Course Pack 2004 PDF

Homework Text for Greek 1001
(for use with Athenaze volume 1)
by Naomi J. Norman
Department of Classics
T. Keith Dix (instructor)

236 Park Hall
542-2195
tkdix@uga.edu
Table of Contents
Greek 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Greek Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Breathing Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Accent Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Alphabet Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Speech Acts and Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Exercise on Speech Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tips on Translating Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Identifying Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Thematic verbs in the present active indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Present Active indicative of ¨?, Present Active Imperative and Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Accentuation in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Enclitics and Proclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Homework Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table of Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Homework Assignments for Week 4 Sept 13-16 (Chapter 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
First Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Alpha Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Notes on the Middle Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Homework Assignments for Week 8 Oct 11-14 (Chapter 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Paradigm of %r+, %r), %r and ¯+, ?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Homework Assignments for Week 9 Oct 18-21 (Chapter 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Present Active Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Homework Assignments for Week 10 Oct. 25-27 (Chapter 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Homework Exercises for Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Formation of the Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The Aorist System in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Personal Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

First Aorist Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Imperfect of ¨? and « . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Paradigm of u-stem Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14b-15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Homework Exercises for Chapters 15-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Omicron Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Greek 1001 Fall 2004
T. Keith Dix
236 Park Hall
542-2195
email: tkdix@uga.edu
Office Hours: MTWTh 1-2 pm
Course Texts:
Balme and Lawall, Athenaze vol. 1 (Second edition)

Homework text by N. Norman (available at Bel-Jean, 163 E. Broad)
General Course Information:
1. We will go through all of volume one of Athenaze this semester.
2. There will be several tests during the term. Each test, while focusing on the material
covered since the previous test, will of course be cumulative.
3. There will be many short quizzes. No make-up quizzes will be given, but your two
lowest quiz grades will be dropped.
4. There will be a final, cumulative examination on Monday, December 13th: at noon to 3

pm, for students in the morning section, and at 3:30-6:30, for students in the afternoon
section.
5. The Classics Department provides free tutors for elementary Greek students in Park
Hall 242. A schedule will be distributed as soon as possible.
2
Course requirements:
1. Class attendance and participation are essential. You must keep up with the
assigned homework. Anyone habitually absent may be dropped from the course at my
discretion.
Each day you will be considered either:

Prepared (on time and have completed homework assignment), or
Unprepared (in class but without homework assignment), or
Absent
At the beginning of each class, you will sign a sheet indicating whether you are Prepared
(worth 2 points) or Unprepared (worth 1 point). In order to count yourself Prepared,
you must be in class, you must have attempted to complete ALL the homework exercises
and to translate EVERY assigned sentence, and you must give those answers if called
upon. Your answers and translations do NOT have to be correct– but you must make an
attempt.
If you are Unprepared, I will not call on you in class for homework translation. You will
be asked to participate in other class activities, however. Please attend class even if you
are Unprepared, so that you can hear new grammar explanation or review.
2. You are required to take all quizzes, tests and the final.
Grading:
Participation 15%
Tests 35%
Quizzes 15%
Final exam 35%
3
General Introduction
Fifth century Greeks wrote in CAPITAL LETTERS, with NOGAPSBETWEENWORDS, with

no accents and no breathing marks and virtually no punctuation. All of these conventions sprang
up later, some very much later. Consequently the act of reading required a high level of
concentration and a high degree of literacy. Try it in English on this fragment of Plato’s Apology.
HOWYOUMENOFATHENSHAVEBEENAFFECTEDBY
MYACCUSERSIDONOTKNOWBUTIFORMYPARTAL
MOSTFORGOTMYOWNIDENTITYSOPERSUASIVEL
YDIDTHEYTALKANDYETTHEREISHARDLYAWORD
OFTRUTHINWHATTHEYHAVESAIDBUTIWASMOST
AMAZEDBYONEOFTHEMANYLIESTHATTHEYTOLD
WHENTHEYSAIDTHATYOUMUSTBEONYOURGUAR
DNOTTOBEDECEIVEDBYMEBECAUSEIWASACLEV
ERSPEAKER
Now, look at it in Greek.

!"# !$&%
'(*)+ !) ,$*)-/.*%"(.
) , !$&%0-1%,
)2&,3
45
678
9:;&<&9*5
=1> 4 5 695
=? =&:4@ 9>A895
67 ?;1@4
8 7B=:
=
<98CD4 ;16 9;E4 :A @ =B/5=*7B=? 9B&=;1?
=;F8
95 G =&8=;D?A
C14
B;8>4:H;B64G=
45678=
8=@45
>4IB4678?9::7878
J&KJLMEN O
P*QP*Q*L P*Q J&O R S1TUTVWX
YZ/[\&]^_
`Z&T*^*U à TSZ
b
cd&efghijkgilchcmfbfmi
nopid/ekgk
emkoqiri
Notice that this Greek excerpt also does not have punctuation marks, accents, or breathing marks.
These were all added later when the Greek language became widespread as a universal means of
communication and others needed help with pronunciation.
4
Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1)
for Monday: study the Greek alphabet

read and study Athenaze (Ath.), pp. ix-xx
for Tuesday: quiz on the Greek alphabet

read and study Ath. pp. 4-6
read and study course pack pp. 6-8
do alphabet exercise, course pack pp. 7-8
for Wednesday: read and study course pack pg. 11-14 and do the exercises on pg. 11
read Ath. pp. 6-7 ("The Athenian Farmer")
read and translate Reading 1 A(p. 3)
for Thursday: study for vocabulary quiz, chapter 1 (vocabulary lists in Ath. + the
addendum in course pack)
read and study course pack pp.15-17
read Ath. p. 9
do exercise 1 G, Ath. pg. 10
read and translate Reading 1 B (p. 8)
for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)

read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 13-15
read and translate Reading 2A (pp. 12-13)
5
Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on Athenaze (Ath) page 2
Nouns:
mGRÎWmGROÅÒ: field
oNYRVPOWmNYR¢POUÒ: man, human being, person
AÆTOURGÎWAÆTOURGOÅÒ: farmer
OÁKOWO½KOUÒ: house, home, dwelling
PÎNOWPÎNOUÒ: toil, work
SºTOWS¸TOUÒ: grain, food
Adjectives:
KALÎWKALKALÎN: beautiful, good
MAKRÎWMAKRMAKRÎN: long, large
MIKRÎWMIKRMIKRÎN: small
POLÃWPOLLPOLÃ: much, (plural) many
Addendum to page 8:
Nouns:
LIOWL¸OUÒ: sun
XRÎNOWXRÎNOUÒ: time
Adjectives:
»SXURÎW»SXUR»SXURÎN: strong
XALEPÎWXALEPXALEPÎN: difficult
NOTE: The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard format found in Greek
dictionaries. For nouns, the standard listing consists of nominative singular (mGRÎW),
genitive singular (mGROÅ), gender, indicated by the appropriate form of the article (Ò
indicates masculine, INDICATESFEMININETÎ indicates neuter), and English equivalent.
For adjectives, the Greek forms listed are all nominative singular, in the standard order
nominative singular masculine KALÎW), nominative singular feminine (KAL),
nominative singular neuter (KALÎN). For vocabulary quizzes, you need to learn the
information both in Athenaze and in the course pack.
6
Greek Text
A printed page in a modern edition of a Greek text includes punctuation marks, word
divisions, breathing marks, apostrophes, and accents.
Punctuation Marks:
& The period (.) indicates that the sentence is complete and that all syntactical
expectations have been met.
& The comma (,) operates as it does in English.
& The question mark (;) indicates a questions and that all syntactical expectations
have been met.
& The semicolon () operates as it does in English.
Breathing Marks:
& The rough breathing () corresponds to the English “h” sound.
& The smooth breathing (’) signals the absence of the “h” sound.
& All initial vowels and diphthongs show breathing marks and so does the letter .
Accent Marks:
& The acute accent ( ) originally indicated ascending pitch on the accented syllable.
& The circumflex accent ( a ) originally indicated ascending and descending pitch
on the accented syllable.
& The grave accent ( ` ) originally indicated descending pitch on the accented
syllable.
& Today we pronounce all accents with a stress.
& The apostrophe ( ’ ) signals a zero, that is the absence of a sound or sounds which
have dropped out, as in the English “don’t.”
7
The Alphabet:
The standard Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as follows.
Form Name Form Name
"A alpha /N nu

#B beta +J xi
(G gamma 0O omicron
%D delta 1P pi
&E epsilon 3R rho
;Z zeta 4SW sigma
)H eta 5T tau
:Y theta 6U upsilon
*I iota 'F phi
,K kappa 9X chi
-L lambda $C psi
.M mu 7V omega
The alternate sigma form,W, is used only at the end of the word; elsewhere the standard
form, S is used.
The ancient Greeks used only capital letters; the lower case letters came into use during
the Middle Ages.
Alphabet Exercises
Exercise 1: Practice writing the Greek letters in this space.
8
Exercise 2: Many English words contain Greek roots which are sometimes recognizable
without much difficulty. In the English words below, the segments in bold type are Greek
roots. With the help of a dictionary, suggest a meaning for these Greek roots. Then copy
them in Greek letters.
English word meaning of Greek root Greek spelling
1. telegraph
2. apocrypha
3. logical
4. charitable
5. elliptical
Exercise 3: Transliterate the following words into Greek.
i.e., daimon = DAIMON
1. Kadmos
2. Hektor
3. Agamemnon
4. automatos
5. Sophocles
6. Hera
7. phenomenon (=phainomenon in Greek)
8. sphinx
9. Artemis
10. logos
9
Pronunciation:
s
top/father a/ha a/mare tuvwFx
y
bible z{|z&}&~|E

ganglion (voiced velar plosive; velar nasal, before
F )
&|

decade F

epic 1

double consonant [sd]; zd, z adds, zone ¢¡£¤F¥ ¦I§©¨1¡ª «
¬
they /®¯
° ±³²´1µ
aspirated voiceless dental plosive (aspirated tau); fricative th.
Top/atheist
¶ » ¼½1¾
intrigue · ¸¹º¸ ¹
¿
kind ÀÁÂÄÃEÅDÆ
Ç
logic È1ÉFÊËDÌ
Í
bilabial nasal; meter ÎEÏÑÐ&ÒEÓEÔ
Õ
dental nasal; noon Ö×ØÖ
Ù
double consonant [ks]; axiom ÚÛFÜ
Ý
obstacle Þ
ßà
á
bilabial voiceless plosive; poet âã&ä å1æEç&è
é
trilled alveolar liquid; rhinoceros êìëFíïî
ð ö1÷Eø ùDúüûýþ1ÿ ö
voiceless fricative [s]; voiced fricative [z] before voiced
consonants ñ*òóòôEòFõ . symbol, plasma

voiceless dental plosive; topography

put, boot !"$# % & '
( )+*-, ./ . )+021
aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive; aspirated pi. Became
fricative in postclassical times: philosophy
3
aspirated voiceless velar plosive; aspirated kappa. cat 4576 8 9
:
double consonant [ps]; eclipse ;+<=?>
@
long o. ode ABCEDFHGIJ
10
KML KOLQP R S
aisle N
KT KWVXYL
how U
XZL V XZL
freight; also, digraph representing a single sound [
X\T
eh-oo; feud ]\^`_ ab]Zc
de
ei-oo fg h`fikj
lm l7o
toil ikj$n
lp
boot q r`st2u
v wxzy {
t u + semivocallic i [y]; in classical times iota was weakened to a glide
between vowels and sometimes omitted in spelling
11
Speech Acts and Sentence Types
[Adapted from Gerda M. Seligson, Greek for Reading (Michigan, 1994), 1]
We speak for a variety of reasons; whenever we speak, we commit a speech act:
1. to give information, we make a statement

2. to get information, we ask a question
3. to demand an action from someone, we give a command
4. to suggest an action, we utter an exhortation
5. to wish for something, we make a wish
6. to ask for advice, we ask a deliberative question
This information about speech acts will be useful as we consider mood and aspect in
Greek.
Exercise on Speech Acts:
Exercise 1: Label the speech acts in the sentences below.
1. Shall I wash the dog

2. Let her wash the dog
3. Is he washing the dog
4. Would that I were washing the dog, instead of studying Greek
5. Wash that dog
6. I am washing the dog
Exercise 2: Add punctuation marks to the sentences above.
12
Tips on Translating Greek
Word order is VERY important in English. For example, in English there is a

profound difference between
The boy hit the ball. and The ball hit the boy.
And between
I am strong. and Am I strong.
By contrast, word order in Greek is unimportant. Whereas English uses word

order to distinguish the difference between subject and object (eg., The boy hit the ball vs.
The ball hit the boy) and between statement and question (eg., I am strong vs. Am I
strong), Greek instead uses different forms to make those distinctions. Therefore you
must correctly identify forms in order to translate Greek.
Indeed, translating Greek into English involves a 4-step process:

1. Identify the form of all of the words in the sentence.
2. Identify what kind of sentence it is.
3. Transpose the Greek sentence into English word order.
4. Translate.
Important Note on Identifying Forms:
Nouns and adjectives have three characteristics: CASE, NUMBER, GENDER.
About Gender:
Every noun in Greek has a gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. It is important
to note that nouns can not usually change their gender; in other words, once a masculine
noun, always a masculine noun. It is also important to note that it is almost impossible to
predict the gender of a Greek noun; therefore it is imperative that when you memorize
vocabulary you also MEMORIZE THE GENDER OF ALL NOUNS.
About Number:
Number is the difference between a singular noun and a plural noun; in English
it’s the difference between man and men or between horse and horses. In English most
singular forms of nouns are different from their plurals. The same is true of Greek;
usually the singular form of the noun is not identical to its plural form.
13
About Case:
Case tells you what syntactical function the noun fulfills in the sentence. For
example in our sentence “The boy hit the desk,” “boy” is the subject and “desk” is the
direct object; in other words, the subject, “boy,” is performing an action on the direct
object, “desk.” In our second sentence, “The desk hit the boy,” the subject is now “desk,”
while “boy” is now in the position of the direct object receiving the action. This
difference is clear in the English sentence because of the word order; but note that the
forms “boy” and “desk” are exactly the same in both sentences though they occupy two
different syntactical positions in the 2 sentences. In a Greek sentence, the form for the
subject “boy” would be different from the form for the direct object “boy.” It is this
difference in form which tells you how to interpret and thus how to translate the nouns in
a Greek sentence.
In Greek, there are 5 cases, each of which occupies distinct syntactical positions in
Greek sentences.
Case Name Primary Syntactical Function in a Sentence
Nominative Subject of sentence

Genitive To show possession; object of prepositions conveying a
sense of separation or of going away from
Dative Indirect object; object of prepositions conveying the notion
of place at which
Accusative Direct object of sentence; object of prepositions conveying
the idea of going towards
Vocative To address someone directly
Each case has its own form; for example, for a certain category of nouns (called the
second declension) the cases are as follows:
Nominative oNYRVPOW
Genitive mNYR¢POU
Dative nNYR¢P¡
Accusative oNYRVPON
Vocative oNYRVPE
Note that the difference in both case and number is reflected in these forms.
Each form is composed of two parts (called morphemes) both of which convey meaning–
a stem (called a stem morpheme) and a case ending (called inflectional morpheme). The
stem conveys the root meaning of the word, while the ending indicates case and so
suggests possible syntactical functions for the word within a sentence.
14
Important Note About Adjectives:
As you all know adjectives modify nouns. Let us add some adjectives to our basic
sentence:
The angry boy hit the red ball.
The addition of adjectives “angry” and “red” gives us additional information about the
nouns in the sentence. Again, in our English sentence, we know that “angry” is
describing the boy because of word order. In a Greek sentence, however, the sentence
could be written in any of the following ways:
The boy angry red the ball hit.

