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• Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the most versatile type of

heat exchangers.

• Shell-and-tube heat exchangers provide relatively large ratios of

heat transfer area to volume and weight and they can be easily
cleaned.

SHELL AND TUBE • Shell-and-tube heat exchangers can be designed for high

HEAT EXCHANGER
pressures relative to the environment and high-pressure
differences between the fluid streams.

Allocation of Streams Basic components

• Shell types :Various front and rear head types and shell types have
• The following considerations apply:
been standardized by TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association).
• The fouling fluid flows through the tube.

• The high pressure fluid flows through the tubes.

• The corrosive fluid must flow through the tubes.

• The stream with the lower heat transfer coefficient flows on the shell
side since it is easy to design outside finned tubes.

• In general, it is better to put the stream with the lower mass flow rate
on the shell side.

• Turbulent flow is obtained at lower Reynolds numbers on the shell

side.

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• Tube Bundle Types:

• The main design objectives here are to accommodate thermal
expansion, to furnish ease of cleaning, or to provide the least
expensive construction if other features are of no importance.

• Tubes and Tube Passes: Only an E-shell with one tube pass and
an F-shell with two tube passes result in nominal counterflow.
• All other multiple tube passes require a temperature profile
correction (factor F), or, in some cases, simply cannot deliver the
desired temperatures because of temperature cross.

• Tube Layout: Tube layout is characterized by the included

angle between tubes.
• A layout of 30° results in the greatest tube density and is
therefore used, unless other requirements dictate.
• clear lanes (1/4 in. or 7 mm) are required because of external
cleaning using a square 90° or 45° layout.
• Tube pitch, PT, is usually chosen so that the pitch ratio PT/do, is
between 1.25 and 1.5.
• When the tubes are too close, the tube sheet becomes
structurally weak.

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• Baffle Type and geometry:

• Baffles serve two functions:

• Most importantly to support the tubes for structural rigidity,

preventing tube vibration and sagging.
• Second, to divert the flow across the bundle to obtain a higher
heat transfer coefficient.
• Baffles may be classified as transverse and longitudinal types
(for example, the F-shell has a longitudinal baffle).
• The transverse baffles may be classified as plate baffles and rod
baffles.
• Optimum baffle spacing is somewhere between 0.4 and 0.6 of
the shell diameter and a baffle cut of 25% to 35% is usually
recommended.

Mechanical design standards of STHE • Three basic classes of TEMA standards are ‘C’, ‘B’ , and ‘R’ .

• Mechanical design of heat exchangers includes design of various • The class ‘C’ specifies the standards for general service exchangers.
pressure and non-pressure parts.
• The class ‘B’ specifies the standards of heat exchangers for
• Mechanical design is generally performed according to the standard chemical services.
codes.
• The class ‘R’ specifies the standards of heat exchangers for more
• Some mechanical design standards used in heat exchanger design are: severe application in petroleum and related processes.
TEMA(Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Associations)(United
States), IS:4503-1967(India), BS:3274(United Kingdom),
BS:20414(United Kingdom). • Seven type of shell are standardized by the TEMA.

• Most countries of the world follow the TEMA standards for the • The TEMA stands also specify the types of front-end, shell, and
mechanical design of unfired shell and tube heat exchangers. rear-end of the STHE.

• TEMA standards are applicable for the maximum shell ID and wall
thickness of 60 and 2 inch,Maximum design pressure of 3000psi.

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Structure of IS-4503-1967

Design considerations Design pressure and temperature

• Design pressure of the heat exchanger is the gage pressure at the top
• Design pressure and temperature of the vessel.
• Material of construction
• Design components • The IS-4503 species that the design pressure should be 5% greater
a. Shell diameter and thickness than the maximum allowable working pressure.
b. Shell cover
c. Channel covers diameter and thickness • According to IS-4503 the shell and tube sides pressure should be
d. Pass partition plate specified individually.
e. Tube sheet thickness
f. Impingement plates of baffles • The design temperature is used to determine the minimum wall
g. Nozzles and branch pipes thickness of various parts of the exchanger for a specified design
pressure.
h. Gaskets
i. Bolts design
• It is normally 10oC greater than the maximum allowable temperature.
j. Design of flange
k. Design of supports

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Material of construction Shell diameter and thickness

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Baffles

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