .C)#1, J[\r!L)\ ;r:*r" !;-;i J-*- ,iL,a oo^i^"lJ ,'tl.i i:e
"p. \|'
-:\s
kJ .rJ\ ;arl\ 0",/\ jJ"l\ c^ari !l &U\ Jrtr\ & a a(f a: |
ir vr*
-
";ro
\ z _ -
((.
^\ ^^ ----
-n
a;:\.lt ilid! i(;t!tr]\ c,ql +li 4h=-)! ir,-l..)t LL, " J\ Lr\;I t-/-/
b :. c-"- -5 -
lr
efjdlJJtrd/Il.tri k
*) ,-srl\ ;-.1-" ,lt (lt .:i\ ji \.
r*lJt ;":;jr 4$
",-,j-d\: -F
Jji ir\.4.*)\ L[.i\ ," t f! ;,:; ab ] AUt c!*,:*Jt c.-si
F,J.i! ,41\ CII g;:L:!V, ,yii,il\ iUiJ\ J) ,F-)\ ,+ t ,+-
'+ Jt rJt ;)tl\ i:.jr*Ay &LJt c\***^J.\ ;,! D-*l*I\ c\g$l
e;* \)!.t 6l ,.rL-l\Ji 6:Ls>l rf\
,. .\; e,r'(y eaut
' ar\r:*)\
-J\
3''J
b-# ,\ t"i ,-i ,, ,+-*\tL*)\ ,* f: "neocalonialism" g1:l-.U\
6!t".o,
1i+\ ;rL, i1 v* \- W ,Jii ,."-:" ;r.^:.-- ,;'!t g s rL*i
"rU\
,^
.ArU\
".-Ui ,;,t-. Jtri
a,-'i ;L',.-- CUr oet Monteg Dole Ji Lit ;9U a"'ct ;K-:Jt ;K
293 .,iuitr{*ijjgagtr
christianlib.com
-.
i * -..
:-\-9
.;
,lfb.,jJ\
, +_i\ ;#\ :\ci;." ^rrt ;'O)Li c-ra Jr:^ -.i .;rrK;;-r*:rr ;q!-,i
;&U\ ;.,-rxlt .r"J\ )l,ii \if,\*.qrE;: -*4 aU\ ,,r\kd-*)1 ;,;J\9
,a;,U\ i:jg--. ;.
,F, ,,52'0,-tU"f. Fr 4r.J\ r.d'G ,dU!\ ;,\^,:il \;i yu *d\
d fs Gioria Macap;:.- _-
L"fy L$- a^U!" rJ\, tl\ a,rrJ\ et,!\ ..S I ,,-r*-,:'!\ j.r.d--i.\
"!- ;K,y. . r ,.: j r
d,[i;.\ ]U! + .,- ,,,*l=-Jl J\-il\ (l\ ;* L._,4 J;;si 5l\;Kr.;(g -i
z-;E+(: i i ,
- l.llr .1.1-.i\ r
i.r.;,) .rtiJ\ + ..i iJjF- !tr.,-t\
;'rrt\q drbudu
-ri-i ,j,"utLJ\ .i tJ
I r Y-
"r"U!
l-:i* .-J ,'-I t; .* ** K
l, *-"',* \r.G *8,
Macapagal-
.l---/
*!. .
-
295 ,rlUitr45:.ttgA9rtt
christianlib.com
i= i:: F,\"f u\ drlr,tJ'tJt Srlr&Yr p5l*lt.rrg rli .I6li llj: rc.r ;L*
.i*J\ *d--J\ !_*_..
'-,^'-,,
"i:''
it1rtt q2.g3l.g1iji //)....". .,_.;."' J*t , "' -,'-'
- i-l^. kirtnn t.'
/
--Tn
(; .1r.ir Cils
**l \l g->v
,f,i 4-,
: : ..*l apl;lt :\a'!\ i lran
J
!c
> Jr'4 o
'*-e: ,;,!j-r! ;li" .s-r[-l *tr ** ,F ,\ Lrk .-r 3\1Jt ,i . ir\r:*)\ cUFr)b ;1"Lai.i ;p
,' ,,"J\ ,+ L
)';-i 5!t -,U -.-! -t-)q 4t-L qla ,"Utr,Jr _|.Jr ,i ;riLr -;i ;:\r!
-- -.
:lJ ,r &il\ -*d-*I\ a;\": e (_#b)
-, - -- .l lr
-r't\: J*.:)?1
i...\l
-.iJ\ 'F ;r$l\ Ji ."f,*rt*.*)r
- I : r.ilr .&,*J\ [U' ,_1" q$\ S*,r,U(\, .r,..*-!\rlr
€.?
'- *-i52;t)t "r
, | -./'
.(* +-\ ^i ,^d\
j' + 9\ Gtr dJry_ ;X\ g;r,sl\ ,, .-i..1\ il,-il ;rra ;l\ ;f-!\ ;)
.""rd\ J=(jb\ ;l *.J\ z\..JJ ur,6
i _=- .-,&) t).c---' Li,V)\jK*l\ ,'rr^ ;i j,L-;[
. .i; iu ''.Jo i\:- :u+' -: l.-(, ^.J at Ar.ion Appadurai 3\r2:ri ;-*._,i 6j,r37\', f--
.Y-i* ',;!t
v2 -
r.
lJ!
t ej+ :-^> ;,1 ;.rr.,u--) i*--I LLJ' Ji; -t*i -,r-.(_'^ j-.*i * .,( 5+
j17 ,-c'*
Lf q"i ""rJ! i'JUr ol\ ;* ;!t*\ ,.L;. ,(t)ryolu,.iJ
8After rhe partitlon of British India in 1947. present-dar Bangladesh *'as cal'IEIBiEM-
^ It uas renamed Baneladesh tn 1971.
9 .Arlun Appadurai. M6dernin al Large: Cultural Dimensions ofGlobalizaion (Minneapolis. Universin
br,t S A"b\iJ- aili* gcs ar\e:*)\ 4.jI\ *" \* i*!1,:" +lr, ,b-,t-r5;i
J*
.&U\r.d--J\
,ta ,r.i\i!\ .-l)ir;)/ .-*1! .jU!\ *J\ tr!yri'>'\ ,\.t" e2+ .q:LrV
!*-
*: gly.:;,!r ;..=J, Jui $l ,..--J\ 4aitr!\ tiu-;^*--i s ^Ilr i!
,\ aj\ J.i Li + rfur i ..!r e-",fr o,t 14(," oi trly:ri'r ,\p
"r
.oJ\,J\ c)bH\ Jrts;i ;r oKJ\ ir d"[Jt r\-p'!\
r ir,
a4b '')'Jr
l.g
;
,\,-6ri ;tK * f!-.:.i Brr." 1* J#:,-.-;tt\ :r.*.i.\ d.-.1\ Jl
,L[-J\, &te \+ J.-.i'G.+-roJ\ Ltr.-F;l,",rK I+i ,J4 iv.# o*\,r,
etr)U
,J\-*),, ,glt, .,-*d! ,Jri, #', .*">f ;lfi ("U\) ;L!\:
;-{\ r}!\ & .rU\ {r \ },, C\ L,5\ r,J gLJ\ ;:-rc.. trFit ,s.
.-n\ +r, ,? ,\,[]! O:++ C\ J<t'!! ,\" Oyu- *J\ J<t'r! ,;{e-
62r G 4:r Alj ri or^, JL.r)[ jltr" d;-X\ ,.-]\ ,5];'>'r ;rr-;1
.J.cIr ,J\ i\e , .(, ,AJ\ .* E,J\ t-r,o l-.,o! U\+.;!f-[j i*
\J\J-\YVJJIJC
y,i,"-p,.n
, v-. r,i .A;,-J\,
--J J ^-b.t;tJt
v J- V;. *Je,;!r yL+;) l[-f ;lf, ap
,.*t--.a-
,\&
irt $ ,rrLJt ;.:,rr:J.\ ,-r\-ri:!t *-: ..+:;rr.: + ;rJ ti:\" :!! ;*:r)lr1
AV ,'\ *sr-Ln;y\r:* V'uUi
'jU.if J-!-,jr).rU\ "r ao[.- [-;rr;)i
,fs ri ,(;\-rd ;ra\ ,\,J"J! ,_(-J\ :j\:J.\ .-,-t- ,rb) 'q.l ,\ ,1i^ K:,
,'r
,f" ;:":." )b: ,(L,.r=lt ,i ,;;1*.1\ .i .;rli :Jtdt ,Jo-,lr) ;r'o.-t
;e;),.-:!t .i ,L-"K=ir K-:-,, _rr
dro, Jtsy.-:.#rs erc^ ;J4 +\+
.Yt<.l;\ VJ', ;Jt
-
'r -t
!/J
of Minneso
297 .riGilt4g:rt3A3lr
christianlib.com
. oicr' . LJ\ Li
Ji- "r ,:$ €t;Kg ault ;r !U\ .-!L;i \* gr* 6;j a; la
-.vJreJ v v.
)\ ^o'w ;^*\ -r;J .;-t-:rt j!)'_Jl + _#\ #U irJ\ -*, ,-ui .-f7
a+t c-.*^-! .qr't ii }\ ;\ot*\ ,;[, Gtr eV L.* e.p e.,a .diasporas ,-::
"r4)ll!
lr
?)+\i :-;+ -:
,{.,.a;}.J\ qdt ,.=tU'r! ct^!t
P:,k}! 4i)ll\ ,r4)ll\ ,\:^t,-,g c.rL r.lii r'
-.--_
..rQl ^"r\i-J Lr\;I\ ge WL*r +r, i: LLf ..,p eJ\ dJ,? ,at',tJ\ g*f.,J\
:-: ^,
-
.q!"lr q4 ,\rr[ ,JJ(d^t] qr\ !ts" Ji u;,-i] ,drLr[: .' -i-
\ilr (JK! +r[I\ ;'*1 !\r]\
,i .-!Ui ,5i) ueterrittoriatizatio J\ ;J
4!! :r-r!t ,*, i:-----
,;U.J\ J) i:+- ;Ir _*Ur J) aU)!: .,1.":!r ...7 J:,;r.,-*L[ ;.,-r4
C
c,U.^il\ ; * _-+
q+'rt :r-rl ;ef+ * \3_r:,srtt \tE +U!\ :r-r! \ ;rr^*- ;I \ r;sl\ ;p
\
o* ** j_.: -
299 .r!UiJt4.'i:lgAjntt
christianlib.com
?lgrtJn!#*i*r_&r*-#Il
,--,J\ ;(, ,qi' ,*F g;xi .-!Kq: ,4v ;ro.^ ;Ilt ;! &- 16" p* 4eLo1\
;-(}i j',#\ -.,,'..,o ,-p r.i'd\ ;, fr3 **j( ;(K;;.rr fr,-tl ;,'rr ;,*
;'..[-ry .;*;:tl * ++\ j ;tuJ' e*") .rG j,*_i+. i:. ;K, .i;.Lt
\qlq ,'rc v;-"i\.> ji..:i\ tA 3r-tt , d+\ ,!i a^"Klf +-l
"!Jl\
12.lames L. Siatson. ed.. Golden Arches East: McDonald's in Easr Asia- 2nd ed. (Stai]6ilaTSt6'i6iil-
Universitl Press. 2006)
1.^
JbCl .r.ri # Agfr i",r.rr \-
:i4!t ; ;L+6*ll p oj/!.Olil;: ,,,,,,, il*J1 L!: # ci 6ssp\ "r ,.!,
1
Lllt JrIt s1:, ,y.i:i; lila d*'€Jr ;UI ;\2!rlt *i,.a\ .r ,l--:-lr J:-rll JI i-
&l#t {;};r1";.r4l1 c-,l*!;t ;',., t--r}r,tu!\ L!"j U}"..rL,,+r); ..
g; t l,brl,j t_.ii ri r"!e .JUltJ.l- * " y..-i1 LJ-r.r,irt ,J) ,;u$ .qE\jr
"rLF
,$)\ -ts-*,L-'r\,, o!.- Ej;L-) s, 4'L{\.iK* & ;.,;i;t .*Ltlto\oEV r* Ku, (j*-'. -3>
u ,---;u c.,i,rliuic,*u.' , F A ;\'YrJt er'tJ pL" ;:- i:^: '^i/\ il[x]l .;KlJ .+-r^- -.,y
]l o;a or,.i'* .;(;'$ ;* ili-4 1 ;',,,, ,:: "',', ';'r*11,,
r
oi-;fi;';
'
ori'Lrl\ uoa *!
;*J\
9,9:
',9. ..-, :i
a.-o-\.i' j:;
-:
\ri-tl-rl. i
\quq
lll\r!.>>\'
l2.)ames L ff ua.- - .. .
Unn,ersin P::.. -
301 dtiirUSi;rgat3rr
l--1
christianlib.com
| : -:.-s-*I\ 4-1:J\
+ elt- -;d\ clelr! r;
g;:Q\ -t"*\ ..,.i J\J * {ur ,rt.J\ LL"
.i . ; J\ 'p, r,(t r; +Uu f ,_b *J\ eEV ,". ctlJ 4\-i. ;K-""[1=- Kr" t\
r'i* --o3 ',\ '*
lE g ci a-.rrld,S ;y r.l.r,JJ ;:Llt c,tr,I\ .r" ;'5 .ol;t
- y '. -r ..1
.:
l.>. .;*rl
v, V V
l I lr
-\,\
z;li g*Ul
,b, 5- i)" 'l,JJ! a1-i- .ilrJ\ + i^-\, ca, Douglas Keltner _n(.r)l-.:,
* -*^--i ,r.
