Heat-I: Theory and Exercise Booklet

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HEAT- I
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Heat ............................................................................. 3 – 4
2. Law of mixture ................................................................ 4 – 5
3. Phase Change ................................................................ 5– 6
5. Heat Transfer (Introduction) ................................................ 7
6. Conduction ................................................................... 7 – 15
7. Radiation (Introduction) ................................................. 16 – 17
8. Stefan-Boltzman's Law ................................................... 17 – 18
9. Newton's law of cooling .................................................. 18 – 20
10. Wien's displacement Law ................................................ 20 – 21
11. Exercise -I ................................................................... 22 – 36
12. Exercise - II ................................................................. 37 – 39
13. Exercise - III ................................................................ 40 – 49
14. Exercise - IV ................................................................ 50 – 51
15. Exercise - V ................................................................. 52 – 58
16. Answer key .................................................................. 59 – 60
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Page # 2 HEAT
Syllabus :
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry,
latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary
concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling;

HEAT Page # 3
CALORIMETRY
1. HEAT
The energy that is being transferred between two bodies or between adjacent parts of a
body as a result of temperature difference is called heat. Thus, heat is a form of energy. It is
energy in transit whenever temperature differences exist. Once it is transferred, it becomes
the internal energy of receiving body. If should be clearly understood that the word “heat” is
meaningful only as long as the energy is being transferred. Thus, expressions like “heat in a
body” or “heat of body” are meaningless.
T1>T2 T2
A Heat B
When we say that a body is heated it means that its molcules begin to move with greater
kinetic energy.
S.I. unit of heat energy is joule (J). Another common unit of heat energy is calorie (cal).
1.1 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
In early days heat was not recongnised as a form of energy. Heat was supposed to be
something needed to raise the temperature of a body or to change its phase. Calorie was
defined as the unit of heat. A number of experimets were performed to show that the
temperature may also be increased by doing mechanical work on the system. These experiments
established that heat is equivalent to mechanical energy and measured how much mechanical
energy is equivalent to a calorie. If mechanical work W produces the same temperature
change as heat H, we write,
W = JH
Where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. J is expressed in joule/calories. The value of
J gives how many joules of mechanical work is needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of
water by 1°C.
1 calorie : The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from
14.5 to 15.5 °C at one atmospheric pressure is 1 calorie.
1 calorie = 4.186 Joule
1.2 Specific Heat
Specific heat of substances is equal to heat gain or released by that substance to raise or fall
its temperature by 1°C for a unit mass of substance.
When a body is heated, it gains heat. On the other hand, heat is lost when the body is
cooled. The gain or loss of heat is directly proportional to :
(a) the mass of the body Q  m
(b) rise or fall of temperature of the body Q  T
Q  m T or Q  m s T
or dQ  m s d T or Q=m  s dT
Q
where s is a constant and is known as the specific heat of the body s = . S.I. unit of s
m T
is joule/kg-kelvin and C.G.S unit is cal/gm °C
Specific heat of water : s = 4200 J/kg°C = 1000 cal/kg°C = 1 Kcal/kg°C = 1 cal/gm°C
Specific heat of steam = half of specific heat of water = specific heat of ice
Ex .1 Heat required to increases the temperature of 1 kg water by 20°C
Sol. heat required = Q = ms
= 1 × 20 = 20 Kcal.
 S = 1 cal/gm°C = 1 Kcal/kg°C

Page # 4 HEAT
Important Points :
Q
(a) We know, s = , if the substance undergoes the change of state which occurs at
m T
constant temperature (T = 0), the s = Q/0 = . Thus the specific heat of a substance
when it melts or boils at constant temprature is infinite.
(b) If the temperature of the substance changes without the transfer of heat (Q = 0) then s
Q
= = 0. Thus when liquid in the thermos flask is shaken, its temperature increases
m T
without the tranfer of heat and hence and the specific heat of liquid in the thermos flask
is zero.
(c) To raise the temperature of saturated water
vapour, heat (Q) is withdrawn. Hence, specific
heat of saturated water vapour is negative.
(This is for your information only and not in 1.008
specific heat
the course)
(cal g–1C–1)
(d) The slight variation of specific heat of water
with temperature is shown in the graph at 1 1.000
atmosphere pressure. Its variation is less than
1% over the interval form 0 to 100°C. 0 15 35 100
1.3 Heat capacity or Thermal capacity : Temp(°C)
Heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to rasie the temperature of
that body by 1°C. If ‘m’ is the mass and ‘s’ the specific heat of the body, then
Heat capaicty = m s.
Units of heat capacity in : CGS system is, cal °C–1 ; SI unit is, JK–1
1.4 Relation between Specific heat and Water equivalent :
It is the amount of water which requires the same amount of heat for the same temperature
rise as that of the object
ms
ms T = mw Sw T  mw = s
w
In calorie sw = 1
 mw = ms
mw is also represented by W
so W = ms
2. LAW OF MIXTURE :
When two substances at different temperatures are mixed together, the exchange of heat
continues to take place till their temperatues become equal. This tempeature is then called
final temperature of mixtue. Here, Heat taken by one substance = Heat given by another
substance
m1s1(T1 – Tm) = m2s2(Tm – T2)
m1, s1, T1 m2, s2, T2
(T1>T2)
Mixture Temperature = Tm
Ex.2 An iron block of mass 2 kg, fall from a height 10 m. After colliding with the ground it
loses 25 % energy to surroundings. Then find the temperature rise of the block (Take
sp. heat of iron 470 J/kg°C)
1 10  10
Sol. mS = mgh   =
4 4  470

HEAT Page # 5
Ex.3 The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B, and C are 10°C 15°C
and 20°C respectively. The temperatue when A and B are mixed is 13°C and when B
and C are mixed, it is 16°C. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
Sol. when A and B are mixed
mS1 × (13 – 10) = m × S2 × (15 – 13) 13°C 16°C
3S1 = 2S2 ...(1)
when B and C are mixed A B C
m m m
S2 × 1 = S3 × 4 ...(2)
S1 S2 S3
when C and A are mixed 10°C 15°C 20°C
S1( – 10) = S3 × (20 – ) ...(3)
by using equation (1), (2) and (3)
140
we get  = C
11
Ex.4 If three different liquid of different masses specific heats and temperature are mixed
with each other and then what is the temperature mixtrue at thermal equilibrium.
m1, s1, T1  specification for liquid
Sol. Total heat lost or gain by all substance is equal to zero
Q = 0
m1s1(T – T1) + m2s2(T – T2) + m3s3(T – T3) = 0
m1s1T1  m 2 s 2 T2  m 3 s 3 T3
so T= m1s1  m 2 s 2  m 3 s 3
3. PHASE CHANGE :
Heat required for the change of phase or state,
Q = mL, L = latent heat.
(a) Latent heat (L) : The heat supplied to a substance which changes its state at constant
temperature is called latent heat of the body.
(b) Latent heat of Fusion (Lf) : The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from solid to
liquid state at its melting point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent heat of fusion.
(c) Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv) : The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from
liquid to vapour state at its boiling point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent heat of vaporization.
If in question latent heat of water are not mentioned and to solve the problem it require to
assume that we should consider following values.
Latent heat of ice : L = 80 cal/gm = 80 Kcal/kg = 4200 × 80 J/kg
Latent heat of steam : L = 540 cal/gm = 540 Kcal/kg = 4200 × 540 J/kg
The given figure, represents the change of state by different lines
m
ea
St
water+Steam
Tb
er l2
wat
Tm ice+water
l1
e
ic
O Q
Tm = Melting Temperature
Tb = Boiling Temperature
>
l2 > l1

Page # 6 HEAT
Note : If we increases the temperature of liquid (phase) K.E  & temp.  but at a later time K .E.
stop increasing and the phase of the liquid starts changing.
Ex.5 Find amount of heat released if 100 g ice at – 10°C is converted into 120°C, 100 g
steam.
–10°C, 100 gm ice 120° 100 gm steam
Q  msT
1
  100  10
2
= 500 cal.
0°, 100 gm ice

Q = mLf
= 100 × 80
= 8000 cal.
0°, 100 gm water

Q  msT
Q  msT
1
= 1×100 × 100   100  20
2
= 10000 cal.
= 1000 cal.
100°, 100 gm water
Q = mLv
= 100 × 540
= 54000 cal
100°, 100 gm Steam
Qnet = 73.5 Kcal.
Ex.6 500 gm of water at 80°C is mixed with 100 gm steam at 120°C. Find out the final
mixture.
Sol. 120°C steam 100°C steam
1
Req. heat = 100 × ×20 = 1 kcal
2
80°C water 100°C water
Req. heat = 500 × 1 × 20 = 10 kcal
100gm steam 100 gm water at 100°C
Req. heat = 100 × 540 = 54 kcal
Total heat = 55 kcal.
Remaining heat = 55 – 10 = 45 kcal
250
Now we have 600 gm water at 100°C  4500 = m × 540  m  gm
3
250  250 
So at last we have gm steam and  600 – gm of water
3  3 

HEAT Page # 7
HEAT TRANSFER
4. INTRODUCTION
Heat is energy in transit which flows due to temperature difference; from a body at higher
temperature to a body at lower temperature. This transfer of heat from one body to the
other takes place through three routes.
(i) Conduction (ii) Convection (iii) Radiation
(a) CONDUCTION
(i) Requires Medium
(ii) Energy is transmitted from one particle to another particle without displaced of particle
(iii) No transfer of particle
(b) CONVECTION
(i) Requires Medium
(ii) Enegy is transfer through movement of the particle of medium.
(c) RADIATION
(i) Does not requires any medium
(ii) Enegy is transfer through Electromagnetic waves.
Vaccum Air
Radiation Air Convection +
Radiation
T1 T2 T1 Convection T2 T1 T2
+
Conduction Radiation Conduction
5. CONDUCTION
Figure shows a rod whose ends are in thermal contact with a hot reseroir at temperature Ti
and a cold reservoir at temperature T2. The sides of the rod are covered with insulating
medium, so the transport of heat is along the rod, not through the sides. The molecules at
the hot reservoir have greater vibrational energy. This energy is transferred by collisions to
the atoms at the end face of the rod. These atoms in turn transfer energy to their neighbours
further along the rod. Such transfer of heat through a substance in which heat is transported
without direct mass transport is called conduction.
T1>T2
T1 T2
(Hot) Q (Cold)
Most metals use another, more effective mechanism to conduct heat. The free electrons,
which move throughout the metal can rapidly carry energy from the hotter to cooler regions,
so metals are generally good donductors of heat. The presence of 'free' electrons also causes
most metals to be good electrical conductors. A metal rod at 5°C feels colder than a piece of
wood at 5°C because heat can flow more easily from your hand into the metal.
Heat transfer occurs only between regions that are at different temperatures, and the rate
dQ
of heat flow is . This rate is also called the heat current, denoted by H. Experiments show
dt
that the heat current is proportional to the cross-section area A of the rod and to the
dT
temperature gradient , which is the rate of change of temperature with distance along
dx
the bar. In general
dQ dT
H  –kA
dt dx
dQ dT
The negative sign is used to make a positive quantity since is negative. The constant
dt dt
k, called the thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.
A substance with a large thermal conductivity k is a good heat conductor. The value of k
depends on the temperature, increasing slightly with increasing temperature, but k can be

Page # 8 HEAT
taken to be practically constant throughout a substance if the temperature difference between

its ends is not too great.
Let us apply Eq. (i) to a rod of length L and constant cross sectional area A in which a steady
state has been reached. In a steady state the temperature at each point is constant in time.
Hence.
dT
–  T1 – T2
dt
Therefore, the heat Q transferred in time t is
 T – T2 
Q  kA  1  t
 L 
l
Here, T = temperature difference (TD) and R  =thermal resistance of the rod.
kA
• Important Points in conduction
1. Consider a section ab of a rod as shown in figure. Suppose Q1 heat enters into the section at
'a' and Q2 leaves at 'b', then Q2 < Q1 . Part of the energy Q1 – Q2 is utilized in raising the
tempeature of section ab and the remaining is lost to atmosphere thorugh ab. If heat is
continuously supplied from the left end of the rod, a stage comes when temperature of the
section becomes constant. In that case, Q1 = Q2 if rod is insulated from the surroundings (or
loss thorugh ab is zero). This is called the steady state condition. Thus, in steady state
temperature of different sections of the rod becomes constant (but not same).
Q1 Q2
a b
Hence, in the figure :
Q Q
T1 T2 T3 T4
Insulated rod in steady state
T1 = constant, T2 = constant etc.
and T1 > T2 > T3 > T4
Now, a natural question arises, why the temperature of T
whole rod not becomes equal when heat is being T1
continuously supplied ? The answer is : there must be a
temperature difference in the rod for the heat flow, same T4
as we require a potential difference across a resistance
for the current flow thorugh it.
In steady state, the temperature varies linearly withd
istance along the rod if it is insluated. x
2. Comparing equation number (iii), i.e., heat current
dQ T  l 
H   where R  
dt R  kA 
with the equation, of current flow through a resistance,
dq V  l 
i   where R  
dt R   A
We find the following similarities in heat flow through a rod and current flow through a
resistance.

