Internship at

CSIR- Central Road Research Institute

Flexible Pavement Department
Project Report on

Comparison of the properties of Cationic

SS2, Polymer Modified Two-in-one and All-
in-one emulsion with lime and cement as
filler
Submitted by:-
Kartika Tanwar (2012CE 10357)

Under the guidance of:-

Dr. Siksha Swaroopa kar

A Report of CEC 410- Summer Internship submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology

1
 DECLARATION
I do certify that this report explains the work carried out by me in the Course CEC 410 –
Summer Internship under the overall supervision of Dr. Siksha Swaroopa Kar The contents
of the report including text, figures, tables, computer programs, etc. have not been reproduced
from other sources such as books, journals, reports, manuals, websites, etc. Wherever limited
reproduction from another source had been made the source had been duly acknowledged at
that point and also listed in the References.

Kartika Tanwar
July 18,2015

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report submitted by Kartika Tanwar describes the
work carried out by her in the Course CEC 410 – Summer Internship under my
overall supervision.

Dr. Siksha Swaroopa Kar

July 18,2015

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks & gratitude to Dr. Siksha Swaroopa Kar for her
continuous and unfailing support, guidance and help, which have been invaluable during the
course of this project. Her knowledge, insight and constant motivation at each step of the
project has been instrumental in its completion. I would also like to express my sincere
thanks to the lab staff of the Flexible Pavement Design Department for their support and help
during the course of this project.

Kartika Tanwar
2012CE10357

4
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Name Page No.

1. Abstract 8
2. Introduction 9-15
2.1 General 9
2.2 Cold Mix Technology 10
2.3 Breaking 12
2.4 Delayed Breaking 13
2.5 Setting 13
2.6 Curing of Bitumen Emulsion 14
2.7 Spray Application: Tack Coat 14
3. Literature Review 16
4. Methodology 17-18
5. Materials 19-28
5.1 Characterization of the materials 19
used in mix
5.2 Mix Design of Semi Dense Cold 21
Mix with Bituminous Emulsion
5.2.1 Gradation of Aggregates 21
5.2.2 Preparation of CMA 22
5.3 Optimization of Parameters 23
6. Methods of Testing 24
6.1 Indirect Tensile Strength(ITS) 24
6.2 Tensile Strength Ratio 26
6.3 Resilient Modulus Test 27
7. Results and Discussions 29-33
7.1 Effect of water and emulsion 29
content
7.2 Effect of filler 30
7.3 Effect of type of emulsion 32
7.4 Effect of curing 33
8. Conclusions 34
9. References 35

5
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title of Figure Page no.

Figure 1 Flow Chart of Methodology 17
Figure 2 Laboratory Tests 18
Figure 3 Optimization of CMA 30
Figure 4 Effect of filler on SS2 31
emulsion
Figure 5 Effect of filler on ITS value 31
for Two-in-one and All-in-
one emulsion
Figure 6 Effect of type of emulsion 32
on ITS and MR values
Figure 7 Effect of curing on ITS and 33
MR for SS2 L

6
LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title of Table Page No.

Table 1 Test Results of Aggregates 19
Table 2(a) Test Results of Cationic 20
Bitumen Emulsion
Table 2(b) Test Results of Polymer 20
Modified 2 in 1 Emulsion
Table 2(c) Test Results of Polymer 20
Modified All-in-1 Emulsion
Table 3 Six combinations of 20
different emulsion type with
3% different filler
Table 4 Gradation of aggregate in 21
SDBC mix
Table 5 Optimization of water 29
content
Table 6 Optimization of emulsion 29
content
Table 7 Effect of Lime and Cement 30
on ITS, TSR and MR values
for SS2 emulsion
Table 8 Effect of filler on ITS value 31
for Two-in-one and All-in-
one emulsion
Table9 Effect of emulsion type on 32
the values of ITS and MR

7
1. Abstract

There is an increasing trend for using cold mix design with bitumen emulsion all over the
world because of several advantages such as elimination of heating of binder and aggregate
while producing mixes, this helps in protection of environment and energy conservation. In
the present study, the main objective is to study the effect of filler on semi dense bituminous
concrete mix using three type of emulsions, SS2 cationic emulsion and polymerized
rubberized All-in-one and Two-in-one emulsion and to also study the effect of emulsion type
on the properties like Indirect Tensile Strength(ITS) and Resilient Modulus(MR) values. The
filler used are lime and cement both 3% of the total weight of aggregates.
Based on the present study it was found that the specimens made with cement showed better
results than lime each 3 %. Out of the three type of emulsions used Two-in-one showed better
result followed by SS2 followed by All-in-one. It was also found that with increase in curing
time in days that is for three different days till seven days, ITS and MR values were also
increased.