. r' -c, 1r I .\lt
'r+- ) -d.' c s gt*),J i
"r o-A ,-r:,* ;It &!ir lis tl-r,t ,j.r*IJ :[;-" ";! ,-$ ..ti;,( qr- *! Jrl+
: e-? t*J ,i ,-rF ,.fr'..-$Y f-r.ij\ ie'y" * i..rb f ,,;U;e: qJ* ctL:-K;Klf
,)' :rn\ ,^-r, ;\c & ._;:"it drl".|.i\ 3 ;g-':rt i/ ,$\ r,o: ;,i jJ, ,* 4.uilr t4\ +
^ -;. ;*-Jt ;*t:(r ,'lt;Ji .J,,}-;1 J,;.;- L+ & *p-;i,l +) ;Kt:J" ,,J\ ,)1o;t*3
g'-,r;]--*)i ,"&, L-J.";itt ,\& ;rq .t''''q!!Jr*r]\ -JL ;,(- --* '* ,{}\,* j
( (. ./ v--..-,.* .. ;r,g.Jl .J^ 4-l.r\ ,*;i ,,(.,"-^*:J\ {*'\er d *.fi ;o-yalf ;,'r
"..,.'IilGllll
:r:::: :rd the church can be
13 Douglas-Kel)ner ard Richard Kahn. "Resistine Globalization." unpublished man'usc:rpTffiItiiil
:.::: -'r: Practice in an Era
tlriii}'.ffi it1gffi,Sfl+ti'ffrEili'lltHHilq1*ffi,i!$:,ttr'frffi [Aiq;r,i#i?u!1,.
org/ani cle,'?arti cl e:896 (accessed .lune 1. 2009 ,}.
_:- -
;r" g(tiu
j;i;
C\
;IrJ\
eJ .rBJ J* )r:" tI, ,J{i * ,f, g^ i e" -.
3el
I Y
rl'.,>i.-
r
l.a
!\4!o$* aE ,Ut .r!iJ\
,aU.;.i-o .", i
v J(:
Jy {A\ c,t[.o!\ ;" ;frUf ,nF ,dl Jr"**l\ .-..d..,J- L-r:r ,i+*L - .-4
Ron Sider.Joan ,-La ;,-;J\
-.,.t j) .c!\ lt")! .o*h+Y {UJt ,;L;),
;,..=.-11 Oi & lrn\ S!; I'lf flf, ,rfr. FlVchittister,shane claiborne
,-Jr 6rL:rV e#! ,^l#, ,p 6\,*)\ ;\.1\ -ttri rr} 4:*^ ,rrl
Jr, of,-f,f--tU ,;Kt -J;, ,lt#t oL^-J\ ;rC! fUr lr ;'
,rr\ * 535i"1, * *!\ J.i r\^-Kc\.- ,J\{\ &!.. ,*,,s-*
'r.::)U
cU ,or[tJt; ;^, ,,'t,Jl.-':'t ;'l 4iiu tlr
6_rU\ ,9-r+ & .rU\g.;^r-
c[- c.rs, ,dLJ\,J\:j\ ,JU.>4 Ft.J! ,,-l,.J! ,;n(t,Jt itt- L<jni\
q"]Jg ;\1"i1 i^-d.*i\ i]Jt ;-:.Ct i-."i
^-.x.J\
:U: .rlUitt11UtgA3lt
christianlib.com
j) -,-( fr ;*.*^*I, .-;* J,'! -tlr fti: -.e, ,o*K)\ JturU) + _(I
,# *; U{ o! F;L ;,ll,f-rt}iJ:,, .qiutibruJ\{x*, !E
JLJ\, !.*-" Ji r( ilrl\ dj^^*--l\ ,Jp ,(A :yr$ .,pg ::-io;iJ!"
lJ q.,f4 C, q,5! r!")\ d rr'r\ o:+ _il! 4U .;hJr rI U+ ,!\
Jp .g!\ *: ,,1;:,'!t ,-ra .r; ,1.) ,; \aaf-r: i Jt ,d! ;lrLl\
"r*t
Jl\ + J*rtl tbill a:L$V i;*:rCt O!;rrr."./.rdtr\ F.!yry'!r ,&
6.rAr,J\*Ut d, frt oi 6, .rutr\ ;;,;:C\ ;r +,pi;i;Krr
'F:i4
t)>\}6ild,.
!f.-al:ri;-lrD!I'r. -rlr
J--\..-lg J#'!\, {Ut ;;Sr L**U
;r
, E J- . ,;,!h,{ jilrrrlb
;F ,1s"4 cdrr+ 4jL..-.,r\
6rU
PiiJr-t.:.+.:.*$rc
l,Jtr'r'LtrXdirbU.ll
td yy24;nrsii;rZ {,tj')\ g Jrj*-";-\ir ;;o(r JF,f;\ jr=r.\*j.-, f4 I cs;[:*)f
J:trt
,€* :ii!. rlrj,t taurtl iu...r.id
oW-il J*]t JJb ,r-.:_r:'lt 1*1t J.J\ Jj o r_J.+ r1_*-)\ ,nl
re:l 'r ' .l -!'.iilj lre rLld!
.rra Udta,tr.i e e
v4s.fi\ 9u*" Jh +I\ ,_5:L$Y J)L:*!t ,,JF ;t."r, \+! ;u!.r
,-*ril\ *U(t +-{;K,LJI r;o'!r J-.f\ ..-ii Lr:s" ,-\ O";\ -,.r+ j[K
J-.1\ J--,;)i-J\ -r*,, ""f"ot Lc:" ,.;*1\ &.J\ U
JIr,,;r'!t f+l ;K,
v :*!.-: ';
[ .,_.:?=-11
'.oia*'
tsls,t Jla*I\ ,-Lq Lrc, {''i)"..r;iil\ oKt .G ,f LL-J }r'!\ ,-rb
"ro}\
i*r:-r.ill.r i ;+ JrB -i L&.^...J\ J" j5- ,r -!i')' .r:i pUr \-r,o;r;{dr ;
'i ',; .;.r*.11 ,
6:.i"':,
:r:^i -.ageCy of Ubuntu'?:The l9Takatso Mgfokerg. "Black Christians. the Bible and Liberation." The .lournal-6TBlatf,-TE6'16Eil
K -336e.s€nt GrouD it south
in South Africa 2. no 34 t1988t: 34,42
v,,'u,>b!
''.Y' ,i ULir
- r'J
"-Jr"-i J)ab)!;i.--rlr -r, //
,_.fJr\\ 9,;\ +--. _i
J..- .i).:
.6i +* .\fu 'p',;., 1-'*;,,'[!ui"[:,0;{r-, ;;i:+ "}-.l\
iJ\Irr.;IrJt\.a,j .,r"-Jtq-$;'>rt,Friu ;:€#Jl ,-;L* u 4Ie'J1 .,r"-f-I\ FJrrIi ;r.2=*it -,--- --
s,,uio- ;";rul:n".ou-, * aL; iit, ,(;; i*- n"rrrl;r, ;;k ','U ,v
9r
\:Lr '.' ,.-.
. I
*
f-#lJ ,;.:J\
vr Yva 3"ro-tt
U - J-1o .* 4 v. L+ Uin ,u- It{wenda Ntarangwi ;p .;,r*l\ ;W-JL
v-'Y' .l\.r."
o!il, +rL- Lr.a jr;L1 L j\.rir.-, *.l Jl" ,16 er.lUl .{ -a V*:-r'
'|J\ ;s,Jer,"\+52
i,J\ ,, +\+I\ klr ;K,;.ilt Jf it--+ ,U4 "it b +LJr +ita :;-,e')t ;r:J\ -,.-.r
,& c ils g-rlt -lJ\ -ry -.^ &.:*ilr #r+\ ./lJJ\ -,*r--,I1 [ ,]-, Jt q$tNtaranew
a#5- *.
+\+I! Idf, ;lf
J# ;S, .3g'>rr L_&.r-,r')\ 'LJr c,[K! fBl",*it Ulu, .'J't L ,Lrf, j ^"-U! i-:-j)'
;, .L$\', ,\a,E-r-i .:j+\ k ,-,..e*L!\ ,,}o ,t,-.9I1 ;l;:jf $J.j"--J\ i{;c-9"*b ,:
.4t U\ .-kr .JtdJb *Ut :*Jt ;\- ;LLi\ ir' Jr" UL! ;" ;"r*il .71=:J\ -;. li :"+ 'i:i=-- -- -
^r!t J!
;"i.11 ;C.Jr ;F .j-!J ilU\ ;J\ J};;*e ;I": 4 .;.-)\: ,il"y!l i/\r. ,".-rLae Si.[)u ;,r _r(
4;!,.r. ""&i{.\,;" t "$- I *- * ;i^llr.o!ql;I d1+11 ,riJ1 ;* i:)l{\ a$ 1L
cP E: --- --'.
.;-r*rlr -,W!r g L;h-.,,oe L;l!-r-,, ;y rEU ;: fru"t'
"iLI\-, .gEr! ;l'J\ ubi.t
(').'"i.-,I r,
Jtts' -L:_: .-_*
-1
.^p1e.r-)\
- J'- o qU"ti;
- _Y' ;".41,
v-- ;frU- 1r--i -iJ _-_
305 silii:ll{*iill3AJdl
&rlliil TI,ffi&
christianlib.com
-/
!u r .\^,1D.C\
,/ -\,
YJJ
| -j-i ,LrJ.\ !ldhrll
-l::- '; *
:
-^>!, +-tYt
lr - 1..
dr\ O i-Jd {L*r
d ttl, ;:1e j;s k\1t :cargo clers L....:J\ J!:i
-.:-') ',ra]\ ja
.;+rl\ ilglt LI;) (ij*-d\) ,l! r- .E t'!\ C\:r'!tri ;>l*'>'t
, 4))r) d"*, +.rJ+!\, a!UI\ \" C-.,..-i g) :cotonial hegemony iJ\r:-)\ L\rJ\
-A J -'J - )
:-^*" -^r.^\\
.-"\r
r't- J ,t*it
4 ..,KJt\i lr J,L$)\ r*\r ir" L ,U +<*J,,
,".r\.s. )r ;,L--Jr
- e
v , ,_, J
--( Yi YJ'../
l\.-J\ O
'l{to
' v- h!, \.:u"! ,k r.r ff,
, , I \ll
":n' ---''> jftu')\ 4r? .,.,i #, J$xll +Ul\ LrU.\ :cutturat trybridity gHf grynolt
t,
F .i i+.i .,* +-r+ *\t i*
. -_ -i- o
_*L'!\ ;," -+ .AL rKi .i .;Lrk, .;\-i;:,1
:J\\
.q
-)r Jr q'\ .friJ\ -tl\ t' os+-F j:{ ;$Ct f l, g ;:r-.rI\ -t['!\
-
'-l---r-l :;-*>\I r !]1a;1J\
lr lr
U;[:-)\ tU\ Ji cUF-)b +U\ J..! il'P :decotonizqtion r[r*.)\r;
ou F ,\
//
i- c.p au!.d
l-
,r^U( #\ J.J\ri Lr\Jt ),o,.ai;5v\..s;le=-) *b Lrk
\ ;. ,r, J v-2
"r
.41-L ;"14
'
.;-.2 .c.:-)t\l' tg.l b Or ;i \o ei ^t/t Ji J:rJ\ b, theory;4#\ A,L:
1
Jetrt :dependency
i',|ili
christianlib.com
YJY.
.nL-y. ti-I\ J..\-J\
Jfui -r f:, :(ttt, Donatdizarior) ('\,b,-\ ;!4) west"rni:ation -"-;'J\
dG!! cu),L: .-.r:
- .1- l, - l,
Er.lt
!
,\-;t a;e ,2;y 4^9u:\\ 4-Jl+\
.1.. t,
ni""ll
307 ,ri6itt4.rilgZf3nlt
christianlib.com
Y.,lrU 7\6 ,rr.^ ,(, lU\ J! l:J\ b, :word- sysrem theoryt ilU\ -LJ\ a1tJ
aJUH
.t!u ,!\c rLs\ d #! ,P ^.J! ,ts:;;{}t +\ C f{y JV
irgir$lJ4ll
'*,t \& IJ
-+.w i$"
, -.,; "4" l{3, ls.iJte a*rrcrylr
t.' ->=
-..
I .: . ,-.
.-.,
:! '-v'.b v/
',\;
l
,* .,:;b ufxug\eiu*. ;* =1ui ,1*ri &"
,V\
i€up;jr rr- !\f
-\ Ji ,{*} 'n1r .Y,:rV\AlaWs q.+\;At
it' ;-;e*9
-':": Vllt '"';)3b qwj bd W" :;$iE Yi uJa u;yl3
'a -: ' l|7- --;J
,i .=:_-a.JD ^l
.(I -\ :\rv -*) "s.b* ni C i,j, L:at ;l -;d
-"1 i;,.i;iujt
zV-'.
t 1 \ a .\
7a>t
. \ * ,.r#l*)t +,.ib q5,{\
6}t + f,^rt ,/i :y \rv ,r,j^
.*1J\
Lt' ]-I! tr: 5* _*,r.+!\ rL, \t ;4 ;r;-:it
'r:ril- OrlUt ;K[r.,c
-,+.;-r!dt oK
4' on{. o-:#!*)\ ;Ka-*ti el, ,E; 6l-\ \rrrji i*r[!*)\ ;^
-rE l.- )";u,, ;'J\ ;\:, ,-*;i\ \-ra r,-- "9. ** ,_g)\ A. lrJt U; {j
J -^,:; * i_*; -n\ b-# +-J! 4JU\ a.r;\ g;-r, ;c +rl
"r !1or b:ij.i," ai ,\-Jt A
J+
'-- :5-r[
,./
JrJ\ ,!-);l\ i, W: 5;U \rfts n\ )) ,p:1rei Le rler.crri 4!\.a
) -^- -19.1+$ ,rl{: .dru
:- ,.