HEAT Page # 9
Heat flow through a

Current flow thorugh a resistance
conducting rod
dq
dQ Electric current i = = rate of charge flow
Heat current H = = rate of dt
dt
heat flow
V PD
i 
T TD R R
H 
R R
I
I R
R A
kA
k = thermal conductivity
  electrical conductivity
From the above table it is evident that flow of heat through rods in series and parallel is
analogous to the flow of current through resistances in series and parallel. This analogy is of
great importance in solving complicated problems of heat conduction.
K = 2 W°/C m
A = 0.5 m2
100°C 0°C
Ex.7
10 m
Find out the heat current and temperature at any distance x.
10 
Sol. R=  10 
2  0 .5 KA K = 2 W°/C m
A = 0.5 m2 T
100 kAT
i  10 
10 
100°C 0°C
and temperature at any distance x.
x
kA (100 – T ) KAT (100 – T ) (100 – 0 )
q    10 m
x  x 
100  – T  = 100 x
100( – x )
T

A C
TH = 80°C 20°C = TL
Ex.8 5m
9m
Find out the temperature at distance 5 m.

Page # 10 HEAT
T=?
Sol. Heat current is same. so,
A B C
TH – TL T –T 80 – 20 80 – T
 H  
 x 9 5 TH = 80°C 20°C = TL
5x
140 9m
T= C
3
5.1 SLABS IN PARALLEL AND SERIES
(a) Slabs in series (in steady state)
L2 L1
Consider a composite slab consisting of two
materials having different thickness L1 and L2
Heat reservoir
different cross-sectional areas A1 and A2 and
different thermal conductivities K1 and K2. The
Q
at Tc
temperature at the outer surface of the states
are maintained at TH and TC, and all lateral K2 K1
surfaces are covered by an adiabatic coating.
Let temperature at the junction be T, since steady

state has been achieved thermal current through Heat reservoir adiabatic coating
each slab will be equal. Then thermal current at temperatureHT
through the first slab.
Q TH – T
i= = R or TH – T = iR1 ..(5.1)
t 1
and that through the second slab,
Q T – TC
i= = R or T – TC = iR2 ..(5.2)
t 2
adding eqn. 5.1 and eqn 5.2
TH – TL = (R1 + R2) i or i=
Thus these two slabs are equivalent to a single slab of thermal resistance R1 + R2
If more than two slabs are joined in series and are allowed to attain steady state, then
equivalent thermal resistance is given by
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..... (5.3)
Ex.9 The figure shows the cross-section of the outer wall of a house built in a hill-resort to
keep the house insulated from the freezing temperature of outside. The wall consists
of teak wood of thickness L1 and brick of thickness (L2 = 5L1), sandwitching two layers
of an unknown material with identical thermal conductivities and thickness. The thermal
conductivity of teak wood is K1 and that of brick is (K2 = 5K). Heat condcution through
the wall has reached a steady state with the temperature of three surfaces being
known. (T1 = 25°C, T2 = 20°C and T5 = –20°C.) Find the interface temperature T4 and T3.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
L1 L L L2

HEAT Page # 11
Sol. Let interface area be A. the thermal resistance of wood.

L1
R1 = K A
1
and that of brick wall
L2 5L1
R2 = K A = 5K A = R1
2 1
Let thermal resistance of the each sand witch layer = R. Then the above wall can be
visualised as a circuit
iT R1 R R R1 i T
25°C 20°C T3 T4 –20°C

thermal current through each wall is same.
25 – 20 20 – T3 T – T4 T4  20
Hence R1 = = 3 = R1
R R
 25 – 20 = T4 + 20  T4 = – 15°C Ans.
20  T4
also, 20 – T3 = T3 – T4  T3 = = 2.5°C Ans.
2
Ex.10 In example 3, K1 = 0.125 W/m–°C, K2 = 5K1 = 0.625 W/m–°C and thermal conductivity
of the unknown material is K = 0.25 W/m°C. L1 = 4cm, L2 = 5L1 = 20 cm and L = 10 cm.
If the house consists of a single room of total wall area of 100 m2, then find the power
of the electric heater being used in the room.
(4  10 –2 m)
Sol. R1 = R2 = = 32 × 10–4 °C/w
( 0.125 w / m– C)(100m 2 )
(10  10 –2 m)
R= = 40 × 10–4°C/w
( 0.25 W / m– C)(100m 2 )
the equivalent thermal resistance of the entire wall = R1 + R2 + 2R = 144 × 10–4 ºC/W
TH  TC
 Net heat current, i.e. amount of heat flowing out of the house per second 
R
45  10 4
25 º C  ( 20º C)
  watt
144  10 4 º C / w 144
Hence the heater must supply 3.12 kW to compensate for the outflow of heat. Ans.
(b) Slabs in parallel :
Consider two slabs held between the same heat
L
reservoirs, their thermal conductivities K1 and K2
SLAB 1
and cross-sectional areas A1 and A2 K1 A1 Q1
L , L
then R1  R2  SLAB 2
K2 A2 Q2
K 1A1 K 2A2
Heat reservoir adiabatic coating
thermal current through slab 1 at temperature TH
Heat reservoir
T  TC at temperature T C
i1  H
R1
and that through slab 2
TH  TC
i2 
R2

Page # 12 HEAT
Net heat current from the hot to cold reservoir

 1 1
i  i1  i2  ( TH  TC )   
 R1 R 2 
Comparing with i  TH  TC , we get,

R eq
1 1 1
 
R eq R1 R 2
If more than two rods are joined in parallel, the equivalent thermal resistance is given by
1 1 1 1
   ...... .....(5.4)
R eq R1 R 2 R 3
Ex.11 Two thin concentric shells made from copper with radius r1 and r2 (r2 > r1) have a
material of thermal conductivity K filled between them. The inner and outer spheres
are maintained at temperatures TH and TC respectively by keeping a heater of power P
at the centre of the two spheres. Find the value of P.
Sol. Heat flowing per second through each cross-section of the sphere = P = i
Thermal resistance of the spherical shell of radius x and thickness dx,
r2
dx dx 1 1 1
dR =
K.4 x2
R=  4x .K  4K  r
r1
2
1
– 
r2  r1 r2
P
thermal current
dx x
TH – TC 4 K ( TH – TC ) r1r2
i=P= = (r2 – r1 ) Ans.
R
R1 R2
T2
A K B
Ex.12
R2 – R1 << l
Find out the equivalent thermal resistance between point A and B.

dx
Sol. dR 
k r 2
r1 r r
 2 
y y   y  x  r1 y  r1   r2 y
R1 r R2
 r  
r2  1  x  x
r1  r1  r (y  x) r2  r1 dx
y  r 2    K
(r1  r2 ) (r2  r1 )  y  r1  
   
 r2  r1  Element is disc
of radius r
 
dx dx dx
dR   
kr 2 
0
k.  r 2   (r  r1 )x 
0 k.   r  2
2 ...(i)
1 
  
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HEAT Page # 13
5.2 Junction Law

Heat current is a Tensor quantity because, it doesn’t follow the vector laws but the direction
of heat current matter.
According to the Junction law the sum of all the heat current directed towards a point is
equal to the sum of all the heat currents directed away from the points.
i2
i1 i1  i 2  i3
i3
100ºC
2R
0ºC x
Ex.13 R
2R
50ºC 100ºC
Find out the temperature at point x. i2
Sol. i1  i2  i3  0 i1 2R
0ºC x
( x  0) ( x  100) ( x  50) R
i1  , i2  , i3  2 R 2R
R 2 R i2
50ºC
4x = 150  x = 37.5ºC
WHEAT STONE BRIDGE
Ex.14 Find out the relation between R1, R2, R3 and R4, so T
there is no that current in R. i1
R1 R2
T  T1  T2 i1
Sol. T1 T2
R'
T1  T  i1 R1 ...(i) i2
T1  T  i2 R 3 ...(ii) R3 R4
i2
Eq. (i) / (ii) T
i1 R 1
 1 ...(iii)
i2 R 3
T  T2  i1 R 2 ...(iv)
T  T2  i2 R 4 ...(v)
Eq. (4) / eq. (5)
i1 R2 = i2 R4 ...(vi)
Eq. (iii)/(vi)
R1 R 3
  R1 R 4  R 2 R 3
R2 R4
Now,
R1 R2
T1 T2
R3 R4

Page # 14 HEAT
T=?
6R
3R
Ex.15 100ºC 2R 0ºC
4R 2R
100 6R T 3R 0
100ºC 0ºC
100  T T  0

Sol. 6R 3 R  T  100 / 3 º C
100 4R 2R 0
Ex.16 R R Find i2 / i1  ?
i2
i1
100ºC R OºC
i2 R R R
1 1
Sol. i1 : i2 = : =3:1 100ºC 0ºC
R 3R
i1
3 1
i1 = × 100 = 75  i2 = × 100 = 25 R
4 4
Ex.17 A container of negligible heat capacity contains 1 kg of water. It is connected by a steel
rod of length 10 m and area of cross-section 10cm2 to a large steam chamber which is
maintaned at 100°C. If initial temperature of water is 0°C, find the time after which it
becomes 50°C. (Neglect heat capacity of steel rod and assume no loss of heat to
surroundings) (use table 3.1, take specific heat of water = 4180 J/kg°C)
Sol. Let temperature of water at time t be T, then thermal current at time t,
 100 – T 
i =  
R 
This increases the temperature of water from T to T + dT
dH dT 100 – T dT
i= = ms  = ms
dt dt R dt
50 t
dT dT  1 t
    Rms  –  n   =
100 – T 2 Rms
0 0
L
or t = Rms  n 2sec = ms  n 2sec
KA
(10m)(1kg)( 4180 J / kg–  C) 418
= = (0.69 )  10 5 = 6.27 × 105 sec
46( w / m C)  (10  10 –4 m 2 ) 46
= 174.16 hours Ans.