Key words: cold mix, polymerized rubberized emulsion, Indirect Tensile strength, Resilient
Modulus, HMA

8
2. Introduction

2.1 General
Flexible (Bituminous) pavements constitute over 90 percent of the total road network
including airfield pavements in India. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is used mostly for road
construction. There are certain drawbacks related to HMA use are like emission of green-
house gases from hot mix plant, problems in sustaining the paving temperature when hauling
distances are more, shut down of plants during rainy season, unsafe for the maintenance
crew, high energy consumption. Therefore bitumen road is sometimes not feasible or even
not required in high rainfall areas as sporadic rain all through the year affect production and
makes it difficult to use HMA for road construction. In cold regions like Jammu and
Kashmir, North Eastern states which are situated at high attitude, hot mixes get solidified
quickly and binding is loosened due to existing cold pavement surface. Cold mix should be
used in such areas as Green-house gases would be eliminated, the fuel requirement at the
mixing plant would be reduced conserving energy. Despite having several benefits, bitumen
emulsion in India is used only about 2.7% of total consumption of bitumen. This may be due
to the lack of knowledge in use of this technology, non–availability of proper plants and
machinery and poor quality of bitumen emulsion. This report presents findings of a
comparative study on laboratory performance of SDBC with rubber modified emulsion and
cationic bitumen emulsion. In this study, performance of cold mix samples with different
filler content is also investigated. All the samples which are prepared were cured for 3 days
in oven at 40oC. Performance tests such as indirect tensile strength, tensile strength ratio and
resilient modulus (MR) at 25oC and 35oC were conducted.

9
2.2 Cold mix technology:
“Cold mixing” is a simple process of mixing unheated mineral aggregates with suitable grade
of cationic bitumen emulsion having suitable workability during mixing at plant or site and
the roads that result are called “Green Roads.” Cold Mix technology (Photos 1-2) can be done
at site level with simple concrete mixers or modification of hot mix plants and the non-
hazardous nature of work is the specialty of Cold mix technology.

 Bitumen emulsion: Bitumen emulsions are usually dispersions of minute droplets of

bitumen in water and are examples of oil-in-water emulsions. The Bitumen content is
typically between 30-70%. The primary objective of emulsifying bitumen is to obtain a
product that can be used without the heating, normally required when using paving grade
bitumen. In the manufacture of bitumen emulsions, hot bitumen is sheared rapidly in
water containing an emulsifying chemical (emulsifier). This produces very small particles
of bitumen (the dispersed phase) dispersed in water (the continuous phase). The bitumen
particles are stabilized in suspension and do not readily coalesce due to the presence of
the emulsifier, which is concentrated on the surface of the bitumen particles. During
application, the water in a bitumen emulsion is either lost by evaporation, or it may
separate from the bitumen because of the chemical nature of the surface to which the
emulsion is applied. This process is referred to as breaking. Because bitumen has a
density only slightly higher than water, sedimentation of the bitumen droplets in an
emulsion during storage is very slow. Emulsions can usually be regenerated after long
storage times by gentle stirring to re-disperse the bitumen droplets.

 Cationic Emulsion: The term cationic is derived from the migration of particles of
bitumen under an electric field. The droplets migrate toward the cathode(negative
electrode), and hence the emulsion is called cationic. The negative portion of the head
floats around in the water leaving a positively charged head. This imparts a positive
charge to all the droplets. Since positives repel each other, all the droplets repel each
other and remain as distinct bitumen drops in suspension. A typical cationic emulsifying
agent is shown below along with a diagram showing the orientation of the agent at the
bitumen- water interface and the positive charge imparted to each drop.