- : :
- i: .at:L cje+ I
Ud)
f.c\ ,-b J+ Jb* t r-ro g J!*J\ o,L .o.-.,J,:,l:l ;Lit-i\ +4s
a-,- i-j.x iJr,p )9)
* i.4!' c)A2 <aL4>
!r: -+n ,i-?, J) ;rr(t AU\ ;L-;[! J.,\$dr i-., -j .;l*^ ;K *
.i;\ JU\ ,'e\ 5:e,.i-.*,ol\ i! gi -,,.-6-r4p" di;e,!? o-$ ur ,rV
.-:-^2
-:o'J\ oJr! Ol .iL:Ji * l-*+- -,-,..-..--Jr ;t-;'f9 ;-"-!r ;r o_r,J, nJ ;; -;.e)ll.r ,r,,,r
-- J-:,n .,K <:-".1
r' I v-J .r'&;Y1: ,rr*t\! a-r'r-$a ;rF! ,qr)\.-:+
'.^Ki "r !r_.* *,
: .:.,_;^ , Lic_J\ ,.o1,; :': i:: 4' J\*t \ & L** 5 ,tr' ;,u-j,-,,,- 4\
.Ji, ; 9'Ji.. VJ<;i
;,r'y -r::sr ,:;*i f ,* 4 ii.1\ _14 ), j!
C!J\ :-t^,*
309 .,SGir41iitgat3rtt
christianlib.com
L..JEiJl
- a: '.) z; .l
- +l * -+,r.: .Y
;.,-( ;j.3L .r
Y
'. i--r. ";!\
-' J J'JJ
dtil,LA
t-Z
:! tr_--4
3b) ,N
11
',
::."'i:',
"rU\ b++ ,:i ;,^.*^*lJ t "f4. dl
q{t AjJI.:" .r
'l&i'
:.
u)!a
,,=.. q)rri,y,t U,,1Wt
ap,;j,-a:st t iwi e4.t&
._//.
tPt ,ptu429 ,g)rk
;yibt aelqjrt:& it- t-,"
,, tJ+ill
'
,lUNt AiEsi\
a4$str u;wt
I bt gtj J,"," ai\.! "+bi;;'' *(U ,cl 1su.,,"- c^!,
,ae';!t a-rl lji Li3 \j! ,,-L*r.4(, .4"b'u!\ o*t r qr
<t+1y97;;lt a$dl
qt)Ut /9. te
+- ; .+,;j ";b ,:-*:'rg"^,r" .;3iI\ ,-*- ;'i *;r:
g trit--" are.-il: j'"oFJ ,i"
".4 -
tuCdadltuh P'
'e ,'* ;-1," ;p iiq-J.l\ .i.o --f iU,irl
.-& 4!UJi ;y 4:,+rI;. L ;.Jn- \j',r.J ,r*U\ o*'r^ ii
311
christianlib.com
. lr
t a-_ d . .olf \ f-, djl
v iL ,Ei ,\t\, i 1:i"" 6"PU ,:-*-sdrtbF!)\,* L-.!r;I>'t ,\& oa-i"
; : )r ilr ;lrLji
i .-t \a, ;F ,;+rr
.J-r,,.3 irH\ er ,f ,!ri .ryUlt F.!yr;!\ ..i i,t: ,L-;J\ \b Er+
t1
.l; . :L^ L.U iu-}J\ JJ^.* ,( *)-r.*i irH Le*i ,-ra d\ o*h.>/ cLI.;l\ -;;
*+ -=) ,+\,;Jf -uc
-,!H\ -i,p: * i$;i J+ ,+/, ?-aJ\ \r^ rCV,:Ld.\ J-i'\;rfr;!t
.)- \ ve J .ir.r]\ tr ly+'y! ,;;p;)\L. rlrr;'!t J.lJj * k ,;,",U\ irt .[ ;a-r"J\ Ls].\
i - .r.
cs-il ;)9,-y, c)lfuJ\ ob,; Jd,!^rlr .;jU\ -r+ lt i.-.r,{rrtj'!\ irUb
I
,-. lug
Jo a;-.J- c La
9.
-i^_ J 4-;- 4\ )^ l\
\11
Llyr;i;l\ ir["J\
f or,)la f: c*="-Jt
. --C , i-*i J,Ij
p- -d-u-gBlt
-.! |
t-riJr
\i.A" Ji ,"4i \j)" ,lf! rg,-,i ,,t-Jt * &s "!r;rrl.;.u- [ r"Ut J-p-
,-:-* S*(\vYV
+--i :-f:- rUL, 3la \* .*\-J\ p c6: e BL .rJ-*rr'>', F"
.'Leb u"U\ rlr* \"
;rl'u J+ jP Jr&)\ -t\ii J"" 4& i-,L + tJ+i Bt pa ,f}.
_. .\\.3, );"::.r,"i ;;1ji "r
,,J,
o*[.-y t:"')i * fJLrr.X
^"J ,iI, -r-- -!-o ! j:o,,- L j,J.,r Ji;)t"
-{ ) ;)c: 5-L?
,
-
i,d' iljj,!ilJ,-td' * "ru\ e.-",-b :',y'\ J-llr,F t-y. !"i-
-- .--) - z; b
'Cv
t,J#, ,!o)\ # J.\ c tV:.\s-r-i ,-F \:;b;i ,tJt J:B J"
: ; jj,\li -( j
f' * J! "D\ ,i c.,r"L-t)r ,\-y W Jr*r\ ,* git:j!\+ri".lr -rcL-"
:--'- '-rra U'+-Y
'.:-i;J';-il "fh=\4,o;J.t\ hfis
-!-
./ 3i & "itL" 1*! t V *tt;:G .E*, -F ,* !3r +r'u'ril "lJl *
a1,
- -: .,*'*j -1;;Jr ,4i\;i r" ;Lt}i ;r;'r*i -,i +.J;" .+S t ,-g €, * :'t
r:ras iuhn a{rU-; -*(" --{ .r+
!-:
,y .tp Jci ;.rtl\ J:, ,!' * .F, ("3\-r!\ ct-t s2,a-.al ***J\ \+
':
; irrcago Press- 1970).
atstiiJt l,r.d3.lj'Itsl!Jr.tfl ,1 1-
t
christianlib.com
;(,..9tr;.1\ ;t-J\ '}., olrt't\ g[*lJ \r.- tlr6.. irH\ oia c.,r.!
"r
&, .;++t i$J\ 4i$J\ ,,r,t,i\
CF i,CH\ ,a ;4u a!rr" .rrat L-r-c
;1'!t ;i,a! ,;ts\ f-. € *'lt ;K! [fp, lf a !u ,JEI\"tr,-
;i trs ,:-rA -.,J! ;qt ;"fu\i+ ,* \+: .*-:it Jr Jd! ir*
-rltr) Ji yl _L- , -* 3Ut ;r;j\ ,2r .f4\, -.(rSr ;s ^*iB\
,*-*,{r,\iy* *\ Ji- , ,v ,\ -b;o }i ct iJr ,F ,* ( \ vyv
"r "r
3-!,r-t\ J'.t\ ir.* U *:.^rr$r '-c L.(\ *.b:*:- rUL,
Ur.LU\ q!il\ +,,b g oJ! a+ ;y L"F (\qoo -\Av1)iju-ii"i ;r!i
fr;a, jl((,"rL.J\ 6f J) gr+) 6i"" irtlt ,-lal (rFJ\) ;r'r"1 ,(J,.
.rs;"Jr k ,-b ro*'*", u"U\ 4L=! \ C- .k
'n\
.1,*r au ,['ti JJ\ ar ftu r*Fb.-.,:', ,J!'/'* if) \li ,F,
,d ,i) JJdt,)! ,o{r,J\ 4,'E--i\ 4Li,Ji ,{ra.r;4-q -,!Ji; 'd*i!
o:-A., karl popper ,.: J.{ ;, ..U\ --'i ji .J,i ai arrlt ir!J\ 1k.j i
;(5.r'r*1,a;-: j ,'\r":'i -"(. I +Ur ;u git ;i g.i .^l,i1 i-1*<-*;;Jr ;g4i.<*r-'..-^-,
.(Y)Jr;i ,-L ,_;-s ;i ,l-" ) ;r, ttl ;i.1 jro Thomas tunn ;*o{*L_; ,d\i,i(_ -
]NarlPourer.TheLoeicolScientrficDiscor,enr\eu\.ork:BasicBookrl95_-
I Jhoma\li,uhn. lheSlructureolScrentificRevoluiions(Chicaso: Unirersinoi ChicaeoPress. la70t.
il u!i:-*" ;' '---'*
:1: : t';.tr
+rsGilr ti7. 3t9.18'*r
d f
n
christianlib.com
..,-! \itF -i
f u4 ,sss)t-\--.!y:,*!! "*J\ & ,yr,,[-d!,U-'!t & "r qr* -1LI\ -
"(5.c:,s,.- f _
;Lr;) {rB + ^-p\ =J7 ;
;UtJt
,*.;\o1t --*Jr r .(')"rtJL -il,r-
*\) 4 iJd." e c*c J
*1e-.r,u;!t ;Ll;t r.-.
J)J;
"r i ,g#t l+\ *: irLJJ;;-J.\ L..j\
,+'6!\ri;rFY *Jt J" 4+." jarJ t -p .-,J; "l.i c cp: ,p
c! .i_Jl ;\+\ .r F;U- j: -r\ ,a!i! ,i--\?-J! ,L;! utri ,yI!;
i / .lr . \li, I
;, -5i t[* -oi_.- ,'i ojl,,.t, t- 1p.,rl\ r r.it, i,
;y,)lJ\ =-J..i)l ,[c
.]eIiffordGqenz.The-htemretationofCu|turestNel.r.ork:Ba^stcBooks.l-"7.].]]]]-
4 urour,deo I heon (U I t r:'consrdered hi sc,me lu be an e\ccption. CT encoura-se. anthrLrpologists
a-nd other qualitattve researchers 1o gather data first. and develop theon as it emerges from'the data.
[rhether or not this is "lieory-free'- research is arguabie. Fm'a desc]-lption of GT see K. Charmaz.
Constructing Grounde<i fheorl, e Practical Guidi through Qualitatirle Anall,sis itnousand Oats
C.A. Sage Publrcarions.2(ttr6r. I-or a crirrque. see Ga4 Thomas and Darid iames. "Re-inventins
Grounded Theon : Some questions for theon. eround and discoven.'' British Educational Researc[
.lournal -12. no. 6 (2006)' 767-95
., *. {",# v{
"-tl 4iJL:i-\ ;(5' *I\ J+-J\ Jj ^it
y a;rK;a-q L.h s'\ i.F\ l-y.t"
-- , i:*":!Y
-t' L.JL ",-,r
O\
._.i;?>' jI! ,it4 ;!1-.J! ,-l\ :2; i,,* i:U\ o*h.>ri cl+jJ\ .i.6r ,;+rl,j 4fh-\
i _** .<;*t ayl .dk >4;rul! a-:EV
-r-Y , l-C9\ tor.a9 );:-6 ;*! t--: .ua"V Jfu )KA \,Li.u, ,W ,t;g 6rt Jf.=rt
^, - 'o --$i $' a/ .r-b g, ,!ilg i'rK\ ;"..r.+b wf "_;ui\ ,_5J'r^"r "r(J.\ 5U
: ., '- i,aL
-- YJE9 Jt _,*.--
\
;i c :\i:-e \,6al
a-
" T h e G e r. a n Ideo lo gl:' 4'(i' t i-_J;,'! t ;- >' t o-(
P-; -^+ (!* ttr_") 3*, -,-*Y! -t-J *+.tlr u! Jr,-. ,(t)';,
^Jr -Ut J!+ _, ?: or&.
^.a -ri (=
.Y,.iY . .i
-Ei
',(;,r -*;raiJt op
;"';,J\ jlt #l!,o.*Fv j!\ ,*;Jr +rs
:r,..:ffidlEEI]F Jr.: ,Ch-5 i:'r-tY 1!-l\ ,fr, lL,"
5 Geenz. intenfretauon ol Jr,ir
;(a. ;1: Llt 7\rr,
v
J\
- ::c: Press. l95l). L uirures. JU
6"i".t\arl Mani. I'he Cierman Ideologr iNeu }ork: Internarional publishers. lg":).