The ball the boy hit angry red.
The red boy hit the angry ball.
etc.
Since word order does not provide telltale clues on matching adjectives to their nouns,
again Greek depends on form to do that. Thus, adjectives must mimic the case, number
and gender of the nouns they modify. For example in our modified sentence,
The angry boy hit the red ball.
Since boy is the subject it would be in the nominative case in Greek; it is singular and the
Greek word for boy is a masculine noun. Thus the adjective “angry” in this sentence
would be a nominative, singular, masculine form. Similarly, “red” would be an
accusative (to indicate direct object), singular masculine form to modify the accusative,
singular, masculine “ball.”
Since adjectives must be able to modify not only masculine, but also feminine and
neuter nouns, adjectives have forms for all three genders.
15
Important Note on Verbs:
Verbs have 6 characteristics: Person, Number, Tense, Voice, Mood and Aspect. In
order to translate Greek verbs correctly, you must first identify its characteristics.
About Person:
The person of a verb refers to its subject. The person can be
1st singular/plural = “I”/ “we”

2nd singular/plural = “you”/ “you”
3rd singular/plural = “he,she,it”/ “they”
About Number:
Number is the difference between a singular verb and a plural verb, in English the
difference, for example, between “is” and “are.” Each person has a singular form and a
plural form, eg., I am (1st person singular) and we are (1st person plural).
About Tense:
Tense indicates the time of the action. Did it occur in present time, past time or
future time--I eat, I ate, I will eat.
About Voice:
Voice indicates the relation between the subject and the verb. In active voice the
subject performs the action of the verb; in passive voice, the subject receives the action of
the verb. Our basic sentence is in the active voice:
The boy hit the desk. (note that the subject is doing the action of the verb)
Let’s change our basic sentence to the passive voice:
The boy is hit by the desk. (note that now the subject is receiving the
action of the verb.)
Greek also has a middle voice. But more about voice later.
About Mood:
Mood indicates how the subject views/thinks about the action of the verb. It is the
difference between
The boy hit the desk.

and
The boy would like to hit the desk.
and
Hit the desk!
16
In our basic sentence, we have a plain statement of fact so the verb in Greek would be in
the indicative mood; in the second example, we have a wish which would be expressed in
Greek by either the subjunctive or optative moods; and in the third example, we have a
command which would be expressed in Greek by the imperative mood. More about
mood later.
About Aspect:
Aspect reflects whether or not the action of the verb is completed. It is the
difference between
The boy hit the desk.

and
The boy is hitting the desk (while he . . . .)
More about aspect later.
An Extra Note about Verbs:

Just as the three characteristics of nouns and adjectives (case, number and gender)
are expressed by their form, so are the six characteristics of a verb (person, number, tense,
voice, mood, aspect) expressed by their form. Thus in order to translate a Greek verb
correctly, it is necessary first to identify fully its form.
17
Important Note on Identifying Sentence Types:
There are several different types of sentences. The three types which we will see
most often this quarter are: 1. the Transitive Active Sentence (TAS), 2. the Intransitive
Active Sentence (IAS), and 3. the Linking Sentence (LS).
The TAS is governed by a transitive verb, a verb which transfers action from a
subject to a direct object. The English word order for a TAS is
Subject + Verb Direct Object.

The boy + hit the desk.
The IAS is governed by an intransitive verb, a verb which does not transfer action
to a direct object. The English word order for a IAS is
Subject + Verb
I + think.
The LS is governed by a linking verb, a form of the verb “to be” which links a
subject with a predicate. The English word order for a LS is
Subject/Predicate Verb Predicate/Subject

A = B
The rose is red.
or
Red is the rose.
Another pattern
I am a teacher.
or
A teacher am I.
Note how a linking verb can link either a noun with an adjective (called a predicate
adjective) or a noun with another noun (called a predicate noun).
An Important Note about LS in Greek:

When a linking verb is linking a noun with an adjective, that adjective must agree
with the noun in terms of case (always nominative), number and gender; in other words, if
the noun is singular and feminine, the adjective must also be singular and feminine.
18
Thematic verbs in the present active indicative
Vowel verbs:
Singular 1st LÃV V lengthened thematic vowel

2nd LÃEIW EIW Probably fromLUESI LUEÐ LUEIto which Whas
been added from secondary endings
3rd LÃEI EI The derivation of the ending is disputed.
Plural 1st LÃOMEN OMEN
2nd LÃETE ETE
3rd LÃOUSIN OUSIN ONTI ONSI OUSI

NTbefore final IbecomesNS which drops Nthe
preceding vowel undergoes compensatory
lengtheningO OU
Epsilon contract verbs:
Singular 1st FIL¤ ¤ FILV
2nd FILEºW EºW FILEIW
3rd FILEº Eº FILEI
Plural 1st FILOÅMEN OÅMEN FILOMEN
2nd FILEºTE EºTE FILETE
3rd FILOÅSIN OÅSI FILOUSI
ContractionsE +EEI EI2nd sing., 3rd sing., 2nd plu.)

E+O OU1st plu.)
E+long vowel/diphthong Edrops out1st sing., 3rd plu.)
19
Present Active indicative of E»M¸Present Active Imperative and Infinitive
Singular 1st |~} $ Q with compensatory lengthening
2nd $ , originally truncation of sequence of two identical
consonants
3rd 2 ¡ retains the original ending
Plural 1st ¢£ ¢¤¡ before ¢ or usually disappears with compensatory lengthening;
the is due to the influence of 7£
2nd £ ¤

3rd ¤~¥22 E ¦ PG * §©¨`§«ª¬E®
¯° before final ± becomes ¯E²³ which drops n; the preceding vowel
undergoes compensatory lengthening, ´µ$Ý¶
·¹
¼¸ º7» ½
The accents of the present indicative forms of E»M¸ (with the exception of the second singular) are
enclitic rather than recessive ¾
Present active imperative of thematic verbs ¿
2nd singular: ÀÁÂ Ã+Ä-ÀÂ~ÂÆÅ Ã+ÄÇÀ7ÂYÈ Present stem + thematic vowel

2nd plural: ÀÉÂÊÂ Ã+È-ÀË~ÂÊ7ÂÅ Ì+ÍÇÎ7ÏÐÒÑÏ Present stem + thematic vowel + Ñ7Ï
Present active imperative of Ï~ÓÔ ÕzÖ
2nd singular: ×ÙØÚEÛ Present stemÜÞÝkßáàãâåäæ7ÝEß is an enigma â\ç
2nd plural: è æé7ê Present stemÜOéê
Present active infinitive of thematic verbs ë
ì í ìí ì7ó ì
êîêïñð êYß-ï òÆß ~ê êïôð ò+ß ê õÒï Present stem + thematic vowelÜÞêï
Present active infinitive of ê~ö÷øQë
è æïùOßð êúÒïùOß Present stemÜ+ïùMß æ before ÷ or ï usually disappears with

compensatory lengthening ûôüÆýüYþ
20
Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2)
for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)

for Tuesday: quiz on conjugation in Pres. Act. Indicative and Imperative of E»M¸
do exercise 2A (odds) and 2G (evens)
read Ath. pp. 15-16 ("Slavery")
read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 20-21 and 31
for Wednesday: quiz on 2nd declension forms

do exercises 2D and 2E
read and translate Reading 2B (pp. 18-19)
for Thursday: vocabulary quiz, chapter 2


for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday
for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)
do exercise 3A (odds)
read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")
do exercises 3G and D
21
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 10:
Nouns:
oROTRONmRÎTROUTÎ: plow
DOÅLOWDOÃLOUÒ: slave
Adjectives:
mRGÎWmRGÎNlazy [a "two-ending" adjective, in which the first form is
nominative singular masculine AND feminine, the second form is nominative
singular neuter.
Two-ending adjectives are compound words. mRGÎWmERGÎW, "not working."
Compound adjectives do not have separate feminine forms, but the masculine
forms serve for feminine as well.]
Addendum to page 16:
Verbs:
oGVoJVGAGON: lead
BA¸NVBSOMAIBHN: step, walk, go
BLPVBLCOMAIBLECA: look, see
LAMBjNVLCOMAILABON: take
SULLAMBjNVSULLCOMAISUNLABON: help
Nouns:
BOÅWBOÎWÒ: ox
DNDRONDNDROUTÎ: tree
DESPÎTHWDESPÎTOUÒ: master
Note: In chapter 2B, Athenaze changes the vocabulary form listed for verbs from the
third person singular present active indicative (LGEI) to the first person singular present
active indicative (oGV). The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard format
for verbs found in Greek dictionaries: first person singular present active indicative
(oGV), first person singular future active indicative (oJV)-- or in some cases, for verbs
without active forms in the future, first person singular future middle indicative
(BSOMAI); and first person singular aorist active indicative (GAGON). For vocabulary
quizzes, you need to learn the information both in Athenaze and in the course pack.
22
Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter
Masculine Masc. Endings Neu. Endings Neuter

Sing. Nom. ÒKALÏWmGRÎW OW ON TÏKALÏNDNDRON
Gen. TOÅKALOÅmGROÅ OIO > OO (with loss of Iin diphthong before TOÅKALOÅDNDROU
following vowel) > OU (with contraction)
Dat. T¯KAL¯mGR¯ (PIE *-oy>) VI > ¡ T¯KAL¯DNDR¡
Acc. TÏNKALÏNmGRÎN ON TÏKALÏNDNDRON
Voc. «KALmGR E ON «KALÏNDNDRON
Plu. Nom. O¼KALO¹mGRO¸ OI A TkKALkDNDRA
Gen. T¤NKAL¤NmGR¤N (PIE *om >) VN T¤NKAL¤NDNDRVN
Dat. TOºWKALOºWmGROºW OIW TOºWKALOºWDNDROIW
Acc. TOÄWKALOÄWmGROÃW ONW>OUW A TkKALkDNDRA
Voc. «KALO¹mGRO¸ OI A «KALkDNDRA
Notes on accent:
Final OI in nominative plural masculine counts as short for purposes of accent.
Any noun of the o declension with an accented ultima has circumflex on the ultima in all genitives and datives.
In ¡, the long open vowel of V had completely overpowered the I by 100 BCE, so that I ceased to be written in antiquity.
The custom of writing I under the line is as late as about the eleventh century CE.
23
Accentuation in Greek
The long vowels are H and V; diphthongs are also long except for AI and OI at the ends of words.
The short vowels areE and O.
Originally in Greek, accents denoted changes in pitch; in English, accent is shown by an increased
stress on the accented syllable.
The accent of a Greek work must be learned as a part of its spelling, just as we learn how to stress
English (e.g., relative, religious, reconstruct).
In Greek, the accents for nouns and adjectives are persistent, that is they try to stay on the same
vowel or diphthong in all forms of the word unless forced by the rules of accentuation to move.
But the accents for verbs are recessive, that is they go back from the end of the word as far as
possible.
No matter how many syllables a word has, the accent can appear only over one of the last three
syllables: the ultima (U, the last syllable of the word), the penult (P, the next to last syllable of
the word) or the antepenult (A, the third syllable from the end).
The ACUTE accent: appears over U, P or A

appears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs
Restrictions:
CAN appear over the U ONLY when a pause follows
CANNOT appear over the P when it is accented and contains a long
vowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowel
CAN appear over the A ONLY when the U contains a short vowel
The GRAVE accent: appears ONLY over the U

appears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs
Restrictions:
CAN ONLY replace an acute accent over the U when there is no
pause
The CIRCUMFLEX accent: appears ONLY over the U and P

appears ONLY over long vowels or diphthongs
Restrictions:
MUST appear over the P when the P is accented and contains a long
vowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowel
CANNOT appear over the P when the U contains a long vowel or
diphthong
24
POSSIBILITIES OF ACCENTS
Antepenult Penult Ultima Examples

oNYRVPOW
mNYR¢POU
~ NSOWLÅON
NSOU
FÎBOW
LVN
LELUK¢W
POTAMÎW
~ 1ERIKLW
KA¹MNV
= short vowel = long vowel
The "Contonation" Rule:
contonation = accent + return to standard pitch

short syllable = 1 mora; long syllable = 2
The rule: Contonation can be followed by no more than one mora before the end of
the word (or phrase pronounced as one word unit).
Accent Exercise:
Given the form K¸NDUNOW, put the proper accent on these forms.
KINDUNOU KINDUN¡ KINDUNOI KINDUNOIW KINDUNOUW KINDUNON
Given the form MÅYOW, put the proper accent on these forms.
MUYON MUY¡ MUYOIW MUYOUW MUYOU MUYVN
Given the form »ATRÎW, put the proper accent on these forms.
»ATRON »ATR¡ »ATROIW »ATROUW »ATROU »ATRVN
25
Enclitics and Proclitics
Some words do not appear to have any accent. They are so closely attached to the
preceding or following word as to become a part of it. Such words are called enclitics and
proclitics. Compare, for example, what happens to the English word “not” when
combined with “is” into “isn’t.” Some Greek enclitics are TIW (the indefinite pronoun),
MOUMOIMESOUSOISE (personal pronouns), TE (conjunction), GE (particle), POU
PVWPOTPOYN and POI (indefinite adverbs), and most forms of the present indicative
of E»MI (sum).
In Greek, an accented syllable cannot be followed by more than two unaccented syllables
(the "contonation" rule); so the following changes occur when an enclitic leans onto a
word:
1. When preceding a 1-syllable enclitic:

a word with a circumflex on the ultima (KALOÅ) keeps its accent and the enclitic has no
accent: KALOÅGE
a word with an acute on the ultima (mDELFÎW) keeps its accent as acute and does not
change it to a grave and the enclitic has no accent: mDELFÎWTIW
a word with an acute on the penult (F¸LOW) keeps its accent and the enclitic has no accent:
F¸LOWTIW
2. When preceding a 2-syllable enclitic:

a word with an acute on the penult (F¸LOW) is followed by enclitic with accent on ultima
(acute on short ultima and circumflex on long ultima): F¸LOWST¸Nor mNYR¢PVN
TIN¤N
3. When preceding a 1- or 2-syllable enclitic:

a word with an acute accent on the antepenult (FILÎSOFOW) adds an acute (never a grave)
on its ultima and the enclitic has no accent: FILÎSOFÎWTIWorFILÎSOFÎWSTIN.
a word with a circumflex on the penult (DOÅLOW) adds an acute (never a grave) on the
ultima and the enclitic has no accent: DOÅLÎWTEor DOÅLÎWSTIN
If an enclitic is followed by another enclitic, all but the last adds an acute to its ultima:
DUNATÎNST¸SO¸POTE
Some words of one syllable never have an accent of their own, but attach themselves
closely to the following word; these words are called proclitics. Examples are ÒO¼OÆ
OÆKOÆXNE»WK
If a proclitic is followed by an enclitic, the proclitic is accented: E»LGEI but E½TIW
26
antepenult penult ultima 1-syllable enclitic 2-syllable enclitic
retains accent, none on
mDELFÎW enclitic
mDELFÎWTIW
retains accent, none on

