DETECTION OF HOOKWORM IN WIRELESS
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY IMAGE
ANUBALA V P
P.G Scholar/ ECE,
Anna University, Chennai,
Francis Xavier Engineering College,
Tirunelveli-627003,
TamilNadu, INDIA.
anubala.vp@gmail.com
Abstract - Roundworm which is an Intestinal worm that causes an
infection known as Hookworm Infection. Hookworms are fleas mainly
that have an effect on the small intestine, skin, and lungs. Humans get
affected by this infection through the hookworm larvae that originate
from the grime spoiled by feces. If this infection lasts for a long time, it
leads to Anemia, which is a Low Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count and
Ascites which is a Serious Protein Loss. The previous work focuses on
Bleeding region detection and frame localization is solved with Deep
Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). However the hookworms
demonstrate different shapes, widths and bend orientations and, its
computational time is more. The proposed system consists of two
Networks, specifically edge withdrawal network and hookworm
categorization network. After the edges are defined, certain features are
calculated which helps in the hookworm categorization network. In this
proposed system, with high precision the presence and absence of
hookworm is detected. Adaboost Classifier is used in the hookworm
categorization network to detect the hookworm. The tool used for this
process is MATLAB Software.
Keywords—Hookworm, Anemia, Ascites, Deep Convolutional
Neural Network, Adaboost Classifier, MATLAB.
1. INTRODUCTION
Necator Americanus and Ancylostoma Duodenale are the
two main hookworms that cause this disease and it is known
as soil-transmitted helminthes [1]. It is a standout amongst
the most widely recognized GI infections around the world. It
is estimated that about 740 million people get affected all
over the world. This estimation is done by the World Health
Organization. Hookworms live in small digestive system and
result in blood misfortune to cause pallor and lack of healthy
sustenance [2]. Itching and rashes are the first signs of
infection. The Hookworm eggs that are present in the feces
can be diagnoses by using a magnifying lens. This is the
usual method that is used to detect the presence of hookworm
in the contaminated dirt. Be that as it may, eggs are hard to
discover in gentle contaminations [3], [4]. Most GI track
maladies, for example, hookworm can be effectively
recognized by Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE).
In this paper, Hookworm Detection Outline (HDO) is
planned and broke down for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
(WCE) images that display the visual indication and also the
cylindrical zones of hookworms by utilizing Structured
Random Forests (SRF) for Edge Extraction Network and
Dr. N. MUTHUKUMARAN
Professor/ECE,
Anna University, Chennai,
Francis Xavier Engineering College,
Tirunelveli-627003,
Tamilnadu, INDIA.
kumaranece@gmail.com
Adaboost Classifier for Hookworm Classification Network
[5].
This paper is organized as seeks after. Section 2 gives a
short rundown of the related works. Section 3 explains
about the arranged work. Section 4 analyzes the result. At
last, this paper is done up with the end and thought in
regards to the future work.
2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The Wireless Capsule Endoscopy is used as an imaging
case to see the entire gastrointestinal tract. This method is
helpful to analyze whole digestive tract of human with no
agony [6]. The main drawback of this technique is that such
a large number of pictures should be physically analyzed by
health care providers. The bleeding regions from WCE
video can be detected by congregation the pixels to diminish
the detected image that is volatility processed [7]. The
characteristics of all superpixels are divorced that uses the
red ratio in the RGB color model and then it is classified by
the support vector machine (SVM).
The preponderance of the gastrointestinal tract tumors
begin from the glandular cells that outcome into bodily fluid
and make up the internal coating of the stomach related
framework. For WCE pictures, the doctors fundamentally
utilize shading and surface example to pass judgment and
separate status of the mucosa of inward tract of
gastrointestinal [8]. Local Binary Patterns is a
neighbourhood surface descriptor to depict the force
dispersion [9]. The picture pixels in the area are first
contrasted with the inside pixel esteem, and afterward the
contrasts between the focal pixel and its neighbours are
named utilizing the pointer function characterized as
pursues:
{
s ( x ) = 1, x ≥ 0
0, x< 0
………. (2.1)
The estimations of the pixels in the area are then
duplicated by the binomial weights 2p given to the
comparing pixels [10]. This technique is alluded to as LBP.
At long last, estimations of the items are summed up to get a
LBP number of this area [11]. Wavelet change may give
neighbourhood portrayal to more readily break down the
mucosa of the inward GI tract, prompting more skilled
picture examination utilizing data at various scales. Besides,
wavelet change may get data along various introductions in
a picture [12].
Furthermore, our past primer work has shown that
wavelet based surface gives more data to tumor location in