10
 Anionic Emulsion: The term anionic is derived from the migration of particles of
bitumen under an electric field. The droplets migrate toward the anode (positive
electrode), and hence the emulsion is called anionic. In an anionic emulsion, there are
“billions and billions” of bitumen droplets with emulsifying agent at the water
bitumen interface. The tail portion of the emulsifying agent aligns itself in the
bitumen while the positive portion of the head floats around in the water leaving the
rest of the head negatively charged and at the surface of the droplet. This imparts a
negative charge to all the droplets. Since negatives repel each other, all the droplets
repel each other and remain as distinct bitumen drops in suspension. A typical anionic
emulsifying agent is shown below along with a diagram showing the orientation of
the agent at the bitumen-water interface and the negative charge imparted to each
drop.

11
2.3 Breaking
Bitumen emulsions must remain stable so they can be transported, stored and handled.
Ultimately, however, If the bitumen emulsion is to perform its ultimate function as a binder ,
the water must separate out from the bitumen phase and evaporate. This separation of water
from bitumen is called “breaking”. This allows bitumen to coat aggregate particles or
pavement surfaces. The rate of breaking is different for different types of emulsion.
Emulsions used in sprayed sealing work are required to break relatively quickly to prevent
run-off of the emulsion and the possibility of rain damage. On the other hand, emulsions used
in stabilization of soil must break relatively slowly to allow adequate mixing.

In general, the following factors affect the rate of break of a bitumen emulsion:

 The type and amount of emulsifier used in the emulsion.

 The rate of water absorption by the aggregate. Porous aggregate will make an
emulsion break more quickly by absorbing water from the emulsion.
 The moisture content of the aggregate prior to application. Damp aggregate will
cause the emulsion to break more slowly.
 Weather conditions, such as temperature, humidity and wind, will affect the rate of
break. Hot, dry and windy conditions will cause the emulsion to break more rapidly.
 Mechanical action, such as that provided by rolling and traffic, will speed up the
break time.
 Aggregate particle size distribution and mineral make-up. The finer aggregate blends
will tend to cause an emulsion to break quicker than a coarser type aggregate blend
because of their greater surface areas. The mineral composition of an aggregate also
affects the breaking time due to chemical reactions between the emulsifier and the
aggregate surface. Dirty aggregate or high fines contents can speed up the emulsion
breaking rate.
 The charge intensities on the aggregate surfaces, the surfaces of the bitumen particles
in the emulsion and on the emulsifier molecules all have an effect on the breaking
rate.

12
2.4 Delayed Breaking
If a breaking control shall be fully useful there must be a delay before the breaking takes
place and when the breaking comes it should be a homogeneous fast breaking. For example
in cold bitumen mix where the workability must be good during paving and compaction
followed by quick hardening permitting opening of the new pavement to traffic.For anionic
bitumen emulsions, one possibility is to use calcium salts or other suitable salts with a low
solubility giving a slow release of calcium ions to the emulsion. An example of such salt is
gypsum (calcium sulphate).A new system for delayed breaking of bitumen emulsions has
been successful in a number of tests. This system is based on water in oil emulsion, where an
aqueous solution of a basic salt is dispersed in a mineral oil. The mineral oil temporarily
prevents the basic salt to get in contact with the water phase of bitumen emulsion. Eventually
salt diffuses through the oil barrier and the emulsion breaks.

2.5 Setting
It involves reversion from a dispersion of bitumen in water to pure bitumen. Setting of
bitumen emulsion means that how quickly the bitumen droplets will coalesce, and based on
that it can be classified into:
 Rapid-Setting (RS):
Rapid Setting (RS) are mainly used in surface dressing and patch repair work.These
emulsions can be used on foundations, basements, walls-roofs. The main features of
this type of emulsion is that they are ready to use, saves energy as not requires
heating, less road maintenance cost and no atmospheric pollution during road laying
or maintenance business.
 Medium-Setting(MS):
Medium Setting (MS) are used in pre- mix with less quantity of fine aggregates and
pothole repair works. Its main features are that they are easy to dilute in water, cost
effective, energy saving and less road maintenance cost.
 Slow-Setting(SS):
Slow Setting (SS) are used in pre mix with appreciable quantity of fine aggregates
such as slurry, seal and fog seal. Their main features are that they are ready to use
without being heated and long service life for roads.

13
2.6 Curing of bitumen emulsion:
Curing involves the development of cohesion. The end result is a continuous cohesive film
that holds the aggregates in place with a strong adhesive bond. For this to happen, the water
must completely evaporate, and the bitumen particles have to coalesce and bond to the
aggregate. Bitumen emulsion must fully cure or set for the binder to recover its original
physical properties and water resistance. Water is evaporated by pressure (rolling), and by
adsorption onto the aggregate surface. During curing some of the solvent evaporates. Wet and
cold conditions have an adverse effect on curing whereas hot, dry conditions have a
beneficial effect.