KALOÅ enclitic
KALOÅGE
retains accent, none on retains accent; accent on ultima of enclitic

F¸LOW enclitic F¸LOWST¸N
F¸LOWTIW
adds acute on ultima: none on enclitic

DOÅLOW DOÅLÎWTE DOÅLÎWSTIN
adds acute on ultima; none on enclitic

FILÎSOFOW FILÎSOFÎWTIW FILÎSOFÎW
S T I N
Mark the accents on the words below:
oNYRVPOWTIW oNYRVPOWSTIN oNYRVPOITINEW oNYRVPONGE
mNYR¢POIWSTIN mNYR¢POUTINOW oNYRVPONTINA mNYR¢POUWPOYEN
mNYR¢PVNGEPOU
27
Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3)
for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday
for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)
do exercise 3A (odds)
read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")
do exercises 3G and D
for Wednesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 17-26 (p. 25)
do form ID chart (all form ID charts are in this course pack)
vocabulary quiz, chapter 3
for Thursday: read and translate Reading 3 (pp. 30-31)
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-3)
28
Verbs:
MNVMEN¤MEINA: stay, wait, wait for
P¸PTVPESOÅMAIPESON: fall
PROSXVRVPROSXVRSVPROSXVRSOMAIPROSEX¢RHSA: (+ dative) go
toward, approach
Nouns:
L¸YOWL¸YOUÒ: stone
Adjectives:
A½TIOWA»T¸AA½TION: responsible, to blame
DUNATÎWDUNATDUNATÎN: possible
MGAWMEGjLHMGA: big
Verbs:
LÃVLÃSVLUSA: loosen, release
LE¸PVLE¸CVLIPON: leave
Nouns:
DEºPNONDE¸PNOUTÎ: dinner
PAºWPAIDÎWÒor: child, boy, girl
PATRPATRÎWÒ: father
Adjectives:
mNDREºOWmNDRE¸AmNDREºON: brave
POLLO¸POLLA¸POLLj: many
TOSOÅTOWTOSAÃTHTOSOÅTO: so great (plural), so many
29
Homework Exercises for Chapter 3
Form Identification
PAID¸ONPAID¸OUTÎ PA¸DEIOWPA¸DEION PAIDEÃVPAIDEÃSV

PA¸DEUSA
Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLE
IDENTIFICATIONS (ignore the Vocative case). For each identification, first list the
relevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics (5 for a
verb, 3 for a noun or adjective).
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
PAIDEÃEIW
PAIDE¸OU
PA¸DEIOW
PAIDEÃEIN
PAID¸¡
PAIDE¸¡
PAIDEÃV
PAID¸A
PAID¸OU
PAIDEÃOUSI
PAIDEÃETE
PA¸DEION
30
Table of Contractions
Combinations Result Combinations Result Combinations Result

A+A E+A H+I
A (long) + A Along E +A(long) H H+AI
A + Along E+H H+ EI ×
A+I E+AI H+×
A+AI AI E+× × H+H
Along) +I E+E H+E H
A+ E+I EI H+OI ¡
A+E E+EI
A+H A (long) E+OI OI O+E
A+ EI#
A+EI* e +O OU O+O OU
A+× E+V V O+EI
A+O E+¡ ¡ O+OI OI
A+V V e +U EU O+×
A+ OU#
A+OI ¡ O+H
O+V V
O+¡ ¡
* = genuine diphthong with the sound of one vowel gliding into another, though in
classical times the sound eventually became single
# = spurious diphthong, that is to say a long vowel which occurs as the result of
contraction or compensatory lengthening
31
for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-3)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 38-42

do exercises 4B (evens), 4G(odds), 4D (evens) and 4E (odds)
read Ath. pp. 43-45 ("Women")
for Wednesday: quiz on first declension

do exercise 4K
for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 4

do noun-adjective agreement worksheet (all noun-adjective
worksheets are in the course pack)
read Ath. p. 284 on syllables and accents
for Monday: quiz on MGAWMEGjLHMGA

read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59
do exercises 5B (odds) and 5G (evens)
read and translate Reading 5A (p. 55)
32
Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction,
i.e., from Greek to English and from English to Greek
Verbs:
mKOÃVmKOÃSOMAIKOUSA: listen, hear
YLVYELSVYLHSA: wish, be willing
XVJVSXSVSXON: have, hold
YEVRVYEVRSVYE¢RHSA: watch, see
POIVPOISVPO¸HSA: do, make
XA¸RVXAIRSVXA¸RHSA: rejoice
Nouns:
oGGELOWmGGLOUÒ: messenger
mNRmNDRÎWÒ: man, husband
GUNGUNAIKÎW: woman, wife
ORTORTW: festival
YUGjTHRYUGATRÎW: daughter
KAIRÎWKAIROÅÒ: time, right time
KRNHKRNHW: spring
MTHRMHTRÎW: mother
ÇDR¸AÇDR¸AW: water jar
XORÎWXOROÅÒ: dance, chorus
Verbs:
PE¸YVPE¸SVPEISA: persuade
STENjZVSTENjJVSTNAJA: groan
Nouns:
GGW: land, earth, ground
ÒDÎWÒDOÅ: road, way, journey
33
Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:

Nouns Adjectives
DESPÎTHWDESPÎTOUÒ KALÎWKALKALÎN
O»K¸AO»K¸AW MGAWMEGjLHMGA
DNDRONDNDROUTÎ
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number
and gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore
the Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gender Adjective/s

DESPÎTHW
O»K¸AW
O»K¸AI
DNDRA
DESPÎTOU
DESPOT¤N
DNDROIW
DNDR¡
O»K¸AN
DESPÎTAW
DESPÎTHN
DNDRON
DESPÎT×
O»K¸AIW
34
First Declension
Table of stem vowel + case endings:
Feminine Masculine
orA
Sing. Nom. A H A
W HW
Gen. A
WorHW HW O (< A
A (I)O)
Dat. A
IorHI HI A
I HI
Acc. A
NorAN HN A
N HN
Voc. A
orA H A
A or H
Plu. Nom./Voc. AI
Gen. (A¤N/Ionic VN > VN > ) ¤N
Dat. AIW
Acc. (ANW >) A

W
1. Attic has H for original A

of the earlier period.
did not become H in Attic:

2. A
a. when preceded by R, as in MRA MRA W
b. when preceded by E or I, as in O»K¸A O»K¸A
W
Rules for alpha/eta:

1. If nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by vowel or rho, alpha is kept throughout
singular.
2. If nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by consonant other than rho, alpha is
changed to eta in the genitive and dative singular.
3. If nominative singular ends in eta, eta is kept in all cases of singular.
35
First declension feminine
(A) (A) adj. (A) noun (B) adj. (B) (C1) (C2)
art. noun
Sing. Nom. KAL KRNH
D¸A
O»K¸A YjLATTA MjXAIRA
Gen. TW KALW KRNHW W

D¸A W
O»K¸A YALjTTHW W
MAXA¸RA
Dat. T KAL KRN× D¸ O»K¸ YALjTT× MAXA¸R
Acc. TN KALN KRNHN N

D¸A N
O»K¸A YjLATTAN MjXAIRAN
Voc. « KAL KRNH

D¸A
O»K¸A YjLATTA MjXAIRA
Plu. Nom. A¼ KALA¹ KRNAI uDIAI O»K¸AI YjLATTAI MjXAIRAI
Gen. T¤N KAL¤N KRHN¤N D¸VN O»KI¤N YALATT¤N MAXAIR¤N
Dat. TAºW KALAºW KRNAIW D¸AIW O»K¸AIW YALjTTAIW MAXA¸RAIW
Acc. TkW W
KALA W
KRNA W
D¸A W
O»K¸A W
YALjTTA W
MAXA¸RA
Voc. « KALA¹ KRNAI uDIAI O»K¸AI YjLATTAI MjXAIRAI
A. Eta in the nominative, eta throughout the singular. (= Type 1)

B. Long alpha in the nominative, long alpha throughout the singular. (= Type 2)
C1. Short alpha in the nominative, after SJCTTSSZLLAIN: -A HWHIA (= Type 3)
NA
C2. Short alpha in the nominative, after EIR: -A
A
WA
IA (= Type 4)
NA
[My rule: If you know the nominative and genitive, you can predict the dative and accusative.
Nominative and accusative vowel are always the same; genitive and dative vowel are always the same.]
36
Notes on accentuation:
1. In nominative plural, final -AI is treated as short (as with -OI in 2nd decl. masc. nom. pl.)
2. Genitive plural of all first declension substantives has ¤N. But, feminine genitive
plural of adjectives and participles in -OW has the same accent and form as the masculine
and neuter (as in uDIOW D¸A uDION, genitive plural D¸VN).
37
First Declension Masculine
Sing. Nom. DESPÎTHW NEA

N¸A
W
Gen. DESPÎTOU -OU is borrowed from gen. sing. of 2nd decl. NEA
N¸OU
Dat. DESPÎT× NEA

N¸A
Acc. DESPÎTHN NEA
N¸A
N
Voc. DSPOTA Nom. in A W, voc. in A
; nom. in THW, TA W NEA
N¸A

voc. in -A
; other nom. in HW, voc. in H
Plu. Nom. DESPÎTAI NEA
N¸AI
Gen. DESPOT¤N NEA
NI¤N
Dat. DESPÎTAIW NEA
N¸AIW
Acc. DESPÎTA
W NEA
N¸A
W
Voc. DESPÎTAI NEA
N¸AI
38
Alpha Contract Verbs
Present Active Indicative:
Singular 1st TIM¤ ¤ <TIMjV

TIMwW wW <TIMjEIW
nd
2
TIMw w <TIMjEI
rd
3
Plural 1st TIM¤MEN ¤MEN <TIMjOMEN
TIMlTE lTE <TIMjETE
nd
2
TIM¤SI(N) -¤SI < TIMjOUSI
rd
3
Present Active Imperative:
2nd T¸MA
A
<T¸MAE Present stem + thematic vowel
singular:
2nd plural: TIMlTE lTE < Present stem + thematic vowel + TE
TIMjETE
Present Active Infinitive:
TIMlN lN TIMjEEN> TIMA

EN> TIMlN Present stem + thematic vowel + EN
Contractions: A + v/ o/ ou >V1st singular, 1st plural, 3rd plural indicative)

A+EI> (2nd singular, 3rd singular indicative)
2nd plural indicative, 2nd singular and 2nd plural imperative,
A+E A
present active infinitive)
39
for Monday: quiz on MGAWMEGjLHMGA

read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59
do exercises 5B (odds) and 5G (evens)
read and translate Reading 5A (p. 55)
for Tuesday: quiz on AV contract verbs

do form identification worksheet
for Wednesday: do noun-adjective agreement worksheet


read Ath. pp. 59-61 ("Gods and Men")
40
Verbs:
oPEIMImPSOMAI: be away
BOjVBOSOMAIBÎHSA: shout
DI¢KVDI¢JVD¸VJA: pursue
ZHTVZHTSVZTHSA: seek, look for
ÒRjVÓCOMAIEÁDON: see
TIMjVTIMSVT¸MHSA: honor
TRXVDRAMOÅMAIDRAMON: run
FEÃGVFEÃJOMAIFUGON: flee
FULjTTVFULjJVFÃLAJA: guard
Nouns:
KÃVNKUNÎWÒor: dog
LAG¢WLAG¢Ò: hare
LÃKOWLÃKOUÒ: wolf
O»K¸AO»K¸AW: house
ÓROWÓROUWTÎ: mountain, hill
PjPPOWPjPPOUÒ: grandfather
Adjectives:
oKROWoKRAoKRON: top (of)
jYUMOWjYUMON: careless
Verbs:
mPOFEÃGVmPOFEÃJOMAImPFUGON: flee away, escape
GIGN¢SKVGN¢SOMAIGNVN: get to know, learn
YAUMjZVYAUMjSOMAIYAÃMASA: wonder at, am amazed, admire
PjSXVPE¸SOMAIPAYON: suffer
TÃPTVTÃCVTUCA: strike
Nouns:
MÅYOWMÃYOUÒ: story
Adjectives:
mGAYÎWmGAYmGAYÎN: good oGRIOWmGR¸AoGRION: savage, wild, fierce
PR¤TOWPR¢THPR¤TON: first AÆTÎWAÆTAÆTÎ: -self, -selves; him, her, it,
them
41
Form Identification:
TIMjV TIMHTÎWTIMHTTIMHTÎN
TIMTIMW TIMHTWTIMHTOÅÒ (note, this will decline like ÒDESPÎTHW)

TIMwW
TIMHTAºW
T¸MA

TIMw
TIMHTÎN
TIMHTW
TIM¤MEN
TIMlN
TIMHTjW
TIMjW
TIMlTE
TIM¤N
TIMHTOÃW
TIM
TIM¤
TIMHTN
42
Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:
Nouns Adjectives/Pronouns
DESPÎTHWDESPÎTOUÒ AÆTÎWAÆTAÆTÎ
ÒDÎWÒDOÅ POLÃWPOLLPOLÃ
KRNHKRNHW
the Vocative case.)

