CALOOCAN HIGH SCHOOL

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A Baby Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

English Department

CALOOCAN HIGH SCHOOL

1Oth Ave., Caloocan City, Metro Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English 10

School: Caloocan High School

TITLE:Perceptions of Random Drugtesting in the Grade 10 students of Caloocan High

School

RESEARCHERS:

Jaro,Paul Henricks N.
Gallardo,Gondemeer
Angelia,Dadskee
Agustin,Royye
Nerona,Joshua
Ramos,Mj
Ragas,Anthony
Quimzon,Daniel
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Acknowledgements

The researcher ought to express wholehearted gratitude and appreciation to those

who extended help in the conduct and completion of the study.

To GOD ALMIGHTY,Thank you for giving the researcher wisdom, perseverance,

and determination for making this research possible.

The researcher dedicates this work to the future researchers who will discussed

Perceptions of Random Drugtesting in the Grade 10 students of Caloocan High School.

This paper may be their guide for their own research paper.
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ABSTRACT
This paper describes the goals and current practice of school-based random student drug
testing (RSDT) as part of an overall drug prevention strategy, briefly explores the available
literature evaluating its effectiveness and discusses the controversies related to RSDT.The
authors describe the rationale for RSDT programs and the prevalence of RSDT and other
drug testing programs in schools. Eight major criticisms and controversies in RSDT are
discussed, including those related to acceptance of RSDT, program effectiveness, costs,
legality and effects of drug testing on students. The limitations of the current literature are
explored.Although there is limited empirical evidence to support or refute the efficacy of
RSDT in schools, there remains substantial opposition to such programs, which may
contribute to the paucity of empirical studies of RSDT.Rigorous long-term evaluations are
needed to evaluate the effectiveness of various versions of RSDT programs to prevent drug
use and identify students in need of assistance to become and stay drug-free.
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Approved by:

_________________________ __________

Date

Chairperson

_________________________ __________

Date

Member

_________________________ __________

Member Date

_________________________ __________

Member Date
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Approval Sheet

This baby thesis entitled Perceptions of Random Drugtesting in the Grade 10

students of Caloocan High School, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the final

grade of our English 10 subject.

________________________

Yolito De Gracia

Adviser
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Caloocan High School

INTRODUCTION

The goal of random student drug testing is prevention, not punishment. It seeks to decrease
drug use amongst students and help students already using illegal substances become drug-
free. For some students who may have otherwise used drugs, the testing can serve as a
deterrent. It also provides a clear reason for students to say no when offered drugs and
faced with peer pressure. Testing is typically combined with a broader program combining
prevention, intervention, and treatment. If a student tests positive, the school may require
counseling and follow-up tests. Students diagnosed with addiction will be referred to a drug
treatment program.

The effectiveness of random student drug testing is subjective, because it is difficult to

establish a baseline for testing. However, the schools we service at Tomo Drug Testing
state that with a drug-testing program in place, they see a reduction in drug-related issues at
school. They also hear students comment on positive effects of the program. For example,
teenagers can use the program as a reason to say “no” when presented with the opportunity
to use.

Finally, it is important to note that drug testing should never be used as a stand-alone
response to a school’s drug problem. It should always be combined with intervention and
treatment programs.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

MANILA - Can random drug tests stop drug addiction among students? Some parents say
so. But others think it would expose their children to an even bigger menace.

As the Department of Education (DepEd) prepares to resume random drug-testing in

hundreds of public schools nationwide this year, Susan Regalado, a mother of eight, will
tell anyone who asks that she's all for it.

Regalado's family lives in Caloocan's Barangay 176, where nearly seventy drug-related
deaths have been recorded by ABS-CBN's Investigative and Research Group since the
Duterte administration's war on drugs began two years ago.

EARLY DETECTION

Two of Regalado's children are in high school. Her eldest child, Ronnel, 22, was killed in a
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police operation in July 2017. He used drugs for recreation, she said, but he was shot in the
head, stomach, and foot after a woman accused him of staging a hold-up.

Regalado now watches her children like a hawk.

"Dapat malaman ng mga nanay kung napapasama na sa bisyo yung anak nya. Kung sa drug
test malalaman ko, halimbawa, na ang anak ko positibo, ako na mismo ang mag-papa-rehab
sa kanya."

(Mothers should know if their children are getting hooked on vices. Through the drug test, I
will know, for example if my child tests positive, I myself will send my child to
rehabilitation.)

DRAWING LOTS

Over 14,000 public high school students will be chosen at random, or via computerized
selection, between now and December 2018 for the drug tests. More than six thousand
random drug tests were conducted in secondary public schools last year.