, #' .;V )7>:,tr, ;;rb (lU', ,.-jr\ -U") "38)t .!L:" ir(I4
.(Y)€ue
$* c;*.I\ c[rlb dJ, +f "r r{ *ir:=. u J\Jr i3Kq Jl.J\
pIa \* ,b bt;K;,G-)lJ\ ;}r;'>tt
&! *-F e Ub f.":e a,! ,\&
J-'r\ * ,FK-.li f a:*^*l\ ,L.J\ c[r, .j)lr .,b, .i-il\ t tJ\,
gr{\ u^l\ Ji & Ky C! ;;ft ii*)l.ii\ -b br-i ,;\t; t!\ r(,
* a*[q-t ;\.sKpJt o! ,F! ,(rU in "U Art '- .i r3 r^]\ d +\
4il a;U,,,riJ\ i*!tt ;i JrLr,.{f]" W\,\ fUti !4
€,J-lt
,;1t
Y ;h+Y
\, -' fA\,.iu.r$..r
\-. e' J .r L-J*,^!r
-'-'J', ,\J"
-\ 7:):*\
C
$e..*r\
--J'\;- xF
,\& Jr[: .a';lt ;'l er#\ ,-F &! d-L*i i-r- ,!L*i\ l- !-p
6,
.orh-)4 rL^J\ *\: ;,K;\iLlt .-!*{ ;b.Llr .;i L-.rL*rj,y,
^+U\
..srt'!\ 4f["y Lur'yb
.,.rL-']! .i[s)! .LUyr ;* oJl
eib a;.*:"
(\1\V-\AoA) p(:s: J.") 6+ll ,j-=U\ +\s , ;;*, ;r-..2 d),!i -r-,
n tr
christianlib.com
./f,-i
eE 1." ;'.-J\j
iLtr\ Ji.^\-J,-,F,gK-,e:, _*(rU;"
-K +;U
j:-J ;i .:i* L-uP,: .jFy Jf.^r"#Ur" ,\ +r.:[*'! cL*K;);-{, ,irr +.:L: 4f[.7\
u.-,: ;j L ;;i .-.if, * rr'l.jJ ) 4f\i")/ irLJ\ -t\i'!\ J! Jrl\ :"
3, - g"-:a *+ 6Krrr !r(t
r-_..-+ j c.*"L:, .jtJ\ p, oJ ,,f i\ ,\"^*;t eW g*f t'r, .a-:L:!V crE!,J\
"fi"
[t ; ;'"+ *t 6 *
- L#\ vo -[
,.,j v. .E a'"a" kK""rJ
F n-J jlLf #i
-.---- g;,-J :
- )-; "+.t
.,i
u \r'o,1 \-,,o;Ke
S ; :-:r oFr. pS u;t #'r\ ,-1" ri) &1\ rw\ ,: tgt ;5S\ cb &B 6I\ ,r::J\
b: .€ .:Yii\d
a"#\ a-:L$V c,!+\ri (,p\
g-'
--/- :-i>;
r L
ro ;l.rrJ
g
1l
&) +#tr$t u5: o)(+ytr d,!+\i
L ;i s=t $i ..\iG .!U!!
s!2 .S
+ +>1;J1, d'io \jU. .*;- \ (,_,^* g ;qrL:rV J* 6
re>: .t:ndt i" J\;I\" + DlI" ;,i ;(a, U Ji ,i.*#\ ;L,.tJ ;rr;l\ -t\l'!\,a ..D4 ji ..fi
;= A,*tr! -,r:(*:l
r.rll .U ..
,!-i 4 ,;r u{ b d, o, ffK-y) JE .}! e+ .o jr,r dJ\ "+U?y
!
Va \b gK.y) ;rL; ;s .,p.-:"t f
Ji:.afr'l ,t'l\ -,pb ^* '|7)l \r" \+,.4 J-" .ii.;
'l= .:i, l+ q$l f4 I ,i {>[" f 6rl, -t[i c):r+ L \:p- Ji !!t t-rr ;p.3Je'_il!)
:5
;;t i,t ft)a Jl .lU\ -L.= ;Lr*; \,r*-;
.'- ,+_.? +,J"ullr
t t*'+S\ J' :lri ,pKre: ) ;rE\ *_*+ ,(\q\.- \41 L) :* *frU Ci
-n ",.rgl.li
';;B
It ;:!- Jt;}b ,,SrV, p(:rt y ,;.;jr ,bs .*o:s\t c[#t d ',r" J\ c,!!\ *; L'*i
''* .rS' ;r* 5{, ,l' " .+\i-J i,E l\ J$.lJ g rK'!t # +\Mi.\ ;, ,,J\ J* p\
,..+ j rj-)i;ji .:!i." ,b W .ihi/ Jol^lt Jo )'rt ;rJ\ ,*![, fi{rrt.-i)lt
7,i , O\?
I; j)\
- :?
,A ._l;!r ,l _#\ i"l(r ;,tJ, e!;* JJ.*-+
- ;!,qoit 6\r. r-: iJr els\ +',J\ !\-U {t"1, }i -e\; ee :* x
.;t A.-rlr;)i\ -,*;i'i i.* C" 6p J)!trU\ ,!"J *#riu'lg :Lor!y1: _,,uL)r
-
_.--4^ -i-; ,(JC\ ^Lji ;:Ey ,E.l! .!,*-li )F ,:, +:c eLii-y ,(4, )' J# -r"tr!
';.( "j* 1)t
:: _-* -- ,1f,. ;{.--* 3U, _-- ..!i ;::J, + *:;:l', fJ -_i,-
",!i
_- - .;" iJ\ ;K'>tt 5 9 Mai Weber. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. trans. Talcotr Peiso-n-afqilS:repr-
Neu York. Scriirner. 1958r
.,,ihl
christianlib.com
,* [ -r* i] e. TJ;Kc";
,,r.b3 5',1:U\ ;t-!rlr (;Lr) r;i c,ia L.rrr
C,qiS'J,,,i.o -)Arir.lJsr.u*fr i:+ l.t ;r r,)Ll\ - c.-!: orri L ;rci
+laJr;;Jl J1-., .<ilJg,.rE3'Ir l, '- iri d4"5, d,t#r- .Jb-J 4^ri!
Jrbu I .,ulr i"r.+lt ;Ll! ;,io" F *.Jt 3:- .Lrd-J Jl-,; Jt..:L a,"! g c--!:
,,j, tsr ,Jrrtl] a_jt*irrl &Uq;jL*i ,,,,,:Jl;a,j,K,.,.fir .c,;Ul li\,,;$, iS
i *;sb ;f!r t^r*, d, .bF\ ts L-.bI ,**
aa U a.Kf ..t uhs. or*,
n![r;U ;y^*$r tt;i t! jU" lt JJ,.,-, .1.{* ;>k;y
.x.-,r ;-il\.r.Ul_1" ,U
+ ;l"l- t ;':6 Cl q"S\ -;,'Lru ;b;V i,.p f.l;-:i ;K;.r-t, 3 J",l
"it',
L oi-.'t, ,"-LJ\ 6-,U1 ,;i :.iS( *-U1 j: # .r ,J.:lr oa, JK: .W ,jl1l;J'
;.riltrui't}t; -b6,arrl...U'". 6'ai i2..,.crtiu ,t*;j' ig$t }
2)aJ--lJt
|1.^: + .J\J\ g rKr! g;:lt\ fU\ ;r, J,IJ! tlJ\, o.-tr U o!)1" 4-* *i:.('')irL-J\
, 1...,
-i-!* iraJ ,* tV.f ,( +l ,C rre'l! eu!\ j) J:l ::b J\! .r4\ Lsel jJ\
| >.!. w -J -J <ia
,v-J -\Arf) wihemDilthey d".: &l*;F .r![ .S-fV !.r ]::.:4\ ;L
+ J\ ,K'!b j,!\ J)L ,y 6y \i\ lu\ or.{4- ! ,j-!\ l! Jrt ( \ 1 \ \
.<-:- i-r-9 :L:gY
"^arrf,\" t
--' = e;rj\ e;:ll\ lur ;, ")ai- -S" J^dt (4,\;I\) #j"rj\ lU\ o'b t'\Jjll l*
('r).. r rr
.
")dl
.(,t)oi ,+,;
,*: )rV.!+ {\." i-t^*,r ;)rLf ;!-u\ ,}r -,rrJa.,- orr{ ,iA\:
;-{t \.z}:}'!t ,\& &- .-, .rl.ts ;h+ )r+ J)E ,^ ;-riJ\ c\l^Jt
;+\ ,,!c, aUlt as* 6-,V\ irU.J\ dr^-r;:-!-
"4 ;y,i_i:d\ "li:*,;3f
.r;\r" ,"b eal i^ig 4 ,L*')r ;r-(Cr Jp J.li, ,+:L i\i)U l+ti
f: ^K
o.=.rld')\ irt,J! a=>U Ft
g t#giJt
orglt qz. Clr.r.Slt
t ;:us Ji!'!\ Lrgr-il')'\ ,\.1", ,;;!t oi*U! ,-J*s ,ft{:s, l"l 9,
LJ\ b--.i, b"*" ,i o):v ur J;J .;.,[!t c!] \r_b r"g ,lrv .,
'"1, u5.')'! ;torrr'lt .s-il b^ts C",5 b) A lB cK*I!
,*Ej\
-'jl*lJ LU' -rc,\J\ ,-,a\- ?' ,*U!,-.#! \5_i J*d lKrt ^tl! r\r:*!\
g;:L'!t JU!\ ,ytl\ :Jr\ i^-.3Jerri ;!,L; s.* ;ru"J\ \ia .*li!\
.i-K{Ji 4"-U_J!, &-L;)\r, a3JU\ e*)-!\r,_,1$)b, jf*I*jJ\
) ->rr.ii'!\ "J2; Yi
-' r J'uJ J-J c.*! \tr: ,;4+\ d.,LU\ Qn 4<;aJt ;U"-J\ ,"F ijr"J\ J-!n
.i ..a:. f qri a;l\
J) ltli FV (\ t tY - \ AoA) Farmz Boas e,!r ;F ,-:K.;+-rlf c.,lrl"-Jr
'-=.)3-*.j,t;t i! .L-.!y:,"lt J) J:*" Ji #;UFJ"-'!\ + u,.;-rj -r!;rx.I\ c,!!\
.:;i 2.+- J)l- [-to F.!r:;)\ e\-r. ,i q(r'rt L.rlr;'!r o#? \3\.-i ;i+ t'I\ .r!
i <: . _:--i\ d*-" I s: ,))IJ\ i;*tJr q ,\rg:{: +:t rjV}5rr\ 3t-, J:i ,L-f^,"b *
' I ll -\
' J-. .' _r.l!l oL4
,-:.S
ArUi\ J.c lrrP\ \*! 'JrB ,ir\;:.i)! iJ-l-.]Jr a-rL'!t drrrH\ >( 6i
;:* 3-': tF 9li .""j** iiiU\ E ,i) ,f A: dJ\I\ J!r-)!
- - lr
l;:.4:ronalrsm J\ J\
r+ \+ \-,"f" jU\ d! ,$.*t\ +H\ -..Gt, c:L oj\ oe.);; e,V tse
. i-;* ,ts
o! \$L-) \+aU \:,r3 !g - a6 ,(o! .a3-U\
A1;!\ ,+*s errA\
(* -;i'! cu\Jt "r!
Ruth Benedi.t c.(-u isrs (\ t1 . -\ AVI) Alfred Kroeker
.. .,.toi
{rf "li )-
-*uJ\ e*-\ ++\ & !-(.(YA -\1. \) MargretMea<i:L i-r:Vs(tqri\ -\AAV)
* c.r--Jr ;" !*9 ,f ,U5.rK ,J! .+U!\rjlr.lJ Ui" i-#.*U ,oo;\ +[-J! ,i+,U\
;-a-
-*^1*\ JjJ-! rL4:.,.bUL*)fi -'ft ;,"p +\r-Jt J.Jt j>tr ;/ *!-.JJ)'\ ;LU\ ;^
.4,
j- -+ 4^:rlJL .3i'!" J*)s-" lftrlr;i;lt ,\& ,!;,a ;'!" 4j'E)\ Lr,:ri *! [Li St, ,J!
. - Stt r-*( ;t K",i * bVr,i$t cbE!\ a"r ;Kc^i, ,j +[!t +/\
"r ,F r* _6
,-c-111
.,>.tt" d .."! Vltt;\ Ji ,.-4\ Jr\+ *: .6.I\ri ;\-r.lJ ldi+ * t"! .![r\
r
q--.-a- J
1!-r: L,o,;." rs-J\ ,P & eV U SE \1', ,(irt, 1 ,,Ji) "atheoretical" _r.'r\ azj* *
',
-_ {;t ;J
,r( ;tU!\ ,i .r"'y )ipt ,e{D, -F) \F 6r,-*Jt ..-F J.-U)r
r- j),.-l;
"t"Jt
gE:J\,rtl!,,-E\ n J\ cl};,: ;,r(-- \e{,;)L:-r" C: .*b f*!,
.FL f ^i
. -r -u <j\a -r;r=\ -t['!\ jU tu!1J)\ cL!\ , 6" U f a] ;, ,"i en!,r -ri=) .sr;-.J\
.4fU-)4 ;pJ ,;_;E ;,l1-^rr J) 4tg, ,rl;;.t*
=+ +-L_i\" ar,L;
--;- ) ;+'"
- 6u J.r.-p\ .).6., J:^! ;_:;\ ;1, _t!i _i ,j{.J\ L-. !."r-*i', ,& io:
1* :r i^?r 4+i.> a9-L .--,c-{\ ,.-rd fu-.--j)'' j j;' .,io *-,.:r' i;s)! 'J*.*-Jr q:o\"
I
-\ AAt) Bronislaw Malinora,ski S;,.!u .:--\h:-, T:-\: -;\\.1IJ a.",e.\
::, .'. aFTfiiEi-nselE-1i7--
:. -: :oee & Sons. I 9ll ).
-t- -:::: Drcss 1964)
;t,u;,r^s.:L^$)L .,J
l4Franz Boas. Race. Language. and ^*r*
j L) ,b #I, #Ji\ _-!g)r(lttr
Culrure 1\eu York. Macmillan. lq-+0t.
a3 .r**r[ r:tUI\ c,UJ\ Jtp\ 'i+ J:L tr-" L-]y *\l ,"b
a;!