HEAT Page # 15
Ex.18 On a cold winter day, the atmospheric temperature is - (on Celsius scale) which is
below 0ºC. A cylindrical drum of height h made of a bad conductor is completely filled
with water at 0ºC and is kept outside without any lid. Calculate the time taken for the
whole mass of water to freeze. Thermal conductivity of ice is K and its latent heat of
fusion is L. Neglect expansion of water on freezing.
Sol. Suppose, the ice starts forming at time t = 0 and a
x
thickness x is formed at time t. The amount of heat
flown from the water to the surrounding in the time interval h dx
t to t + dt is 0ºC
KA
Q  dt
x
The mass of the ice formed due to the loss of this amount of heat is
Q KA
dm   dt
L xL
The thickness dx of ice formed in time dt is
dm K L
dx   dt or, dt  x dx
A xL K
Thus, the time T taken for the whole mass of water to freeze is given by
T h
L Lh 2
 dt   x dx
K or, T .
0 0 2 K
Ex.19 Figure shows a large tank of water at a constant temperature 0 and a small vessel
containing a mass m of water at an initial temperature 1(< 0). A metal rod of length
L, area of cross-section A and thermal conductivity K connects the two vessels. Find
the time taken for the temperature of the water in the smaller vessel to become 2(1
< 2 < 0). Specific heat capacity of water is s and all other heat capacities are negligible.
L
Sol. Suppose, the temperature of the water in the smaller vessel is  at time t, In the next time
interval dt, a heat Q is transferred to it where
KA
Q = ( 0 – )dt ...(i)
L
This heat increases the temperature of the water of mass m to  + d where
Q = ms d. ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
KA
( 0 – )dt = ms d
L
T 2
Lms d Lms d
or, dt = KA  –  or,,  dt  
0
KA 0 –
0 1
where T is the time required for the temperature of the water to become 2.
Lms  0 – 1
Thus, T = KA ln  – 
0 2

Page # 16 HEAT
RADIATION
6. RADIATION
The process of the transfer of heat from one place to another place without heating the
intervening medium is called radiation. The term radiation used here is another word for
electromagnetic waves. These waves are formed due to the superposition of electric and
magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and carry energy.
Propoerties of Radiation :
(a) All objects emit radiations simply because their temperature is above alsolute zero, and
all objects absorb some of the radiation that falls on them from other objects.
(b) Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic theory proved that all radiations are
electromagnetic waves and their sources are vibrations of charged particles in atoms and
molecules.
(c) More radiations are emitted at higher temperature of a body and lesser at lower temperature.
(d) The wavelength corresponding to maximum emission of radiations shifts from longer
wavelength to shorter wavelength as the temperature increases. Due to this the colour
of a body appears to be changing. Radiations from a body at NTP has predominantly
infrared waves.
(e) Thermal radiations travels with the speed of light and move in a straight line.
(f) Radiations are electromagnetic waves and can also travel through vacuum.
(g) Similar to light, thermal radiations can be reflected, refracted, diffracted and polarized.
1
(h) Radiation from a point source obeys inverse square law (intensity  )
r2
6.1. PREVOST THEORY OF EXCHANGE
According to this theory, all bodies radiate thermal radiation at all temperatures. The amount
of thermal radiation radiated per unit time depends on the nature of the emitting surface, its
area and its temperature. The rate is faster at higher temperatures. Besides, a body also
absorbs part of the thermal radiation emitted by the surrounding bodies when this radiation
falls on it. If a body radiates more then what it absorbs, its temperature falls. If a body
radiates less than what it absorbs, its temperature rises. And if the temperature of a body is
equal to temperature of its surroundings it radiates at the same rate as it absorbs.
6.2 PERFECTLY BLACK BODY AND BLACK BODY RADIATION (FERY’S BLACK BODY)
A perfectly black body is one which absorbs all the heat radiations of whatever wavelength,
incident on it. It neither reflects nor transmits any of the incident radiation and therefore
appears black whatever be the colour of the incident radiation.
In actual practice, no natural object possesses strictly the properties of a perfectly black
body. But the lamp-black and platinum black are good approximation of black body. They
absorb about 99% of the incident radiation. The most simple and commonly used black body
was designed by Fery. It consists of an enclosure with a small opening which is painted black
from inside. The opeining acts as a perfect black body. Any radiation that falls on the opening
goes inside and has very little chance of escaping the enclosure before getting absorbed
through multiple reflections. The cone opposite to the opening ensures that no radiation is
reflected back directly.
P Q

HEAT Page # 17
6.3 ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND EMISSION OF RADIATIONS

Q = Qr + Qt + Qa
Q
(Incident) Qf (Reflected)
Qr Q t Qa
1  
Q Q Q
where r = reflecting power, a = absorptive power
and t = transmission power.
(i) r = 0, t = 0, a = 1, perfect black body Qa

(Absorbed) Qt (Transmitted)
(ii) r = 1, t = 0, a = 0, perfect reflector
(iii) r = 0, t = 1, a = 0, perfect transmitter
(a) Absorptive power :
In particular absorptive power of a body can be defined as the fraction of incident radiation
that is absorbed by the body.
Energy absorbed
a=
Energy incident
As all the raditions incident on a black body are absorbed, a = 1 for a black body.
(b) Emissive power :
Consider a small area A of a body emitting thermal
radiation. Consider a small solid angle  about
the normal to the radiating surface. Let the energy
A
radiated by the area A of the surface in the 
solid angle  in time t be U. We define emissive
power of the body as
U
E
( A )( )( t )
Thus, emissive power denotes the energy radiated per unit area per unit time per unit solid
angle along the normal to the area.
(c) Spectral Emissive power (E) :

Emissive power per unit wavelength range at wavelength  is known as spectral emissive
power, E If E is the total emissive power and E is spectral emissive power, they are related
as follows,

dE
E=  E d
 and
d
 E
0
(d) Emissivity :
Emissive power of a body at temperature T E

e = Emissive power of a black body at same temperature T = E
0
7. STEFAN-BOLITZMANN'S LAW :
Consider a hot body at temperature T placed in an environment at a lower temperature T0.
The body emits more radiation than it absorbs and cools down while the surroundings absorb
radiation from the body and warm up. The body is losing energy by emitting radiations and
this rate.
d d d d
 T4 ,  A, e   eAT 4
dt dt dt dt
P1  eAT 4

Page # 18 HEAT
and is receiving energy by absorbing radiations and this absorption rate

d
= P2  aAT04
dt
Here, 'a' is a pure number between 0 and 1 indicating the relative ability of the surface to
absorbs radiation from its surroundings. Note that this 'a' is different from the absorptive
power 'a'. In thermal equilibrium, both the body and the surrounding have the same temperture
(say Tc) and,
P1 = P2
or eATc4  aATc4
or e=a
Thus, when T > T0, the net rate of heat transfer from the body to the surroundings is,
dQ
Net heat loss =  eA(T 4 – T04 )
dt
 dT 
or ms    eA (T 4 – T04 )  Rate of cooling
 dt 
 dT  eA 4 dT
–  (T – T04 ) or  (T 4 – T04 )
 dt  mc dt
8. NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING

According to this law, if the temperature T of the body is not very different from that of the
dT
surroundings T0, then rate of cooling – is proportional to the temperature difference
dt
between them. To prove it let us assume that
T = T0 + t
d 4
 Ae ( T  T ) 4 – T0
 
dt
d  4 T 
 AeT04 1  – 1  4AT 3 T
dt  T0  0
if the temperature difference is small.

Thus, rate of colling
dT d
–  T or –  
dt dt
as dT = d or T = D
8.1 Variation of temperature of a body according to Nerton's law

Suppose a body has a temperature i at time t = 0. It is placed in an atmosphere whose
temperature is 0. We are interested in finding the temperature of the body at time t,
assuming Newton's law of cooling to hold good or by assuming that the temperature difference
is small. As per this law,
 0  cons tan t
0  cons tan t
i

t=0
rate of cooling  temperature difference

HEAT Page # 19
 d   eA   3  d 
or –  ( 4 0 )(  –  0 ) or –   (  –  0 )
 dt   mc   dt 
 4eA 30 
Here     is a constant

 mc  
 t i
d
   –  dt

i
 – 0 0
   0  (i – 0 )e – t 0
From this expression we see that  = i at t = 0
and  = 0 at t = , i.e., temperature of the
body varies exponentially with time from i to 0 t
(< i ). The temperature versus time graph is a
shown in figure.
Note : If the body cools by radiation from 1 to 2 in time t, then taking the approximation
 d   i –  2  1   2 
–  and    av   
 dt  t  2 
 d 
The equation  –   ( –  0 ) becomes
 dt 
i –  2    2 
  i – 0 
t  2 
This form of the law helps in solving numerical problems related to Newton's law of cooling.
8.2 Limitations of Newton’s Law of Cooling :
(a) The difference in temperature between the body and surroundings must be small
(b) The loss of heat from the body should be radiation only.
(c) The temperature of surroundings must remain constant during the cooling of the body.
Ex.20 A body at temperature 40°C is kept in a surrounding of constant temperature 20°C. It

is observed that its temperature falls to 35°C in 10 minutes. Find how much more time
will it take for the body to attain a temperature of 30°C.
Sol. f = ie–kt
for the interval in which temperature falls from 40 to 35°C
(35 – 20) = (40 – 20) e–k.10
4
3 n
e –10 k
= K= 3
4 10
for the next interval
2
(30 – 20) = (35 – 20) e–kt  e–10 k = 3
 4
 n  t
3  3 3
 kt = n   n
2 10 2
 3
 n 
 2
 t = 10 minute = 14.096 min Ans.
 4
 n 
 3

Page # 20 HEAT
Aliter : (by approximate method)

for the interval in which temperature falls from 40 to 35°C
40  35
<> = = 37.5°C
2
d ( 35 C – 40 C)
from equation (14.4) = – k(<> – 0)  = –K (37.5°C – 20°C)
dt 10(min)
1
 K= (min –1)
35
for the interval in which temperature falls from 35°C to 30°C
35  30
<> = =32.5°C
2
from equation (14.4)
( 30 C – 35 C)
 = – (32.5°C – 20°C)
t
 required time,
5
t= × 35 min = 14 min Ans.
12.5
9. NATURE OF THERMAL RADIATIONS : (WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW)
From the energy distribution curve of black body radiation, the following conclusions can be
drawn :
(a) The higher the temperature of a body, the higher is the area under the curve i.e. more
amount of energy is emitted by the body at higher temperature.
(b) The energy emitted by the body at different temperatures is not uniform. For both long
and short wavelengths, the energy emitted is very small.
E 2000k
1500k
10
00
k
 (in micron)
 m3
 m2  m1
(c) For a given temperature, there is a paricular wavelength (m) for which the energy
emitted (E) is maximum
(d) With an increase in the temperature of the black body, the maxima of the curves shift
towards shorter wavelengths.
From the study of energy distribution of black body radiation discussed as above, it was
established experimentally that the wavelength (m) corresponding to maximum intensity
of emission decreases inversely with increase in the temperature of the black body. i.e.
1
m  or m T = b
T
This is called Wien’s displacement law.
Here b = 0.282 cm-K, is the Wien’s constant.

HEAT Page # 21
Ex.21 The earth receives solar radiation at a rate of 8.2J/cm2 - minute. Assuming that the
sun radiates like a blackbody, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. The angle
subtended by the sun on the earth is 0.53° and the Stefan constant  = 5.67 × 10–8 W/
m2 – K4.
Sol. Let the diameter of the sun be D and its distance from
the earth be R. From the questions.
D  D
 0.53  = 9.25 × 10–3 ...(i) earth
R 180 R
sun
The radiation emitted by the surface of the sun per unit time is
3
D
4  T 4  D 2 T 4
2
At distance R, this radiation falls on an area 4R2 in unit time. the radiation received at the
earth's surface per unit time per unit area is, therefore,
2
D 2 T 4 T 4  D 
  
4R 2 4 R
2
T 4 D
Thus,   = 8.2 J/cm2 - minute
4 R
1  W  4 8.2 W
or,   5.67  10 – 8 2 T  (9.25  10 – 3 ) 2 =
4  m – K4  10 – 4  60 m 2
or, T = 5794 K  5800 K.

