02 Stuck Pipe - Free Point & Back Off PDF

Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors
Module – 11
Drilling Problems
& Solutions
Schlumberger Private
Section – 2
Stuck Pipe:
Free Point & Back Off
Quartz School. Module 11: Drilling Problems & Solutions / Section 2: Stuck Pipe: Free Point & Back Off 1/33
Materials Strength Concepts
• Intensity of Stress
Is the stress per unit area due to a force F (pounds), producing tension,
compression or shear over an area of A, square inches.
S= F/A (lbs/in2)
• Elastic Limit
Below the elastic limit, deformations are directly proportional to the forces
producing them (Hooke’s law applies).
• Yield Point
Is the point above which permanent plastic deformation occurs with little or
no increase in stress.
• Ultimate Stress
Is the maximum stress which can be produced before rupture occurs.
• Strain, ε
Is the elongation e, per unit length of a bar or pipe. Strain may be tensile or
compressive.
(e). (E). (A)
L =
• Modulus of Elasticity, Ε (ΔP).(12)
Is the factor of proportionality between stress (σ) and strain (ε) within the
elastic limits of the material:
σ ~ ε Æ σ = (Ε) . (ε)
Stress P/A
E = = (lbs/in2) Æ (E) x [e/L] = P/A
Strain e/L
Æ (E) x (e) x (A) = L x PÆ L = (E) (e) (A) / (P)
Stretch in Drill String
• Hanging vertically from the block a

pipe is in tensile stress due to it’s
own weight.
• When a pull is applied to a stuck pipe, above the weight of the pipe down to the
stuck point, the pipe stretches an amount ΔL at surface proportionally to the
additional pull OP (overpull)
• For estimating the length of free pipe, the stretch formula can be re-arranged as
follows:
(ΔL).(E).(A) Where: Lfree = length of free pipe ( feet )

Lfree
= ΔL = Stretch ( inches )
(ΔP).(12) A = Cross sectional Area (inch 2 )
E = Modulus of elasticity ( lb / inch 2 ) = 30 x 10 6 psi…(for steel)
ΔP = Drill string overpull ( lbs)
• Introducing:
A= ∏ x (OD2 – ID2) and E = 30 x10 6 psi
4
Where: OD = Outside diameter of tubular to be stretched ( inches)
ID = Inside diameter of tubular to be stretched (inches)
(ΔL).(30 X 10 6). Π .[(OD)2 – (ID)2]

Lfree
=
ΔP.(12)
• Then:
ΔL (in) x [OD (in)2 – ID (in)2] x 1,963.5

Lfree(ft)
=
ΔP (1,000 lbs)
By using the nominal weight of the pipe body instead of its

diameters, the formula can be expressed as follows:
735294 * W (lb/ft) * ΔL (in)

Lfree = ( in Feet)
ΔP
Free Point Estimation from Pipe Stretch
1. Note the following information:
a) Drill string data (diameters and weights)
b) Buoyancy Factor
c) Traveling Block weight (includes T. Block, Bails, Kelly or Top Drive)
d) Drill string weight before stuck
2. Calculate the weight of the string (drill string, tubing or casing) in mud.
3. Calculate the maximum overpull margin on the string (maximum allowable pull
– weight of string in mud)
4. Pull on the string until the weight indicator shows a pull of T1=string weight +
10% of the maximum safe overpull
5. Draw a mark at the rotary table / kelly bushing level
6. Increase the pull to string weight + 20% of maximum safe overpull.
7. Return to pulling string weight + 10% of the maximum overpull.
• 1st OPERATION
1st Mark
String
Weight T1 = SW + 10%
Rotary MOP
Table
Fig 1 Fig 2
1st Mark
Increase Datum line A
SW+20% MOP T1 = SW+ 10%
MOP 2nd Mark
Fig 3 Fig 4
8. Draw a second mark at kelly bushing. This second mark should be different
from the first due to the stretch of the string in the hole.
9. Draw a datum line A, midway between the two marks.
10. Proceed as before applying a pull T2=string weight+30% of the allowable pull
margin.
11. Draw a mark at kelly bushing level
12. Increase the pull to string weight + 40% of maximum overpull.
13. Return to pulling string weight + 30% of allowable pull margin
14. Draw a datum line B, midway between the two marks
15. Measure the distance between the two datum lines
16. Apply the any of the free point estimation formulas discussed previously :
ΔL (in) x [OD (in)2 – ID (in)2] x 1,963.5 735294 * W (lb/ft) * ΔL (in)