C
"r
U\ A."1Jr ct-*=! iis:" c\"f UI-Lit .-"* ;rrLu rp \r!
^t'/\
.;+U.J\itJ ;,.,iI\ f)U\ !il\ -o:- ait:o Q * -;;:" * ;fu;t
.-r.
*i c-.2-r "Bro jlr\L" dl,-J &'!\ !.U\ .r./\ ;.u:,i1,^ il-, J!- [-ro
a+; q!: &
C" & ,r+\ ..: o\* 6rs 6,6 a:\s ,"I^-J\d*-" i
^.il\
\{*f gi 'g)U\ -t"Jr -.; s, .JLo ,,Ut ;L+
22+V" Sr\t 4tS *i
.(\o).,a".;J\ -]*'!!
a-+ oK"i'e Jrr\i!\, &te \+ g;r\J\ g; .F*i 9,
;i Jr\* .JJ\ \* "r d,p C\ irL.J\ ,"i^;jurr Functionarism J\ ;\ i+ \+ !"o ;,.-
,-(;U j*tt bi s:.^-4\ i\+*-)ll ;.,1"=-l ,,J"s aUlr
r'Go)ll
,oUL, -*-1 _. rl
=i
* d, Ji+s;r; $ lU\ Je= cl;[:Jt * oil,}\ {#\ -tiiitg ,-,\:U\ Ruth Benedic, i-
.itydl! ,,V7*yr. j['!! ,_iKl! .LU &L:r,,Ltll u"\_J\ e*-\ ,
+!*\ -& -:j ' !'
t, )
l# w ";*#
fl
christianlib.com
aa /
qeGilt t*r.gty$'Xtsl!Jr.tlt J+
];FT 5ilF;
christianlib.com
;*KJt ;-*-::
lI 4l-*; - i=-
J. ,Li-.
\J -.Jr.g
:-' , ^
.
i!.r-rgr[3:;l--\
.a;\t,Jt i:-*:-:-'
,tj.rJio[\'l\ JrL!\ b. :i,
iJloL!-rJ! | / ,.
i:;[It.,i-J<)\. ,r.i
l-tg
,iJl 9: -:
Y.
Llltr,Uf I!* 4r)ujIn'{,
r;i,';-rr;f!--ri*
1i*Jl '"
l^..,'*L;J\ Y.w
'-;1
e )-\EL;,1 --.i, .r
Ltv "'7
. \\ltltei t>)\
- -,,iW
i!.L g/!-; :; '-r,.1\
rU\ \. .j5!" dt q3.!JU j!," \* de oi ;! aUlt J1 +\;!\ i,t\ F .,;i\ i -.=) -j. :
vJ Yv -:
( \ qVo -\ 1 ' ') Leslie white da! J! :[*t .4't!\ ;*(\ ;" ;,: . .L
"r "#\ C O-&b+ J.
jq.:-) c,ft;:j\ u"U\ .rt, \^},9 y'is ..)\-i\;i\ j! JJ\ * .r*1u Jr{ ,F
.t'n);,\K i4 a;rb &+\ ,^ a!UJ\
f lreir: :-L 4
.-:iUl .'JJ \i!\: -i; (it4\ *#f - ) a-rU.i ,.:.Jr C .l;Jr ,-leGi\ ii ;.;'
.b. Kt i- i---
L'ea
.
;r {i\14 i-itl\ u#r .f ",ts\ -Ji,;lt k: ;:-S\ u-9el!\ ,U" -yl" ,d.1.*ilt j1 ' t
ap'C\+-:U.\rl"r,
-:h-r/'l.-'!t &- ^.r,Ut
a-:U.\ jJJ
iJ\ 4r;\ i.,''rJ"i\ .. l
.)l b) 1-t-._-
\.. -
r.'- .j.o ,b .5J\ .(")*rL$\ {)li" .:,\iE ,l+ a"a\::J\.,\*:,I\ C d>l.l ,jF! aKlr 3$
>-Jr a;!! tfu\ JLll r*,..F, ,c,)ll\ ,!rsE i+ \+.,,; O) c[3!:l\ ,-ral.Er
"rn,J
e a. .;..
- r1
Jd.b-a, ja ,JrU\ -t\ii fr rrd. i.."l\ 4,5X
dr #! +Urif
r/ -rs-,u-;i ?^4 ,it;i\
*--.,a .rj'u
9 ,y]t" J\, ,t;l) kt-i
^-rt ;,J",
(;r+*lt ,*Utri; rL*;t! j\$:,Ib .
/^ l .
r> ii"..9..i,i .\1 rlue d 4rl4l\
Y
-uJ
- r . lr
.e! rlLar:Jl ,L-'!t & elt *l\ ,J)+rl"e,[ +.rU.\ d,!-,*C\ ;.;'u irb ,Jh-\4 ,\o'!\
-=- &
(,UJ\) ,-i|,J! qr#\ ;JU\r/ ,J,;.1l\3ttrt g rr+:. ;!U!\ JL ,.ft=V
&
-',c i;,-.2;5\ .ff+ j( ,U*,lt ;,'r,. qr; -r, ;n"oh=J ,F'yt ,l& ;F .J\:l\ J*!* ,-l"r .,1"t \
; -: '
-z/:--l
<\-\;, aorJa Sy ,S-A\ d\ Ji (Y . . I -i 1 .A) claude tevi- strauss .r":!u # ,, o5
-\.- j .-'
,/ J* u4
,ir{\ -+\ ..L" ,-i .t-;:^ ,c!.s ;*1-* - ^J! .''')J'J-J' *t23 =*+
-.'-, ; I ]vlan'in Harrrs. cou s. Pies. \\rars. and \liitches: The Riddles olculrure (Neu Io?f,.-Rdi'dffiFlffi
l9'71t
r- j .1*_)'Ai*i;\\ 20For.a'n examp_]e_oflsocrobrologr'. see Edward o. \\'iison. Sociobiologl,: The ).;era Sl,nthesis (carn-
lrtdge.^la-t Relknap Press of Han'ard Universitv Press. 1975). \\'rtiiin cultural anihropologr- the
fleld olevolutiona4:ps-vchologl har adapred manl oJthe insights efsociobioiogl to questiins of
;'#! L;*-)\t mlture.This.aporoachhasci;_a11manl adherentshndcriticsricui-rural anthropdiogr.See.lerome
Barkolr. Leda Cosmides. and .lohn Toobl . eds.. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionin P-wcholoer and
the Creneratiop of!qlture (Ngu ) ork. Orford L niversin Press. I 992
: i.. $i-IGffie-iG- -^,I ror an e\amPle oi etlrnographlc data lnterpreled \ rth structuralisr theon. see CIaude Ler r-Strauss.
r
trtd^ \3ra* :-;:;il, ueU.\ ;r;Jr ,.r -B-J\ ,: ,*ru irri]f c,rl; ,-4\" J,:" F :.
;, \rrG Lt )/,F: ,;;ar'!t Or-!! .Orrlb OA Uy Lr; C
,i"#\ JrF *: *: b_r_r ;f A\ $Jt J-J i-j.!\ c,1p;tr t itr r
eb l\ tg _€.
-i
-
;i f4..-[r.r ;t *Lr,.7:1g ,;.iJ\ J[r'!!.rpL*'!r ;,'r,.;rr.n 5:O (,q\),*:;-._r
trV F:1Utt .;-(;rt a,p 4r-t" *g* ;!i ,-*r+ /
oi .6 ult ;, F\ ,L*,l' -' --i5
.;ttJ! \"rry C ,+ .
"$. .;1,''\r^:*1'.
.i-r.!! ,Lh.\4 &, .+ut a-:[! ,+\iiJ\ *!\ .* gj.l- r.j ..
^.]r ite>L-JJL,a
, rUt .-^rl\ ,F L-!yr,"$ e*)\ .-!;\rl\ ,i" F.6! ,'rJL *J.+ .: -( .
3rtlt ,iurri i\,i, *-lJ_ti ) _*rtJr .-^rI\ u:gr.E+ :f ,\ ,a;2 ,.,-* +!.i) i*.' : --
J- I ^'\ r,r1i r-f itlt ,;\" \3E) c\i;,, a;\: A ,{p ,6{ *l !rl* ?- \
",,t+
ei$\ rUj * CL r+j., ;u+ t \,8 r,{.:-J\ ,\!\ OF .1+!t }UJ
il.*i,-rb tq), ,.'..:
zh-V,U" ;ipererBerser r* j*;---Ireh->4lU J* .;:+J\*:rJ\
J-.-U\ ,i
C
, t ttt)"""+l\ rll!\" !"s,:.,r- .-i ,-+ -F- Jln--l\ G-, ;i a--Jt p,;*s a
;*i"ii _yLJ, l\ a:e *h,:ti_ -.*:=Jr rU,iL:U=)L iiu
"i
€br;us ,cL,-,,.rL'!t \*.(;-.jt " oL- e r.y-t,ts,J a-rll\r,6!ti\.
.ri F *KeL)t "*o
Jl k*;i ..+ ;:! +i oU ,rCg" a;
j^',"\+,jJj: g: ,Ab-bt;rL1 :^"']l L-!,*:,;:'!t ,&,* ,S:;o;-tt
,f \"*. .-L.*Jt O,; ;-*j_y:j\ S' .*.t\ ,r"t\ ..* j'"F-J\ J:-a:;^
,;e*jl\;!-Ct )*"J ir'*;Lt J],-;J! ,._*-r-,J\ .-*i! ,LnbJ,, r,;;Jr
.4#! *c)\:
22P_et_er Berger. The Sacred canopl : Elemenrs of a Sociological rheory of Rehgro-'{Gdiffi-
N\': Doubledal'. 1967). 100
,lL :
z zt
qu
v-J- \r
ve
i/ l\t;( +r\a\ g5; (irt*il\ Lr,lrll\ \L"\ 6t,s) irrj\ Lrl,;ir\
;1it,tl\ ;* ,,cf\ &, ,r!\ d.,-,C ^61.:l" .r"\-J\ a;I* rr"rJ\
,Y
i 'rl.
-)A>
-.l-.lt
4^9\.0:J\
;:^lJ\ c,,tJr ;p c-6 C\ ^r-!y:r!\ ,"rE-J\ * J^-"U 45rUg a"rK;r: J\
--€
r r.tlr , E I"[ qL]\ z:t a:-r,:I\ i*.-J! rK;'!t ..-F;* ,Ir rf" 4L, ,-l]*i\ IJ.,,
VJL
! ;i j *jl.Stt\
,*i--iu.<o.l\ .,v_JJ.
(g:U.t a-.rJtri rl.'-:iV , @\ &) *Ft -lb ;r-r.c!\ ^,h.J\ JI
&
| .*-.*.; ,fi
;rt" -l\ \r-^, iJd.lJ L.r,rri'!\ ,\)" a;- igs,1*, ,,5L J irut ;F
^*h->l
- I
rl :--: JJq $-l .rJ\ ;t $! .#!
ipJ\ f J/\r.;*d,, -J;\:r4}t 'c
I
Y;s"
;t;,3 -V
i-+ * -"'r d-r*Jt F ,.rU\ J;r. C\ t!i! 4,ii\ Lr3 ,,_i+\ +h=J ;Llt ,.-s! ,;i' "L-*,
.,1\Jt
\
jt ) ,jt)i'p5t4i q\* -;-v t5.;Ut e*\\..-F !!ri ;-nJ":5!ri
.<")J:- lu\J.ru .-ru\ q.t-, ;jt ;utri ;[g\ & fr.(c,[>u!
,l.EJl Jrl to LJgi "r
o 7o ..* U;rrLl
Wru"aiu L-v: q.Jvrli (\"v -\1\\) 'r)i-.e, us;\,;K
.:klJi ,[1rU;lt *4 ,!:,;r)\-.er ;lL ,i-E i{]rfirf+'l
'r
-- . -: i-;;t ,LJt "*F
"i-j": ";'.U" +! "ra. r\-:,1 -,ir-: a*!t ;!,it""'* 5$J\ a3J\ 6
: v!?r -,,- .;\: -f- i
j':-'r, )3, ,u)i,C, 9\, ,,;* q;iF.F
-.'.
'---. t.E Js./ -.d
-l ,tt'(
';'\J-^)
..i d, C-,!c c-roL* ,.,^1l,
g-d ;-lr JU.i .-!)lr J' ,i*Kb .Kd, f g.(::, -e b: &
"F,
- -:-?'i;!\ JUlt & -r!-.:, t$ ,C'6.)/ l'di-U a*L< 4f[:-\4 J-1L^! ;;*iJ.t rl'
,*r .a)Z ef f:
' ,..\'t
,;-ii\ ;rv).Jt *: .t:-rl\ ira Jrqs,')1,
''t",i'$
.i,;aj\ dU\1" ;-i; ,-J' ,:J-t'
:; >Joq.'r)
-
;'G ,(lr -\o,\.) victo.Turner ;i :& -f ,l;[!;f or!.+r;i lur
. ififfitT9$6F- 23Clifford Geertz. Local Knovr4edge: Further Essal's in Interpretive.Anthropolog--0Veild.86ffi-
::. :.:.rrs
Sutr-iecr (Durham. Books.1983t
24Nfari Dbug16. lmplicir Meanings: Essal's in -Anthropologr'(London: Boslon: Routledge & Paul,
I 975)
;.W
christianlib.com
",p\ * tj'!t aJ! cKe &yj J) j^-$ , irJJ\ ;l\ .r JU\ ..iJ\ d
,F i+ Llc "ri!\ p\" '!ri .(t')iJ,Jr ;;r;i:'U + J)lt +li{\
CU-\ *'S &!! ..r+! ,4r)! .d, 'F ryA\ ,\a!* Fly+'!r
:rL, \t r!f, t J"K3 C\ ;,tlt J]J ."U Tr- t st,;!L*l\ ,-r,J
.*i ;!*l)r Lrdr ;;: .JU!r :!! .+U\ ;\3\, -.\r I -.-;tr-^*k=:r
t'b ;i -{r\atl * 6rur 44i ,C \a-q \4(s ;K";rr\rJ\ ut I\" :gl;
,fut ;:\o) J) ,n:^r- "+U!\ ,r*;; ;:\c!' :t:Jb .l\ X -tE d! .rU\
4.!U!\ l\-J\
t i
LJ,.