All private high schools are also mandated to conduct random drug tests.

The tests can spot the use of marijuana and shabu but cannot detect the use of party drugs
and other amphetamines.

Mandated through DepEd Order No. 40 in 2017, the random drug tests are meant to
determine the prevalence of drug use among students; assess the effectivity of school
prevention programs; deter the illegal use of drugs, and facilitate the rehabilitation of drug
users and dependents.

55 STUDENTS PER SCHOOL

On the day of the drug test, 55 students selected per school will be given an orientation on
the process and their rights.

They must declare any medication taken in the last five days.

"All of the students and parents should be properly oriented beforehand that it's a matter of
chance that you will be included in the drug tests," DepEd Assistant Secretary Nepo
Malaluan said.

The Health Department will collect and test the specimen.

CONFIDENTIAL?

Results are supposedly confidential but will be transmitted to the Office of the DepEd
secretary, the school's drug testing coordinator, the concerned student, his or her parents,
and a doctor and counselor accredited by the Department of Health.
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But the Children's Legal Rights and Development Center has raised the alarm, fearing that
the results may lead to discrimination or endanger the children.

"Malalaman at malalaman sa school kung sino ang positive," said the group's Executive
Director Rowena Legazpi.

(It will be known in the school who tested positive.)

"Magtataka 'yung mga kaklase kung bakit nawawala 'yung estudyante after the drug test.
Sasabihin nila, 'kasi itong si ano is going on an intervention program.' They would conclude
that their schoolmate tested positive."

(Students will wonder why their classmate was absent after the drug test. They might say
'because so and so is going on an intervention program.')

Legazpi said that once the students start talking, so will their mothers, until the information
reaches barangay officials. Here is where the real danger lies, said Legazpi, because
barangay officials are the ones who draw up the drug watchlist which is passed on to the
Philippine National Police.

"In our experience in working with the community, the barangay knows all the stories,
kahit na sabihin mo, 'ops bata 'yan, bakit 'nyo pinag-uusapan 'yung kuwento tungkol sa
kaso?' Sa barangay kilala yung users. "

(Even if you say wait, that's a minor, why are you talking about the case? In the barangay,
they know who the users are.)

Malaluan conceded that the intervention stage is a potential source of leakage but said the
DepEd is beefing up its capacity to reduce to a minimum those who would be privy to the
test results.

"The DepEd, the secretary, is taking responsibility for this exercise and taking all the
necessary precautions. We consulted the National Privacy Commission about the standards
for privacy. "

He said results of random drug tests conducted last year have not been opened and those
who tested positive have not been informed pending the release of intervention guidelines
by the end of June.

Training for those who will be tasked with interventions will also be completed by the end
of the month.

Malaluan said random drug tests in itself are not meant to deter substance abuse. It is only a
part of the broader drug prevention program, he said, adding there is a need to strengthen
the curriculum and life skills of students.

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Director General Aaron Aquino agreed.

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"Nakita namin 'yung tinuturo ng DepEd, hindi naman lahat, but they are focusing on
marijuana only. There's a lot of psychotropic and psychoactive drugs circulating in the
country and yet wala 'yun dun sa kanilang tinuturo," he said.

(We saw what the DepEd has been teaching, not all, but they are focusing on marijuana
only. There's a lot of psychotropic and psychoactive drugs circulating in the country and yet
that's not part of what they teach.)

In addition to the curriculum, the DepEd is looking for ways to improve learning materials,
promote drug prevention in extracurricular activities, and retrain teachers, who are now
faced with many questions from students about the administration's drug war.

There is no overnight solution, officials said.

THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Mandatory–Random Student Drug Testing (MRSDT) programs are designed to supplement

existing school-based prevention interventions and have two primary goals: 1) deter
students from substance use and 2) identify students with substance use problems and refer
them to appropriate counseling or treatment services. Under MRSDT, students and their
parents sign consent forms, thereby agreeing to the students’ random drug testing as a
condition of participation in athletics and other school-sponsored extracurricular activities.
During the 2004–05 school year, 14 percent of U.S. public school districts conducted
random drug testing (James–Burdumy et al. 2012).
Target Population

Generally, only students who participate in school-sponsored athletics or extracurricular

activities are subject to mandatory–random drug testing. The Supreme Court has upheld the
constitutionality of random drug testing without suspicion for students who choose to
participate in school-sponsored activities. However, the Supreme Court has not ruled on a
case involving random drug testing of all students in a single school (James–Burdumy et al.
2010).