2.8 Spray Application: Tack Coat

Patch filling was done by tack coat application at Mathura road just in front of CRRI.
Tack coats are thin layers of asphalt product that are used in the construction or re-facing of
roads and highways. This type of product is used to help the layers of asphalt laid down as
part of the road building process to bond together with more efficiency. As a result, the
highway or road is able to hold up under constant use for longer periods of time, making it
easier to maintain the road properly. Also known as bitumen, the tack coat itself is composed
of asphalt by-products. The bitumen is sticky, an attribute that makes it ideal for use as an
adhesive between layers of asphalt. Without the presence of this coat, a new layer of asphalt
laid upon an existing road would deteriorate much more quickly, often creating potholes and
various conditions that decrease the safety of the road.
Along with making sure the road is clean and dry, it is also necessary to address issues such
as existing cracks and potholes. By filling in these defects in the road surface, the process of
applying a uniform tack coat is made much easier. Some road builders even use a small
amount of bitumen in the cracks and potholes before filling them with new asphalt, thus
helping the plugs to bond more effectively with the bottom layer of asphalt.
The rate or pace of application is also important to the success of a tack coat. In order to
achieve the desired uniformity to the coating, it is necessary to apply the bitumen at a
consistent pace that ensures enough of the bonding agent is deposited, but not so slow that
some areas receive more of the coat than others. Uneven distribution will often undermine the
bond between the top and bottom layers of asphalt, causing the roadway to deteriorate much
faster than normal.

14
Once the tack coat is in position, the top layer of asphalt must also be applied with care.
Making sure the layer is applied evenly to the tack coat helps to increase the chances of a
solid bond, effectively creating a solid road area that can hold up to heavy vehicles with
relative ease. Applying the top layer of asphalt properly also helps minimize the chances of
the development of more cracks and potholes, since the underlying bitumen is holding the
asphalt in position, and not allowing the top layer to shift.

Photograph: Tack Coat Application

15
3 Literature Review

The research on cold mix technology is limited in India but quite a few attempted to see
the effects of filler on different emulsion. The following are the reviews of a few
substantial ones:
 In 2012, Om Prakash Yadav, Majunath K.R. published the results of testing grade-
2 Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete (SDBC-2) mix using bituminous emulsions
treated mixtures (BETM) by Modified Marshall Method of mix design. Specimen
were prepared with and without filler. Various tests like ITS, MR and other tests
indicated that specimens with cement and hydrated lime both 2% both showed better
results compared to mix with no filler. They also published that six days curing period
can be taken as optimum.
 In 2014, Siksha Swaroopa, Sravani A and P.K Jain published the paper describing
the differences between different type of mix HMA, MWMA and CMA. Various tests
were conducted describing the variations in mechanistic properties of CMA. They
indicated that with increasing curing days ITS and MR value was increased.
 In 2006, Seref Oruc, Faliz Celik and Atakan Aksoy published the paper in which
they conducted test on CMA specimens with dense graded aggregate using emulsion.
Cement was added as a filler in an increased percentages. They showed that resilient
modulus of cold mix increases with increasing curing time and increasing cement
content.

16
4 Methodology

The methodology adopted for the study is shown in the flow chart (Fig. 1) and each step of
laboratory testing is shown in (Fig.2).

Analysis of Engineering
Properties of Virgin
Aggregate

Desired Aggregate Gradation

As per IRC: 37-2012

Binder type

Bitumen Emulsion
 SS2
 Two-in-one
 All-in-one

Determination of physical properties and

Compatibility study with Aggregate

Fixing the Proportion binder in the Mix

Mix Design
 Marshall Sample Preparation with varying binder
content
 Curing at 400c for 72hrs
 ITS dry and Conditioned Specimens

Performance Evaluation of the Mixes with

Cement and Lime as filler
Lime as Filler
Figure 1: Flow Chart of Methodology

17
 Identification of Problem

Literature Reviews

Laboratory tests

Bitumen Emulsion Tests Aggregate Performance Marshall Mix

IS: 8887-2004 Tests Evaluation Tests Design

 Penetration Test  Grain size analysis  Marshall Stability Optimum Bitumen

 Softening point Test  Impact value Test  Indirect-Tensile Emulsion Content
 Shape Test Strength Test (ITS) and Water Content
 Ductility Test
 Viscosity Test  Abrasion Test  Resilience Modules
 Storage Stability Test  Water absorption Test Test

 Residue by Evaporation  Crushing Test With filler as LIME

Test  Specific Gravity Test and CEMENT for
SDBC using Cold
 Particle Charge Test
Mixes.