.,o
r^ vJJ iir\ "U" *,L;
'-lnJ
-'rJ'/J g
L YiU!\,r;iJ
l/"
;.-*ilt,v-J<o.I\
J,
ib: ;i ;yoyi & q+t c!,l,:ll dl"\j, dt-" ,iiJ\ -r+ t ;"rtr
;:r-B +;J\ *UJ! a-tlt ;-f. I ,LJ\ c[r, + ,iit, '* ri a^.;i\ ,trJ\
fi U;rf',-J.\ -r;;*- d\ ;,tjt ?*,1;;y:. y, c-*J Jl-il [!.rq:\j s oi
*i ii-rlt ,,, r *JL'l ;9':'t O:+J\ f tt Llrr;'>tt ,U' uKJ .d'5
i.rj!\ A_J\ ,.b dr;!J i-bu\a,:'Jq r"')t ,)* q, *+-^r #_* ,+U\ J*t!\
Li;t f-- a!4-;,-iU:11 lj{c! a.U! ;}\,>\or>.^ 4. e};,
!;;r;Jl i!l*J,!\ f \*r+ :=.yyx9,;;')\ ,',& -* f ,u JAii ,,_fj::--J\
t.'tlr - .t/ -l
>!!.
' r!4 'J )' !-.,JD lrJ
-S, .ae 4r r;;3 iil= ;;L ;-r*-*r- -Lb ;-@ i'ul\ r+ t ;rtl
;-.:* .:we . t -, I
,'\l i\P\q
f "Srv
JrK t'b $--, (;:6u\ iru.-r\ v;..'t ,tu) +u!\ ;:*tu
5;*puJ\ ;JrUr _u+.;EJr ,:iJr "*;l;,!r 1L;! ,;\.L*l\ i&:.._**\
.+:!, il$ ;t L*I\ flr" \.14! 6:LsV c,r\i!\ r,}.lj + k ,+[-y ;!L*I\ g-r" JK:i
: -r;,;r-a LK
-==- ;i;*9s)i ;^*J\ .* r*( 3s;l ."p!*-:^,)t ;L\. J, * J-:U! Jr: ;i --+
. ,,-.i ;l ,.!Y-<rl"lt ..i,* p,;r), ; $ .iljl ;!")):U .ttv)^;!\ i.li J;_J\ -!f;r ji ,ri\
v'v , J . ',
- !
' jj^b os''a', .\ ,r4\r,4t"-r\ .-*iJ 4,-,:( *,* *!*.,i),, ;,+\ _Ui i-*: j,{\ _i-.rJ\
-,
..r-L _b ;V lr1f g .*\r""
"l^,- fJ. i, t.t' ] d!
;:..:::-----SffiliE-noE6!-Ef 27 See. for example. Annette Weiner. Women of \,'alue. Men of Renown: Neu'Perspffi'Tioffil--
Exchange (Austin. Universiq ofTexas Press. 1983).
'+H\ ;u:J
J--J\ Ji
"r lrf Jri 'L*;ig JEJ\ .*;!L-l! o,IUJ\ jf ,oiru\ .iV
cV:;a)4+"g;j .r,r (* g,, i,!.l.) bv u$"u fttr a; j!-t)\
.J",," *I\ #".i! c,bL**)! AU. i-S i-.-\l\
. oirJ\ e-;)" & rA\,=+'f \ lrr;'lf ^rU\,/ o.,-. 4i.#\ iliiJ\ 4rL;
,il9sa-lt ;,!;-(;t, ojo _"os:.(-t.J\ ae;), ;LJr +-J; 2.;\ -ru C.
".\
i+" -b &.r."(." i1i-{3:;..." s-:: jK g \1..1";r(";rt" c.} ,;
-iJU\ aor eL)t *rz["{atf{ \,o ,r*, i ..}\ -b*_}t ,6s2s12
^!rJ!
a( c;
,a;*lJ\
"ll.
,E*i .sr!\ i,rJi [:] A L},l 4J\ c!-ril\ q] O)
t,.;,-(.*S
rJ)1V
i.-- ,, ebf,\ ;l\
-,.
.:l"i:$r Ja:b; FL*.:-)\ .;rL L*"j
U, ,('^)";3glr -;(l ;!o.=,- \p Jr\*:: ;J\ c-,Y\;Ir V b-f*rirt
eB,
-'i !i,; .;ir!.-;:)i .*g\o L(
€jyt\t;^*Jr -t# +"o.t\t"or\ Je
J+j',-* e'.;::-iu,J,lt i.^4t; + Jr^l' J!r\ -'t*" P" *r -.*Ji!
*{.rr rt$,y,-KJr; i:Li}\:;i6\ ;s l.*ii\ -* i.a.a )o*\ ,\
;;r eI-r(J* ;i *ea 4,q er- d ,+p.;)i drJ\ F;Ju #!
2Slames Clifford and George Marcus. \'riting Culture: The Poetics and PolitiF6-fTlFnoar-6!trf
(Urbana. IL: Ljniversin ollllinois Press. 1986).
rI
-I
christianlib.com
f: .*ry)\ ;q\6\
+ ;. ?.*!',Jj)\ .rra+.s i+r. rJrr.frIll ZrgiJl fuivu
JJ*l i".rru arLJt,f" os"r i,-U\ ,, ;1{r"'yr !-r (,i=* I;i) ;l',tt J* af
),-:-l --:' pJ & ;lk=.Y LtJ\.rU LSrUtariJt -6;;.tiLi=r ,D.c J,L:l, j -a;{t }-rl1 "s-e5 Jro;'y,
. :{ r_* ;i ;}:B JI ,-*Llt .....J\ iJl-..rl 1T Ljjri d\ ;,t}' '-" ,1\'- cs"; ',\ . -11 ikl 'i\r" E .i"
.11
=:
.".' -,;r:U4 4i\-r}\ J, .uL-'!r J[t ;t ,,g-:,"{U .;'L+\ ;\cl5.r r+ qlrlr ,ng,}t ,ap
-ri U,tll .*t-rf ;E tJr Lr*-+--:.il\]- .:!-, :Jr\:! .;rrll JUt'!! qU! r,;1:
--*"r'r,+!.i)\ .rL"rr)lJ Gj p rof it*-lt e6b ot .ohl1.- ollir-)\_, rLul
-- ' -+*t! pt")t i..-!-{\ J,J\} tS S*,.]br!t
* *f _b G\r,irLJr J!r,tjt ,-Le *.r,o ;,(,
r 4.t *-.!yl')'\ a-b e-b *i Si, ;,i t!*i .a,u(' + / ,.__ +lrrrSr'5"._f .r(*
i,!U\J
--ij 4-*"-."
:uLJt ;*lL" ;! .*_J"J\.-,,-
tf, jl lil{ .i".{U cJ\,},-io $,i
,*Uy
'1r-.
d\ \in ,F e *"U +L-t<r"_.-.GU *,rU ir-,.tr j:i,.,fr i-. U rr ,*.I+, *
.* - ; ?i
3Y
,.i :r-It
L
'i*-1i *,1;"';i,,,1, diB
:, q5 *i F urjy+*!t,+-lrrLJt,:arrr..t,-.ry#)fl
Li
ir\.H ,j i:-J\
.'S -^rJ! .&f! Tl eb a;-rlt c,LJ"J! -{,g1 ,sF -* Lo, t.sa str"
;l!i ,5,i gb -il5l;$\ ?t:J a*;,.,,t;\( "ra ;K-i.-^*I1 '*" a,ohl\ 1, ."iL4 :i f fE
;':. ;*')t J.,U"!! *<"{ru! &;15 rt*i"y;*uiEt*{
*+i+",y- ,hJ1 -r, .,u J* .tiri Ctlt u,
,11 *ly**!iLlt
j* i *.t"'}, . l;+r S tu" -,. ,l-j .l i#+1 .,.lla;b
:
/
- --\. . :.-:i\ r--t.^aL;)o 4,K, t ;=*K;)r Jti';'r ;:!, fu;{\ ,^-JL,r}')i ,tr :qr}r ;;r:dr ;,1-
.\ croq
Y r. -J*,r,Jl L;Fo z\,))
J J'JJ'JJ .-- . .*
Y
di'i ;!-rilr L--br,+'...j),
w
christianlib.com
tLil' n J ,+J i+,a ,;,t .l't-rlt ,-,, r.o i-,Lj, +f-il "O1r. t'lt ,-rr:
;y*;lt ;) ;;-.Ji tb iB,;)jr4 ?\ ,i.;J\ .-,*"r*.:,
"r*+:r.'"5,
ffiflt
christianlib.com
.oiJt -!;U\ -,) .+-:J\ 4trr\, ,*U!\ _#b ,+rdJJ;lJt ,;.r _lr.rs
1, .a.\iJ jL\,:,
,9 *ij .Y'J JJ
+,-'r*r:
-J. J-. il\-r; ,:rJ L f;{
L J- 6;\t e-^b}\,ipb .{rU:
,t-J\ ;*r-, ,;-J\j ,;\jL*l\ J"\"J )a *y j-.( LiU J-!r\
3*; ,ilK-J\
-;zs d-*i" jJ\ ctlu-!)! ,aij\ L-U! ,all\ l+r ,f.ly"! ,i:lr ;t+r
i.-lf it.J\
AV*:trtJ ",-- .5j*#t * c 1.--+#Y\o\&
! '-)
- -l i.-l\il
.(::.J^\'\' \.Jr4! .,r.J
'
-t'o ii 1,.
,r4iil{"
christianlib.com
. lr 7l\ i-oi
C'uj''JP , b
,A\ +l;fV L.p,:Teministtheory;1.4\ drt ;!L^i\ 1"li
.. :r t _ : i,. JI tsnl Ju_J*f j
'- :-*- .t*, ./ .3'Ct -l.JJ\ J ,L*.iJ\ s.-2 r\s!Q\, ,Pi ,6
:+j
...>Ldo(Jll
! ..\r\
;1'+=*l ,!"s AUt J\.i l,,r * +)rrt\ ^)^ functionatism;r;rLr!\
.ir4\ c[LJj
.r)-Lr"
l! Jr\* * +)lt-fr\ L"-b :historical panicutanism +rU\ L--A\
-;rJ\
- 1. lr
i-e. :rheor\' 4)b)\
.d),u-\
rt
u.J
'e ?.:;.
t/
.iy a+ri, _r -\,s\:refiexn.iry i,
.: :
+\r(t
. aJ,.;:!\
-.y.t t).rJ.rJ .L; ;&.
_ J_
c-
.K;)\ +\
,o*!_r!,
,tt=\4 fW ke+ &t"" \", l-"-, ,(, ;'* e{rL -UUi ri n[i:,,
.Ji-tl!
.,-;!\ J', ,Lr-\)\ Io-.rl\ J! F *)lu,\ *,p):stucturatism *4rr)\
.AU!\ )Jt ,r{\ Jj
: i;^*iJ \ ;. 1r4'l t'A\ rt s: :symb ot i c anthr op ot o gy i,jpJ \ L. rl,;^;, \
1f,-ru&
christianlib.com
_tI!.r"(t Jr-*^*l\ jrLl4 ,J^I\ e[i r-: ,fj ,;L1t \i,6 ,!-i !rr^,- oi
.+t;lt ,LxJ\ d;1" + r;!\ ffi
C
.(\^
oiA -4-i q#! t#t -l'qr" ,;*U!*)\ ,\+ ol\ ,-as.V,\.-,.a;
f
il\a
.^1o
J J,
n>t 'z i.
\ J
;-J"h.- I r
'(il. *\'/.
:!i-r*!;,"U\ - !e ,.:rli:..^r, ,)"{JVl or-a\-f..,l lri ,! .rFI\dUJi
.J!\ jJ*J ;L*'J\ ,: G- ,:E:Y Ji lF{X a", f#,
a**At LU\
g nJi 'gr- .lZ-
.JiJ\ ,-I, + ;:U!*)\ t., ,itr"" -t" l-*- :\ **)t*!r rtt -r u: tri
.i:El r-,! 7=d -.>-
€; u\ ap[!t qr[-u ;(a .aHt JJJ iil.; ;!] "i" ;,1." ;i & ;K ''\
o--
.', o .i' -b-. -'-
a4\ L.;-rl\ oja Jb JJ J* gt=J #\ e-,il\ J,,? g-{\ .*Jt
.*!r\ .4jJ ,,(5' t<,fhrrt flL"i\ &'* dr qiJr &tr\ 3o j^.;,
;rlr *;;: o) .s*r -r!"r jJJr 1,..,-ji J' n*(, *J + rr,*+.i ##\
!*" 6V1 * d\ J+ oi ^^(,-F, ,j;4^' tbv r\,Ft J>L.-!