Despite a steady decline over the last decade, the prevalence of adolescent substance use
remains a cause for concern. National estimates suggest that 50 percent of students report
having ever used illicit drugs, and substance use is found to be a leading cause of health
problems in adolescence and adulthood (Anderson and Smith 2005; Johnston et al. 2008).
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

How do some schools conduct drug testing?

Following models established in the workplace, some schools conduct random drug testing
and/or reasonable suspicion/cause testing. This usually involves collecting urine samples to
test for drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP), and opioids
(both heroin and prescription pain relievers).

In random testing, students are selected regardless of their drug use history and may include
students required to do a drug test as a condition of participation in an extracurricular
activity. In reasonable suspicion/cause testing, a student can be asked to provide a urine
sample if the school suspects or has evidence that he or she is using drugs, such as:

 school officials making direct observations

 the student showing physical symptoms of being under the influence or patterns of
abnormal or erratic behavior

Why do some schools conduct random drug tests?

Schools adopt random student drug testing to decrease drug misuse and illicit drug use
among students. First, they hope random testing will serve as a deterrent and give students
a reason to resist peer pressure to take drugs. Secondly, drug testing can identify teens who
have started using illicit drugs and would benefit from early intervention, as well as identify
those who already have drug problems and need referral to treatment. Using illicit drugs not
only interferes with a student's ability to learn, but it can also disrupt the teaching
environment, affecting other students as well.
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Is random drug testing of students legal?

In June 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court broadened the authority of public schools to test
students for illegal drugs. The court ruled to allow random drug tests for all middle and
high school students participating in competitive extracurricular activities. The ruling
greatly expanded the scope of school drug testing, which previously had been allowed only
for student athletes.

Just because the U.S. Supreme Court said student drug testing for adolescents in
competitive extracurricular activities is constitutional, does that mean it is legal in my city
or state?

A school or school district that is interested in adopting a student drug-testing program

should seek legal expertise so that it complies with all federal, state, and local laws.
Individual state constitutions may dictate different legal thresholds for allowing student
drug testing. Communities interested in starting student drug testing programs should
become familiar with the law in their respective states to ensure proper compliance.

If a student tests positive for drugs, should that student face disciplinary consequences?

The primary purpose of drug testing is not to punish students who use illicit drugs but to
prevent future illicit drug use and to help students already using become drug-free. If a
student tests positive for drugs, schools can respond to the individual situation. If a student
tests positive for drug use but has not yet progressed to addiction, the school can require
counseling and follow-up testing. For students diagnosed with addiction, parents and a
school administrator can refer them to effective drug treatment programs to begin the
recovery process.

Why test teenagers at all?

Teens' brains and bodies are still developing, and this makes them especially vulnerable to
the harmful effects of drug use. Most teens do not use illicit drugs, but for those who do, it
can lead to a wide range of adverse effects on their behavior and health.
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Short term: Even a single use of an intoxicating drug can affect a person's judgment and
decision-making, resulting in accidents, poor performance in school or sports activities,
unplanned risky behavior, and overdose.
Long term: Repeated drug use can lead to serious problems, such as poor academic
outcomes, mood changes (depending on the drug: depression, anxiety, paranoia, psychosis),
and social or family problems caused or worsened by drugs.
Repeated drug use can also lead to addiction. Studies show that the earlier a teen begins
using drugs, the more likely he or she will develop a substance use disorder (SUD). An
SUD develops when continued drug use causes issues, such as health problems and failure
to meet responsibilities at home, work, or school. An SUD can range from mild to severe,
the most severe form being addiction. Conversely, if teens stay away from drugs while in
high school, they are less likely to develop an SUD later in life.
For more information about health effects, see our Commonly Abused Drugs Charts.
How many students actually use drugs?

Findings from the 2016 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders
showed that past-year use of illicit drugs other than marijuana is down from recent peaks in
all three grades.

Twenty-one percent of 12th graders say that they've used any illicit drug other than
marijuana at least once in their lifetime, and about 36 percent reported using marijuana in
the last year. Misuse of prescription drugs is also a concern—for example, in 2016, more
than 6 percent of high school seniors reported nonmedical use of the prescription stimulant
Adderall® in the past year.1 Read more about the MTF survey results in our Monitoring the
Future Survey: High School and Youth Trends DrugFacts.
What testing methods are available?

There are several testing methods currently available that use urine, hair, oral fluids, and
sweat. These methods vary in cost, reliability, drugs detected, and detection period. Schools
can determine their needs and choose the method that best suits their requirements, as long
as the testing kits are from a reliable source.
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Which drugs can be tested for?