DESPOT¤N
ÒDOºW
DESPÎTHN
DESPÎT×
ÒDÎN
ÒDÎW
KRNAW
KRHN¤N
ÒDOÃW
DESPÎTAIW
DESPÎTHW
KRNHN
KRNH
ÒDOÅ
ÒD¯
DESPÎTAW
KRN×
ÒD¤N
43
Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative
ATTRIBUTIVE PREDICATIVE
TÏoKRONÓROW the lofty mountain oKRONTÏÓROW the top of the mountain
TÏÓROWoKRON
MSHmGORj the central market MSHmGORj the center of the market

mGORkMSH
SXjTHNSOW the farthest island SXjTHNSOW the edge of the island

NSOWSXjTH
ÒMÎNOWPAºW the only son MÎNOWÒPAºWPA¸ZEI the boy plays alone

ÒPAºWMÎNOWPA¸ZEI
ÒAÆTÏWmNR the same man AÆTÏWÒmNR the man himself

ÒmNRAÆTÏW
O¼PjNTEWPOLºTAI the whole body of O¼POLºTAI PjNTEW all the citizens

citizens PjNTEWO¼POLºTAI
PlSA4IKEL¸A the whole of Sicily
44

read course pack pages 47-49
for Wednesday: quiz on present middle indicative verb forms

do form ID chart
do exercises 6G6D 6E (evens), 6Z (odds)
read Ath. pp. 81-83 ("Myth")
for Thursday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 86-89

read and translate Reading 6 B (pp.84-86)
do exercise 6H (1-6)
for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-101

do exercise 7B
vocabulary quiz chapter 6
45

Verbs:
mPOKTE¸NVmPOKTEN¤mPKTEINA: KFEÃGVKFEÃJOMAIJFUGON: flee
kill RXOMAILEÃSOMAILYON: come, go
mFIKNOMAImF¸JOMAImFIKÎMHN: PE¸YOMAIPE¸SOMAIPIYÎMHN: obey
arrive, arrive at (middle of PE¸YV
BASILEÃVBASILEÃSVBAS¸LEUSA: PMPVPMCVPEMCA: send
rule PLVPLEÃSOMAIPLEUSA: sail
BOHYVBOHYSVBOYHSA: help SZVS¢SVSVSA: save
BOÃLOMAIBOULSOMAIBOULYHN: FOBOMAIFOBSOMAIFOBHSjMHN:
wish, want fear, am afraid of, am frightened
G¸GNOMAIGENSOMAIGENÎMHN:
become
DXOMAIDJOMAIDXYHN: receive
Nouns:
BASILEÃWBASILVWÒ: king NSOWNSOU: island
TAºROWTA¸ROUÒ: comrade, NÃJNUKTÎW: night
companion PjPPAWPjPPOUÒ: father
MRAMRAW: day PARYNOWPARYNOU : maiden, girl
NAÅWNE¢W: ship

Verbs:
JRXOMAIJELEÃSOMAIJLYON: go POREÃOMAI, POREÃSOMAI
out of, come out of POREUSjMHN: go, walk, march, journey
GOMAIGSOMAIGHSjMHN: lead PROXVRVPROXVRSV
MjXOMAIMAXOÅMAIMAXESjMHN: PROEX¢RHSA: go forward, come
fight forward, advance
PARXVPARJVPARSXON:
provide, give
Nouns:
PÃLAIPUL¤NA¼: gates
English derivatives:
phobia, labyrinth, parthenogenesis, basil, hegemony, nautical, pylon, ephemeral,
tympanum, nyctophobia, genesis
46
BOULEÃVBOULEÃSVBOÃLEUSA BOULBOULW
BOULHTÎWBOULHTBOULHTÎN BOÃLOMAIBOULSOMAIBOULYHN
IDENTIFICATIONS (excluding the Vocative case). For each identification, first list the
relevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics.
BOULEÃV
BOULW
BOÃL×
BOÃLESYAI
BOULHTO¸
BOULAºW
BOULEÃETE
BOULÎMEYA
BOULA¸
BOULHTOºW
BOÃLESYE
BOULEÃEIN
BOULHTÎN
BOUL¤N
BOULHT
BOULEÃEI
BOULHT¯
47
Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive
LÃV FILV TIMjV
Indicative
MAI LÃOMAI LÃOMAI FILOMAI FILOÅMAI TIMjOMAI TIM¤MAI
SAI LÃESAI LÃ×LÃEI FILESAI FILFILEº TIMjESAI TIMw
TAI LÃETAI LÃETAI FILETAI FILEºTAI TIMjETAI TIMlTAI
MEYA LUÎ LUÎMEYA FILEÎ FILOÃMEYA TIMAÎ TIM¢MEYA

MEYA MEYA MEYA
SYE LÃESYE LÃESYE FILESYE FILEºSYE TIMjESYE TIMlSYE
NTAI LÃONTAI LÃONTAI FILONTAI FILOÅNTAI TIMjO TIM¤NTAI

NTAI
Imperative
SO LÃESO LÃOU FILESO FILOÅ TIMjESO TIM¤
SYE LÃESYE LÃESYE FILESYE FILEºSYE TIMjESYE TIMlSYE
Infinitive
SYAI LÃESYAI LÃESYAI FILESYAI FILEºSYAI TIMjESYAI TIMlSYAI
Second person singular indicative:

ESAI yields ×(written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, before 403 BCE), which is usually given as the
proper spelling in the texts of the tragic poets, whereas EIis printed in the texts of prose and comedy.
EI was often written for HI×) after 400 BCE, since both had the sound of a close long e. EI is
sometimes called Attic and Ionic in contrast to ×of the other dialects, including the Koine. (Smyth
628)
NOTE: Final AI is counted short (MAISAITAINTAISYAI).
48
Notes on the Middle Voice
From Smyth, Greek Grammar:
Middle usually denotes that subject acts on himself or for himself, as LOÃOMAI wash myself ,
mMÃNOMAI defend myself (lit. ward off for myself).
The passive borrows all its forms, except in the future and aorist tenses, from the middle.
Deponent verbs have an active meaning but only middle (or middle and passive) forms.
The middle represents the subject as doing something in which he is interested. He may do
something to himself, for himself, or he may act with something belonging to himself.
The object of the middle (1) may belong in the sphere of the subject, as his property, etc: I wash
my hands, or (2) it may be brought into the sphere of the subject: they sent for the hoplites, or (3)
it may be removed from the sphere of the subject: I sell my house (lit. give away).
Direct Reflexive Middle: subject acting directly on himself. Self is here the direct object. Verbs
expressing external and natural acts: anoint oneself, wash oneself, adorn oneself, crown oneself,
exercise oneself.
Indirect Reflexive Middle: subject as acting for himself, with reference to himself, with something
belonging to himself. Self often the indirect object: provide for oneself, guard against, choose
(take for oneself), furnish.
Causative Middle: subject has something done by another for himself: for I had you taught this; to
have food served up.
Reciprocal Middle: With dual or plural subject middle may indicate reciprocal relation. Verbs of
contending, conversing (questioning, replying), greeting, embracing, etc.
Middle lays stress on conscious activity, bodily or mental participation, of agent.

In verbs that possess both active and middle:
BOULEÃESYAI deliberate, BOULEÃEIN plan
STAYMlNmeasure, STAYMlSYAI calculate
SKOPEºN look at, SKOPEºSYAI consider
XESYAI cling to
PAÃESYAI cease
Active is often transitive, middle intransitive.
Passive voice represents subject as acted on. Passive voice has been developed from the middle.
With the exception of some futures and the aorist, middle forms do duty as passives: A¼REºTAI,
takes for himself, ie chooses, and so is chosen.
49
From Seligson, Greek for Reading:
Subject of active verb = agent

Direct object of active verb = patient
Subject of passive verb = patient
Subject of middle verb = agent and beneficiary, or

= agent and patient
Agent and beneficiary: subject both acts and benefits by action:

FREI, carries; FRETAI, wins (for his own)
FULjTTEIguards; FULjTTETAI, guards against
Agent and patient: may seem simply reflexive

KOSMEº, adorns; KOSMEºTAI, adorns himself
FA¸NEI, shows; FA¸NETAI, shows himself, seems
50
Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7)
for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-99

do exercise 7B
vocabulary quiz chapter 6
for Tuesday: do form ID chart

do exercise 7D
quiz on 3rd declension forms
for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 7

do noun-adjective agreement chart
do exercises 7Z (evens) and 7H (odds)
for Thursday: quiz on 3rd declension forms

read Ath. pp. 102-103 ("Homer")
51
Verbs:
A¼RVA¼RSVEÂLON: take, seize
PA¸RVPAR¤PRA: lift, raise
EÇR¸SKVEÇRSVHÍRON: find, discover
KELEÃVKELEÃSVKLEUSA: order, tell
PARASKEUjZVPARASKEUjSVPARESKEÃASA: prepare
Nouns:
A½JA»GÎW, Ò or : goat
YjLATTAYALjTTHW: sea
ÓNOMAÑNÎMATOWTÎ: name
PÎLIWPÎLEVW: city
Verbs:
mPOKR¸NOMAImPOKRIN¤mPKRINA: answer
BjLLVBAL¤BALON: throw, put, pelt
MLLVMELLSVMLLHSA: intend, be about to
ÒRMjVÒRMSV¨RMHSA: set in motion, set out, start, rush
PAÃVPAÃSVPAUSA: stop; middle intransitive = stop (+ part.) or cease from (+ gen.)
NOTE: Beginning with chapter 7B, Athenaze lists nominative, genitive, and gender for
each new noun; so that information will no longer appear in the course pack vocabulary
lists.
xenophobia, ophthalmologist, pyromaniac, ballistic, eureka, thalassocracy, politics,
eponymous, anonymous, oenophile = enophile, oenology = enology, panorama
52
PÅRPURÎWTÎ PURSÎWPURSPURSÎN PURÎV
PURPURW PÅROWPÃROUÒ

PÅR
PUR¤
PÅROW
PURSj
PURÎW
PUROÅMEN
PUR
PÃROU
PURSÎN
PURS
PUROÅSIN
PURS¸N
PURSOÅ
PURS¤N
PURW
PUR¸
53
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns Adjectives
XEIM¢NXEIM¤NOWÒ MGAWMEGjLHMGA
PÅRPURÎWTÎ T¸WT¸
PAºWPAIDÎW S¢FRVNS¤FRON (3rd declension adj.)
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number and
gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore Vocative.)
Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s

XEIM¤NOW
PUR¤N
PAID¸
PAIS¸
PAºDA
XEIM¢N
XEIM¤NA
PURÎW
PÅR
PUR¸
PAºDEW
PAIDÎW
PURS¸
XEIM¤SI
XEIM¤NI
54
Third Declension
Stems in the 3rd declension end either in consonants (hence the alternate name, "consonant
declension"), or in the vowels I and U. The third declension shows much more variety than the
1st and 2nd declensions because some of its nouns have variable stems, with different forms of the
stem appearing in different sets of cases, and some feature contraction of vowels in the endings.
I. Case Endings:
Masc./Fem. Neuter
Singular Nom. – or W –
Gen. OW OW
Dat. I I
Acc. A or N –
Voc. – or W –
Plural Nom./Voc. EW A

Gen. VN VN
Dat. SIN SIN
Acc. AW A
II. Accentuation:
Stems of one syllable (monosyllabic stems) accent the case ending in genitive and dative of all
numbers; VN takes the circumflex accent. The gen. plu. of PAºWis an exception to this rule.
Singular Nom. A½J PAºW
Gen. AIGÎW PAIDÎW
Dat. A»G¸ PAID¸
Acc. A½GA PAºDA
Voc. A½J PAº
Plural Nom./Voc. AÁGEW PAºDEW
Gen. A»G¤N PA¸DVN
Dat. A»GES¸N mJ¸N PAIDS¸(N)>PAIS¸(N)
Acc. A½GAW PAºDAW
55
III. General Rules:
A. for nouns ending inPBF (labials) orKGXvelars/palatals)

These nouns use Win the nom. and voc. singular and -A in the acc.
Note that the presence of Win the endings will result in double consonants in the nom. and
voc. singular and dat. plural.
Singular Nom. KL¢C FÃLAJ
Gen. KLVPÎW FÃLAKOW
Dat. KLVP¸ FÃLAKI
Acc. KL¤PA FÃLAKA
Voc. KL¢C FÃLAJ
Plural Nom./Voc. KL¤PEW FÃLAKEW
Gen. KLVP¤N FULjKVN
Dat. KLVÇ(N) FÃLAJI(N)
Acc. KL¤PAW FÃLAKAW
B. for nouns ending in DYT(dentals)

All dentals are lost before sigma: note the forms of the dative plural.
Neuter nouns use no ending in nom. and voc. singular, and either the final tau is dropped
(in accordance with the law that says a noun can end only in a vowel, RNorW) or an
alternative stem is used in nom. and voc. singular.
The nom. acc. voc. plural form of the neuter has short A, like all neuter forms.
Singular Nom. PAºW PRlGMA F¤W
Gen. PAIDÎW PRjGMATOWFVTÎW
Dat. PAID¸ PRjGMATI FVT¸
Acc. PAºDA PRlGMAF¤W
Voc. PAº PRlGMA F¤W
Plural Nom./Voc. PAºDEW PRjGMATA F¤TA
Gen. PA¸DVN PRAGMjTVNFVT¤N
Dat. PAIDS¸(N)>PAIS¸(N) PRjGMASI(N FVS¸(N)

)
Acc. PAºDAW PRjGMATA F¤TA
56
C. for nouns with stem ending in LR (liquids) orN (nasal)
These nouns either:
(1) use no ending in the nom. singular with strong-vowel form of stem, or
(2) use Win the nom. singular.
Nouns with final N do not have the N in the dat. plural, but there is no compensatory
lengthening.
Singular Nom. XEIM¢N DA¸MVN pLW
Gen. XEIM¤NOW DA¸MONOW nLÎW
Dat. XEIM¤NI DA¸MONI nL¸
Acc. XEIM¤NA DA¸MONA pLA
Voc. XEIM¢N DAºMON –