Lfree(ft) =
Lfree =
F (1,000 lbs) ΔP
Tubular Free Point Calculation
• 2nd OPERATION
Datum line A Datum line A

T1=SW+ T1=SW+ 3rd Mark
30% MOP 3rd Mark 40% MOP
Fig 5 Fig 6
Datum line A Datum line A
3rd Mark 3rd Mark
T1=SW+ DL
30% MOP Datum line B
4rd Mark 4rd Mark
Fig 7 Fig 8
Torsion in Pipe Strings
Pipe in Torsion
If torque is applied at surface to a stuck pipe string with a constant cross section, the
angular displacement or twist will vary linearly from a maximum at surface to zero at
the stuck point or above it
Free Point Indicator Tool
Reading Stretch
• The FPIT measures pipe elongation over the distance between two
anchoring points.
• To determine if the pipe is stuck or free at a particular depth, the string is
pull to its “normal weight” (buoyed weight of the entire string in the hole)
•
The FPIT is then positioned at a given depth (anchored) inside the string
and an additional pull at surface is applied to the pipe.
• The tool measures the strain between its anchoring points which gives
and indication of how “free” is the pipe at that particular depth
Reading Torque
• A right hand torque is applied to the string at surface and worked down
• The FPIT measures the twist strain between the two anchoring points,
proportional to the applied torque that also indicates the free or stuck
condition of the string at that point
• Stretch and Torque readings are both considered to determine the free
point of the string, below which the string is considered stuck
Principle of Measurement
• Stretch Sensor
• The stretch sensor is a transformer that consists of axial coils. One

primary coil as a transmitter exists in the lower part of a movable
assembly while the upper part carries two coils forming a receiver
Principle of Measurement
• Torque Sensor
• The torque sensor is also a transformer that consists of coils, but in this
case, of radial coils
Taking Data
• Tie in CCL depths with the driller first by checking a prominent feature such as the
jars, HWDP or top of the collars. Then record CCL log up to 1000’ above estimated
stuck point. This log will be valuable later in selecting settings and the backoff point.
• Take readings of both stretch and torque every 90 ’ (every 3 connections) starting
about 500’ above the suspected stuck point (use the free point estimated with the
stretch test). This will establish a free pipe meter reading.
• Once the stuck point has been established, reduce the measurement intervals to 30
or every connection, and take a few readings on either side of stuck point.
Interpretation
• The free point selected should have torque reading above 85% of free pipe values
• The free point is the deepest point at which the pipe can be backed-off and
recovered.
• To cover all possible manners in which the pipe can be stuck requires both torque
and stretch readings.
Interpretation
Four “typical cases” of stuck pipe are given on the following slides.
One may not be able to determine which cases exactly fit, however,
if the torque and stretch reading are > 80% of free pipe, the pipe will
most likely backoff.
Example of FP Interpretation
1. Straight hole, straight pipe,

stuck in drill collars
• Both stretch and torque readings
show the stuck point in the same DC
• Where there is a little wall friction, a
sharp drop off in both readings
observed below the stuck point
• The pipe is considered recoverable
when torque and stretch indicate
80-85% of free readings.
2. Differential or packed stuck pipe
• In this case, transmission of pull and
torque becomes more difficult
• The readings decreases below
collar B, pipe should be backed-off
either at collar A or collar B
• Pipe should be backed-off at the
collar nearest 80 to 85% of the
reading in free pipe
3. Straight hole, extremely crooked