Testing of sample

Result and Discussion

Conclusion

Figure 2: Laboratory Tests

18
5 Materials

5.1 Characterization of materials used in the mix

It is necessary to conduct the testing on the materials to check their suitability for use in the
bituminous mixes. This section deals with various tests conducted on the aggregate and
bitumen emulsion. . The mineral aggregates which form a skeleton or matrix in mixture,
provides strength, hardness and stability. The results of the various tests conducted on the
aggregates are given in Table 1. For the preparations of samples three type of emulsions
cationic type SS-2 grade emulsion meeting IS: 8887 specifications and rubberized two
different emulsions, (Two-in-one, All-in-one), were used in the present study. The properties
of the bitumen emulsion were tested as per procedure given in IS 8887-2004 standard and are
reported in Table 2(a), Table 2(b), Table 2(c). Six combination of specimens with three type
of emulsion and using cement and lime as a filler were prepared shown in Table 3. Cement
(OPC) was used as filler to gain higher cohesion. MR and ITS values were compared to
hydrated lime as a filler.

Table 1: Test Results of Aggregates

Properties Tested Test Method Test Results MoRTH, 2001

Specifications
Aggregate Impact Value IS 2386 (Part IV) 8.0372 % 30% max

Combined (EI +FI) Index IS 2386 (Part I) 24.8 % 30% max

Water Absorption IS 2386 (Part III) 0.70 % 2% max

Specific Gravity IS 2386 (Part II) 2.785 -

Stripping IS :6241 98 % retained coating > 95 % retained

coating

19
 Table 2(a): Test Results of Cationic Bitumen Emulsion
Properties Specification IS 8887- Test Results
2004
Viscosity at 50⁰C (Saybolt Viscometer), 30-150 33
Sec
Residue on 600 Micron IS Sieve, % max 0.05 .02
Storage Stability after 24 hrs, % max 2 0.58
Binder Residue by Evaporation, % min 60 63.7
Average Setting time, minutes 30

Table 2(b): Test Results of Polymer Modified 2 in 1 Emulsion

Properties Specification Test Results
Viscosity at 25oC(Saybolt Viscometer), 50-300 60-70
Sec
Residue on 600 Micron IS Sieve, % 0.05 0.002-0.02
max
Storage Stability after 24 hrs, % max 1 0.3-0.5
Binder Residue by Evaporation, % min 65 65-66
Average Setting time, minutes 35

Table2(c): Test Results of Polymer Modified All in 1 Emulsion

Properties Specification Test Results
Viscosity at 25oC(Saybolt 30-100 33-40
Viscometer), Sec
Residue on 600 Micron IS Sieve, % 0.05 0.002-0.02
max
Storage Stability after 24 hrs, % max 2 0.3-0.5
Binder Residue by Evaporation, % min 60 65-66
Average Setting time, minutes 35

Table 3: Six combinations of different emulsion type with 3% different filler

Two-in-1 SS2 All-in-one

Lime TL SS2 L AL
Cement TC SS2 C AC

20
5.2 Mix Design of Semi Dense Cold Mix with Bituminous Emulsion:
In Portugal, the design method used for hot mixtures is the Marshall test(s) (according to
ASTM D: 1559), while, for cold mixtures, it is common to use the immersion-compression
tests (according to ASTM D 1075-96 standard) . The FHWA (1997) affirmed that guidelines
have been developed by several agencies, based on laboratory tests, empirical formulae or
past experience with identical projects. (Muthen, 1998; Austroads, 2006; Ebels and Jenkins,
2007, TG 2, 2009). These design methods essentially investigate the best dosing of the
bituminous emulsion and the water, and that however, to study the same mixtures with added
cement, and the monitoring time to obtain certain mechanical properties. Gyratory compactor
is employed at a pressure of 600kPa,50 gyrations, 30 rev/min and an angle of gyration of
1.250 which have been widely used by researchers. Since, temperature could not be controlled
in the compactor, each specimen in mould was first placed in the conditioning chamber at the
desired temperature for about 30 minutes before compaction.
5.2.1 Gradation of Aggregate:
The aggregates were blended to obtain the values of recommended standard grading
specifications of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Specification for Dense
Bituminous Macadam (DBM) (MoRTH, 2001 5th Edition) and the results are presented in
Table 4.