Page # 22 HEAT
Exercise - I (OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS )
1. 10 gm of ice at 0°C is kept in a calorimeter of 7. A block of ice with mass m falls into a lake.
water equivalent 10 gm. How much heat should After impact, a mass of ice m/5 melts. Both the
be supplied to the apparatus to evaporate the block of ice and the lake have a temperature of
water thus formed? (Neglect loss of heat) 0°C. If L represents the heat of fusion, the
(A) 6200 cal (B) 7200 cal minimum distance the ice fell before striking the
(C) 13600 cal (D) 8200 cal surface is
2. Heat is being supplied at a constant rate to a L 5L gL mL
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sphere of ice which is melting at the rate of 0.1 5g g 5m 5g
gm/sec. It melts completely in 100 sec. The rate
8. The specif ic heat of a me tal at low
of rise of temperature thereafter will be (Assume temperatures varies according to S = aT3 where
no loss of heat) a is a constant and T is absolute temperature.
(A) 0.8 °C/sec (B) 5.4 °C/sec
The heat energy needed to raise unit mass of
(C) 3.6 °C/sec (D) will change with time the metal from T = 1 K to T = 2 K is
3. A 2100 W continuous flow geyser (instant 15a 2a 12a
geyser) has water inlet temperature = 10°C while (A) 3a (B) (C) (D)
4 3 5
the water flows out at the rate of 20 g/sec. The
outlet temperature of water must be about 9. The graph shown in the figure represent change
(A) 20°C (B) 30°C in the temperature of 5 kg of a substance as it
(C) 35°C (D) 40°C abosrbs heat at a constant rate of 42 kJ min–1. The
latent heat of vapourization of the substance is :
4. A continuous flow water heater (geyser) has
an electrical power rating = 2 k W and efficienty
of conversion of electrical power into heat = 80%.
If water is flowing through the device at the rate
of 100 cc/sec, and the inlet temperature is 10
Temp (°C)
°C, the oulet temperature will be
(A) 12.2 °C (B) 13.8 °C
(C) 20 °C (D) 16.5 °C
5. Ice at 0°C is added to 200 g of water initially
at 70°C in a vacuum flask. When 50 g of ice has
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
been added and has all melted the temperature
of the flask and contents is 40°C. When a further time(min)
–1
80 g of ice has been added and has all metled, (A) 630 kJ kg (B) 126 kJ kg–1
the temperature of the whole is 10°C. Calculate (C) 84 kJ kg–1 (D) 12.6 kJ kg–1
the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
10. The density of a material A is 1500 kg/m3 and
[Take Sw = 1 cal/gm °C]
that of another mateial B is 2000 kg/m3. It is
(A) 3.8 × 105 J/kg (B) 1.2 × 105 J/kg
found that the heat capacity of 8 volumes of A is
(C) 2.4 × 105 J/kg (D) 3.0 × 105 J/kg
equal to heat capacity of 12 volumes of B. The
6. A solid material is supplied with heat at a ratio of specific heats of A and B will be
constant rate. The temperature of material is (A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 1
changing with heat input as shown in the figure. (C) 3 : 2 (D) 2 : 1
What does slope DE represent.
y 11. Find the amount of heat supplied to decrease
the volume of an ice water mixture by 1 cm3
without any change in temperature. (ice= 0.9
Temperature
E water, Lice = 80 cal/gm)

C
(A) 360 cal (B) 500 cal
D
(C) 720 cal (D) none of these
A B
12. Some steam at 100°C is passed into 1.1 kg
O
of water contained in a calorimeter of water
Heat Input x
equivalent 0.02 kg at 15°C so that the temperature
(A) latent heat of liquid of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80°C.
(B) latent heat of vapour What is the mass of steam condensing. (in kg)
(C) heat capacity of vapour (A) 0.130 (B) 0.065
(D) inverse of heat capacity of vapour (C) 0.260 (D) 0.135
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HEAT Page # 23
13. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of K 1K 2 2 K 1K 2

different material. Both the layers have the same (C) 1  K 2
K (D) K  K
1 2
thickness. The thermal conductivity for A is twice
that of B. Under steady state, the temperature 17. A pot with a steel bottom 1.2 cm thick rests
difference across the whole wall is 36°C. Then on a hot stove. The area of the bottom of the
the temperature difference across the layer A is pot is 0.150 m2. The water inside the pot is at
(A) 6°C (B) 12°C 100°C and 0.440 kg vapourise in every 5 minutes.
(C) 18°C (D) 24°C The temperature of the lower surface of the pot,
which is in contact with the stove is (Given : Lv =
14. Two metal cubes with 3 cm-edges of copper
2.256 × 106 J/kg and Ksteel = 50.2 W/m-K)
and aluminium are arranged as shown in figure.
(A) 105.3 °C (B) 205.3 °C
(KCU = 385 W/m-K, KAL = 209 W/m-K) (KCU = 385
(C) 185.3 °C (D) 115.3 °C
W/m-K, KAL = 209 W/m-K)
(a) The total thermal current from one reservoir 18. A lake surface is exposed to an atmosphere
to the other is : where the temperature is < 0°C. If the thickness
of the ice layer formed on the surface grows from
Al 2 cm to 4 cm in 1 hour, The atmospheric
100°C Cu 20°C temperature, Ta will be -
(Thermal conductivity of ice K = 4 × 10–3 cal/cm/s/
°C; density of ice = 0.9 gm/cc. Latent heat of
(A) 1.43 × 103 W (B) 2.53 × 103 W fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm. Neglect the change of
4
(C) 1.53 × 10 W (D) 2.53 × 104 W density during the state change. Assume that
(b) The ratio of the thermal current carried by the water below the ice has 0°c temperature
the copper cube to that carried by the aluminium every where) -
cube is - (A) –20°C (B) 0°C
(A) 1.79 (B) 1.69 (C) –30°C (D) –15°C
(C) 1.54 (D) 1.84 19. One end of a 2.35m long and 2.0cm radius
15. Two identical square rods of metal are welded aluminium rod (K = 235 W.m–1K–1) is held at 20°C.
end to end as shown in figure (a). Assume that The other end of the rod is in contact with a
10 cal of heat flows through the rods in 2 min. block of ice at its melting point. The rate in kg. s–
1
Now the rods are welded as shown in figure. (b) at which ice melts is
The time it would take for 10 cal to flow through (A) 48 × 10–6 (B) 24 × 10–6
–6
the rods now, is : - (C) 2.4 × 10 (D) 4.8 × 10–6
10
[Take latent heat of fusion for ice as × 105
0°C 3
J.kg–1]
100°C
100°C
0°C 20. Four rods of same material with different radii
r and length l are used to connect two reservoirs
of heat at different temperatures. Which one will
(a) conduct most heat ?
(b)
(A) 0.75 min (B) 0.5 min (A) r = 2cm, l =0.5m (B) r=2cm, l =2m
(C) 1.5 min (D) 1 min (C) r=0.5cm, l =0.5m (D) r =1cm, l = 1 m
16. A wall consists of alternating blocks with length 21. A cylinder of radius R made of a material of
‘d’ and coefficint of thermal conductivity k1 and thermal conductivity k 1 is surrounded by a
k2. The cross sectional area of the blocks are the cylindrical shell of inner radius R and outer radius
same. The equivalent coefficient of thermal 2R made of a material of thermal conductivity k2.
conductivity of the wall between left and right is The two ends of the combined system are
d maintained at different temperatures. There is
k1 no loss of heat from the cylindrical surface and
k2 the system is in steady state. The effective
k1 thermal conductivity of the system is
k2 k 1k 2
k1 (A) k1 + k2 (B) k  k
1 2
k2
1 1
(C) (k 1  3k 2 ) (D) (3k  k 2 )
4 4
(K 1  K 2 )
(A) K1 + K2 (B) 22. A rod of length L and uniform cross-sectional
2
area has varying thermal conductivity which

Page # 24 HEAT
changes linearly from 2K at end A to K at the H. The ADB part is now replace d with
other end B. The ends A and B of the rod are another metal keeping the temperatures T1 and
maintained at constant temperature 100°C and T2 constant. The heat carried increases to 2H.
0°C, respectively. At steady state, the graph of What should be the conductivity of the new ADB
temperature : T = T(x) where x = distance from
end A will be ACB
part? Given =3 :
ADB
T T
C
100°C 100°C
(A) (B)
x x
L L
A B
T T T1 T2
100°C 100°C
D
7
(C) (D) (A) k (B) 2 k
3
x x
L L 5
(C) k (D) 3 k
23. Two sheets of thickness d and 2d and same area 2
are touching each other on their face. Temperature
TA, TB, TC shown are in geometric progression with 26. Three conducting rods of same material and
common ratio r = 2. Then ratio of thermal conductivity cross-section are shown in figure. Temperatures
of thinner and thicker sheet are of A, D and C are maintained at 20°C, 90°C and
0°C. The ratio of lengths of BD and BC if there is
TA TB TC no heat flow in AB is :
A B C
d 2d D
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (A) 2/7 (B) 7/2
24. The wall with a cavity consists of two layers (C) 9/2 (D) 2/9
of brick separated by a layer of air. All three layers 27. Six identical conducting rods are joined as
have the same thickness and the thermal shown in figure. Points A and D are maintained at
conductivity of the brick is much greater than temperature of 200°C and 20°C respectively. The
that of air. The left layer is at a higher temperature temperature of junction B will be :
than the right layer and steady state condition
exists. Which of the following graphs predicts
correctly the variation of temperature T with
A B C D
distance d inside the cavity ? 200°C 20°C
T T (A) 120° C (B) 100°C
(C) 140°C (D) 80°C
28. A metallic rod of cross-sectional area 9.0 cm2
(A) (B) and length 0.54 m, with the surface insulated to
prevent heat loss, has one end immersed in boiling
x x
O d O d water and the other in ice-water mixture. The
heat conducted through the rod melts the ice at
T T
the rate of 1 gm for every 33 sec. The thermal
conductivity of the rod is
(A) 330 Wm–1K–1 (B) 60 Wm–1K–1
(C) (D) (C) 600 Wm K–1 –1
(D) 33 Wm–1K–1
x x 29. A hollow sphere of inner radius R and outer
O d O d radius 2R is made of a material of thermal
25. A ring consisting of two parts ADB and ACB conductivity K. It is surrounded by another hollow
of same conductivity k carries an amount of heat sphere of inner radius 2R and outer radius 3R

HEAT Page # 25
made of same material of thermal conductivity K. (A) k1 > k2 (B) k1 < k2