WCE pictures [13]. Support Vector Machine is a cutting
edge procedure utilized for characterization, and it has been
appeared to show better exactness and computational points
of interest over some other customary arrangement
approaches [14]. A DCNN develops a twofold classifier
from an arrangement of marked examples called preparing
set [15].
3. PROBLEM SOLUTION
3.1 Introduction about the Proposed System
The strategy utilized in this proposed framework is
Adaboost Classifier. It involves two networks to be explicit,
Edge extraction network and Hookworm Categorization
network used to simultaneously show visual appearances
and cylindrical regions of hookworms. Structured Random
Forests (SRF) is a standout amongst the best strategies
which are utilized in this proposed strategy to take out the
edges of the hookworm. The two dimension edge pooling
levels are expected to join the cylindrical regions got from
edge withdrawal framework and the component maps
figured from the hookworm categorization network, to
improve the element maps proportionate to adjusted locales.
3.2 Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Given Imaging Limited was the first one to discover the
technique called Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). It is
one of the techniques that are used to inspect and capture
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This method does not need
any type of anaesthesia or air insufflations. Because of this
reason it becomes well-liked by the patients as well as
physicians. It becomes the most popular technique to
examine the GI tract and to detect the infections that affect
the GI tract. This Wireless Capsule Endoscopy is shown in
the Figure 3.1. This capsule is a cylindrical shape device
that has a camera, a light source, a battery, a radio
transmitter and also other electronic components. When this
capsule is swallowed by the patient, it completely travels
through the GI tract starts from the mouth and finally ends
at the anus, thereby the GI tract is fully captured and send to
the receiver.
Figure 3.1 Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
3.3 Block Diagram
Wireless Capsule
Endoscopy Image
Pre- Gradient Edge
Processing Image Extraction
Network
Feature
Segmentation
Extraction
Adaboost
Classifier
Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Hookworm Detection
Outline
3.3.1 Description of HDF
The Wireless Capsule Endoscopy catches number of
images of the Gastro Intestinal (GI) tract of the victim. One
of these images is chosen as the input. This chosen image is
in the Red Green Blue color space. This image is first
resized to 256*256 pixel rates. In order to acquire complete
details about that image, it is converted to Hue Saturation
Value color space. This HSV image is filtered using Weiner
Filter to eliminate the distortions and Adaptive Histogram
Equalization is done to enhance the image. Hybrid Color
Gradient model is applied on the image to capture the
intrinsic geometrical structure of the image. Structured
Random Forest (SRF) method is used to get the edges of
hookworm present in the image. The processed image is
segmented and certain features are calculated by K- means
clustering. Based on the obtained features the Hookworm
classification is done by using Adaboost classifier. At last,
the output image is generated showing whether the
hookworm is present or not. The block diagram of
Hookworm Detection Outline is shown in Figure 3.2.
3.4 Pre-processing
The requirement of pre-processing is to search out
better information about the chosen image by smothering
the redundant blare and to promote some image
characteristics vital for further handling. First the input is
resized to standard pixel rate. Then the input RGB image is
improved into HSV color space. Then Histogram
Equalization is obtained for that image. Further the image is
filtered using wiener filter to filter the distortions thereby
enhancing the image. The Steps that are carried out in this
process is shown in Figure 3.2.
 Input Resized RGB to HSV 3.8 Feature Extraction
The various features are considered to extract the
Image Image Conversion
tubular patterns of the hookworm. Statistic measurements of
coefficients are used as feature vector for classification.
Here, certain features namely, mean, standard deviation,
skewness, entropy and energy are particular to take out the
data about the presence and absence of hookworm. This will
Wiener Histogram pull out the specific features and characteristics of the every
Filtering Equalization partitioned baseband. These measurements are outstanding
fit as a fiddle of information circulation. For each baseband
picture I, the five estimations are characterized as pursues:
Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Pre-processing
w h
1
3.5 Hybrid Color Model mean= ∑ ∑ I ( i, j )
wh i=1 j=1
…….
Initially, hybrid color model comprises of four shading
parts from various shading models that can speak to (3.1)
hookworm shading great while smother the meddling of GI
track mucosa. Second, gradient based strategy with the j=¿
w
hybrid shading model can all the more successfully extricate
the hookworm data in various scales, directions and
orientations. Finally, as a standout amongst the most
imperative multi-scale geometric analyzers, organized
stddev=
(3.2)
√ 1
∑ ∑
wh i=1 ¿
h [ I (i , j )−mean ]
2 …….