Plural Nom./Voc. XEIM¤NEW DA¸MONEW pLEW
Gen. XEIM¢NVN DAIMÎNVN nL¤N
Dat. XEIM¤SI(N) DA¸MOSI(N) nLS¸(N)
Acc. XEIM¤NAW DA¸MONAW pLAW
Note the accents in XEIM¢N: acute in nom. and voc. sing, circumflex in most other forms,
because an accented long penult followed by short ultima must have a circumflex.
The adjective S¢FRVNS¤FRON follows the same pattern as the nouns above:
Masculine/Feminine Neuter
Singular Nom. S¢FRVN S¤FRON
Gen. S¢FRONOW
Dat. S¢FRONI
Acc. S¢FRONA S¤FRON
Voc. S¤FRON
Plural Nom./Voc. S¢FRONEW S¢FRONA
Gen. SVFRÎNVN
Dat. S¢FROSI(N)
Acc. S¢FRONAW S¢FRONA
57

do exercise 8B
read and translate Reading 8 (pp. 112-114)
for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 124-129, course pack pp. 62-64
do noun/adjective agreement chart
quiz on present middle participle forms
do form ID chart
for Thursday: quiz on 3rd declension forms

study the place words on Ath. pg. 124 (Word Building)
for Monday: vocabulary quiz chapter 8

read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")
do exercises 9B (evens) and 9G (odds)
58
Verbs: (note all of these verbs are deponent)

DIALGOMAIDIALEGSOMAIDIELEJjMHN: talk to, converse with
POMAICOMAIE»PÎMHN: (+ dat.) follow
RGjZOMAIRGjSOMAIE»RGASjMHN: work
YEjOMAIYEjSOMAIYEASjMHN: see, watch, look at
Verbs:
mNABA¸NVmNABSOMAImNBHN: go up
GE¸RVGER¤GEIRA: (transitive active) wake (someone) up
EÈXOMAIEÈJOMAIEÆJjMHN (or UJjMHN): pray
KAY¸ZVKAYI¤KjYISA: (transitive active) make (someone) sit down; (intransitive
active) sit down (with reflexive pronoun); (intransitive middle) sit down
dialogue, erg, ergonomics, theater, vespers, theology, poet, cathedral, agora, politics
59
Noun Adjective Agreement:
Nouns Adjectives
PÅRPURÎWTÎ S¢FRVNS¤FRON
YEÎWYEOÅÒ LUÎMENOWLUOMNHLUÎMENON
YjLATTAYALjTTHW
POIHTWPOIHTOÅÒ

PÅR
YALjTTHW
PUR¸
YEOÅ
POIHTOÅ
YEOÅW
YjLATTAN
POIHTN
YE¤N
YE¯
YALjTTAW
YEO¸
PUR¤N
YEÎW
PURÎW
YALATT¤N
60
JNOWJNOUÒ JEN¸AJEN¸AW JEN¸ZV JNIOWJEN¸AJNION
IDENTIFICATIONS. For each identification, first list the relevant part of speech (e.g., noun,
verb, adjective, participle) and then its characteristics (5 for a verb, 3 for a noun or adjective, 5 for
a participle [tense, voice; case, number, gender]).
JNOUW
JEN¸AW
JEN¸ZEIN
JEN¸ZV
JNOU
JEN¸AIW
JNON
JENIZÎMENOI
JNVN
JENIZOMN×
JENIZOMNOIW
JEN¸A
JNIA
JENIZÎMEYA
JN¡
JNOIW
JEN¸ZOUSIN
61
Nouns Adjectives
mNRmNDRÎWÒ EÂWM¸AN or DÃO(as appropriate)
MTHRMHTRÎW PlWPlSAPlN
DNDRONDNDROUTÎ

mNR
DNDRON
MHTRÎW
DNDR¡
MHTRA
MHTR¸
mNDRÎW
DNDROIW
MHTREW
oNDRA
DNDRA
MHTRjSI
mNDR¤N
MHTRVN
oNDREW
DNDROU
mNDRjSI
62
Third Declension
D. for nouns with irregular stem ending in R

The nouns PATR, MTHR, and YUGjTHR have three visible stems: a strong-vowel stem
ending in THR, a short-vowel stem ending in TERand a weak grade (no vowel) ending in
TR (or TRA in dative plural, where R between consonants becomes RA).
The strong-vowel appears in nom. sing.; the weak grade in gen. sing., dat. sing., and dat.
pl; the short-vowel in acc. sing. and all plural cases except dat.
Accentuation on these nouns in the nom. and voc. sing. is irregular: the voc. sing. of
PATR has recessive accentuation (PjTER), as do the nom. and voc. sing. of MTHR
MTHR, voc.MTER) and of YUGjTHR (YUGjTHR, voc. YÃGATER).
Elsewhere the accent of these three words falls on the stem-ending ER (or RA in dat.
pl.) or on the case ending.
For PATR and MTHR, the monosyllabic stem rule applies, while YUGjTHRis treated
similarly by analogy.
The noun mNRis similar: the strong-vowel stem appears in the nominativemNR), the
short-vowel in the voc. sing. (oNER), and the weak form in R in the other cases, where
Dis developed between N and R.
The monosyllabic stem rule applies to mNR, except that the nom. sing. and dat. plur.
(based on disyllabic stems) are accented on the second syllable and the voc. sing. has
recessive accent.
Singular Nom. PATR MTHR YUGjTHR mNR
Gen. PATRÎW MHTRÎW YUGATRÎW mNDRÎW
Dat. PATR¸ MHTR¸ YUGATR¸ mNDR¸
Acc. PATRA MHTRA YUGATRA oNDRA
Voc. PjTER MTER YÃGATER oNER
Plural Nom./Voc. PATREW MHTREW YUGATREW oNDREW
Gen. PATRVN MHTRVN YUGATRVN mNDR¤N
Dat. PATRjSIN MHTRjSIN YUGATRjSIN mNDRjSIN
Acc. PATRAW MHTRAW YUGATRAW oNDRAW
63
E. for nouns with stem ending inNT
These nouns either:
(1) use Win the nom. and voc. singular, in which case the NTdrops out and the
preceding vowel exhibits compensatory lengthening; or
(2) use a strong-vowel (i.e., long vowel/diphthong) form of the stem without the tau
(dropped for phonetic reasons) and with no ending in the nom. singular.
The voc. sing. is either like the nom. (ÑDOÃW, voc. ÑDOÃW) or has the weak-vowel form of
the stem with no ending (and final T is simply dropped) (G¸GAW, voc. G¸GA W; GRVN,
voc. GRON).
In the dat. plur., the ending SI causes elimination of NT and compensatory lengthening
of the preceding vowel: ÑDÎNTSI(N) > ÑDOÅSI(N), G¸GANTSI(N) > G¸GASI(N), GRONT
SI(N) > GROUSI(N).
Singular Nom. ÑDOÃW G¸GA

W GRVN
Gen. ÑDÎNTOW G¸GANTOW GRONTOW
Dat. ÑDÎNTI G¸GANTI GRONTI
Acc. ÑDÎNTA G¸GANTA GRONTA
Voc. ÑDOÃW G¸GA

W GRON
Plural Nom./Voc. ÑDÎNTEW G¸GANTEW GRONTEW
Gen. ÑDÎNTVN GIGjNTVN GERÎNTVN
Dat. ÑDOÅSI(N) SI(N)

G¸GA GROUSI(N)
Acc. ÑDÎNTAW G¸GANTAW GRONTAW
64
Paradigm of PlW, PlSA, PlN and EÂW, M¸A, N
Adjectives of the consonant declension with a separate set of forms for the feminine inflect the
feminine like a noun of the first declension ending in A

The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix - I A
(semivocalic I), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways.
Singular Nom./Voc. PlW PlSA PlN
Gen. PANTÎW PjSHW PANTÎW
Dat. PANT¸ PjS× PANT¸
Acc. PjNTA PlSAN PlN
Plural Nom./Voc. PjNTEW PlSAI PjNTA
Gen. PjNTVN PAS¤N PjNTVN
Dat. PlSI(N) PjSAIW PlSI(N)
Acc. PjNTAW PjSAW PjNTA
PlSA stands for PANTSA from PANT I A.

of PlN (for PA
A NT) is irregular and borrowed from PlW.
The accents of PANTÎW and PANT¸ follow the monosyllabic stem rule; PjNTVN and PlSIN do
not.
PlSIN is from PjNTSIN.
PAS¤N follows the usual pattern for first declension nouns (¤N from j-VN).
Singular Nom. EÂW M¸A N
Gen. NÎW MIlW NÎW
Dat. N¸ MIw N¸
Acc. NA M¸AN N
The stem for EÂWM¸ANis SM (M with zero-grade vowel).

The stem N is from SEM- . Initial S before a vowel becomes the rough breathing. Original final M
preceded by a vowel becomes N
M¸A stands for SM¸A.
EÂW is fromNW.
The accent of NÎW and N¸ follows the monosyllabic stem rule.
Note the accent of the feminine genitive and dative, MIlW and MIw.
65
for Monday: read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")

do exercises 9B (evens) and 9G (odds)
read and translate Reading 9a (pp. 133-135)
for Tuesday: quiz on present active participle forms

do exercise 9D
do exercise on personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, possessive
adjectives in course pack
for Wednesday: quiz on declensions of BASILEÃWPÎLIWoSTU

do exercise 9Z (2, 4, 6) and 9H (2, 4, 6)
do form ID chart
read and translate Reading 9 (pp.142-144)

read Ath. pp. 139-140 ("The City of Athens")
66
Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction, i.e., from
Greek to English and from English to Greek
Verbs:
oGVoJVGAGON: lead, drive
PANRXOMAIPANELEÃSOMAIPANLYON: come back
SY¸VDOMAIFAGON: eat
KjMNVKAMOÅMAIKAMON: be sick, be tired
P¸NVPIN¤PION: drink
Verbs:
AÆJjNVAÈJVHÈJHSA: increase
KA¸VKAÃSVKAUSA: burn, (middle intransitive = burn, be on fire)
SIGjVSIGSOMAIS¸GHSA: be silent
TRPOMAITRCOMAITERCjMHN: enjoy
sarcophagus, panegyric, stoa, aristocracy, ambidextrous, theology, hieroglyphics, Nike sneakers,
parthenogenesis, gerontology, democracy, Uranus, pomp, and Mesolithic
67
For practice with personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and possessive adjectives, translate the
following:
1. TNÒDÏNAÆTÏWÒRw.
2. AÆTOÅTNO»K¸ANAÆTÒRw.
3. AÆTÏWÒRwAÆTOÃW.
4. AÆTÒRwTNSNO»K¸AN.
5. AÆTÒRwTÏAÆTÏDNDRON.
6. AÆTÏWÒRwAÆT¤NTÏNKÃNA.
7. SÄÒRwWME
8. SÄLGEIWAÆTOºWTÏNMÅYON.
9. SÄÒRlWTÏNSÏNPAºDA.
10. ÒR¤MAUTÎNmLLqOÆXÒR¤ÇMlW.
11. ÒPAºWÒRwTÏNAUTOÅKÃNA.
12. ÒPAºWÒRwTÏNKÃNAAÆTW.
13. MEºWGkROÆKYLOMENMlWAÆTOÄWSZEIN.
14. SÄLGEIWSEAUT¯.
15. SÄLGEIWSEAUT.
16. SÄLGEIWMO¸.
17. oGVTkÇMTERAMLAPRÏWTNMNO»K¸AN.
18. KAY¸ZVÇPÏTÏMTERONDNDRON.
19. OÆKYLOMENMlWAÆTOÄWPA¸REIN.
20. TkMLAMETqAÆT¤NFEÃGEI.
21. TkMLAAUTkFILEº.
22. ÒPAºWAUTÏNFILEº.
23. ÒPAºWAÆTNFILEº.
24. ÒPAºWTÏNKÃNAAÆTWFILEº.
25.PAºWAUTNFILEº.
26. PAºWTÏNKÃNAAÆTOÅFILEº.
68
Noun/Adjective (Participle) Agreement:
Nouns Adjectives
mRISTERjmRISTERlW TIM¤NTIM¤SATIM¤N
¼ERÎN¼EROÅTÎ LÃVNLÃOUSALÅON
PATRPATRÎWÒ
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number and
gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore the Vocative
case.)

PATR
¼ERÎN
mRISTERjN
mRISTERlW
mRISTERjW
¼EROºW
PATREW
PATRjSIN
mRISTERAºW
mRISTERj
¼ERj
¼ER¤N
PATRA
PATRAW
mRISTERw
¼ER¡
PATR¸
69
BASILEÃWBASILVWÒ BASILEÃVBASILEÃSVBAS¸LEUSA
BASILE¸ABASILE¸AW BAS¸LEIOWBASILE¸ABAS¸LEION
BASIL¸WBASIL¸DOW
Given these dictionary listings, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLE
IDENTIFICATIONS.
Form Speec Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
h
BASILVW
BASILE¸AW
BASILEÃOMEN
BASILEUÎMENOW
BAS¸LEIA
BASIL¸DA
BASILEÅSI
BASILEÃVN
BASILEº
BASILEÃONTEW
BASILEÃOUSAI
BASILE¸AN
BASIL¸DEW
BASILEUOMNVN
BAS¸LEIOW
BASILA
70
Present Active Participles
Participles of the active voice have stems in NT. The masculine and neuter follow the third
declension, the feminine follows the first declension.
Most stems in ONT make the nominative singular masculine without W, like the noun GERVN,
dropping the T and lengthening O to V.
But stems in ONT in the present and second aorist of MI-verbs (DIDOÃWDOÃW), and all stems in
ANTENTUNT add W, lose NT, and lengthen the preceding vowel (-OUW, -AW, -EIW, -UW).
The nominative neuter singular of all participles drops final T of the stem.
The feminine singular is made by adding - I A (semivocalic I) to the stem:

LÃOUSA< LUONT I AOÌSA< ÓNT I A
The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to the monosyllabic stem rule.
71
Present active participles of contract verbs
Singular Nom. FILVN> FIL¤N >

FILOUSA
FILOÅSA FILON> FILOÅN
Gen. FILONTOW> FILOÅNTOW FILEOÃSHW> FILOÃSHW FILONTOW> FILOÅNTOW
Dat. FILONTI> FILOÅNTI FILEOÃS×> FILOÃS× FILONTI> FILOÅNTI
Acc. FILONTA> FILOÅNTA N>