Table 4: Gradation of aggregate in SDBC mix

% Passing

Sieve Size mm Grading-of Specified

blend Grading

19 100 100

13.2 95 90-100
9.5 80 70-90
4.75 43 35-51
2.36 31.5 24-39
1.18 22.5 15-30
0.3 14 9-19
0.075 3-8
5.5

21
5.2.2 Preparation of CMA
The objective of the mixture design is to decide its optimum composition of material
regarding quantity and quality which would be used to make the behavior of the mixture
good when exposed to traffic and prevailing climatic conditions. It is very important to select
correct grade of emulsion and pre-wet water content for good coating. This cold mix design
involves optimization of water and bitumen emulsion for aggregates in the mix. Optimization
of these parameters are necessary for the required structural properties and resistance to
moisture damage. The optimum premix water content depends on gradation and physical
properties of aggregates. The aggregates are first moistened with water to wet the aggregate
surface and then coated with bitumen emulsion. The different sizes of aggregates are blended
in different proportions to achieve the gradation of SDBC specification. Half of the total
specimens were prepared with lime as a filler and the other half with cement as a filler.
Samples were compacted with the Marshall Compactor with 75 blows for both surfaces and
then sample was left in the mould for 24 hours, allowing sufficient strength to develop before
extracting. Samples after de-molding were kept in the oven at 40oC for 72 hours for curing
and allowed to cool to ambient temperature. Performance test like ITS and MR were
calculated on these samples.

22
5.3 Optimization of Parameters
The approximate amount of bitumen emulsion was calculated using Eq.(1) based on aggr-
egate gradation proposed by various author.

𝑃 = [(0.05 ∗ 𝐴 + (0.1 ∗ 𝐵) + (0.5 ∗ 𝐶)] ∗ 7 ...1

Where,
P=approximate total bitumen demand
A= percent of mineral aggregate retained on 2.36mm sieve
B= percent of mineral aggregate passing the 2.36mm sieve and retained on the 75u sieve
C= percent of mineral aggregate passing on 0.75mm sieve

Calculated value of bitumen emulsion was added to the aggregates which was pre-wetted
with water. Uniform coating was obtained after mixing the bitumen emulsion for 1 minute.
Batches with an addition of an increment of 1% water by weight of dry aggregate were
prepared to obtain the optimum pre-wetting water content. ITS values was calculated for
different water content and calculated value of bitumen emulsion. The water content
corresponding to the highest ITS value is the optimum pre-wetting water content which gives
the best bitumen coating on the mineral aggregate. Using this optimum water content, trial
test mix were prepared with increasing percentage of emulsion content. Bitumen emulsion
content corresponding to highest ITS value is the optimum emulsion content. Results are
shown in Table 4 and fig. 3 and 4.

23
6 Methods of Testing

6.1 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)

Due to the presence of moisture there is a loss of serviceability in bituminous mixes called as
moisture damage. Moisture susceptibility is the extent of moisture damage. To evaluate the
moisture susceptibility of a bituminous mixes ITS test is performed. Samples with two
conditions namely unconditioned samples and conditioned samples were tested for ITS. For
unconditioned samples, samples were first cured at 40oC for 72 hours and then just before
testing conditioning was done by immersing the samples for 30 minutes in water bath at 25oC
to make the temperature of sample 25oC while conditioned samples were obtained by
immersing the unconditioned samples in water at 40oC for 24 hours and 25oC for 2 hours.
The Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of bituminous mixtures calculates the indirect splitting
tensile strength and is done by loading a cylindrical specimen across its vertical diametrical
plane at 50mm/min deformation rate and 25oC test temperature. Tensile Strength of the
specimen is calculated from the peak load at the failure which was recorded at the end of the
test. The value of ITS is used to evaluate the potential for rutting and cracking and the
relative quality of bituminous mixtures in conjunction with laboratory mix design testing. If
the ITS values are calculated for conditioned samples called as wet ITS then the results can
be used to determine the potential for field pavement moisture damage. The minimum
strength requirement is 150KPa. ITS is calculated using the Eq. 2:
2∗Pult
𝑇= …2
π∗d∗t