The inside of smaller sphere is maintained at 0°C (C) k1 = k2 but heat flow through material
and the outside of bigger sphere at 100°C. The (1) is larger then through (2)
system is in steady state. The temperature of (D) k1 = k2 but heat flow through material (1) is
the interface will be : less than that through (2)
(A) 50°C (B) 70°C 33. Two rods A and B of different materials but
(C) 75°C (D) 45°C same cross section are joined as in figure. The
30. The ends of a metal bar of constant cross- free end of A is maintained at 100°C and the free
sectional area are maintained at temperatures T1 end of B is maintained at 0°C. If l2 = 2l1, K1 = 2K2
and T2 which are both higher than the temperature and rods are thermally insulated from sides to
of the surroundings. If the bar is unlagged, which prevent heat losses then the temperature  of
one of the following sketches best represents the junction of the two rods is
the variation of temperature with distance along l1 l2
the bar?
T1 T1 A B
T2 T2 100°C K  K2 0°C
1
(A) (B) (A) 80°C (B) 60°C
(C) 40°C (D) 20°C
O Distance O Distance Question No. 34. to 36 (3 questions)
T1 T1 Two rods A and B of same cross-sectional are A
and length l connected in series between a source
T2 T2 (T1 = 100°C) and a sink (T2 = 0°C) as shown in
figure. The rod is laterally insulated
(C) (D)
O Distance O Distance T1 T2
100°C 3K K 0°C
31. Three identical rods AB, CD and PQ are joined
as shown. P an Q are mid points of AB and CD  
respectively. Ends A, B, C and D are maintained
at 0°C, 100°C, 30°C and 60°C respectively. The 34. The ratio of the thermal resistance of the rod is
direction of heat flow in PQ is RA 1 RA
0°C C (A) R  3 (B) R  3
A B B
30°C
RA 3 4
(C) R  4 (D)
P Q B 3
35. If TA and TB are the temperature drops across
the rod A and B, then
B 60°C TA 3 TA 1
100°C D (A) T  1 (B) T  3
(A) from P to Q B B
(B) from Q to P TA 3 TA 4
(C) heat does not flow in PQ (C) T  4 (D) T  3
B B
(D) data not sufficient
36. If GA and GB are the temperature gradients
32. The temperature drop through each layer of across the rod A and B, then
two layer furnace wall is shown in figure. Assume GA 3 GA 1
that the external temperature T 1 and T 3 are (A) G  1 (B) G  3
maintained constant and T1 > T3. If the thickness B B
of the layers x1 and x2 are the same, which of the GA 3 GA 4
following statements are correct. (C) G  4 (D) G  3
B B
T
k1 k2 37. Two sheets of thickness d and 3d, are
touching each other. The temperature just outside
T1
the thinner sheet side is A, and on the side of
the thicker sheet is C. The interface temperature
T3 is B. A, B and C are in arithmetic progressing, the
x1 x2 X
ratio of thermal conductivity of thinner sheet and
thicker sheet is

Page # 26 HEAT
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1
is true:
(C) 2 : 3 (D) 1 : 9 T1 T2
38. A cylindrical rod with one end in a steam T2 T1
chamber and the outer end in ice results in melting
of 0.1 gm of ice per second. If the rod is replaced A1 B1 A2 B2
by another with half the length and double the
radius of the first and if the thermal conductivity
of material of second rod is 1/4 that of first, the x x1
rate at which ice melts is gm/sec will be x2 x2
(A) 3.2 (B) 1.6 Rod (l) Rod (lI)
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.1 (A) I of Rod (I) = I of Rod (II)
39. A composite rod made of three rods of equal (B) I of Rod (I) > I of Rod (II)
length and cross-section as shown in the fig. (C) I of Rod (I) < I of Rod (II)
The thermal conductivities of the materials of the (D) data is insufficient
rods are K/2, 5K and K respectively. The end A 43. A system S receives heat continuously from
and end B are at constant temperatures. All heat an electrical heater of power 10 W. The
entering the face A goes out of the end B there temperature of S becomes constant at 50°C when
being no loss of heat from the sides of the bar. the surrounding temperature is 20°C. After the
The effective thermal conductivity of the bar is heater is switched off, S cools from 35.1 °C to
A B 34.9 °C in 1 minute. The heat capacity of S is
(A) 100 J/°C (B) 300 J/°C
K/2 5K K (C) 750 J/°C (D) 1500 J/°C
(A) 15K/16 (B) 6K/13
44. A sphere of ice at 0°C having initial radius R
(C) 5K/16 (D) 2K/13.
is placed in an environment having ambient
40. A rod of length L with sides fully insulated is temperature > 0°C. The ice melts uniformly, such
of a material whose thermal conductivity varies that shape remains spherical. After a time ‘t’ the
 radius of the sphere has reduced to r. Assuming
with temperature as K = , where  is a the rate of heat absorption is proportional to the
T
constant. The ends of the rod are kept at surface area of the sphere at any moment, which
temperature T1 and T2. The temperature T at x, graph best depicts r(t).
r r
where x is the distance from the end whose
R R
temperature is T1 is
x
x T2 (A) (B)
T L
(A) T1  2  (B) L ln T t t
 T1  1 r r
T2 x R R
T2 – T1
(C) T e T1 L (D) T1  x
1 L (C) (D)
41. Heat flows radially outward through a spherical t t
shell of outside radius R2 and inner radius R1. The 45. The power radiated by a black body is P and
temperature of inner surface of shell is 1 and it radiates maximum energy around the wavelength
that of outer is 2. The radial distance from centre 0. If the temperature of the black body is now
of shell where the temperature is just half way changed so that it radiates maximum energy
between 1 and 2 is : around wavelength 3/40, the power radiated by
R  R2 R1R 2 it will increase by a factor of
(A) 1 (B) R  R (A) 4/3 (B) 16/9
2 1 2
2 R1R 2 (C) 64/27 (D) 256/81
R2
(C) R  R (D) R1  46. A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from
1 2 2
a small sphere at temperature ‘T’ and at a
42. The two ends of two similar non-uniform rods distance ‘d’. It is found that the power received
of length  each and thermal conductivity ‘K’ are by the foil is P. If both the temperature and
maintained at different but constant temperature. distance are doubled, the power received by the
The temperature gradient at any point on the foil will be :
T (A) 16 P (B) 4P
rod is . The heat flow per unit time through the (C) 2 P (D) P

rod is I : Given T1 > T2. Then which of the following

HEAT Page # 27
47. Star S1 emits maximum radiation of wavelength 51. The intensity of radiation emitted by the Sun
420 nm and the star S2 emits maximum radiation has its maximum value at a wavelength of 510
of wavelength 560 nm, what is the ratio of the nm and that emitted by the North Star has the
temperature of S1 and S2 : maximum value at 350 nm. If these stars behave
(A) 4/3 (B) (4/3)1/4 like black bodies then the ratio of the surface
(C) 3/4 (D) (3/4)1/2 temperature of the Sun and the North Star is
(A) 1.46 (B) 0.69
48. Spheres P and Q are uniformly constructed
(C) 1.21 (D) 0.83
from the same material which is a good conductor
of heat and the radius of Q is thrice the radius of 52. Two bodies P and Q have thermal emissivities
P. The rate of fall of temperature of P is x times of p and Q respectively. Surface areas of these
that of Q when both are at the same surface bodies are same and the total radiant power is
temperature. The value of x is : also emitted at the same rate. If temperature of
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 P is P kelvin then temperature of Q i.e. Q is
(C) 3 (D) 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
 Q   P 
49. An ice cube at temperature –20°C is kept in (A)   P (B)   P
a room at temperature 20°C. The variation of  P   Q 
temperature of the body with time is given by
1/ 4 4
 Q  1  Q 
T T (C)    (D)   P
 P  P  P 
53. A black body calorimeter filled with hot water

(A) (B) cools from 60ºC to 50ºC in 4 min and 40ºC to
30ºC in 8 min. The approximate temperature of
t t
surrounding is
(A) 10ºC (B) 15ºC
T T (C) 20ºC (D) 25ºC
54. The rate of emission of radiation of a black
(C) (D) body at 273ºC is E, then the rate of emission of
radiation of this body at 0ºC will be
t t E E
50. The spectral emissive power E for a body at (A) (B)
16 4
temperature T1 is plotted against the wavelength
and area under the curve is found to be A. At a E
(C) (D) 0
different temperature T2 the area is found to be 8
9A. Then 1/2 = 55. A body cools from 75°C to 65°C in 5 minutes.
If the room temperature is 25°, then the
temperature of the body at the end of next 5
minutes is :
T2 (A) 57°C (B) 55°C
T1 (C) 54°C (D) 53°
56. The temperature of a body falls from 40°C to
36°C in 5 minutes. when placed in a surrounding
(A) 3 (B) 1/3 of constant temperature 16°C. Then the time
(C) 1 / 3 (D) 3 taken for the temperature of the body to become
32°C is -
(A) 5 min (B) 4.3 min
(C) 6.1 min (D) 10.2 min.

Page # 28 HEAT
Exercise - II (Multiple Choice Problems)
1. From a black body, radiation is not : 7. An experiment is perfomed to measure the

specific heat of copper. A lump of copper is heated
(A) emitted (B) absorbed
in an oven, then dropped into a beaker of water.
(C) reflected (D) refracted To calculate the specific heat of copper, the
2. In accordance with Kirchhoff’s law : experimenter must know or measure the value of
all of the quantities below EXCEPT the
(A) bad absorber is bad emitter
(B) bad absorber is good reflector (A) heat capacity of water and beaker
(C) bad reflector is good emitter (B) original temperature of the copper and the
(D) bad emitter is good absorber water
3. The energy radiated by a body depends on : (C) final (equilibrium) temperature of the copper
and the water
(A) area of body (B) nature of surface
(D) time taken to achieve equilibrium after the
(C) mass of body (D) temperature of body
copper is dropped into the water
4. A hollow and a solid sphere of same material
and identical outer surface are heated to the same 8. One end of a conducting rod is maintained at
temperature : temperature 50ºC and at the other end, ice is melting
(A) in the beginning both will emit equal amount at 0ºC. The rate of melting of ice is doubled if :
of radiation per unit time. (A) the temperature is made 200ºC and the area
(B) in the beginning both will absorb equal amount of cross-section of the rod is doubled
of radiation per unit time (B) the temperature is made 100ºC and length of
(C) both spheres will have same rate of fall of rod is made four times
temperature (dT/dt) (C) area of cross-section of rod is halved and
(D) both spheres will have equal temperatures at length is doubled
any moment. (D) the temperature is made 100ºC and the area
5.The rate of cooling of a body by radiation of cross-section of rod and length both are
depends on : doubled.
(A) area of body 9. Two metallic sphere A and B are made of same
(B) mass of body material and have got identical surface finish. The
mass of sphere A is four times that of B. Both the
(C) specific heat of body
spheres are heated to the same temperature and
(D) temperature of body and surrounding. placed in a room having lower temperature but
6. A polished metallic piece and a black painted thermally insulated from each other.
wooden piece are kept in open in bright sun for a (A) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 24/3
long time :
(B) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 22/3
(A) the wooden piece will absorbs less heat than
(C) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to
the metallic piece
that of B is 2–2/3
(B) the wooden piece will have a lower temperature
(D) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to
than the metallic piece
that of B is 2–4/3
(C) if touched, the metallic piece will feel hotter
10. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities
than the wooden piece
of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The outer surface
(D) when the two pieces are removed from the areas of the two bodies are the same. The two
open to a cold room, the wooden piece will lose bodies radiate energy at the same rate. The
heat at a faster rate than the metallic piece wavelength B, corresponding to the maximum

HEAT Page # 29
spectral radiancy in the radiation from B, is shifted 12. Choose the correct statement(s)
from the wavelength corresponding to the (A) The radiant energy is not equally distributed
maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from among all the possible wavelengths
A by 1.00 m. If the temperature of A is 5802 K,
(B) For a particular wavelength the spectral
(A) the temperature of B is 1934 K intensity is maximum
(B) B = 1.5 m (C) The area under the curve is equal to the
(C) the temperature of B is 11604 K total rate at which heat is radiated by the body
(D) the temperature of B is 2901 K at that temperature
11. Three bodies A, B and C have equal surface (D) None of these
area and thermal emissivities in the ratio 13. If the temperature of the body is raised to a
1 1 higher temperature T,’ then choose the correct
e A : eB : e C  1 : : . All the three bodies are
2 4 statement(s)
radiating at same rate. Their wavelengths
(A) The intensity of radiation for every
corresponding to maximum intensity are A, B and
wavelength increases
C respectively and their temperature are TA, TB
and TC on kelvin scale, then select the incorrect (B) The maximum intensity occurs at a shorter
statement. wavelength
(C) The area under the graph increases
(A) TA TC  TB (B)  A  C   B
(D) The area under the graph is proportional to
the fourth power of temperature
(C) e A TA e C TC  eB TB
14. Identify the graph which correctly represents
the spectral intensity versus wavelength graph
(D) eA A TA . eBBTB  eCCTC
at two temperatures T and T(T < T)
Question No. 12 to 14 (3 questions)
E E
The figure shows a radiant energy spectrum
T'
graph for a black body at a temperature T. T'
T
(A) (B) T
O O
T
E
T'
O
T
(C) (D) none of these