FILOUSA N
FILOÅSA FILON> FILOÅN
Voc. FILONTEW> FILOÅNTEW FILOUSAI> FILOÅSAI FILONTA> FILOÅNTA
Plural Nom./Voc. FILEÎNTVN FILOÃNTVN FILEOUS¤N> FILOUS¤N FILEÎNTVN FILOÃNTVN

> >
Gen. FILONTSI> FILOÅSI FILEOÃSAIW> FILOÃSAIW FILONTSI> FILOÅSI
Dat. W>
FILONTA FILOÅNTAW W>
FILEOÃSA W
FILOÃSA FILONTA> FILOÅNTA
Singular TIMjVN > TIM¤N TIMjOUSA> TIM¤SA TIMjON> TIM¤N

Nom.
Gen. TIMjONTOW > TIM¤NTOW TIMAOÃSHW> TIM¢SHW TIMjONTOW> TIM¤NTOW
Dat. TIMjONTI> TIM¤NTI TIMAOUS×> TIM¢S× TIMjONTI> TIM¤NTI
Acc. TIMjONTA > TIM¤NTA TIMjOUSAN> TIM¤SAN TIMjON> TIM¤N
Voc. TIMjONTEW > TIM¤NTEW TIMjOUSAI> TIM¤SAI TIMjONTA> TIM¤NTA
Plural TIMAÎNTVN > TIM¢NTVN TIMAOUS¤N> TIMVS¤N TIMAÎNTVN> TIM¢NTVN

Nom./Voc.
Gen. TIMjONTSI > TIM¤SI TIMAOÃSAIW> TIM¢SAIW TIMjONTSI> TIM¤SI
Dat. TIMjONTAW > TIM¤NTAW W>

TIMAOÃSA TIM¢SAW TIMjONTA> TIM¤NTA
72
Third Declension
F. for nouns with stems in Iand U

Stems in IandUvary with stronger stems, of which Ein the cases other than nom., acc.,
and voc. sing. is a survival.
EIandEUbefore vowels lost their IandUIandUof diphthongs often disappear before a
following vowel; they become semivowels, I andUwhich are not written.
SoPOLE I IPOLE I EWwhich contract to PÎLEIandPÎLEIW
There is also a stem in Has in HomericPÎLHOWwhencePÎLEVWby transfer of
quantity (quantitative metathesis).
Dat. pl.PÎLESIforPÎLISIis due to the analogy of forms from stems inEIEU
Final VW of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on the
antepenult: PÎLEVW retains the accent of the earlier PÎLHOW, which became PÎLEVW by
transfer of quantity.
The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.
Acc. pl. PÎLEIW is probably borrowed from the nom. pl.
Singular Nom. PÎLIW (<PÎLIW) oSTU
Gen. PÎLEVW (<PÎLHOW) oSTEVW (<oSTHOW)
Dat. PÎLEI (<PÎLEII) oSTEI (<oSTEUI)
Acc. PÎLIN (<PÎLIN) oSTU
Voc. PÎLI oSTU
Plural Nom./Voc. PÎLEIW (< PÎLEIEW) oSTH (<oSTEA)
Gen. PÎLEVN (<PÎLEIVN) oSTEVN (<oSTEUVN)
Dat. PÎLESIN) oSTESIN
Acc. PÎLEIW oSTH (<oSTEA
73
G. for nouns with stems in EUAUOU:
Stems in EU show pure form only in vocative; other forms are derived from the stronger stem HU
HU and A Ubefore a consonant become EU, AU, as in BASILEÃWBASILEÅSI, from BASILHUWBASILHUSI
Stems lose Ubefore case endings beginning with a vowel, U (semivocallicUpassing intoWvau, "digamma"
BASILVWBASILEºBASILA BASILAW come from BASIL8OWBASIL8IBASIL8ABASIL8AW, by transfer of
quantity ("quantitative metathesis").
In BASILVN, E is shortened from the H of BASILVN (a long vowel may be shortened before another long vowel).
Nominative plural of EU nouns in older Attic ended in -W (BASILW), derived either from -EW by contraction or from -HW by
transfer of quantity.
Singular Nom. BASILEÃW < BASILHUW NAÅW <NA UW BOÅW
Gen. BASILVW < BASIL8OW NE¢W <NH8ÎW BOÎW < BO8ÎW
Dat. BASILEº <BASIL8I NHÚ <NH8¸ BOÚ
Acc. BASILA
<BASIL8A NAÅN BOÅN
Voc. BASILEÅ NAÅ BOÅ
Plural Nom./Voc. BASILW NEW BÎEW
Gen. BASILVN <BASILVN NE¤N <NH¤N BO¤N
Dat. BASILEÅSIN <BASILHUSI NAUS¸N <NA USI BOUS¸N
Acc. BASILA
W <BASIL8AW NAÅW BOÅW
74
Homework Assignments for Week 10 Oct. 25-27 (Chapter 10)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 152-155, 158-160
do noun/adjective agreement worksheet
for Wednesday: Quiz on future forms

read and digest the grammar on Ath. pp. 166-170
do exercise 10B (odds) and 10G (evens)
do form ID charts
for Monday: quiz on future forms

read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")
for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 10

read and digest grammar on pp. 176-181
Beginning with Chapter 10, Athenaze lists three principal parts for every verb; so there will no
longer be an addendum for each chapter here in the course pack.
Nike, encephalitis, hydraulic, sophomore
75
Nouns Adjectives
PÎLIWPÎLEVW S¢FRVNS¤FRON
oSTUoSTEVWTÎ LÃVNLÃOUSALÅON
BASILEÃWBASILVWÒ

PÎLIW
oSTU
oSTEI
BASILEÃW
PÎLIN
PÎLEIW
oSTEVN
BASILEº
BASILA
BASILW
PÎLEVN
PÎLESI
oSTESI
oSTH
BASILEÅSI
BASILAW
76
POL¸TEUMAPOLITEÃMATOWTÎ POL¸THWPOL¸TOUÒ
POLIÎWPOLIjPOLIÎN
POLITEÃVPOLITEÃSVPOL¸TEUSA PÎLIWPÎLEVW
POLITEÃEIW
POLITEÃMATA
PÎLEVW
POLIlW
PÎLEIW
POLITEÃONTOW
PÎLESI
POL¸T×
POLITEÃMATOW
PÎLIN
POLITEÃOUSI
POLITEUOMNOIW
POL¸THN
POLITEÃMASI
PÎLEI
POLIÎN
POL¸TAIW
POLI¤N
77
Formation of the Future Tense
1. The future stem is formed by adding the tense-suffix -SOE to the verb-stem: LÃSV
LÃSOMAIYSV from T¸YHMI; DE¸JV from DE¸KNUMI.
2. In verbs showing strong and weak grades, the ending is added to the strong stem: LE¸PV
LE¸CVTKVTJVPNVPNEÃSOMAID¸DVMID¢SV.
3. Verb stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (A to H
except after EIR): TIMjVTIMSVFILVFILSV.
4. Verb stems ending in LMNR, add -ESOE-; then S drops and E contracts with the
following vowel: FA¸NV (FAN-), FAN¤ from FANSV; STLLV (STEL-), STELOÅMEN from
STELSOMEN.
5. Labial (PBF) and palatal (KGX) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with S to
form C or J. Dentals (TDY) are lost before S.
KÎPTVKOPKÎCVKÎCOMAIBLjPTVBLABBLjCVBLjCOMAIGRjFV
GRjCVGRjCOMAI
PLKVPLJVPLJOMAILGVLJVLJOMAITARjTTVTARAXTARjJV
TARjJOMAI
FRjZVFRADFRjSVPE¸YVPIYPEIYPE¸SVPE¸SOMAI
6. When E or O is added to the verb stem, it is lengthened to H or V: BOÃLOMAIBOULE

BOULSOMAInL¸SKOMAInLOnL¢SOMAI.
7. So-called "Attic futures" occur when S is preceded by A or E and these vowels are not
preceded by a syllable long by nature or position. Sis dropped and AV and EV are
contracted to -¤ When I precedes S, the ending is ISV which contracts to -I¤.
KALVKAL¤KALOÅMAILAÃNVLAL¤KAYZOMAIKAYEDKAYEDOÅMAI
MjXOMAIMAXEMAXOÅMAIÓLLUMIÑLEÑL¤
8. All verbs in ANNUMI have futures in jSV, -¤: SKEDjNNUMISKEDASKED¤.

Similarly some verbs in -ENNUMI: mMFINNUMImMFIEmMFI¤STÎRNUMISTORE
STOR¤.
9. Verbs in -IZV of more than two syllables drop S and insert E, thus making -ISV,
ISOMAI, which contract to -I¤ and -IOÅMAI: NOM¸ZVNOMID makes NOMISVNOMIV
NOMI¤ NOMI¤ etc. are due to the analogy of the liquid verbs.
78
Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11)
for Monday: quiz on future forms

read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")
for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapters 10 and 11A

for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 189-191

do exercises 11K (odds), 11M (evens), and 11N (odds)
read Ath. pp. 184-184 ("Greek Science and Medicine")
for Thursday: quiz on 2nd aorist forms

do noun/participle agreement sheet
do form ID chart
for Monday: quiz on 2nd aorist active participle forms

PLEASE NOTE:
It is expected that all of you will do the Word Building Exercises in each chapter
on your own. These are very useful for building vocabulary.
genesis, paschal, scope, Philadelphia, psychiatrist and all the other -iatrist words,
anthropology and all the other -ology words
79
Noun/Participle Agreement:
Nouns Modifiers
mDELFÎWmDELFOÅÒ LAB¢NLABOÅSALABÎN
mRGÃRIONmRGUR¸OUTÎ GENÎMENOWGENOMNHGENÎMENON
DRAXMDRAXMW D¸VNDION
Form Case # Gen Modifiers

.
mRGÃRION
DRAXMW
mDELFOºW
mRGÃRIA
DRAXM
DRAXMjW
mDELFÎW
mRGUR¸OU
DRAXM¤N
mRGUR¸OIW
mDELFOÃW
mDELFO¸
DRAXMA¸
mRGUR¸¡
DRAXMN
mDELF¤N
mDELFÎN
80
MANYjNVMAYSOMAIMAYON MAYHTWMAYHTOÅÒ
MjYHMAMAYMATOWTÎ MAYHTÎWMAYHTMAYHTÎN

MAYON
MAYHTÎN
MANYjNVN
MANYANOMNHW
MAYÎNTI
MjYOMEN
MANYjNEIN
MAYMASI
MAYHTOºW
MAYEW
MAYOÅSA
MANYjNOUSA
MAYHT
MjYE
MANYANOÃSAIW
MAYHTAºW
MAY¢N
81
The Aorist System in Greek
In the indicative mood, aorist is used to refer to simple, unique occurrences in the past:
& Dikaiopolis’ brother opened the door.
& The god Asklepios healed Philip.
You have already noticed that the temporal augment for the aorist occurs only in the
indicative mood. This is because, in the aorist, only the indicative mood emphasizes time.
All other forms of the aorist usually emphasize, instead, aspect.
Aspect refers to how one views the action of the verb6that is, whether the action is viewed as
completed vs. incomplete, customary vs. a single occurrence, a general truth vs. a specific
occurrence. Present tense has an incomplete, customary, or habitual aspect; aorist tense
conveys a completed or simple (i.e., one time occurrence) aspect.
Note the difference between these two indicative sentences.

& Mother takes her medication every day. (present time, customary aspect = present
tense = LAMBjNEI)
& I took a present to the party. (past time, simple aspect = aorist = LABON)
Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time. Note, for
example, the difference between these two imperatives:
& Mother, take your pill every day! (customary aspect = present imperative = LjMBANE)
& Take the money and run! (simple aspect = aorist imperative = LjBE)
Note, LjMBANE and LjBE are each translated into English by “take!” but that two different
aspects are conveyed.
Also, note that certain verbs denote a state of being or an action which by its nature is
continuous; these verbs may require a somewhat different translation in the aorist to denote
simple aspect (i.e., the action at a single moment in time). Often the aorist of such verbs
refers to the single moment in time at which the subject enters in the state of being or begins
the continuous action; these are called ingressive aorists.
& XV = I have SKON = I came to have, I got

& BASILEÃV = I am king BAS¸LEUSA = I became king
& DAKRÃV = I am crying DjKRUSA = I began to cry
82
In progress, mere occurrence, completed
1st principal part: Progressive (imperfect) aspect stem

Aorist: merely names action– aorist or neutral aspect
AORISTOW = unlimited, indefinite, undefined time. Doesn't show limitation of continuance
(expressed by imperfect) or of completion with permanent result (expressed by perfect)
Perfect: completed action
Progressive Aorist-Neutral Perfective

Past was teaching taught had taught
Present is teaching teaches has taught
Future will be teaching will teach will have taught
Aorist = mere occurrence of action in past.