Various testing methods normally test for a "panel" of five to 10 different drugs. A typical
drug panel tests for marijuana, cocaine, opioids (including the prescription pain relievers
OxyContin® and Vicodin®), amphetamines, and PCP. If a school has a particular problem
with other drugs, such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), gamma-
hydroxybutyrate(GHB), or appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs (steroids), they
can include testing for these drugs as well. It is also possible to screen for synthetic
cannabinoids, commonly known as Spice and K2.
What about alcohol?

Alcohol is a drug, and its use is a serious problem among young people. However, alcohol
does not remain in the blood long enough for most tests to detect most recent use.
Breathalyzers, oral fluid tests, and urine tests can only detect use within the past few hours.
The cut-off is usually detection of the presence of alcohol for the equivalent of a blood
alcohol content greater than 0.02 percent (20mg/1dL).2 Teens with substance use problems
often engage in polydrug use (they use more than one drug), so identifying a problem with
an illicit or prescription drug may also suggest an alcohol problem.
How accurate are drug tests? Is there a possibility a test could give a false positive?

The accuracy of drug tests from a certified lab is very high, and confirmation tests can help
to rule out any false positives. Usually, samples are divided so that if an initial test is
positive, a confirmation test can be conducted. Federal guidelines are in place to ensure
accuracy and fairness in drug-testing programs.

Can students "beat" the tests?

Many drug-using students are aware of techniques that supposedly detoxify their systems
or mask their drug use. Internet sites give advice on how to dilute urine samples, and there
are even companies that sell clean urine or products designed to distort test results. A
number of techniques and products are focused on urine tests for marijuana, but masking
products are becoming more available for tests on hair, oral fluids, and multiple drugs.
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Most of these products do not work, are very costly, and are easily identified in the testing
process. Moreover, even if the specific drug is successfully masked, the product itself can
be detected, in which case the student using it would become an obvious candidate for
additional screening and attention. In fact, some testing programs label a test positive if a
masking product is detected.

What has research determined about the utility of random drug tests in schools?

Study findings in this area show mixed results, but researchers generally agree that student
drug testing should not be a stand-alone strategy for reducing substance use in students and
that school climate (the quality and character of school life) is an important factor for
achieving success in drug prevention programs. Because there is not a clear benefit to drug
testing in schools, the American Academy of Pediatrics "opposes widespread
implementation of drug testing as a means of achieving substance abuse
intervention.3 Relevant studies include the following:
 A NIDA-funded study published in 2013 found evidence of lower marijuana use in the
presence of school drug testing and evidence of higher use of illicit drugs other than
marijuana. Otherwise, the study found no causal relationships between school drug
testing and patterns of substance use.4
 A study published in 2013 found that positive school climate was associated with
reduced likelihood of marijuana and cigarette initiation and cigarette escalation, and
that student drug testing was not associated with changes in the initiation or escalation
of substance use. The authors conclude that improving school climates is a promising
strategy for preventing student substance use, while testing is a relatively ineffective
drug prevention policy.5
 A study published in 2012 found that students subject to mandatory random student
drug testing reported less substance use than comparable students in high school
without such testing. The study found no impact of random drug testing reported by
students not participating in testing on the intention to use substances, the perceived
consequences of substance use, participation in activities subject to drug testing, or
school connectedness.6
 Results from a study published in 2012 indicate that drug testing is primarily effective
at deterring substance use for female students in schools with positive climates. The
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authors conclude that drug testing should not be implemented as a stand-alone strategy
for reducing substance use and that school climate should be considered before
implementing drug testing.7
 A NIDA-funded study published in 2007 found that random drug and alcohol testing
had no deterrent effects on student athletes for past-month use during any of four
follow-up periods. However, in two of four follow-up self-reports, student athletes
reduced past-year drug use, and two assessments showed a reduction of drug and
alcohol use as well. Because the conflicting findings between past-month and past-year
substance use, more research is needed. 8
References

1. Johnson LD, O’Malley PM, Miech RA, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the
Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2016.2016 Overview: Key
Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan;
2016. http://monitoringthefuture.org//pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2016.pdf.
Accessed February 17, 2017.
2. LabCorp. Drugs of Abuse Reference
Guide. https://www.labcorp.com/wps/wcm/connect/24b476804b65af7fb49cb5dc8b9b
0898/L1123-0613-
4.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=24b476804b65af7fb49cb5dc8b9b0898&CACH
EID=457e14004b2a17b4ba21bb1199be625c&CACHEID=457e14004b2a17b4ba21bb
1199be625c&CACHEID=457e14004b2a17b4ba21bb1199be625c&. Published 2016.
Accessed February 16, 2017.
3. Levy S, Schizer M. Adolescent Drug Testing Policies in
Schools. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4). http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatri
cs/early/2015/03/25/peds.2015-0054.full.pdf. Accessed March 6, 2017.
4. Terry-McElrath YM, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD. Middle and high school drug
testing and student illicit drug use: a national study 1998-2011. J Adolesc Health Off
Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2013;52(6):707-715. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.020.
5. Sznitman SR, Romer D. Student drug testing and positive school climates: testing the
relation between two school characteristics and drug use behavior in a longitudinal
study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs.2014;75(1):65-73.
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Statement of the problem

This study aims to determine students who are using illegal drugs ,Specifically, it
sought to answer the following questions:

1.Will you cooperate in Random drug testing?