Page # 30 HEAT
Exercise - III (Subjective Problems)

1. In following equation calculate the value of H. which the temperature decreases by 5°C. Specific
1 kg steam at 200°C = H + 1 Kg water at 100°C heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg–°C and latent
(Ssteam = Constant = .5 cal/gm°C) heat of vaporization of water = 2.27 × 106 J/kg.
2. From what height should a piece of ice (0°C)
8. An aluminium container of mass 100 gm contains
fall so that it melts completely ? Only one quarter
200 gm of ice at –20°C. Heat is added to the
of the heat produced is absorbed by the ice. The
system at the rate of 100 cal/s. Find the
latent heat of ice is 3.4 × 105 J kg–1 and g is 10 N
temperature of the system after 4 minutes
kg–1.
(specific heat of ice = 0.5 and L = 80 cal/gm,
3. A copper cube of mass 200 g slides down on a specific heat of Al = 0.2 cal/gm/°C)
rough inclined plane of inclination 37° at a constant
9. A volume of 120 ml of drink (half alcohol + half
speed. Assume that any loss in mechanical energy
water by mass) originally at a temperature of
goes into the copper block as thermal energy.
25°C is cooled by adding 20 gm ice at 0°C. If all
Find the increase in the temperature of the block
the ice melts, find the final temperature of the
as it slides down through 60 cm. Specific heat
drink.(density of drink = 0.833 gm/cc, specific
capacity of copper = 420 J/kg-K.
heat of alcohol = 0.6 cal/gm/°C)
4. 10 gm ice at –10°C, 10 gm water at 20°C and 10. Two identical calorimeter A and B contain
2g steam at 100°C are mixed with each other equal quantity of water at 20°C. A 5 gm piece of
then final equilibrium temperature. metal X of specific heat 0.2 cal g–1 (C°)–1 is
dropped into A and a 5 gm piece of metal Y into
5. Materials A, B and C are solids that are at their B. The equilibrium temperature in A is 22° C and
melting temperatures. Material A requires 200 J in B 23°C. The initial temperature of both the metals
to melt 4 kg, material B requires 300 J to melt 5 is 40°C. Find the specific heat of metal Y in cal g–1(C°)–1.
kg, and material C requires 300 J to melt 6 kg.
11. Two 50 gm ice cubes are dropped into 250
Rank the materials according to their heats of
gm of water into a glass. If the water was initially
fusion, greatest first.
at a temperature of 25°C and the temperature of
6. In a thermally isolated container, material A of ice –15°C. Find the final temperature of water.
mass m is placed against material B, also of mass (specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/gm/°C and L = 80
m but at higher temperature. When thermal cal/gm). Find final amount of water and ice.
equilibrium is reached, the temperature changes
12. A substance is in the solid form at 0°C. The
TA and TB of A and B are recorded. Then the
amount of heat added to this substance and its
experiment is repeated, using A with other
temperature are plotted in the following graph. If
materials. All of the same mass m. The results
the relative specific heat capacity of the solid
are given in the table. Rank the four materials
substance is 0.5, find from the graph
according to their specific heats, greatest first. C
Experiment Temperature Changes 120
100
1. TA = + 50 C° TB = – 50 C° A B
temp(°C)
80
2. TA = + 10 C° TC = – 20 C° 60
3. TA = + 2 C° TD = – 40 C° 40
20
7. Indian style of cooling drinking water is to keep
it in a pitcher having porous walls. Water comes 1000 2000
Q (calories)
to the outer surface very slowly and avaporates.
(i) the mass of the substance;
Most of the energy needed for evaporation is
taken from the water itself and the water is cooled (ii) the specific latent heat of the melting process,
down. Assume that a pitcher contains 10 kg of and
water and 0.2 g of water comes out per second.
Assuming no backward heat transfer from the (iii) the specific heat of the substance in the
atmosphere to the water, calculate the time in liquid state.
13. A uniform slab of dimension 10cm × 10cm ×
1cm is kept between two heat reservoirs at

HEAT Page # 31
temperatures 10°C and 90°C. The larger surface 4 cm thick layer of insulation whose thermal
areas touch the reservoirs. The thermal conductivity is 0.2 W/m/K. The outer face of the
conductivity of the material is 0.80 W/m–°C. Find insulation is 25°C. Find the temperature of the
the amount of heat flowing through the slab per tank in the steady state.
second. 20. The figure shows the face and interface
14. One end of a steel rod (K = 42 J/m–s–°C) of temperature of a composite slab containing of
length 1.0m is kept in ice at 0°C and the other four layers of two materials having identical
end is kept in boiling water at 100°C. The area of thickness. Under steady state condition, find the
cross-section of the rod is 0.04 cm2. Assuming value of temperature .
no heat loss to the atmosphere, find the mass of
20°C 10°C  –5°C –10°C
the ice melting per second. Latent heat of fusion
of ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg.
15. A rod CD of thermal resistance 5.0 K/W is k 2k k 2k
joined at the middle of an identical rod AB as
shown in figure. The ends A, B and D are
maintained at 100°C, 0°C and 25°C
k=thermal conductivity
respectively. Find the heat current in CD.
A B 21. In the square frame of side l of metallic rods,
100°C C 0°C the corners A and C are maintained at T1 and T2
respectively. The rate of heat flow from A to C is
. If A and D are instead maintained T1 & T2
respectively find, find the total rate of heat flow.
D l
25°C B C
16. A semicircular rod is joined at its end to a
straight rod of the same material and same cross- l l
sectional area. The straight rod forms a diameter
of the other rod. The junctions are maintained at A l D
different temperatures. Find the ratio of the heat
transferred through a cross-section of the 22. A hollow metallic sphere of radius 20 cm
semicircular rod to the heat transferred through surrounds a concentric metallic sphere of radius
a cross-section of the straight rod in a given 5 cm. The space between the two spheres is
time. filled with a nonmetallic material. The inner and
outer spheres are maintained at 50°C and 10°C
17. One end of copper rod of uniform cross-section
respectively and it is found that 160  Joule of
and of length 1.45 m is in contact with ice at 0°C
heat passes from the inner sphere to the outer
and the other end with water at 100°C. Find the
sphere per second. Find the thermal conductivity
position of point along its length where a
temperature of 200°C should be maintained so of the material between the spheres.
that in steady state the mass of ice melting is 23. Find the rate of heat flow through a cross-
equal to that of steam produced in the same section of the rod shown in figure (2 > 1). Thermal
interval of time [Assume that the whole system is conductivity of the material of the rod is K.
insulated from surroudings]. [take Lv = 540 cal/g Lf
= 80 cal/g] r2
r1 L
18. Three slabs of same surface area but different 1
conductivities k1, k2, k3 and different thickness 2
t1, t2, t3 are placed in close contact. After steady  2  1
state his combination behaves as a single slab.
Find is effective thermal conductivity. 24. A metal rod of cross-sectional area 1.0 cm2
19. A thin walled metal tank of surface area 5m2 is being heated at one end. At one time, the
is filled with water tank and contains an immersion temperature gradient is 5.0°C/cm at cross-section
heater dissipating 1 kW. The tank is covered with A and is 2.6°C/cm at cross-section B. Calculate

Page # 32 HEAT
the rate at which the tempeature is increasing in 32. A copper sphere is suspended in an evacuated
the part AB of the rod. The heat capacity of the chamber maintained at 300 K. The sphere is
part AB = 0.40 J/°C, thermal conductivity of the maintained at a constant temperature of 500 K
material of the rod = 200 W/m–°C. Neglect any by heating it electrically. A total of 210 W of
loss of heat to the atmosphere. electric power is needed to do it. When the surface
of the copper sphere is completely blackened,
25. A rod of negligible heat capacity has length
700 W is needed to maintain the same temperature
20 cm, area of cross-section 1.0 cm2 and thermal
of the sphere. Calculate the emissivity of copper.
conductivity 200 W/m–°C. The tempeature of one
end is maintained at 0°C and that of the other 33. During a certain duration in the day, the earth
end is slowly and linearly varied from 0°C to 60°C is in radiative equilibrium with the sun. Find the
in 10 minutes. Assuming no loss of heat through surface temperature of the earth during that
the sides, find the total heat transmitted through duratian.
the rod in these 10 minutes. [Given, radius of sun = 6.9 × 108 m surface
temperature of sun = 6000 K and the distance of
26. A pan filled with hot food cools from 50.1 °C
earth from the sun = 1.49 × 1011 m. Assume that
to 49.9 °C in 5 sec. How long will it take to cool
the sun and earth behave as black bodies.]
from 40.1 °C to 39.9°C if room temperature is
30°C ? 34. Estimate the temperature at which a body
may appear blue or red. The values of mean for
27. A solid copper cube and sphere, both of same
these are 5000 and 7500 Å respectively. [Given
mass & emissivity are heated to same initial
Wein’s constant b = 0.3 cm K]
temperature and kept under identical conditions.
What is the ratio of their initial rate of fall of 35. Find the quantity of energy radiated from 1
temperature ? cm2 of a surface in one second by a black body if
the maximum energy density corresponds to a
28. Two spheres of same radius R have their
wavelength of 5000 Å
densities in the ratio 8 : 1 and the ratio of their
(b = 0.3 cm K and  = 5.6 × 10–8 w/m2k4)
specific heats are 1 : 4. If by radiation their rates
of fall of temperature are same, then find the 36. The following observations have been noted
ratio of their rates of losing heat. for a black body spectrum, taken for T = 500 K.
Calculate the value of m at T = 1000 K.
29. The maximum wavelength in the energy
distribution spectrum of the sun is at 4753 Å and

its temperature is 6050K. What will be the 10 8 6 4
(in  m )
temperature of the star whose energy distribution
shows a maximum at 9506 Å. E
10 14 16 12
30. A black body radiates 5 watts per square cm (in SI units)
of its surface area at 27°C. How much will it
radiate per square cm at 327°C. 37. A liquid cools from 70°C to 60°C is 5 minutes.
31. A 100 W bulb has tungsten filament of total Find the time in which it will further cool down to
length 1.- m and radius 4 × 10–5 m. The emissivity 50 °C, if its surrounding is held at a constant
of the filament is 0.8 and  = 6.0 × 10–8 W/m2 – temperature of 30°C
K4. Calculate the temperature of the filament when 38. A body cools down from 50°C to 45°C in 5
the bulb is operating at correct wattage. minutes and to 40°C in another 8 minutes. Find
the temperature of the surrounding.