Action regarded as event or single fact without reference to length of time it occupied.
Uses of aorist may be explained by figure of point in time:

1. The starting point (ingressive aorist): "become ruler," "fell in love," "become silent"
2. The end point (resultative aorist) "I brought"
3. The whole action, concentrated to a point (complexive aorist)
Aorist enumerates and reports past events. It may be employed in brief continuous narration.
As a narrative tense it is often used to state the chief events and facts, while the other past
tenses set forth subordinate actions and attendant circumstances.
Greek aorists active and middle have no future

Exist only as past tense
Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time.
83
1st/ sigmatic aorist:
Most form aorist stem by means of morpheme {S}

Verbs whose roots end in liquid or nasal consonant do not have sigmatic aorist, but instead
lengthen the root vowel: MENVEMEINA
Aorist appears in dictionary as 3rd principal part
Formation of 1st Aorist stem:

Labial PBF) S=C
DentalTDYandZ<=SD>) +S= S
Palatal/gutturalKGX) +S=J
Smooth Middle Rough

Labial (lips) P B F
Dental (teeth) T D Y
Palatal/guttural (palate) K G X
2nd/ root aorist:

Aorist stem + thematic vowel + secondary endings
MANYANVEMAYON
Most 2nd aorists belong to type which has weak grade of root and accent originally on the
thematic vowel. Old accent is preserved in infinitive and participle, as LIPEºNLIP¢N.
Becomes characteristic of the aorist, without regard to the original distribution
Accentuation of the imperative is normally recessive, but strong aorist middle -OÅ from
-SO (with accent on thematic vowel) is an exception
Second person singular of five verbs is oxytone in 2nd aorist active imperative:
E»PLYEÇR»DLABPlurals accentedE»PTELYTEetc.
Past time marked by prefix called augment

Absence means present or future time
Verb stems beginning with consonant prefix E
Those beginning with vowel lengthen vowel
If verb has prefix, augment appears after prefix
84
Personal Endings
Primary/Secondary = Non-past/Past
ACTIVE MIDDLE
PRIMARY SINGULAR 1st AMI MAI
2nd W(forSI)YASYA) SAI
3rd SIforTI) TAI
PLURAL 1st MEN MEYA
2nd TE SYE
3rd NSI(forNTI) NTAI
SECONDARY SINGULAR 1st N MHN
2nd WSYA SO
3rd u TO
PLURAL 1st MEN MEYA
2nd TE SYE
3rd NSAN NTO
85
Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12)
for Monday: quiz on 2nd aorist participle forms, active and middle
read and translate Reading 12 A (pp. 194-196)
for Tuesday: quiz on 1st aorist forms

do form ID chart
do exercises 12G, 12H (evens)
for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapters 11B and 12

read and translate Reading12B (pp. 204-206)
for Thursday: read Ath. pp. 200-203 ("Trade and Travel")

quiz, 1st aorist participle
86
FRONT¸ZVFRONTI¤FRÎNTISA FRONTISTWFRONTISTOÅÒ
FRONT¸WFRONT¸DOW FRONTISTIKÎWFRONTISTIKFRONTISTIKÎN
FRONT¸ZVN
FRONT¸ZONTOW
FRONT¸SAMEN
FRONT¸SV
FRONT¸SASYAI
FRONTISTIKÎN
FRONT¸DA
FRONTISTA¸
FRONT¸ZEIN
FRONTIZÎMEYA
FRONT¸SATE
FRONT¸SASA
FRONTISTIKO¸
FRONTIST¤N
FRÎNTISEN
FRÎNTISAW
FRONT¸SON
FRONT¸SANTO
FRONT¸ZOUSI
87
LÃVLÃSVLUSA LÃSIWLÃSEVW LÃSIOWLUS¸ALÃSION
LÃSETE
LÃSIA
LÃONTOW
LÃSEI
LÃSEVW
LÃSOUSI
LUSE
LUOMNHN
LÃSETAI
LUSOÃSHW
LÃSESYAI
LÃEIN
LÃSIN
LÅSAI
LUS¸OIW
LÃSV
LÃSESI
LÅSON
88
First Aorist Active
Athematic formation
Indicative Sing. 1st LUSMI LUSA
2nd LUSWI LUSAW
3rd LUSTI LUSE From perfect, no personal ending

Plural 1st LUSMEN LUSAMEN
2nd LUSTE LUSATE
3rd LUSNT LUSAN
Imperative 2nd Sing. LÅSON Ending obscure in origin

2nd Plu. LÃSATE
Infinitive LÅSAI Old dative ending
Participle LUSANTWLUSANT IALUSANT LÃSAWLÃSASALÅSAN

>
The secondary endings of the 1st aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in S (athematic formation).
From LUSMI came LUSA (a vowel may take the place of an original liquid or nasal after a consonant).
The A spread to the other forms of the indicative (except 3rd singular active), imperative (except 2nd singular active and
middle), infinitive, and participle.
89
Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13)

do exercise 13D (1-10)
read Ath. pp. 218-221 ("The Rise of Persia")
for Wednesday: quiz on imperfect indicative forms

do form ID chart
for Thursday: quiz on relative pronoun

do worksheet on relative pronouns and clauses in course pack
do exercises 13H (odds)
for Monday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13

English derivatives for chapters 12 and 13:

gerontology, cacophony, orthodontics, taxometer, emporium, nautical, euphony,
megalopolis, barbarian
90
Form Identification chart:

SUXjZVSUXjSVSÃXASA SUX¸ASUX¸AW SÃXIOW
SÃXION

SUXjZVN
SUX¸AW
SÃXION
SÃXAZON
SUXjZON
SUX¸OIW
SÃXASAN
SUXjSAN
SUXAZÎMENOW
SUXAZÎMEYA
SUXI¤N
SUX¸AN
SÃXAZE
SUXjSANTOW
91
Imperfect of E»M¸ and EÁMI
Imperfect of E»M¸sum (the verb "to be"):
ÿ
ÿ
Singular 1st Old Attic · is from (Hom.) = augmented + the secondary ending , which becomes a (as in

the first aorist).
was formed by analogy to .

2nd

3rd The 3rd plural was originally , contracted from (Hom.); this came to be used as 3rd singular.

Plural 1st

2nd

3rd is imported from the sigmatic aorist.

Imperfect of EÁMIibo (the verb "to go"):
Singular 1st ú is the stem

"#!
&'%
augmented ( with the iota gone subscript)

(
&'
)*
$
2nd
,+ ,+
1 3 0/
- -.
- +, 1 +,
2-
3rd
Plural 1st
4, +
3
2nd
,65+
3rd
,.+
13
3
0 +.
92
Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses
In the following English sentences, underline the relative clause, circle the relative
pronoun, and place a box around its antecedent (when one is expressed).
1. The poet who wrote the book is good.
2. The poet whose book we sent to the publisher is good.
3. The poet to whom we dedicated the book is good.
4. The poet whom we educated is good.
5. The girl who helped the children will get the reward.
6. Who(ever) helped the children will get the reward.
7. Who steals my purse steals trash.
8. Many people dislike what they don’t understand.
9. Whoever wins will be praised.
Rewrite these sentences to include a relative clause.
1. I love hot coffee.
2. A biting dog is a nuisance.
3. The big book is a bad thing.
4. A small book is a better thing.
93
In the following Greek sentences, the relative pronoun has been omitted, and its antecedent
has been underlined. Give the number, gender, and case for each underlined noun; supply
the missing relative pronoun; and identify it by number, gender, and case. Then translate
the sentence.
NAÅWFÎRTIAFERENMEGjLH
ÒoNYRVPOWÒR¤NKALÎW
STIND¸KHWÑFYALMÎWTkPjNYqÒRw
MAKjRIOWoNYRVPOWNOÅNXEI
O¼YEO¹FILOÅSINAÆTÏWmPOYNSKEINOW
ÒmNRb"TÎSSAYERAPEÃEI%AREºÎWSTIN
NAÅWNb"TÎSSAPLEINMEGjLH
GUNmNRNBASILEÃWb"TÎSSjSTIN
ÒNEAN¸AWT¤N.OUS¤NPILANYjNETAITÏNB¸ONDIAFYE¸REI
DIK: justice PILANYjNOMAI: forget

mPOYNSKV: die something (+gen. case
NOWHON: young DIAFYE¸RV: destroy
YERAPEÃV: help, heal
Transform the two simple sentences into a single complex sentence by replacing the
personal pronoun with a relative pronoun and then translate into Greek.
The boy was blind. The man led him onto the ship. ÒPAºWTUFLÏNNÖNÒmNRE¹WTN
NAÅNGAGEN
1. They prayed to Asklepios. His temple was at Epidauros.
2. The boat was big. It was in the harbor.
3. The boat was big. On it Dikaiopolis and Philip were sailing.
94
Third Declension
H. for nouns with stems in S
Stems in sigma are contracted where S falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of the ending.
So, GNOW (stem GENES), gen. GENE(S)OWGNOUW, dat. GENE(S)IGNEI.
In a large group of neuter nouns the ES ending appears in the O-grade form OW in nom., acc., voc. sing., as in GNOW.
Neuters with stems in ASTÏGRAW) have AW in these cases.
Masc. and fem. acc. plu., when contracted, borrow the form of the contracted nom. plu.
The acc. plu. EIW is not derived from EAW.
In dat. plu., union of S of the stem and S of the ending produces SS, which is reduced to S without lengthening the preceding
vowel.
Masculine stems in ES with nominative in HW are proper names (Ò4VKRjTHW, Ò%HMOSYNHW); the feminine TRIRHW is an
adjective used substantively ("triply fitted:" TRIRHWNAÅW, "ship with three banks of oars").
Proper nouns in HW have recessive accent in the vocative.
TRIRVN ( from TRIHRVN) has irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.
Singular Nom. TÏGNOW 4VKRjTHW TÏGRAW

TRIRHW
Gen. GNOUW < GNESOW TRIROUW < TRIRESOW 4VKRjTOUW GRVW < GRASOW
Dat. GNEI < GNESI TRIREI < TRIRESI 4VKRjTEI GRAI < GRASI
Acc. GNOW TRIRH < TRIRESA 4VKRjTH GRAW
Voc. GNOW TRIREW 4¢KRATEW GRAW
Plural Nom./Voc. GNH < GNESA TRIREIW < TRIRESEW GRA < GRASA
Gen. GEN¤N < GENSVN TRIRVN < TRIHRVN GR¤N < GERjSVN
Dat. GNESI(N) < GNESSI TRIRESI( < TRIRESSI GRASIN < GRAS
N) SIN
Acc. GNH TRIREIW GRA < GRASA
95
When ES of the stem is preceded by E, the forms are inflected as follows:
Singular Nom. :EMISTOKLW < :EMISTOKLHW
Gen. :EMISTOKLOUW < :EMISTOKLESOW
Dat. :EMISTOKLEº < :EMISTOKLESI
Acc. :EMISTOKLA
< :EMISTOKLESA After E, EA contracts to A .
Voc. :EMISTÎKLEIW < :EMISTÎKLEEW
The adjective mLHYWmLHYW also has its stem in ES- and shows contraction.
Masc./Fem. Neut.
Singular Nom. mLHYW mLHYW
Gen. mLHYOÅW <mLHYSOW > mLHYOÅW
Dat. mLHYEº < mLHYSI> mLHYEº
Acc. mLHY < mLHYSA mLHYW
Voc. mLHYW mLHYW
Plural Nom./Voc. mLHYEºW <mLHYSEW mLHY < mLHYA
Gen. mLHY¤N < mLHYSVN> mLHY¤N
Dat. mLHYSI(N) < mLHYSSI> mLHYSI(N)
Acc. mLHYEºW mLHY
96
Paradigm ofU-stem Adjectives
Like PlWPlSAPlN, adjectives with U-stems have masculine and neuter forms of the 3rd
declension, with a separate set of forms for the feminine which inflect like a noun of the
first declension ending in A

The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix - IA
(semivocalic I) to the e-grade stem, TAXEU- IA. The masculine and neuter forms follow
the pattern of nouns with stems in I and U.
Masc. Fem. Neu.

Singular Nom. TAXÃW TAXEºA TAXÃ
Gen. TAXOW TAXE¸AW TAXOW < TAXEUOW
Dat. TAXEº TAXE¸ TAXEº < TAXEUI
Acc. TAXÃN TAXEºAN TAXÃ
Voc TAXÃ TAXEºA TAXÃ
Plural Nom./Voc. TAXEºW TAXEºAI TAXA
Gen. TAXVN TAXEI¤N TAXVN
Dat. TAXSIN TAXE¸AIW TAXSIN
Acc. TAXEºW TAXE¸AW TAXA Masc. acc. is from the

nominative
97
Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14A)
for Monday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13

for Tuesday: quiz on comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs

do exercise 14B (all)
do first noun-agreement chart for Chapter 14
for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectives

do second agreement chart for Chapter 14
do exercise 14D
During the Thanksgiving break, you should STUDY, STUDY, STUDY–make good use of this time to
review and master your forms and vocabulary.
English derivatives for chapter 14:

oligarchy, praxis, hoplite soldier, polemic, metaphor, strategic, monarchy, agonistic
98
Nouns Adjectives
MjXHMjXHW mME¸NVNoMEINON
PLYOWPLYOUWTÎ mLHYSTATOWmLHYESTjTHmLHYSTATON
STRATI¢THWSTRATI¢TOUÒ
the Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gen Adjective/s

.
MjXHW
PLYOW
PLYEI
STRATI¢THN
STRATI¢T×
PLYESI
PLYH
MAX¤N
STRATI¢TAIW
MjXAW
PLYOUW
MjXHN
STRATI¤TAI
STRATI¢TAW
MjXH
MjXAI
STRATI¢THW
99
Nouns Adjectives
MjXHMjXHW ÔDEDETÎDEgenTOÅDETSDETOÅDE
PLYOWPLYOUWTÎ OÍTOWAÉTHTOÅTOgenTOÃTOUTAÃTHWTOÃTOU)
BASILEÃWBASILVWÒ
the Vocative case.)

MjXHW
PLYOW
PLYEI
BASILA
BASILEº
PLYESI
PLYH
MAX¤N
BASILEÅSI
MjXAW
PLYOUW
MjXHN
BASILW
BASILAW
MjXH
MjXAI
BASILEÃW
100
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
I. Comparative inTEROWTERA
TERON
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Sing. Nom. mLHYSTEROW mLHYESTRA mLHYSTERON
Gen. mLHYESTROU mLHYESTRAW mLHYESTROU
Dat. mLHYESTR¡ mLHYESTR mLHYESTR¡
Acc. mLHYSTERON mLHYESTRAN mLHYSTERON
Voc. mLHYSTERE mLHYESTRA mLHYSTERON
Plu. Nom./Voc. mLHYSTEROI mLHYSTERAI mLHYSTERA
Gen. mLHYESTRVN mLHYESTRVN mLHYESTRVN
Dat. mLHYESTROIW mLHYESTRAIW mLHYESTROIW
Acc. mLHYESTROUW mLHYESTRAW mLHYSTERA
II. Superlative inTATOWTATHTATON

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Sing. Nom. mLHYSTATOW mLHYESTjTH mLHYSTATON
Gen. mLHYESTjTOU mLHYESTjTHW mLHYESTjTOU
Dat. mLHYESTjT¡ mLHYESTjT× mLHYESTjT¡
Acc. mLHYSTATON mLHYESTjTHN mLHYSTATON
Voc. mLHYSTATE mLHYESTjTH mLHYSTATON
Plu. Nom./ Voc. mLHYSTATOI mLHYSTATAI mLHYSTATA
Gen. mLHYESTjTVN mLHYESTjTVN mLHYESTjTVN
Dat. mLHYESTjTOIW mLHYESTjTAIW mLHYESTjTOIW
Acc. mLHYESTjTOUW mLHYESTjTAW mLHYSTATA
101
III. Comparative in -IVNION
Masculine/Feminine Neuter
Sing. Nom. KALL¸VN KjLLION
Gen. KALL¸ONOW
Dat. KALL¸ONI
Acc. KALL¸ONAKALL¸V KjLLION
Voc. KjLLION
Plu. Nom. Voc. KALL¸ONEWKALL¸OUW KALL¸ONAKALL¸V
Gen. KALLIÎNVN
Dat. KALL¸OSIN<KALL¸ONSI
Acc. KALL¸ONAWKALL¸OUW KALL¸ONAKALL¸V
The accusative plural masculine/feminine form KALL¸OUW is borrowed from the nominative
plural.
102
Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14B-15)
for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectives

do second agreement chart for Chapter 14
do exercise 14D
for Tuesday: read Ath. pp. 238-240 ("The Rise of Athens")

quiz on vocab. for chap. 14, including adjectives and adverbs on pp.
234-236
for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 252-254

read and translate Reading 15 (p. 251)
for Thursday: quiz on athematic second aorist forms

do exercise 15B (evens) and 15G (3, 6, and 7)
for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbs

do verb synopsis chart in course pack
read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")
English derivatives for chapter 15:

cosmology, necrophiliac, Nike shoes, patriotic, progeny, ambidextrous
103
Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15-16)
for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbs

do verb synopsis chart in course pack
read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")
for Tuesday: NO GREEK CLASS; GO TO YOUR FRIDAY CLASSES!
for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 15

do noun-adjective agreement worksheet
read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 269, 276-277
do exercise 16B
for Thursday: quiz on verbs with athematic presents and imperfects

do form ID, noun-adjective agreement worksheets
read Ath. pp. 271-273 ("The Athenian Empire")
Students in the morning section:

Your final is scheduled for Monday, December 13, noon-3 pm.
Students in the afternoon section:
Your final is scheduled for Monday, December 13, 3:30-6:30.
THE FORMAT WILL BE LIKE YOUR WEEKLY TESTS, ONLY LONGER.