$;, q/,d, Otr 4:-'lt ,p,ri cr"ii\ g^r;!LJ.\ iru..Fb ,llt.Jl
,;yil\ri-.i\ 4=Ei f rl:* jA i[)\ ;" 6Qr
o-,( b ri ,rr(-ilt sU\
.i\j)\ j" )\ , ,5;l\ c *)\ J)L*-)r .-!,4 r&
dr.: + ;gLJ.t f-, P\ aa-f &i "/ f;\ ;,.^,.^-J\ i"r.Jt itKt 5b
* b*i" Oi *( P, * ,-J.-- ;I\ ;-.n -Jr ;e elji C, .lU\ Jr,
\.,. L;-;
i\ qCt jte \" * .+J\ @"Lr-c *,J\ c j{u.rl\ .r +}\
;i *)t*lt aUg o*.:rV ;+\ ;/ .s.+i'\ +1.-! .f[?)l iK:tt
;;jl;o
i - 'J ,\-o^-,i
J-- ii .(,- -;(.
rl*L
-r U dE vi rJ -J.HtL-
.'_ -!7 Jro^i^( L,-rl
-.-,o, <;:
E v-J
3It
t2
lr-Er f tji t*egtS,gltl t
cUL;)!
a.r&
' &ifil&i{
:,, '' ::;: tllS44', \-lE i.Kl ;. Lj..ij!\ 1\Ll.'E*\,: \r;, \.:.;i .-:\,
Y -'JJ'rJ Y , - JJ J 'J--
' o-
d^,J 1?s bfssi;ljt *, .t''*- 1I- Jp ail\ :lrl\ -T ;.* ;;f arfu- \*
z{*J},! .lt+l9|9rfl:ll
4*^9!1 .rj;[\ -ixi.l ^-V::\.;L.;! + ,."J! fj\:-i rt"i ;rr(rr"
'4.4Jid i a,*it t bl y.y t li ,a^i L.rr;i'r .,i -<,*t .i(.^(t '**!\r ;,sllr:i
",
JUtu
,s
.Jlo Wdd. d ll
*i+*; ;.rr1\\ ,(Ul't + j*''r
tK P, LJ[") .Fj
a!-,*^\
;*
v r.v*r^ili
v".' t L-6;w
WYY.9/!
,'! ,,
t) ,i ,lC! .,-t'_J\ C;, ;'>, t.ry*":t o-:*;Jg itjJr ;K
o+t *'U ,",-:.'*:1 ,U ,i .(;roI)rr, -;L<
eL_, ","
a A1
J+r
qi1
christianlib.com
l9 !|.:.3J93Jli]'Il
,;L*')'! 4:-'yt fe.l o.y .Jl(" ,i ,,., ,.s-: B\;
L. r,a2t'l\ U
{-- ;':r* ! S
+l.J\ J\-L-JI tr.o 1..:.r\U.,4.!i ji.r(.s-ilr U:Jr;-Jr -U-.9",., _*j4j
- z,,r,*j r-,'!i ;a
"-l J' Jr-It 4;- ;1 t u€;:J ..;(1' *I\ [ .a"5,:K!\ L!i\ +F "r
1.
-1-a ,: +!r,!\ u4 Lro 2,\J\ Lt,:;rU L tE'+ ^6 Jtet lt, &*U\ j JV\
-..-f, -;' ro [Jt i.JJaJvc
JJeb" l" \;JE trlyr/\ ,_,-r*;k u,-il\ ilu\ ar(r \),iL),_F r;.jl *!t
-\--
-.' -*-, .'r!r*" I ,L.!y:,;!r as i-,-,-,;ii ,-elr\ L*,;1 ;,! o*r)jl\ @\
i
eUL*\ 4rE
-. . * ^l:,oarKlt * :4 }t .5;1\ e"-!rj\ a,rr[l\ .iA J:" a;i ;;;lt t !L;x Ji r"(U
- lt
'1+\\
#\r|l+ Jr rL Uir .""; b cV, c,!\r pr;: LrJrrr;lt Jp ,+,
:,;< *Jr .,\
vc
u-c,4.b\.il\e .2#\
.-r)Ju;), ,* -{; VS,;o; !-.}yr;!f ..F, .('),(i.-- ;i
-- -:..^'F *}lt a ,fV Vu F gi a>t" U tr!y:*':,t .,*"Jt tt, .,;r4t
.;,,..*^-J.\
; _'( ;* jfu'lt
4rU\ ]*?Jer;!t ,*; .i^=^*J.\ J.,-.,r)lJ\ ,>t(, jLK\ ;,r :{\ o)
-. J J.JJ
.:,,-t,, *< pU1 *"1
\
.-
@ Oi .J*y :\-rc) 6,1, 6 r; ,.f, ,4 crl;l;!\ ;r-r,:" .-.,!L-;)!
-:-. -'".-r,Ji'!\ ;!L*r)\ ,J Xp !r+ J,,--..*I\ ," c-\*J\ i-E!\ ,i, U.1r;1
;) Jr,Jl
. --a;' "#
J.J\ &;,t'J{ il"iji e ay_f gV o_#".re- r"(r.;1.1'r;l\ ;:-r,:,
;=-{ -_* y) b ,Lrer LJ' * LIJ! ,J-J\ + J*rU,\,! i,-U! .{i.:t& 4:jj;. ,;*, .}
-i:- v ( - i.;Ci Y',-,lJ
9; tr,'J *VP\
't-
5I
-^.-i---l S ,-6:r;
,-;. :2)',
": .:r; Ul\ ;li L" :r*u-'!i ,j!*J\ .-J" ;.r'r?,) J.-J\ \s a"
+[-J *-. },:;l;'>i r?
Aftrrcre..ltl'rt;1.p.ut 342
christianlib.com
&riea3 lg.gJg.1p'It
ir. .--J\ il)t" "* al\ ,_,b;rsJt ,i (l,J,J\) 64t *r;i -,,* ) -,.,
Lrd\ + -!.J\ il-ye \l- q-i (A,Lod\) ,!\ ar ;* y*iJr ilj*, ,.,1, ia
ja Urt'!\ U\-t lt &-, ,.;\t Jt .b OF f.lJ: g: .rbJ\ ,i U!f!f
;rL;- \rli., ,JU\ jrr -"5r r+t U,L-i l.-.rerl!i 3us._*\J\ ,.3;1
Gtr.lt -L! L -.-.:-I, )K+,\"-.r-*j-il!\ ilt $,".L*,r.a-J-,- L
c,t[a)\ ,:/ f!.-tU...-F +1;:J\ ,c rd\-, ,A,]s*.: A#a.qrKlt
.i.xi.t
"-.J3
arj, Ld1rl+ '1Je\ "r rd) e-!- ol* \.^'i H'o"g Lf \BV JLui :rr, f,p .LlJdK
i.!>1$.;!i e
;- ,oi,
' \J' U .-r; ?* € iaV 14 ,Jl\ g*r ri^ f +\r." "!^-1 ;\,:[ ,*^\is
f -t;J* ;'y*a
ir*\-
/.
'..;i -1 ,2
Yva
]l"
f -J
1r' c.;:;fg ,j.+\_,rJ\ u:.* ;r"ul\ c!)rJ\ ;(/i ,L,. ,,.s "-rr*_ ! q;I!
[ --;';.; .;g)i]1 i: .,S!i L-\^\\J"!'!\ ,-(."U fr\-rc.*! f&s ,,ftJ\ e)U\ ..i d\ r+*,
'-. -. ',i!! -;,*-!l
:.-i'
lr ( 1.. \b )e ui* c;\i {$r * :4 c.;f.,J\ Ur'!\ iru\ -t\ii ,(c-,.^-i
t+r +:.:;i j:)V
.c;-.) ;i .J,il J*- -,f-irg -r;J .4r\;!\ af, d, d.i,l!e .H*on e
Lf f.?V ,* g -tti'!f ell;
.j* ::-i- -riliJl
-i.
ra (Jt q:!ll. 4i,1 . G-: J.,";\cJr)" ,i "JU:"!l*" q,.! ,JU'd, J+ .r ra*; a jJ\ JtG')\ J)i
-JY
-l . -i v''; 9U',";1 .krL-+ trF! \"!!.iJ\ u-er'!\ .-!t .;,JL:" ditr.A,.atJl fr-.+,\+)
;!:r ".r;:}! -. c+J1
.i,+--,1! ;',5/'i1
\*slh: +\i!\ \pJrL" J)L .-r +r ,Jt i ,"sl!
-) -! ,u
vl).*
--t . ;Jr".J\ ;U.iJ I bi:e\ ;;il t a.JJ\ *Ji, F!,t]'!t -b cb rL r.*i ;\a,r\s d*;:
!f&J\, d-"r Jl ,+< dt.F\i\ ;" r&E \j: bo
:
^!:
-i v
> ;>do.
-')).L
I ..'rtr
{Jl t + *[*! ,:-*-r
*ii'': -Jl ,,*'('
.t 'u*.JJA
r . cd\ ol> '* oi ;*f UrL ,3: fi ret" JyA !Kc\sr'!t &- +, a;,l
"t-as'>'lr"
.l!r.t)'.'n lg Jal
J, +. ;.t\ iEu\j ji
:,"ji -{t:-i i\: i:.-j"',;l \5L jK\, \.J,i,-
=
! --- ,-*- oi -ri "^-
*!9ii'\ i4 r'"!)"0 JlpU->4 ;$u.ji ,, -W :-^o jr--i, , i-.li .s *
i' :--' :! - +: i \i-i";,r: ,LLt,r),.+'c, $J' ;td ^f. rlt
;;;\ !!:! ,_i *i-,, L-,..c
3 Anne Fadiman . The Spiril Catches l'ou and l ou Fall Dotrn. A Hruong Child. Hei .-
and the Collision of Tvo Cultures (Neu York. Fanar. Straus & Gtroux. 1997).
&r*.iilSlrf rg.drr.r.&Ir
iLitl\r .u.ill -'1;(r;., .d,.!f
g;i o|-Jr ;lL1- ;r*.-,- ) io.rlrr,::"!t e.U &*
.-* :}-.#u(r p:, .#U ,C * ;:
,r-stt' ;i cr\i;lEr;tt*]l ;rrJ.*r:;'yt L;, )L
;urr cli-.,Sr. .t"-rr+>l
-"
-1"^Ilr L!. ;-rk !.Ir ,,^"**ir
.t"
rr, r,U\ J*-lI\ JJl JxrLIl n, A j,,U'i, ar,l\;r,.a .L..Jrrr'!\ 3;r-,yfitr
4:,"[+1 _,^J\-il\ r"1,, ,j!-Jriy'
+ ,-*Jt;lt ..j:U]b rs:taJ\ Lrll ,1*
..JUJ' .,rLi:=;*;\ur. j:,r,:;!t p
fy_
,1, .Thomas Hea.dtand s!.qo ,"L, ue ,a;UJ\ sUfrb oLI}r ,} ;J! i-r*-s
,S rrr rV\ & =. JLit'p "o, 96, q*4 uuL}-U -[Kt4 J
r*" t'i J r*' r
#,
c!15, ,qJiJ\ 4 l:.-j,,Jl ,r*,,J-.tli. olr!, ,c,UL"y lUt *-:i]1.,,,,,.rr1*"r,,.,,*3n)llt
;rir ;glolJr o-jrrr* U +U-rr'y' ;r.Jr*!1 ,!3i ;;i ;-! t*-. h
,i.C!.oi1r.-.)l c.,UJb ,;rHl r-*rj_ J* J.*|J O1U'lf" .iU.f *t1r ,s::V
6n\ S\;,ta",* *u,r,+;*.*fii5,.ffi,,
&-Cl*;r:*P 1;.rr;"!ti(* g:Jt,*r:-.+':l::i*:.*,#1 icl4;+t q#l ,rr *
* *Iffi
a9pj..:ri:u; i.ujr;',1r ,$";'', -rLlt;r.rr,-i*l '*';#tX,
c.,Lbr!.3 !-rt',&rJt ,* .5l; ..r:Jl f-r$ g;-{ }LJt'lU;tl Jtu ,i'ila.ll s.,Jt
'LiI1 "r
la3Lc.i ,b\*o .a(r'lr Frl-r,i'yr +. .;t;;':tt ;t(r'vr
L;--e 3j,;(J'!l*-j1 r,F J)b SlJr;l- &
;-..*"-Jt ;,.,-.Jr,;1.,'!r ,y -S
t"Jr* ifuJt rg; .,b, .a;lt .i..Ul .ij* ,u
LL;;J\ 4:;L.lf +[*y
s)lfr,Ir 1.a.
# :.!,,*!t
.q*; bbr,y*ist;;!t .;,,;,1t ,i *.bd1 rd'#tur . t j$.a,,
lhnps:/,4ists.bethel.edu.rrnailmanflisiifi'lilfiiffii-
ld-f crUi-,!\
..
._i ..,, +i J*., . ;!\ ;-u ..,^
ltt i -,: I o.irr
Iggj.Sf I i
L,}.,r,g g"-l y.o* Ir .Ji.re Jt
i->
-YJ-VJ, ;.;-( i t
;.
! r \l I I
"rL-
y-+ 4
I
_X 4!t
t,
t
;;3 j-**l! ,Lr!! ,-u\ ,JJet )t, iU o:rA t liE Lr,..;li prr ;-[\ ;;;u]\
--,
r . _.J-ri* g gal-t r" .- L-J-";$
V -. J J..,/J Y
iL;i -i-i .LJr
- J- -rll;-,;
l'\ -' -
at, -]fu
\-/J t'r LJ,.:j't\
.. J J.JJ v.
