Lesson 1: INQUIRY VS.
RESEARCH: A REVIEW 2 kinds of quantitative research:
INQUIRY- Synonymous to the word
“Investigation “. When you inquire or investigate,
you tend to ask question to probe or examine
something.
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH- Research is
scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of
thinking. Starting to, particular to more complex
ides.
CLINICAL CHARATERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical- Based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical- Based on Valid procedures and
principles
3. Cyclical- Its starts with problem and ends
with problem.
4. Analytical- Utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the information
whether historical, descriptive,
experimental and case study
5. Critical- research exhibits careful and
accurate assessment
6. Methodical- Led in methodical manner
without bias using systematic methods and
process.
7. Replicability- the process are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive
at valid and conclusive answer.
Kinds of Field work
1. Jot Notes- key words or phrases are written
down while on the field.
2. Field note proper- Description of physical
context and the people involved including
the behavior and non-verbal
communication
3. Methodical notes- New ideas that the
researcher has on how to carry out the
research project.
4. Journals and diaries- These note records’
the ethnographers personal reactions,
frustrations and assessment of life and work
in the field.
5. Interview- Depends on individual research
preferences, research purpose and the
research question asked.
Lesson 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research- This research makes you
focus your mind on specific things by means
of statistics that involve collection and study
of numerical data. It is characterized as
Objective research, in which only the real and
factual, not emotional or cognitive existence
1. Experimental- Focuses on True
experimental, Quasi-Experimental, Single
subject, and pre experimental
2. Non Experimental- Focuses on Survey,
historical, Observational, correlational,
descriptive and comparative research.
Lesson 3: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Experimental research- is a quantitative research
that treats or deals with the object or subject of the
research.
Classification of Experimental research
1. True Experimental research-Uses
random selection in determining
subjects. (Physics, Chem., Bio,
Pharmacy)
2. Quasi Experimental Research- Using
Comparative techniques in choosing
subjects(Psychology, Sociology
Humanities, Literature)
Research Design of Non experimental research
In creating a non-experimental research
must possess the following aspects that
takes place in sequential manner.
1. Specify the problem or topic of your
research
2. Formulate the research problem or
hypothesis
3. Determine the dependent and
independent variables
4. Select the participants or subject
5. Decide on the specific type of
experimental research : Quasi or true
6. Conduct the experiment
7. Collect, analyze and interpret results
Quasi-Experimental research
1. Matched Comparison- Choosing a
treatment group and another
group that has similarities with the
treatment group.
2. Time-series quasi-experimental
research - Giving them series of
Pre-test and post-test
3. Single-subject quasi experimental
research- Controls treatment and
condition applied to just one
individual or a group.
Lesson 4: NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Non- experimental research is a way of finding out
truths about a subject by describing the collected
data.
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 3 ways of Data analysis
1. Primary-Analysis of data collected by the
researcher himself
2. Secondary- Examination of data collected
by other people
3. Meta-analysis- Analysis of data expressed
numerically
Purpose of survey research
1. To obtain information about peoples
opinion and feeling s about the issue
2. To identify present condition, needs or
problems of people in a short span of time
3. To seek answer to social problems
4. To give school officials pointers on
curricular offerings, guidance and
counselling services, teachers evaluation
and so on.
Planning a survey research
- The research design of a survey
research is similar to the experimental
research, only, when it comes to data
collection method and instrument.
Strength of survey research
1. Versatility- It tackles any issue affecting
society
2. Efficiency- It is not costly in terms of money
and time, assuming that there is excellent
communication or postal system.
3. Generality- It can get a good representation
or sample of a large group of people
4. Confidentiality- It is capable of
safeguarding the privacy or anonymity of
the respondents.
Lesson 5: Variables
Variables are changing qualities or characteristics of
a persons or things like age, gender, Intelligence,
ideas, achievements, confidence that involves in
your research study.
Different types of variables
1. Constant- Do not undergo any changes
during experiment.
2. Attribute- Characteristic of a people:
Intelligence creativity, anxiety, learning
styles. Etc.
3. Covariate- Included in the research study to
create interactions with the dependent and
independent variables
4. Continuous- quantitative in nature and is
used in interval or ratio scale of
measurement
5. Dichotomous- Has only 2 possible results :
one or zero
6. Latent- Cannot be directly observed like
personality traits
7. Manifest- Can be directly observed to give
proofs to latent variables
8. Exogenous-Found outside an identified
object
9. Endogenous- Found inside; as part of
identified model
10. Intervening – Intervenes with dependent
and independent
Lesson 6 : Quantitative Research Problem
Problem- Difficulty in knowing or finding answer or
solution to questions causing you to worries or
perplexities.
Research Problem- Something that nurtures in your
mind a difficulty or uncertainty, enough to push you
to do empirical investigation.
Researchable problem- Depend on your sensor
experience, conduct experimentation, or perform a
scientific method in arriving the truth. Being
researchable your research problem becomes a
Quantitative research Problem.
Research questions (sub questions) – Specify the
scope and method in collecting and analyzing data.
Research Problem:
Interrogative statement: What percentage of
Lyceum of Alabang SHS students who uses English
for communication?
Declarative statement: The main objective of this
study is to find out the percentage Lyceum of
Alabang SHS students who uses English for
communication.
Types of Quantitative research Questions
1. Descriptive research Question- Ask
questions on the kind, qualification, and
categories of the subject or participants
2. Relation questions- are questions about the
nature and manner of connection between
or among variables
3. Causal questions- Reasons behind the
effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable is the focus of these
types of research questions.
Approaches to Quantitative Research Questions
1. Deductive approach- Explains the meaning
of variables based on its involvement or
role in the research process .
- Bigger to Smaller Ideas
2. Inductive approach- Smaller to bigger
ideas. Focuses on the description of things
to prove an idea or a system.
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