ESTIMATED TIME FOR COMPLETION: 2 HOURS.
PLEASE CONSULT THE TUTORS IN PARK HALL 242 FOR EXTRA HELP.
Grading:
Participation 15%
Tests 35%
Quizzes 15%
Final exam 35%
104
Homework Exercises for Chapters 15-16
Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb LEUYERÎVLEUYER¢SVLEUYRVSA
(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)
ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.
Write out here the: 2nd person singular present active imperative:
2nd person singular present middle imperative:
2nd person singular aorist active imperative:
2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:
105
Nouns Adjectives
NOÅWNOÅÒ mLHYWmLHYW
MROWMROUWTÎ DHLOÃMENOWDHLOUMNHDHLOÃMENON
NAÃTHWNAÃTOUÒ
the Vocative case.)

NAÃTHW
MRVN
MRESI
NOÅW
NAÃTOU
NAUT¤N
NOÅ
MRH
NOºW
NAÃTAW
MROW
106
Form ID:
DÃNAMAIDUNSOMAIDUNHSjMHN DÃNAMIWDUNjMEVW
DUNATÎWDUNATDUNATÎN

DUNjMEYA
DUNATÎN
DÃNASYAI
DÃNAMIN
DÃNASYE
DUNATO¸
DUNjMENOI
DUNATAºW
DÃNASO
DUNjMEVN
DUNjMESI
DÃNASYE
DUNjMENOW
DUNjMEIW
DÃNATO
DUNATN
DUNATOºW
DUNAT¤N
DÃNANTAI
107
Nouns Adjectives
NAÅWNE¢W oJIOWmJ¸AoJIONgen.mJ¸OUmJ¸AWmJ¸OU
BOÅWBOÎWÒ S¢FRVNS¤FRONgen.S¢FRONOW
TOWTOUWTÎ mLHYWmLHYWgen.mLHYOÅW

.
TH
NE¢W
BOÅN
TOUW
T¤N
NAÅW
BOÎW
TESI
NEW
BOÚ
NAUS¸N
BOÅW
BOUS¸
TOW
NHÚ
108
Omicron Contract Verbs
Present Active Indicative:
Singular 1st DHL¤ <DHLÎV
2nd DHLOºW <DHLÎEIW
3rd DHLOº <DHLÎEI
Plural 1st DHLOÅMEN <DHLÎOMEN
2nd DHLOÅTE <DHLÎETE
3rd DHLOÅSIN <DHLÎOUSIN)
Present Active Imperative:
2nd singular: DLOU <DLOE Present stem + thematic vowel
2nd plural: DHLOÅTE <DHLÎETE Present stem + thematic vowel + TE
Present Active Infinitive:
DHLOÅN <DHLÎEEN Present stem + thematic vowel + EN
Present active participles:
798;:=<?>A@ [
Sing. Nom./Voc. > B9C;D;EGF H9I;J=K;LNMNO P Q > R9S;T=UWVYX Z R9S;T=\;U=] > 9R S;T;UNVN]
Gen. ^9_;`=a;b=c9d=b?e > ^9_;`=bWfYc9d=bge h9i;j=k;kNlNmWion > h9i;j=kWlYm=ign h9i;j=p;k=q9r=k?n > 9h i;j;kNsNqtr;k?n
Dat. u9v;w=x;y=z9{?| > u9v;w=yW}Yz9{?| ~9;=;NNW > ~9;=WY= ~9;=;=9? > 9~ ;;NNtg
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Contractions:O EEEOOU>OU
O EIOI×>OI
O HV>V
109
Present Middle Indicative:
Singular 1st DHLOÅMAI <DHLÎOMAI
2nd DHLOº <DHLÎESAI
3rd DHLOÅTAI <DHLÎETAI
Plural 1st DHLOÃMEYA <DHLOÎMEYA
2nd DHLOÅSYE <DHLÎESYE
3rd DHLOÅNTAI <DHLÎONTAI
Present Middle Imperative:
2nd singular: DHLOÅ <DHLÎESO Present stem + thematic vowel+SO
2nd plural: DHLOÅSYE <DHLÎESYE Present stem + thematic vowel+SYE
Present Middle Infinitive:
DHLOÅSYAI DHLÎESYAI Present stem + thematic vowel+SYAI
Present middle participles:
DHLOÎMENOW DHLOÃMENOW DHLOOMNH DHLOUMNH DHLOÎMENON DHLOÃMENON
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Imperfect:
Imperfect Active Imperfect Middle
Singular 1st DLOUN <DLOON DHLOÃMHN <DHLOÎMHN
2nd DLOUW <DLOEW DHLOÅ <DHLÎESO
3rd DLOU <DLOE DHLOÅTO <DHLÎETO
Plural 1st DHLOÅMEN <DHLÎOMEN DHLOÃMEYA <DHLOÎMEYA
2nd DHLOÅTE <DHLÎETE DHLOÅSYE <DHLÎESYE
3rd DLOUN <DLOON DHLOÅNTO <DHLÎONTO
110
Review
For the final exam, you need to know:
FORMS:
1. how to decline 1st declension nouns and adjectives (including those that end in Ainstead
of H
2. how to decline 2nd declension nouns and adjectives
3. how to decline 3rd declension nouns
4. how to decline 3rd declension adjectives
5. how to conjugate regular verbs and jVV and ÎVcontract verbs in the present,
imperfect, and aorist active indicative and imperative moods, the present, imperfect, and
aorist middle indicative and imperative, and the future active and middle indicative.
6. how to form the present, future, and aorist active infinitive and the present, future, and
aorist middle infinitive
7. how to form and decline the active and middle participles in the present, future, and aorist
8. how to decline the adjectives for “one” and “all”
9. how to decline reflexive, interrogative, and relative pronouns
10. how to decline the definite and indefinite articles (ÒTÎandTIWTI)
CONCEPTS:
1. transitive, intransitive and linking sentence structure and word order
2. the complementary infinitive
3. agreement between nouns and adjectives or participles
4. use of dative as indirect object, object of preposition, in expressions of time, to show
means or instrument, to show respect, and to show possession
5. use of genitive to show possession, as object of preposition, and in expressions of amount
(partitive genitive)
6. use of accusative as direct object, object of preposition and in expression of time
7. aspect
8. relative clauses
9. comparison of adjectives and comparative constructions
10. substantive
11. appositive
12. attributive vs. predicate position
VOCABULARY:
1. all the vocabulary presented on vocabulary lists + addenda for volume I
2. verbs which take dative direct object
3. verbs which take genitive direct object
111
Review Exercises
Nouns Adjectives
mNRmNDRÎWÒ LÃVNLÃOUSALÃON
MTHRMHTRÎW PlWPlSAPlN
DNDRONDNDROUTÎ

.
mNR
DNDRON
MHTRÎW
DNDR¡
MHTRA
MHTR¸
mNDRÎW
DNDROIW
MHTREW
oNDRA
DNDRA
MHTRjSI
mNDR¤N
MHTRVN
oNDREW
DNDROU
mNDRjSI
112
Nouns Adjectives
PÅRPURÎWTÎ D¸VNDIONgen.D¸ONOW
YEÎWYEOÅ TIM¤NTIM¤SATIM¤Ngen.TIM¤NTOWTIM¢SHWTIM¤NTOW
YjLATTAYALjTTHW POLMIOWPOLEM¸APOLMION
POIHTWPOIHTOÅÒ

.
PÅR
YALjTTHW
PUR¸
YEOÅ
POIHTOÅ
YEOÅW
YALjTTAN
POIHTN
YE¤N
YE¯
YALjTTAW
YEO¸
PUR¤N
YEÎW
PURÎW
YALATT¤N
113
¼EREÃW¼ERVWÒ ¼EREÃV
¼ERÎW¼ERj¼ERÎN ¼ER¸A¼ER¸AW
¼EREºON¼ERE¸OUTÎ

¼ERVW
¼ERÎN
¼EREÃONTI
¼ER¸AN
¼EREºON
¼ERA
¼ER¤N
¼EREUOMN¡
¼ERI¤N
¼EREÅSI
¼EREÃOUSI
¼EREUOÃSHW
¼ERÎW
¼ER¯
¼EREÃEIW
¼EREº
¼EREUOMNHW
¼EREÃONTA
¼ER¸
¼ER¤N
¼ERAW
¼ERj
114
Verb Review: Synopsis Chart
Give a synopsis in the 3rd person singular of the verbFILVFILSVF¸LHSA
ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:

115
Give a synopsis in the 3rd person plural of the verbFEÃGVFEÃJOMAIFUGON

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PA
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.

Write out here: 2nd person singular present active imperative:
116
Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verbTIMjVTIMSVT¸MHSA

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPL
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.

Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:
117

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Homework Text for Greek 1001

(for use with Athenaze volume 1)

T. Keith Dix (instructor)

Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Speech Acts and Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Tips on Translating Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Thematic verbs in the present active indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Present Active indicative of ¨?, Present Active Imperative and Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Enclitics and Proclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Alpha Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Homework Assignments for Week 5 Sept 20-23 (Chapter 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Homework Assignments for Week 6 Sept 27-30 (Chapter 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Notes on the Middle Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Homework Assignments for Week 8 Oct 11-14 (Chapter 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Paradigm of %r+, %r), %r and ¯+, ?,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Homework Assignments for Week 9 Oct 18-21 (Chapter 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Present Active Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Formation of the Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The Aorist System in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

First Aorist Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Imperfect of ¨? and « . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Paradigm of u-stem Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14b-15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Omicron Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Balme and Lawall, Athenaze vol. 1 (Second edition)

General Course Information:

1. We will go through all of volume one of Athenaze this semester.

4. There will be a final, cumulative examination on Monday, December 13th: at noon to 3

Each day you will be considered either:

Fifth century Greeks wrote in CAPITAL LETTERS, with NOGAPSBETWEENWORDS, with

Now, look at it in Greek.

for Monday: study the Greek alphabet

for Tuesday: quiz on the Greek alphabet

for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)

Addendum to the Vocabulary List on Athenaze (Ath) page 2

The standard Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as follows.

Form Name Form Name

"A alpha /N nu

Exercise 1: Practice writing the Greek letters in this space.

English word meaning of Greek root Greek spelling

Exercise 3: Transliterate the following words into Greek.

i.e., daimon = DAIMON

[Adapted from Gerda M. Seligson, Greek for Reading (Michigan, 1994), 1]

We speak for a variety of reasons; whenever we speak, we commit a speech act:

1. to give information, we make a statement

Exercise on Speech Acts:

Exercise 1: Label the speech acts in the sentences below.

1. Shall I wash the dog

Exercise 2: Add punctuation marks to the sentences above.

Word order is VERY important in English. For example, in English there is a

Present Active indicative of ¨?, Present Active Imperative and Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Paradigm of %r+, %r), %r and ¯+, ?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Imperfect of ¨? and « . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14b-15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Subject + Verb Direct Object.

Singular 1st LÃV V lengthened thematic vowel

2nd LÃETE ETE

3rd LÃOUSIN OUSIN ONTI ONSI OUSI

Singular 1st FIL¤ ¤ FILV

2nd FILEºW EºW FILEIW

3rd FILEº Eº FILEI

Plural 1st FILOÅMEN OÅMEN FILOMEN

2nd FILEºTE EºTE FILETE

3rd FILOÅSIN OÅSI FILOUSI

ContractionsE +EEI EI2nd sing., 3rd sing., 2nd plu.)

2nd £ ¤

2nd singular: ÀÁÂ Ã+Ä-ÀÂ~ÂÆÅ Ã+ÄÇÀ7ÂYÈ Present stem + thematic vowel

Present active imperative of Ï~ÓÔ ÕzÖ

2nd singular: ×ÙØÚEÛ Present stemÜÞÝkßáàãâåäæ7ÝEß is an enigma â\ç

2nd plural: è æé7ê Present stemÜOéê

Present active infinitive of ê~ö÷øQë

è æïùOßð êúÒïùOß Present stemÜ+ïùMß æ before ÷ or ï usually disappears with

Dat. T¯KAL¯mGR¯ (PIE *-oy>) VI > ¡ T¯KAL¯DNDR¡

Acc. TÏNKALÏNmGRÎN ON TÏKALÏNDNDRON

Voc. «KALmGR E ON «KALÏNDNDRON

Plu. Nom. O¼KALO¹mGRO¸ OI A TkKALkDNDRA

Gen. T¤NKAL¤NmGR¤N (PIE *om >) VN T¤NKAL¤NDNDRVN

Dat. TOºWKALOºWmGROºW OIW TOºWKALOºWDNDROIW

Acc. TOÄWKALOÄWmGROÃW ONW>OUW A TkKALkDNDRA

Voc. «KALO¹mGRO¸ OI A «KALkDNDRA

= short vowel = long vowel

If a proclitic is followed by an enclitic, the proclitic is accented: E»LGEI but E½TIW

oNYRVPOWTIW oNYRVPOWSTIN oNYRVPOITINEW oNYRVPONGE