EXPERIMENT 1

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

A. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the total cooling load for the Library of Lucio C. Tan Building.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To compute the thermal transmission load of heat through walls.

 To solve the solar through transparent and opaque surfaces.
 To determine the internal cooling load for the occupants and lights using
CLTD/CLF Method.
 To compute for the heat gain from infiltrating air.
 To determine whether the air conditioners installed in each room have the
capacity to maintain comfort inside the rooms.
 Estimation of the cooling load capacity of the system.

B. APPARATUS
 Measuring Tape

C. THEORY

Concepts and fundamentals of air conditioner sizing is based on heat gain, and/or
losses in a building. It is obvious that you will need to remove the amount of heat gain - if
it is hot outside. Similarly, you'll need to add in the heat loss from your space - if outside
temperature is cold. In short, heat gain and loss, must be equally balanced by heat
removal, and addition, to get the desired room comfort that we want.

The heat gain or heat loss through a building depends on:

a. The temperature difference between outside temperature and our desired

temperature.
b. The type of construction and the amount of insulation is in your ceiling and
walls. Let's say, that you have two identical buildings, one is build out of glass,
and the other out of brick. Of course the one built with glass would require
much more heat addition, or removal, compared to the other - given a same
day. This is because the glass has a high thermal conductivity (U-value) as
compared to the brick and also because it is transparent, it allows direct
transmission of solar heat.
c. How much shade is on your building’s windows, walls, and roof? Two identical
buildings with different orientation with respect to the direction of sun rise and
fall will also influence the air conditioner sizing.
 d. How large is your room? The surface area of the walls. The larger the surface
area - the more heat can loose, or gain through it.
e. How much air leaks into indoor space from the outside? Infiltration plays a
part in determining our air conditioner sizing. Door gaps, cracked windows,
chimneys - are the "doorways" for air to enter from outside, into your living
space.
f. The occupants. It takes a lot to cool a town hall full of people.
g. Activities and other equipment within a building. Cooking? Hot bath?
Gymnasium?
h. Amount of lighting in the room. High efficiency lighting fixtures generate less
heat.
i. How much heat the appliances generate. Number of power equipments such
as oven, washing machine, computers, TV inside the space; all contribute to
heat.

The air conditioner's efficiency, performance, durability, and cost depend on

matching its size to the above factors. Many designers use a simple square foot method
for sizing the air-conditioners. The most common rule of thumb is to use "1 ton for every
500 square feet of floor area". Such a method is useful in preliminary estimation of the
equipment size. The main drawback of rules-of-thumb methods is the presumption that
the building design will not make any difference. Thus, the rules for a badly designed
building are typically the same as for a good design.
E. DISCUSSION

In designing an Air-conditioning unit, the cooling capacity of each room must be

taken and there are several things and/or parameters to consider in determining the
cooling capacity.

First is the transmission load or heat energy through walls. Transmission load is
taken depending on the material(s) used in the construction of each wall. Each material
has its own thermal conductance and resistance aside from its thickness. The area of the
wall and the difference in temperature inside and outside of the room must also be taken.
Air films on both sides of the walls have their separate conductance, which contribute to
the overall conductance or heat transfer coefficient (U). All these parameters are essential
to compute for the heat transfer through walls. Additionally, there is no heat transfer on
wall which are exposed to air-conditioned spaces on both sides.

Next is the solar heat load through transparent and opaque material. It is taken on
walls that are exposed to sunlight. The heat from the sun contributes greatly on the total
heat transfer. There is a designated table is provided to compute for the solar load through
transparent material. And to compute for the solar load on opaque materials, aside from
the overall heat transfer coefficient and the area of the wall, a new parameter is also
needed to consider, which is the cooling-load temperature difference (CLTD).

After the transmission and solar loads are considered, the internal heat gain needs
to be computed. This includes lightings, the heat released by the occupants depending
on the work they are doing, and the equipment operating within the space. The lightings
are computed depending on the lights’ wattages and the time of operation. The same
applies to the equipment. Regarding the occupants, it is need to determine the kind of
activities they are in; they could just be seated which is considered as a very light work,
or standing and/or walking which belongs to light works.

Lastly is the heat gain from the infiltrating air. Infiltration is the heat loss or heat
gain due to the infiltration of outside air into a conditioned space. A table is also provided
which includes air infiltration flow rate (CFM), air change per hour (ACH), outside and
inside humidity ratio, and the volume of air. These are primary factors needed to compute
for the heat from air infiltration.

This study’s target space/room is the Library located at the 5th floor of Lucio C. Tan
Building in UE Caloocan. It is a room with eight (8) non-identical walls, a floor and a
ceiling, which are both exposed to air-conditioned spaces on the other sides. It also has
a 2nd level which only has a minimal contribution to the total heat transfer due to its small
portion of the floor that is exposed to a non-conditioned space. The main purpose of this
study is to determine the cooling load inside the room/space to be conditioned.
F. CONCLUSION

This study/experiment leads to the application on determining the capacity or

cooling load inside the room/space to be conditioned. In this study/experiment, there are
several lessons learned, things to remember and consider regarding the cooling capacity
of a room.

The first thing to do as a designer is to determine the factors that are necessary
on designing an air-conditioning unit in a space to be conditioned. The dimensions of
each walls, floor and ceiling must be measured as accurate as possible since little
inaccuracies in the areas of the walls would affect the total heat transfer to be computed.
After getting the measurements, the lights along with their wattages must be counted; the
equipment that release heat should also be determined; and walls exposed to sunlight
and the infiltration of outside air must be considered. Since the dry bulb temperatures and
relative humidity inside and outside the room were already provided, it is unnecessary to
take these parameters. Lastly, the tables provided consisting of the standard values of
thermal conductance and resistances depend on the type of materials used and their
thicknesses. The values to be used must be carefully selected in accordance to these
said factors. The same applies to the solar load and infiltrating air calculations which
depends on the location of sun's exposure and the type of construction respectively.

The chosen room for the study/experiment is the Library at the 5th floor of Lucio
C. Tan building. Library is a large room with a total area that is almost the same as with
MPH. Since it has a 2nd level where most of the books are stored, the air-conditioning
units are insufficient to cool the entire library. The air-conditioning units were only installed
on the 1st level making it one of the reasons why the 2nd level wasn't cool enough aside
from the problem with the air-conditioning unit itself.

To sum it all up, all these factors are essential and should not be taken carelessly,
the measurements should be as accurate as possible and the values selection on the
tables must be fit with the classifications of the materials and the type of construction.
Failure on determining these important factors, keys, and processes might lead to
incorrect cooling load calculations.

G. REFERENCES

1. http://www.cedengineering.com
2. 2011 ASHRAE Handbook - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
Applications
3. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by Stoecker & Jones
4. Air-conditioning Principles and Systems by E.G. Pita