HEAT Page # 33
Exercise - IV (TOUGH SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
1. A copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm contains 5. Ice at –20°C is filled upto height h = 10 cm in
200 gm of a mixture of ice and water. Steam at a uniform cylindrical vessel. Water at temperature
100°C under normal pressure is passed into the °C is filled in another identical vessel upto the
calorimeter and the temperature of the mixture is same height h = 10 cm. Now, water from second
allowed to rise to 50°C. If the mass of the vessel is poured into first vessel and it is found
calorimeter and its contents is now 330 gm, what
that level of upper surface falls through h = 0.5
was the ratio of ice and water in beginning?
cm when thermal equilibrium is reached. Neglecting
Neglect heat losses.
thermal capacity of vessels, change in density of
Given : Specific heat capacity of copper
water due to change in temperature and loss of
= 0.42 × 103 J kg–1 K–1,
heat due to rediation, calculate initial temperature
Specific heat capacity of water
= 4.2 × 103 J kg–1K–1,  of water.
Specific heat of fusion of ice Given, Density of water, w = 1 gm cm–3
= 3.36 × 105 J kg–1 Density of ice, i = 0.9 gm/cm3
Latent heat of condensation of steam Specific heat of water, sw = 1 cal/gm °C
= 22.5 × 105 Jkg–1 Specific heat of ice si = 0.5 cal/gm ºC
Specific latent heat of ice, L = 80 cal/gm
2. A solid substance of mass 10 gm at –10°C was
heated to –2°C (still in the solid state). The heat 6. A composite body consists of two rectangular
required was 64 calories. Another 880 calories plates of the same dimensions but different
was required to raise the temperature of the thermal conductivities KA and KB . This body is
substance (now in the liquid state) to 1°C, while used to transfer heat between two objects
900 calories was required to raise the temperature maintained at different temperatures. The
from –2°C to 3°C. Calculate the specific heat composite body can be placed such that flow of
capacities of the substance in the solid and liquid heat takes place either parallel to the interface
state in calories per kilogram per kelvin. Show or perpendicular to it. Calculate the effective
that the latent heat of fusion L is related to the
thermal conductivities K|| and K  of the composite
melting point temperature tm by L = 85400 + 200 tm.
bo dy f or the parallel and perpendicular
3. A steel drill making 180 rpm is used to drill a orientations. Which orientation will have more
hole in a block of steel. The mass of the steel thermal conductivity ?
block and the drill is 180 gm. If the entire
mechanical work is used up in producing heat 7. A highly conducting solid cylinder of radius a
and the rate of raise in temperature of the block and length l is surrounded by a co-axial layer of a
and the drill is 0.5 °C/s. Find material having thermal conductivity K and
(a) the rate of working of the drill in watts, and negligible heat capacity. Temperature of
(b) the torque required to drive the drill. surrounding space (out side the layer) is T0, which
Specific heat of steel = 0.1 and J = 4.2 J/cal. is higher than temperature of the cylinder. If heat
Use : P = 
capacity per unit volume of cylinder material is s
4. A flow calorimeter is used to measure the and outer radius of the layer is b, calculate time
specific heat of a liquid. Heat is added at a known required to increase temperature of the cylinder
rate to a stream of the liquid as it passes through from T1 to T2. Assume end faces to be thermally
the calorimeter at a known rate. Then a insulated.
measurement of the resulting temperature
difference between the inflow and the outflow 8. A vertical brick duct (tube) is filled with cast
points of the liquid stream enables us to compute iron. The lower end of the duct is maintained at a
the specific heat of the liquid. A liquid of density temperature T1 which is greater than the melting
0.2 g/cm3 flows through a calorimeter at the rate point Tm of cast iron and the upper end at a
of 10 cm3/s. Heat is added by means of a 250-W temperature T2 which is less than the temperature
electric heating coil, and a temperature difference of the melting point of cast iron. It is given that
of 25°C is established in steady-state conditions the conductivity of liquid cast iron is equal to k
between the inflow and the outflow points. Find times the conductivity of solid cast iron. Determine
the specific heat of the liquid. the fraction of the duct filled with molten metal.

Page # 34 HEAT
9. A lagged stick of cross section area 1 cm2 and Blackened

length 1 m is initially at a temperature of 0°C. It sphere envelop
is then kept between 2 reservoirs of temperature
100°C and 0°C. Specific heat capacity is 10 J/ space to
kg°C and linear mass density is 2 kg/m. Find section
100°C 0°C 14. A liquid takes 5 minutes to cool from 80°C to

x 50°C. How much time will it take to cool from
60°C to 30°C? The temperature of surrounding is
(a) temperature gradient along the rod in steady 20°C. Use exact method.
state.
15. A barometer is faulty. When the true
(b) total heat absorbed by the rod to reach steady
barometer reading are 73 and 75 cm of Hg, the
state.
faulty barometer reads 69 cm and 70 cm
10. A cylindrical block of length 0.4 m an area of respectively.
cross-section 0.04 m2 is placed coaxially on a (i) What is the total length of the barometer tube
thin metal disc of mass 0.4 kg and of the same ?
cross-section. The upper face of the cylinder is (ii) What is the true reading when the faulty
maintained at a constant temperature of 400K barometer reads 69.5 cm?
and the initial temperature of the disc is 300K. If (iii) What is the faulty barometer reading when
the thermal conductivity of the material of the the true barmeter reads 74 cm?
cylinder is 10 watt/m-K and the specific heat of
the material of the disc in 600 J/kg-K, how long 16. A vessel of volume V = 30 l is separated into
will it take for the temperature of the disc to three equal parts by stationary semipermeable
increase to 350K ? Assume, for purposes of thin membrances as shown in the Figure. The
calculation, the thermal conductivity of the disc
left, middle and right parts are filled with mH2  30g
to be very high and the system to be thermally
insulated except for the upper face of the cylinder. of hydorgen, m O 2  160g of oxygen, and mN2  70g
11. A solid copper sphere cools at the rate of of nitrogen respectively. The left partition lets
2.8°C per minute, when its temperature is 127°C. through only hydrogen, while the right partition
Find the rate at which another solid copper sphere
lets through hydrogen and nitrogen. What will be
of twice the radius lose its temperature at 327°C,
the pressure in each part of the vessel after the
if in both the cases, the room temperature is
equilibrium has been set in if the vessel is kept at
maintained at 27°C.
a constant temperature T = 300K?
12. End A of a rod AB of length L = 0.5 m and of
uniform cross-sectional area is maintained at some H2 O2 N2
constant temperature. The heat conductivity of
the rod is k = 17 J/s-m°K. The other end B of this
17. Twelve conducting rods form the riders of a
rod is radiating energy into vaccum and the
uniform cube of side ‘l’. If in steady state, B and
wavelength with maximum energy density emitted
from this end is 0 = 75000 Å. If the emissivity of H ends of the rod are at 100°C and 0°C. Find the
the end B is e = 1, determine the temperature of temperature of the junction ‘A’.
F G
the end A. Assuming that except the ends, the 0°C
rod is thermally insulated. E
H
13. The shell of a space station is a blackened
100°C B
sphere in which a temperature T = 500K is C
maintained due to operation of appliances of the D

A
station. Find the temperature of the shell if the
station is enveloped by a thin spherical black
screen of nearly the same radius as the radius of
the shell.

HEAT Page # 35
Exercise - V JEE-Problems
1. The temperature of 100 gm of water is to be may be neglected. The cross-sectional area A of
raised from 24°C to 90°C by adding steam to it. the connecting rod is small compared to the
Calculate the mass of the steam required for this surface area of X. Find the temperature of X at
purpose. [JEE’ 96] time t = 3t1 [JEE’ 98]
2. Two metal cubes A & B of same size are 7. A black body is at a temperature of 2880 K.
arranged as shown in figure. The extreme ends The energy of radiation emitted by this object
of the combination are maintained at the indicated with wavelength between 499 nm and 500 nm is
temperatures. The arrangement is thermally U1, between 999 nm and 1000 nm is U2 and
insulated. The coefficients of thermal conductivity between 1499 nm and 1500 nm is U3. The Wien
of A & B are 300 W/m°C and 200 W/m°C constant b = 2.88 × 106 nm K. Then
respectively. After steady state is reached the [JEE’98]
tem perature T o f the interf ace will be (A) U1 = 0 (B) U3= 0
_____________. [JEE’ 96] (C) U1 > U2 (D) U2 > U1
8. A block of ice at –10°C is slowly heated and
A B
100°C
converted to steam at 100°C. Which of the

0°C
following curves represents the phenomenon

qualitatively? [JEE(Scr)2000]
T
Temperature
Temperature
3. A double pane window used for insulating a
room thermally from outside consists of two glass (A) (B)
sheets each of area 1 m2 and thickness 0.01 m
separated by a 0.05 m thick stagnant air space. Heat supplied Heat supplied
Temperature
Temperature
In the steady state, the room glass interface
and the glass outdoor interface are at constant
temperatures of 27°C and 0°C respectively. (C) (D)
Calculate the rate of heat flow through the
window pane. Also find the temperatures of other Heat supplied Heat supplied
interfaces. Given thermal conductivities of glass 9. The plots of intensity versus wavelength for
and air as 0.8 and 0.08 Wm–1K–1 respectively. three black bodies at temperature T1, T2 and T3
[JEE ‘97] respectively are as shown. Their temperatures
are such that [JEE(Scr)2000]
4. A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm I
radiates 450 W power at 500 K. If the radius T3 T2
T1
were halved and the temperature doubled, the
power radiated in watt would be
(A) 225 (B) 450 
(C) 900 (D) 1800 (A) T1 > T2 > T3 (B) T1 > T3 > T2
5. Earth receives 1400 W/m2 of solar power. If all (C) T2 > T3 > T1 (D) T3 > T2 > T1
the solar energy falling on a lens of area 0.2 m2 is 10. Three rods made of the same material and
focussed on to a block of ice of mass 280 grams, having the same cross-section have been joined
the time taken to melt the ice will be __________ as shown in the figure. Each rod is of the same
minutes. (Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105 length. The left and right ends are kept at 0°C
J/kg) [JEE ‘97] and 90°C respectively. The temperature of the
6. A solid body X of heat capacity C is kept in an junction of the three rods will be
atmosphere whose temperature is TA = 300K. At [JEE (Scr) 2001]
time t = 0, the temperature of X is T0 = 400K. It 90°C
cools according to Newton’s law of cooling. At
time t1 its temperature is found to be 350K. At 0°C
this time t1, the body X is connected to a larger
90°C
body Y at atmospheric temperature TA, through
a conducting rod of length L, cross-sectional area (A) 45°C (B) 60°C (C) 30°C (D) 20°C
A and thermal conductivity K. The heat capacity 11. An ideal black body at room temperature is
of Y is so large that any variation in its temperature thrown into a furnace. It is observed that
(A) initially it is the darkest body and at later

Page # 36 HEAT
times the brightest. (A) QA is maximum (B) QB is maximum

(B) it the darkest body at all times (C) QC is maximum (D) QA = QB = QC
(C) it cannot be distinguished at all times.
17. Two identical conducting rods are first
(D) initially it is the darkest body and at later connected independently to two vessels, one
times it cannot be distinguished.[JEE(Scr)2002] containing water at 100°C and the other
12. An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg at 0°C is placed in containing ice at 0°C. In the second case, the
an isolated container which is at 227°C. The rods are joined end to end and connected to the
specific heat S of the container varies with same vessels. Let q1 and q2 g/s be the rate of of
temperature T according the empirical relations = ice in the two cases respectively. The ratio q2/q1
A + BT, where A = 100 cal/kg-K and B = 2 × 10–2 is [JEE’ 2004(Scr.)]
cal/kg-K2. If the final temperature of the container (A) 1/2 (B) 2/1
is 27°C, determine the mass of the container. (C) 4/1 (D) 1/4
(Latent heat of fusion for water = 8 × 104 cal/kg. 18. Liquid oxygen at 50 K is heated to 300 K at
Specific heat of water = 103 cal/kg-K) constant pressure of 1 atm. The rate of heating
[JEE’2001] is constant. Which of the following graphs
13. 2 kg ice at –20°C is mixed with 5kg water at represents the variation of temperature with time
20°C. Then final amount of water in the mixture [JEE’2004(Scr.)]
would be ; Given specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/ Temp. Temp.
g°C, specific heat of water = 1 cal/g°C,
[JEE’ (Scr) 2003] (A) (B)
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g.
(A) 6 kg (B) 5 kg Time Time
Temp. Temp.
(C) 4 kg (D) 2 kg
14. If emissivity of bodies X and Y are ex and ey
(C) (D)
and absorptive power are Ax and Ay then
T Time Time
19. A cube of coefficient of linear expansion s is
x floating in a bath containing a liquid of coefficient
y of volume expansion l. When the temperature is
raised by T, the depth upto which the cube is
t submerged in the liquid remains the same. Find
(A) ey > ex ; Ay > Ax (B) ey < ex; Ay < Ax the relation between s and l, showing all the
(C) ey > ex ; Ay < Ax (D) ey = ex ; Ay = Ax steps. [JEE 2004]
15. Hot oil is circulated through 20. One end of a rod of length L and cross-
an insulated container with a sectional area A is kept in a furnace of
wooden lid at the top whose T =127°C
l
temperature T1. The other end of the rod is kept
t = 5 mm, emissivity = 0.6. at a temperature T2. The thermal conductivity of
Temperature of the top of the the material of the rod is K and emissivity of the
lid in steady state is at Tl = rod is e. It is given that T2 = TS + T where T
T 0
127°. If the ambie nt << T S , T S being the temperature of the