Where:

T= tensile strength of specimens

Pult = applied load to fail specimens

t = thickness of the specimens

d = diameter of the specimens

24
Photograph: View of Test Setup of Indirect Tensile Strength

25
6.2 Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR):

Water sensitivity is measured by Tensile strength ratio (TSR). It is the ratio of the tensile
strength of water conditioned specimen (ITS wet), to the tensile strength of unconditioned
specimen (ITS dry), it is expressed as a percentage. The higher TSR value indicates that
lesser strength will be reduced by the water soaking condition and therefore mixture would be
more water resistant. If it would be less resistant to water damage the sample would become
prone to stripping. Stripping occurs when water enters into the voids between bitumen film
and aggregates and thereby breaking the adhesive bond between the bitumen film and the
aggregate. Test is conducted as per ASTM D 4867 specifications. The TSR is calculated by
Eq. 3
𝑇
𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 𝑇𝑤𝑒𝑡 ∗ 100 …3
𝑑𝑟𝑦

Where,
TSR = tensile strength retained
Twet = tensile strength of conditioned sample
Tdry = tensile strength of unconditioned specimen

26
6.3 Resilient Modulus Test

Resilient modulus of a material is a measure of its modulus of elasticity (E). Resilient

modulus is not completely same as modulus of elasticity. Modulus of elasticity and resilient
modulus both are stress divided by strain but one is measured for slowly applied loads
whereas other is measured for rapidly applied loads experienced by pavements in real life.
Indirect Tensile Strength in repeated loading was measured by testing on Universal Testing
Machine (UTM-16) according to ASTM D 4123, “Standard Test Method for Indirect Tension
Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures”. UTM consists of personal computer,
control and data acquisition systems (CDAS) and related software, sensors for the
measurement of horizontal deformation. Before doing the test the samples were placed in
controlled temperature chamber for six hours so that each and every particle of the sample is
at the specified test temperature. Sample was loaded by diametrical force in pulse loading.
The specimens were subjected to parameters, condition pulse count 5, condition pulse period
3000 ms, test pulse period 2000 ms, rise time 50 ms, peak loading force 1000 N and poisons
ratio 0.35 Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs) which was placed at mid height
on the sample’s horizontal diameter, opposite to each other measured the horizontal
deformation of the sample. Resilient modulus (MR) test was done on all the samples at two
temperature, 25oC and 35oC.

27
Photograph: Resilient Modulus Machine

28
7 Results and Discussions

7.1 Effect of water and emulsion content

Optimum amount of water content was found out by keeping the bitumen emulsion content
constant i.e. 8.7% calculated using Eq. 1, breaking time 1 h, 75 blows and curing time 72 h,
four different water content (1 to 4%) was used to make the specimens. Optimum water
content and emulsion content was found out for SS2 L and was applied to all the other
combinations. ITS test was conducted on the specimens. Graph was plotted between water
content and dry ITS value. It can be seen from fig. 3 that with increasing water content ITS
value increases and after certain water content it started decreasing. Water content (2%) gave
maximum value of ITS and thus is the optimum water content. Table 5 shows the values of
ITS obtained with varying % of water content keeping emulsion content constant 8.7%.
Using water content to be 2%, breaking time 1 h, curing time 72 h, blows 50, four different
emulsion content (8 to 11%)was used to find optimum emulsion content. Fig. 3 and Table. 6
shows the values of ITS obtained by different percentages of emulsion content keeping water
content constant at 2%. 8% emulsion content corresponds to the maximum value of ITS and
hence is the optimum emulsion content.

Table 5: Optimization of water content Table 6: Optimization of emulsion content

Water SS2 SS2 Water
content (%) Emulsion ITS(KPa) Emulsion content (%) ITS(KPa)
content (%) content (%)
1 169.1846 8 152.73
2 8.7 174.047 9 2% 143.22
3 130.6821 10 134.46
4 104.2697 11 105.67

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 Figure3: Optimization of CMA(SS2 L)

(a) Effect of mixing water on ITS (b) Effect of mixing Emulsion on ITS

7.2 Effect of filler

Table 4, fig. 3 and 4, showing the values of ITS, TSR and MR of SS2 L and SS2 C. It can be
clearly seen from the results that the specimens made with cement have considerably high
values of ITS, TSR and MR as compared to the specimens made with lime. Similar trend is
followed by the other specimens. Table 7, fig 4 and Table 5, fig 5 showing the effect of filler
on the ITS values of specimens made from two-in-one emulsion and all-in-one emulsion.
Cement is better as filler than lime.