arbitrary woodlands is genuine two-dimensional portrayal

for a picture. It can catch the inborn geometrical structure, w h
which is the key data for human visual framework.

3.6 Edge Extraction Network

skew=
1
√
∑3
∑
wh i=1 j=1
[ I ( i, j ) −mean ]
3
…….

(3.3)
Irregularity in the dark dimension esteems is
characterized by an Edge. In former expression, the frontier
255
between an entity and the surroundings can also be defined
as an Edge. There are many parameters that the profile of entropy=−∑ Pi log 2 P i …….
edges in pictures relies upon to be specific, the geometrical i=0
and optical properties of the entity, the enlightenment (3.4)
conditions, and the distortion level in the pictures. It
incorporates the most essential data in the picture, and can
give the data of the entity's position. w h
2
energy=∑ ∑ [ I ( i , j ) ] …….
3.6.1 Structured Random Forests i=1 j=1
In Structured Random Forest (SRF) of edge extraction
(3.5)
method, the preparation irregular forests with organized
marks present two fundamental difficulties. One is Where, w and h are the width and height of the image
organized yield spaces are regularly high dimensional and I. I(i, j) speaks to the estimation of the pixel at i th row and jth
complex. Therefore scoring various applicant parts column of image I. Pi is the probability for the event of
straightforwardly over organized marks might be pixels with esteem i in the image I. After the extraction,
restrictively costly. Another and all the more fundamentally, Adaboost Classifier is utilized for the classification in our
data increase over organized names may not be all around exploratory assessment.
denied.
3.9 Adaboost Classifier
3.7 Segmentation The necessary of adaboost classifier is to unite
Segmentation process is used to analyze the image by dissimilar types of weak Classifiers or learners (h i(x))
segmenting the image into multiple matrices. The edge jointly to recover the classification execution, where h i(x) is
detected image from the edge extraction network by using a solitary classifier. Every weak classifier is skilled by
the Structured Random Forest method for defining the edges means of a undemanding set of training models. Each model
of the hookworm is fed into the segmentation block. This has a weight. This will train all weak classifiers and thus
helps to define the tubular patterns of hookworm more compute a weight for each one, and this weight represents
accurately from the background unwanted distortions. the strength of the weak classifier. Specified N training
models, X = {(x1, y1), (x2, y2)..., (xN, yN)}, xi is the ith model
and yi ∈ {−1, 1} is the class label for the model i. The
factors of this learner 1 are initialized, the total number of
steps (T), kind of weak learners, the weights w ij of each
training model, where wi represents the weights of the i th
N
step, and wi = [wi1 ,..., wiN], wij ∈ [0,1], ∑ wij =1 .
j=1
Typically the weights are initialized to be equal as follows,
w1j = 1/N, j = 1... N. In AdaBoost, there are some rules:
AdaBoost should have a few weak classifiers, e.g., decision
trees or neural networks classifiers. The inaccuracy of each
weak learner is ought to be superior than a arbitrary
classifier, i.e., the error rate must be lesser than 50%. Figure 4.3 HSV Image
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The HSV picture is appeared in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.4
4.1 Image with Hookworm shows the histogram equalization image. This helps to
After swallowing the Wireless Capsule Endoscopy by maintain certain significant data that is used for further
the victim it starts capturing numbers of photos of the classification.
intestinal tract. This Image shows the internal part of the
human’s small intestine.