T =27°C
a
temperature Ta = 27°C. surroundings. If T  (T 1 – T S ), find the
Hot oil
Calculate proportionality constant. Consider that heat is
(a) rate of heat loss per unit area due to rediation lost only by radiation at the end where the
from the lid. temperature of the rod is T2. [JEE 2004]
17
(b) temperature of the oil. (Given  = × 10–8) Insulated TS
3
[JEE’ 2003] Furance T1 Rod T2
16. Three discs A, B, and C having radii 2 m, 4m L
and 6m respectively are coated with carbon black Insulated
on their outer surfaces. The wavelengths
21. Three graphs marked as 1,2,3 representing
corresponding to maximum intensity are 300 nm,
the variation of maximum emissive power and
400 nm and 500 nm respectively. The power
wavelength of radiation of the sun, a welding arc
radiated by them are QA, QB and QC respectively.
and a tungsten filament. Which of the following
[JEE’ 2004 (Scr.)]
combination is correct

HEAT Page # 37
E in the visible spectrum.

(D) The reflected energy in unit time by the black
body remains same. [JEE 2006]
(3) 27. In an insulated vessel, 0.05 kg steam at 373K
(2) and 0.45 kg of ice at 253K are mixed. Then, find
(1) the final temperature of the mixture.
 Given, Lfusion = 80 cal/g = 336 J/g, Lvaporization = 540
(A) 1-bulb, 2  welding arc, 3  sun cal/g = 2268 J/g,
(B) 2-bulb, 3  welding arc, 1  sun Sice = 2100 J/kg K=0.5 cal/gK and Swater = 4200 J/
(C) 3-bulb, 1  welding arc, 2  sun kg K = 1 cal/gK [JEE 2006]
(D) 2-bulb, 1  welding arc, 3  sun
28. Column I gives some devices and Column II
[JEE’2005(Scr)]
gives some processes on which the functioning
22. In which of the following phenomenon heat of these devices depend. Match the devices in
convection does not take place [JEE’ 2005 (Scr)] Column I with the processes in Column II and
(A) land and sea breeze indicate your answer by darkening appropriate
(B) boiling of water bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
(C) heating of glass surface due to filament of [JEE 2007]
the bulb Column I Column II
(D) air around the furance (A) Bimetallic strip (P) Radiation from a hot
23. 2 litre water at 27°C is heated by a 1 kW body
heater in an open container. On an average heat (B) Steam engine (Q) Energy conversion
is lost to surroundings at the rate 160 J/s. The (C) Incandescent lamp (R) Melting
time required for the temperature to reach 77°C (D) Electric fuse (S)Thermal
is exapansion of solids
(A) 8 min 20 sec (B) 10 min 29. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end
(C) 7 min (D) 14 min A in ice at 0°C, and the other end B in water at
[JEE’ 2005(Scr)] 100°C. If a point P on the rod is maintained at
24. A spherical body of area A, and emissivity e 400°C, then it is found that equal amounts of
= 0.6 is kept inside a black body. What is the water and ice evaporate and melt per unit time.
rate at which energy is radiated per second at The latent heat of evaporation of water is 540
temperature T cal g–1 and latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal
(A) 0.6 AT4 (B) 0.4 AT4 g–1 . If the point P is at a distance of lx from the
(C) 0.8 AT4 (D) 1.0 AT4 ice end A, find the value of l. [Neglect any heat
[JEE’ 2005 (Scr)] loss to the surrounding. [JEE 2009]
30. A piece of ice (heat capacity = 2100 J kg–1
25. 1 calorie is the heat required to increased °C–1 and latent heat = 3.36 × 105 J kg–1) of mass
the temperature of 1 gm of water by 1°C from m grams is at –5°C at atmospheric pressure. It is
(A) 13.5° C to 14.5°C at 76 mm of Hg given 420 J of heat so that the ice starts melting.
(B) 14.5°C to 15.5°C at 760mm of Hg Finally when the ice-water mixture is in equilibrium,
(C) 0°C to 1°C at 760mm of Hg it is found that 1 gm of ice has melted. Assuming
(D) 3°C to 4°C to 760mm of Hg there is no other heat exchange in the process,
[JEE’ 2005(Scr)] the value of m is : [JEE 2010]
26. In a dark room with ambient temperature T0, 31. Three very large plates of same area are kept
a black body is kept at a temperature T. Keeping parallel and close to each other. They are
the temperature of the black body constant (at considered as ideal black surfaces and have very
T), sunrays are allowed to fall on the black body high thermal conductivity. The first and third plates
through a hole in the roof of the dark room are maintained at temperatures 2T and 3T
Assuming that there is no change in the ambient respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e.
temperature of the room, which of the following second) plate under steady state condition is
statement(s) is/are correct? 1 1
(A) The quantity of radiation absorbed by the  65  4  97  4
(A)   T (B)   T [JEE 2012]
black body in unit time will increase.  2   4 
(B) Since emissivity = absorptivity, hence the 1
quantity of radiation emitted by black body in  97  4 1
(C)   T (D)  97  4 T
unit time will increase.  2 
(C) Black body radiates more energy in unit time

Page # 38 HEAT
:: ANSWER KEY ::
Exercise-I
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D
7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. A
13. B 14. (a) A (b) D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C
19. C 20. A 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D
25. A 26. B 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. C
31. A 32. A 33. A 34. A 35. B 36. B
37. A 38. C 39. A 40. A 41. B 42. A
43. D 44. B 45. D 46. B 47. A 48. C
49. B 50. D 51. B 52. B 53. B 54. A
55. A 56. C
Exercise-II
1. CD 2. ABC 3. ABD 4. AB 5. ABCD 6. CD

7. D 8. D 9. A,C 10. A,B 11. D 12. A,B
13. A,B,CD 14. B
Exercise-III
315
1. H = 590 Kcal.2. 136 km 3. 8.6 × 10–3 °C 4.  =  C = 28.66°C
1050 11
5. LB > LA = LC 6. SA = SB > SC > SD 7. sec. = 7.7 min
2.27
8. 25.5°C 9. 4°C 10. 27/85
11. 0°C, 125/4 g ice, 1275/4 g water 12. (i) 0.02 kg, (ii) 40,000 cal kg–1, (iii) 750 cal kg–1 K–1
13. 64 J 14. 5 × 10–5 g/s 15. 4.0 W 16. 2 : 

17. 10 cm from end in contact with water at
t1  t 2  t 3
t 1 t t
18.  2  3 19. 65°C 20. 5°C 21. 4/3 
k1 k 2 k 3
Kr1r2 ( 2 – 1 )
22. 15 W/m–°C 23.
L
24. 12 °C/s 25. 1800 J 26. 10 sec 27. ( 6 /  )1/ 3 28. 2 : 1 29. 3025 K 30. 80 Watt.
31. 1700 K 32. 0.3 33. 15°C
34. 6 × 103 K ; 4 × 103 K 35. 7.31 × 1010 erg/cm2 sec. 36. m = 3 m
37. 7 minutes. 38. 34°C

HEAT Page # 39
Exercise-IV
1. 1 : 1.26 2. 800 cal kg–1 K–1, 1000 cal kg–1 K–1 3. (a) 37.8 J/s (Watts), (b) 2.005 N-m
K A  KB 2K AK B
4. 5000 J/°C kg 5. 45°C 6. K11 > K  , K|| = , K = K  K
2 A B
a2 s  b  T0  T1  l1 k( T1  Tm )
7. 2K loge  a  loge  T  T  8. 
l k( T1  Tm )  ( Tm  T2 ) 9. (a) –100°C/m, (b) 1000 J
 0 2
10. 166.3 sec 11. 9.72°C/min 12. TA = 423K 13. T’’ = 4

2 × 500 = 600 K
14. 10 minutes 15. (i) 74 cm, (ii) 73.94 cm, (iii) 69.52 cm
16. (i) p1 = pH2 ~– 1.25 × 106 Pa ; p2 = pH2 + pO2 + pN2 ~– 2.8125 × 106 Pa ; p3 = pH2 + pN2 ~– 1.5625 × 106 Pa
17. 60°C
Exercise-V
1. 12 gm 2. 60°C 3. 41.53 Watt; 26.48 °C ; 0.55 °C 4. D 5. 5.5 min
loge 2   KA loge 2  
6. k = ; T = 300 + 50 exp.    2t1  7. D 8. A
t1   LC t1  
9. B 10. B 11. D 12. 0.5 kg 13. A 14. A

15. (a) 595 watt/m2, (b) T0 420K 16. B 17. D 18. C
K
19. l = 2s 20. 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. B 26. A,D 27. 273K
4eLTS3  K
28. (A) S, Q ; (B) Q ; (C) P, Q ; (D) Q, R or (A) S, (B) Q, (C) P, (D) R 29. 9 30. 8 g
31. C


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IIT-JEE|AIEEE

Nurturing potential through education

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

2. Law of mixture ................................................................ 4 – 5

3. Phase Change ................................................................ 5– 6

5. Heat Transfer (Introduction) ................................................ 7

7. Radiation (Introduction) ................................................. 16 – 17

8. Stefan-Boltzman's Law ................................................... 17 – 18

9. Newton's law of cooling .................................................. 18 – 20

10. Wien's displacement Law ................................................ 20 – 21

11. Exercise -I ................................................................... 22 – 36

12. Exercise - II ................................................................. 37 – 39

13. Exercise - III ................................................................ 40 – 49

14. Exercise - IV ................................................................ 50 – 51

15. Exercise - V ................................................................. 52 – 58

16. Answer key .................................................................. 59 – 60

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry,

latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary

concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling;

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Downloaded from www.iitjeephysics4u.com

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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0°, 100 gm ice

0°, 100 gm water

100°, 100 gm Steam

Qnet = 73.5 Kcal.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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taken to be practically constant throughout a substance if the temperature difference between

2. Comparing equation number (iii), i.e., heat current

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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Heat flow through a

Find out the heat current and temperature at any distance x.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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Let temperature at the junction be T, since steady

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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Sol. Let interface area be A. the thermal resistance of wood.

25°C 20°C T3 T4 –20°C

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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Net heat current from the hot to cold reservoir

Comparing with i  TH  TC , we get,

Find out the equivalent thermal resistance between point A and B.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

5.2 Junction Law

WHEAT STONE BRIDGE

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Ex.15 100ºC 2R 0ºC

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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