2.Did you believe that random drugtesting can help students refrain from drugs?

3.Is random Drugtesting Can help our school Improved?

Scope and Delimitations

The study focused on the effect of the implementation of the Drug-Free School on the
performance and attitude of the Students towards the study and the possible enhancement
of task given to the Students,This study is limited to 135 students of Caloocan high school.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to know and be aware whats happening inside or outside the school

because there are many young people who overused the drugs and many young people

addicted in it at the young age thus the findings of the study will be useful and beneficial to

the following:

Students of Caloocan high school

 The study will give necessary information to refrain from drugs.

Teachers of Caloocan high school

 This study will give a new perspective to CHS teachers that they will aware to the

students what are they doing when they are at home and ask what are they usally do.

Future Researchers
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 The study can also motivate other students in doing their own research paper

specially if their research is relevant to our topic.

CHAPTER 2

Methods

This chapter contains the research design, locale of the study, population and sampling

procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical instrument.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used descriptive research to describe characteristics of a population or

phenomenon being studied. Discriptive research is does not answer questions about

how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the "what" question (what

are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?) The characteristics used

to describe the situation or population are usually some kind of categorical scheme also

known as descriptive categories. For example, the periodic table categorizes the elements.

Scientists use knowledge about the nature of electrons, protons and neutrons to devise this

categorical scheme.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in Caloocan High School located in 10th Avenue Grace

Park, Caloocan City.

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RESPONDENT OF THE STUDY

The researchers chose the grade 7&10 students of Caloocan High School to be the

respondents of this study,45male 55females, The total number of students as sample is one

hundred.

Data Gathering Procedure

Upon the approval of the research instrument, the researchers conducted during the

break time of grade 7&10,The researchers randomly gave questionnaires to different

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students of Caloocan High School. The data were gathered immediately after the

survey was done.

CHAPTER 3

Results and Discussion

Statistical Treatment of Data

For vivid discussion and interpretation of the data gathered, the following

statistical tools and interpretation were used:

Respondent's Profile

3%

42%
55% Female
Male
Unknown
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The Chart shows that fifty-five percent (55%) of the respondents are female. And the male

respondents are fourty-two percent (42%). And the rest three percent (3%) remained

confidential.

50 47
46 46
45
41
39 39 38
40
36 36
35
30 Strongly Agree
30
Agree
25
Strongly Dis agree
20 Disagree
15 Undecided

10

0
Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5

As shown in the chart mostly of the students answer strongly agree in Questions

#1,#2,#3,#5 and only agree at Question #4 and one Disagree in Question #4 for “I Believe

that Random Drug testing can help the students refrain from drugs”.
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Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This Study Entitled” Perceptions of Random Drugtesting in the Grade 10 students of

Caloocan High School”aims to be aware all of us what happening inside and outside of our

school.This section shows Summary,Conclusion, and Recommendation.

FINDINGS

Based on the result of the study,the following findings were drawn.

1.Most of the Grade 10 & 7 are Females.

2.Random Drug Testing can help our school to improve.

3.There are people didn’t believe that random drug testing is the only way to refrain

students from drugs.

CONCLUSION

The goal of this Research was to help not ourself only but to help those students whose

addicted to drugs not only Students our Community,Country,and Our School Because our
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Country has facing this type of cases many innocent people get killed many youths in our

community becaused they accused of taking and buying drugs nowadays the drugs is the

main reason why we should get aware of these and we have our teachers to guide us what

we should do’s and dont’s so we should listen to them .

RECOMMENDATION:

The following are the recommendation given by the researchers for the students,We should

listen to our Teachers and Parents and We are old enough we know what is the right todo

than not think twice before you do something and those people who already taste or use

drugs there are still chance to change there are space for everything but you should undergo

in rehabilitation to make sure that there was a change and drugs is never the answer to your

problems you should face your problems never run from it and choose your friend wisely

choose a friend who will bring you good thoughts and never let your self do that such

things.