Table 7: Effect of Lime and Cement on ITS, TSR and MR values for SS2 emulsion
SL SC
ITS(KPa) MR TSR(%) ITS(KPa) MR TSR(%)
Dry Wet 25oC 35oC 84.53 Dry Wet 25oC 35oC 92.01
213.97 180.85 2527 934 392.98 361.6 12322 4762.5

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 Figure4: Effect of filler on SS2 emulsion

(a)Effect of filler on ITS (b)Effect of filler on MR value

Table 8: Effect of filler on ITS value for Two-in-one and All-in-one emulsion

TL TC AL AC
ITS(KPa) ITS(KPa) ITS(KPa) ITS(KPa)
323.06 419.992 225.48 312.49

Figure5: Effect of filler on ITS value for Two-in-one and All-in-one emulsion

(a) Effect of filler on Two-in-one (b) Effect of filler on All-in-one

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7.3 Effect of type of emulsion
To check the effect of emulsions on the properties of the mix different specimens using two-
in-1, SS-2 and All-in-1 were made with cement as a filler. To check which emulsion type is
better than others ITS and MR values are compared between the different specimens made
with three emulsion types. All specimens were made as per the procedure explained in
section 3.1. Water content and emulsion content was 2% and 8% respectively in all the
specimens. Table.9 and fig. 6, showing that the best results were obtained for Two-in-1
followed by SS2 and lastly by All-in-1.

Table 9: Effect of emulsion type on the values of ITS and MR

Emulsion Water content Emulsion MR(MPa) ITS(KPa)
Type (%) content (%) 25oC 35oC
TC 13260.5 5416 419.992
SS2 C 2 8 12322.0 4762.5 392.98
AC 7151.0 1362 312.49

Figure6: Effect of type of emulsion on ITS and MR values.

(a) Variation in ITS values with (b) Variation in MR values with

different type of emulsion different type of emulsion

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7.4 Effect of curing

As mentioned earlier that curing involves the development of cohesion and a continuous
cohesive film that holds the aggregates in place with a strong adhesive bond. For this to
happen, the water must completely evaporate, and the bitumen particles have to coalesce and
bond to the aggregate. Hot environment has a beneficial effect on curing. In the present study
SDBC grade was prepared using SS2 emulsion by following the procedure mentioned in
5.4.2, Preparation of CMA except the curing days were varied. ITS and MR both at 25 oC and
35oC were conducted on SS2 L which was cured for 1 day, 3 days and 7 days. It is seen from
fig. 9 that with increasing curing time both ITS and MR values are increased. Though
increase in values is more for 1 to 3 day curing time than 3 to 7 day curing time for both case.

Figure 9: Effect of curing on ITS and MR for SS2 L

(a)Variation of ITS with Curing Period (b) Variation in MR values with Curing Period

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8. Conclusions

 Resilient modulus values were more for 25oC than 35oC indicating that there is a
decrease in cohesion properties.
 In specimens with SS2 L and SS2 C it was seen that reduction in ITS value in case
of SS2 C from unconditioned state to conditioned state is not appreciable as TSR
for SS2 C was 92.03% whereas specimens with SS2 L, the reduction in ITS value
from unconditioned state to conditioned state is appreciable as TSR is 84.53 %
 Results of laboratory performance indicate that cement as a filler makes the mix
more strong as both the ITS and MR values were more for cement than lime as a
filler. Since by adding cement voids are decreased making the mix more strong.
 From fig. 9 it was seen that with increasing days of curing values of ITS and MR
was increased. This is because strength of the mix increased due to the increased
cohesion and decreased voids.

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9. References

 Oruc, S. , Celik, F. , Aksoy, A. [2006] “Performance of cement modified dense

graded cold-mix asphalt and establishing mathematical model”
 Swaroopa, S., Sravani, A. , Jain, P.K [2014] “Comparison of mechanistic
characteristics of cold, mild warm and half warm mixes for bituminous road
construction”
 Yadav, P. O, Majunath, K.R. [2012] “ Cold Mix Design of Semi Dense Bituminous
Concrete”

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