Figure 4.4 Histogram Equalization Image

The pre-processed image undergoes hybrid gradient
Figure 4.1 Input Image color model and is shown in the Figure 4.5.
One of this image is chosen as the input image, which
is in the Red, Green and Blue color model. The Figure 4.1
shows the input image. This is initially resized to standard
pixel rate and this is shown in the Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.5 Gradient Image

Then, the edges are extracted using structured random
forests method. This is shown in the Figure 4.6
Figure 4.2 Resized Image
An enhanced option in contrast to Red Blue Green color
model is an intuitive color model, for example, Hue,
Saturation and Value that is nearer to the human shading
observation framework.
 The Figure 4.8 shows the input image that need to be
chosen. The image in any pixel rate is converted to standard
pixel rate say 256*256. This is shown in the Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.6 Edges Extracted Image

The hookworm classification is done using the
Adaboost classifier. After the process completed, a message
will be displayed on the screen showing the presence of
hookworm by “Hookworm Detected”. This is shown in the
Figure 4.7.
Figure 4.9 Resized Image
To examine the image deeply, and to apply edge
withdrawal and categorization system RGB color model
need to be convert to HSV color model and this is shown in
Figure 4.10.

Figure 4.7 Hookworm Detected

4.2 Image without Hookworm

For this case, to find when the input image given is a
normal image and there is no hookworm present in the
image taken with the help of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, Figure 4.10 HSV Converted Image
the following steps are done. The HSV image is then converted into gray scale
and for this gray scale image histogram equalization is
estimated and this is shown Figure 4.11. Then Gradient
image is generated and is shown in the Figure 4.12

Figure 4.8 Input Image

 Figure 4.11 Histogram Equalization Image
Figure 4.12 Gradient Image
The edges are extracted by using Structured Random
forest technique and the result is shown in the Figure 4.13.
After that, the various features need to be calculated.
Figure 4.13 Edges Extracted Image
Then, hookworm classification is done based on the
classifier called Adaboost classifier and the image is shown
in Figure 4.14. The Figure 4.15 shows a message box that
displaying that input picture given is “Normal Image”.
Figure 4.10 Normal Image
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
A Hookworm detection outline is projected for Wireless
Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) pictures to represent the ocular
surfacing and tubular areas of hookworms that are presented
in the gastrointestinal tract that enfolds an edge withdrawal
network and a hookworm categorization network. Adaboost
classifier is used to classify the hookworm images. The
results of this experimentation show that this planned model
can categorize the hookworm descriptions from WCE
images successfully. Tests on an extensive dataset exhibit
that the planned system outflanks best in class techniques
with hand-drafted includes and also the off-the-rack
profound learning approaches. Since the projected technique
identifies the hookworms dependent on all pictures in this
effort, the impact of foundation can't be totally stayed away
from.
The future work is to improve the quality and
sufficiency of the method, the research based on the the
region based revelation structure in our future work, which
fuses the target territory and pixel-level area as the directed
information to construct an end to-end show. Furthermore,
there is a plan to arrange transient and spatial association
between progressive pictures to also bolster the execution,
and experience impelled significant learning procedures to
recognize distinctive wounds for WCE images.
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Anubala V P was born in Tirunelveli,

Tamilnadu, India in 1994. She received the
B.E (Electronics and Communication
Engineering) from Anna University,
Chennai, India, in 2016 and currently she is
pursuing her P.G degree (Communication
Systems) in Francis Xavier Engineering
College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Her
research interests include, multimedia, computer vision, embedded
and Image processing. Since 2018 she has published 1 journal
paper.

Dr. N. Muthukumaran was born in Kaniyakumari, Tamilnadu,

India, in 1984. He received the B.E (Electronics and
Communication Engineering) from Anna University, Chennai,
India, in 2007 and the M.E (Applied Electronics) from Anna
University, Chennai, India, in 2010 and the Ph.D (Information and
Communication Engineering) Degree from Anna University,
Chennai, India. He is currently working as an Associate Professor
in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department &