.,\.r
,jiaca-Kr-( ,-!! ;rt-. djJ ,j-) ;i: * Ei JL, -rie .\:e-,5r" q)y ,-t"! d* *"L
e-- _"'j^' j;J uL .y(lt i!ru+ J) th-V 4J .f-r ,F ,U.fU 4r*t*1t a!r*" p;*.-\
... ._ [,;".J[ 1rE.q:,q\
) r 4$)lc.r,;t*^Ir
e - YY 4 ,l.J\v g\ 2-r;.:-L.-L;!i -Ki Ur" J-F\j
,-r \
w
n*l.iitt t*f. slys'f t sJ! Jr,$t 316
christianlib.com
.-;-\.
.fJb !\r-)\ ..-++ -!r;,* H'U t,U iJr L-,J!,ilrnb ,;!kr\ .::"
; .:Ji ;!)rJ\ ,iiF\ ,-r qlu\ L.;l\ ,* fl\ ,rG *i F. !y:r'!t ,\&, LUi/ ,\& J+ "r
. :i;o!,,;L +i ,S r*,
'F
;*\}t !(,r*" p-ro, ,;\;:J\ fB\ ,* OF .;t*B\ ;'. ge,o)\l\
r :,: z:b .>\t>, c,1*+ ;tl ,trr**t ;i(').jk .rs f*;i:'1\s!Jl*+ dfa \." ,ts
.l: .i_;:'+rL;- ;t';t ,rJt *;gr rl\ ,,j\,lc.r 6tr)t F ,Ftr: Y,ra:o a;\*
"uUtri
{>-aJvrY
'. . ;,k ,l * ,l#U ;rH\ or-r.r ,\r., Vr Jil" s'\ ?- rJ "4,rJ\ a!L;.\" J.o
"!" t".*u!\ ?\rJ\ ++ ,-\".*'!!
) ,)-:;f.+ jL-i iJ\
, -i+ t o. irr*'!\ Lr- r^L, .;:LJ\ i:be ,.tJ\ ;!
-b c6, g6-{ ;I\ ;h.lJt ;rE, ,r-'!\
-q s -15*9'!\ AlL.l\r4r f\i!\ e-y t' ck,.r-l\ erp ,.- y: e J-r,( Jy e^-*ay\
.e : -.->-*r i-\I\
O-l\{r +p.:;Kg;rl\ i^ir\ + EU or."-,;i-u uI\ fb!'J! OI ,,{Ay
>( ^.-:l!
;(,';Jr ;kL+r\ t e \38;K."(r"'>rt .-,.+' ,i \<i$i: a\-r, or ';J.\
.--.r-3
"oU\ r-Jt,
,y,=-..y{ 4t' rzr.s u-ilr
^#r
j,4 ,\l'!r Li ;r o*!-:-'!\ ilL.It i,;- ,
*1 ')* ,-
al-j- tJ9 ,Nyanchos ;;-ri ;J*" {ij\e d Lamin Sanneh a;L- ;y) tr9 .4+ _-
. (
,l" L. s,Lo
r., .LU*JJ 7',v4 *f ;ry"r-St ;r6k^iJ ',u1:
i .;1 :\[+ <;i ,r^ + *l qSfi rir .+Ul\ ,tlt ;" \:L.rt c,rrlllt 4,.|}:" W**' * 6. #F-, r,i}l +1$
..{p)i',#k:d",* oyj$ ;;u ,," t , ',"',,,,,, -O*j\t',,'
-,-,,,
'a..> ) tO ,*\ J-0)
,,,
| --=.Y'i:-**rt JUt
-UUI\ J--, la u-*\ ,oib, **n at f ;S, 3";'$#t+:St ;rrUt' rt,$l 'Jl ,*
yU\ ,l,; iJ .L Jir * io.: \5aUlt ;, ;!).Jt J! L;i ;r[t\ ;* +.rJl 3 t E; ;*Jt
:r-> ,* vc:\ vrJ
I J\"J pr\ isbil. ,A \d-\* 4:+ 5,, :;,4{1
:i;, -,
.- r^,l ,
,v-v'_- ji oil# .i\i,\id ;* *rr(1J 'il!:r \ 11o:,
---t,l .i
-,!. ,!rl !^-l\ *,a(tt C,*.ir Ji *t cha J ;\.r.Il ,-|Jl .,4h UUr pF i-b: rJ, .#iEr -uli:-!l
-- U alLl ij"-a L1,: J xi i v'(r-v-',o^,i-,i ;* ;,e;r(r c &-{ ,Ft ,(2*\r *ull)
:1 i. t_-e l. Y
-r{ \2i r<,h r^: ..sf oLt+r oU: M i;U .Ljl+y.l .rjr* ii;i.! .,..+ljl1 J+1
rJv
\-:Lr :
:
Yi-r, ;
./,
a--r;\\ '.\ ': r
!....u**,- -i rK! gr.t +rb ;i ;*,Jt ;i ^r[Ur
Jr ;; 5:Li s, .;Edr vt&V
j -;-(, ,r[:-)\ '.(r. alLlloia,i.
i|i ; - YtJ
i,oJ,.i;'Yt
-'J).4
..ablt.
i- J vJ
aUt * ri* Jl-: .itdr $...Erli i";:*r
. ,. ,,/
t: . '"r,
',i Vls,i* I tr,*.+ ;t criltU ;.*,.!S\ ri ,;.r*:lt oi;!r]t * H, ;.i\ ,!:o
,,
C or,,!{!- f :
- *+ Jfu tult C lt\; e--{\ ;*Ll.\ ;i !:;., iUL.,)\
I U, J#)\ ilL; ,-;^"r5 ; ;-jr:: \r,!'t - J+'yt \. o-+-9" J\ a;rL\\
./U(\
'vJvJu .,l f -J\ ,b: .*.C\, i!'G!\ ,*(; ,Li->i * i\ 6 * ,{t+ )tr .F
,-J,-+.- ^^=*-Jl .,-i. ,(^ ( l -'"^--*-rl +--I* *'oi,* gl1- -*r,Li
3r-[, J'i*i' :) .(t -L^d' i') Fra 3r- ir, -*(s - -=-Jt l*l ;a
- 1 ,A'i!\ t rr #)\ 3Kl:1 \.e ts | .-lLi\ ;1.=!-*:r$ +-J\,
l0See.lames Clifford. Person and M1th. Maurrce Leenhardt in the MelanesiaLr lfffid(tluTfiEfrlNf
Duke Universitv Press. I992).
"l*rl\ ;K,5-{b
(';:p ,}_C\) *H\ ..:[*J\
"r
J*)r{L; ;- 'F '|a!!
.^>_r_r . --.
353 tr.13l
t'$i ts. Cy.r.ri:'rt
[*l
christianlib.com
.-:..t' )".:rrt/,
- '-(- **:j\
k gtsi
fr'q.
f# ( ialr ,"
C' 4#)r\
tr\ ciJ\ f: o:P
,-:Jr'a- t,
'f ,.rJ-i- uu-S ))x- ,i\ tr C o^l 'tr
tr*- 'f\ ,ru ,y dJ
*+l\;LrIr lP ,rsi\+tr * *,*\ur.ai .r. ci .t'\Ji U\;9 L"r ''r!U
i- #- ;\ ):B tl-l\ g-ra s .;Ki .-[i f \L\P\ L:ro r*i ii o: 'i'*- *;t'.s;t \t6
.; . a.e, 'rui
-J--r'v'J)4
c V-:s-e j-t o(rL{! $,J\ ;r *J\ oi ,rz .j lqr.Mr dJ\i \:j! \.:,L*i
-* -.r{.;^K:, S ,;\j;J.t;l t \aE t-r-, d-r ;l.i#}\ alrJt ;i
+ i". {t+ J)-6
^"';(r
gri-X JIi."o Jrr ab o, rJ\ C ;i+\ J-F\ J:'(&^-l\) ,'G'li L"F ;,r\;'!t -(u,
n L *Jr * Loli .-& .-,$: JL-if -g -*:.*, -i-il tl-, rr-r- ;
i.>- ;f ,\ ,-o
rr)is v-/.\) !_- ,
("').. ;;l\
",L
lr.
;Lui _*J.;^;r-Ii +,J
,.:2 ..r=--*|g ll paul Hieberr, Cgitural Antlnopologr (Grand Rapids: Baker eoori. tqs:t. xxii Hieben
"iffiffi--
"anthropological-'
. ..: tional" to describe his favored approach to missrons. We subsiltute the word whrch we believe
convel s the sme intenr uithout tbe theoJogical problems associated u'ith the tem "incamational" u'hen used to
=.- _j.r)t;l;1 j-\t descnbc a mlsslonan metltodolon
r 4 lbid
' i-.i"oi*io-. recent research on short-tem missions that explmes the challenges md soiutions for those u'ho u'ant
;-J. t."*.--i\
. v-. totravelinthisu,ar.seethethemeissueofthejoumal MrssiologyfromOctober2006 SeealsoRoben.l.Priest.
_
ed., Effective Engagement in Shon-Tem Missions: Doing lt Rightl (Pasadena, CA: Wiliiam Carel Libran'Press,
20d8y: also ... B.- Howell- "Mission to Nowhere: Putting Shon-Tem Mrsstons inlo Contexl.'- lntemational
Bulietin ofN4rssionan Research ':i. no. 4 (2009t: 206-i l
.i* r.qlc^K3 s
t*r.Crf*rifu e a*a*r"It JII*,I
,L;1\ g Lt-!'r.t, ;l.( L-J j4 *r )l ,ai'G!\ ?E r-"o-* al\ ;) r
aJi z--d Vt*e +" 5'*! ;[ri
"(-.rvJ:YvJJ,vln ; -t; ,"it j::l j-^*--J\c \
.r --l '>*g i4 ,4 7=;r **i +ifr+r ;qp'ir:!\ -aUri\ j,, ,,1>l=1 ;-(
v'rJJJVg
\ rloii
riGild J*rIr
eL;J\ .* 'ag' :Vi ,e+\: g:.rlu;"*ir ;K;**"=lt p,,-;\X;,
,',-&i ,A).\+ \;Kl+ ;it K*s {4V b t* iy( L*
yrb .p,+ *\i;{* x,:,,*tt;
)Y,:).VK"LJi";J'A
i:rt'
trgi '.\ ;r:tt y,taz\( 5;;\ u*L 3& rrie,j .-rri, -p:t\
, . .-
c
:v W .'#):\ + *{l' )At :t u1 S b lO lVr"ri t(,
a
"r
+*J!;rLJ\ ,E!! J( +i ;r3\ 13* *,_rd\ Cr) Je Jri oK
il
christianlib.com
Y.J,ot:
'ilr
christianlib.com
( \_ ( ..
!,i'
Aoa.]o a .; i ..:-. e
[ v2
'.
" '-t-l r -- r.J r
-t
r4-L\rI'- j)' ;^:>
.?
- a
-ll
C.4!1 ,aL
3_59
christianlib.com
ffii.W
r-5"r,llM
LOCOS - -Iei?;
t+.tl
Fxi'
$l$
;_*J' - ,U, ! : -y \ a;": -n-l\ ,,Ji -_-1, ^rI' ,* ,X!, J'o ,* - q:_a_-: :;_* 1'* r f
e 0202s798114 V 0201277928981
'u- 0201286548388 L0201282456644
a - i;,dt ;r"rit p-$lrr^li --<, e\+. -.
- tr: .L c,r o
a 02A22597067 'q 0201100873114
o.-t
"r
\ro ,-K! *H\ ;.;r;'lt 1l.J !.n b ,-*r\r.,l.,"r" ps
f.y<" U,
"4
.i^*^*l\
"*.:9UJ\ *rJ\ tJ\
\ra 0^{;reJ\ -# C6\
"; "(J .,;[!! ct lJ\
,-r *"r,,rJtobrJ!,gi.^=^*l[ rr'\." al- c\t oVr;r" *;lCt qr"$\ c>\-rJ\ ;\
j!1 \+ i^"dr\ c,L\:lb ,icK\ oLLt".J t1;, ir:4t ;:!>ll ,rfr\ crj"I\ J,"'\r Ji?i
;P\j\ c.,,\#i\ ,UJ al*ut ;Ll\ cED\*^r
p,"LlJ i.ibJb C ^+- U**-I\ L-.!yrrr'!t
J-rs,Elyrrrl\ &r i-**I\ Cr,-(,q;LI; JJlt\ oF .oi^ ;{g ^*;ri1,'lt
a"-J\, U-;r;zu'lro* -U;(U *rctt o"-*U uF\ ,\-uJ\ y 6V* oKt \i^ e
Lt[b ,Lr]U ,;LJ
;O:l\ L"\+\ _ Eloise Hiebert Meneses d-5*1*" Crf"^
"*J!
c\"r;rJ.\ j!"U .-F v)\tJt ;-reL*l t:\-r ]y- +Ut\ !"]y+'!! .;rJ\"
^":llt-l
.d ^*I\ ok)t .lL- d itu!.!t-+b,4iEl\ :J:";!-'!\ p.,)i^;\
^^'}r;l;'lt
*, ArrrKl &rh r-[lj Ji; .;.;r;'lr * oeLJt )4-l\C,,!K,-.,\rslt t*
^,x
4-, * a;! ,r:lJt &,rrBt &L+ g;ll\ r.l:," c_r J?,Frb".-lU\ l,Ur.
lB& 6; ,.,- -:K*! w""e' jny C *\..
Convent Colleg-ra,J\ LK,Matthe* S. Vos 9,y ..f)::t