pipe
• This case illustrates the inability to obtain
normal torque in a badly bent string
• Normal stretch and torque for this string
are read above collar B
• Below collar B, stretch reading is normal
but torque reading is decreasing with
increasing depth
• Normal torque reading can often be
obtained below collar B by applying an
overpull on the pipe
• The Backoff should be performed where
the torque readings is still high
4. Crooked Deviated Wells
• In deviated wells it is normally possible
to transmit torque deeper than stretch
• The torque reading is often a function of
the pull on pipe. Generally, best torque
transmission is obtained at relatively low
values of pull
• Some judgment must be exercised in
what can be backed-off. While a Backoff
may at times be made with less than 25
% stretch reading, it is not recommended
to attempt a backoff without a torque
reading of 50 % free pipe
FPIT Example
Operational Hints
• As a starting point, the weight of the pipe down to the suspected stuck point
should be suspended by the blocks. It is recommended to have slightly higher
tension such as the buoyed weight of the entire string + 10 %. ( depends upon
depth and overall string weight)
• In certain cases, due to age or condition of the pipe or pulling equipment, the
desired weight cannot be picked up. In these cases, pick up on the pipe an
amount equal to the maximum allowable pull less the additional pull.
• In holes with more than 15o deviation, the base weight is usually less than the
weight of the pipe. Some experimentation may be necessary to determine a
base weight such that the pipe will have uniform stretch when subsequent
stretch readings are taken.
• Back off should be performed immediately after FPIT measurements.
Backoff Procedure
Recommendations to assure successful Backoff
1. Tighten up the entire pipe string with torque 30% higher than the value that will be used for
backing off, and “work this torque down”.
2. As pipe is tightened to the right count how many turns come back. If less turns are coming back
the pipe is getting tightened. When the same amount of right hand turns come back after pipe is
worked, pipe is ready to back off.
3. Apply proper pull on the pipe to support buoyed weight of the free string so the connection to
unscrew is slightly in tension
• The FPIT tool can be an excellent indicator of torque / tension being transmitted to the
connection to be backed off – Use It !
4. Apply sufficient left hand torque to the connection to be unscrewed
• First, apply LH torque and gradually work down hole to the connection that has been chosen to
back-off. Apply ½ to 1 LH turns per 1000’of drill pipe.
• Apply as much left-hand torque as can be safely transmitted to the joint without risking a
mechanical backoff somewhere else in the drill string (“blind” back-off)
• Place the buoyed string weight at the neutral point plus a slight overpull ( 2,000 to 10,000 lb ).
Backoff Procedure
Backoff Torque recommendations
• Turns to the left put in the string to perform the back-off:
Backoff depth (ft) Rounds per 1,000’
0 – 4,000 ½-¾
4,000 – 9,000 ½ -1
Over 9,000 ¾-1
• Pipe in unknown conditions requires discretion as low grade, badly

worn, or fatigued pipe may not accept the average values given in the
table above
Backoff Procedure
5. Accurately position and fire a “string shot” of adequate strength at the Backoff point
• The size of the shot must be strong enough to Backoff tool joint without splitting the
pipe body. This can be calculated by using WL tables for the diameter of the pipe.
Applying sufficient left torque to the string and properly working it down to the
Backoff point prior to firing the explosive charge of the string shot is often the
most critical and difficult part of the operation.
Backoff Procedure
Guides to determine the proper string weight for Back-Off
1. Theoretically the connection of Back-off should be in neutral condition
2. However, experience shows that is better to have the joint slightly in

tension rather than in compression.
3. Three different approaches may be used to determine the exact pull at
surface:
1. Calculate buoyed weight of pipe above the back off point. Pull this amount
plus 10 %.
1. Obtain tension, when moving up before sticking from the drillers log.
Subtract the weight of the fish to be left in the hole and add 10% of buoyant
weight above stuck point
2. Use FPIT measurements to determine the over pull that puts the string in
tension at the backed off point. Use this value in the weight indicator, plus
an over pull of 5 Klbs.
Backoff Procedure
Determination of the proper Backoff weight – Corrections
• Note whether or not the weight of the block was included when the
weight indicator was zeroed
• Check if the weight of kelly in the string is included in the readings
• The mud pumps should be turned off while taking the load readings
Backoff Preparation
Backoff Execution
Excessive primacord used

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Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors

Is the maximum stress which can be produced before rupture occurs.

• Hanging vertically from the block a

(ΔL).(E).(A) Where: Lfree = length of free pipe ( feet )

A= ∏ x (OD2 – ID2) and E = 30 x10 6 psi

(ΔL).(30 X 10 6). Π .[(OD)2 – (ID)2]

ΔL (in) x [OD (in)2 – ID (in)2] x 1,963.5

By using the nominal weight of the pipe body instead of its

735294 * W (lb/ft) * ΔL (in)

ΔL (in) x [OD (in)2 – ID (in)2] x 1,963.5 735294 * W (lb/ft) * ΔL (in)

Datum line A Datum line A

4rd Mark 4rd Mark

• The stretch sensor is a transformer that consists of axial coils. One

1. Straight hole, straight pipe,

2. Differential or packed stuck pipe

3. Straight hole, extremely crooked

4. Crooked Deviated Wells

• In deviated wells it is normally possible

• Back off should be performed immediately after FPIT measurements.

4. Apply sufficient left hand torque to the connection to be unscrewed

• Turns to the left put in the string to perform the back-off:

Backoff depth (ft) Rounds per 1,000’

• Pipe in unknown conditions requires discretion as low grade, badly

2. However, experience shows that is better to have the joint slightly in

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