Paaras Thakur

Chemical Bonding

❏ Valence Bond Theory

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JEELIVE
Example Which of the following conditions is not correct for resonating structures?
(a) The contributing structures must have the same number of unpaired
electrons.
(b) The contributing structures should have similar energies.
(c) The contributing structures should be so written that unlike charges reside
on atoms that are far apart.
(d) The positive charge should be present on the electropositive element and
the negative charge on the electronegative element.
Example Which of the following molecules has more than one lone pair?
(a) SO2
(b) XeF2
(c) SiF4
(d) CH4
Example The BCl3 is a planar molecule whereas NCl3 is pyramidal, because
(a) B–Cl bond is more polar than N–Cl bond
(b) N–Cl bond is more covalent than B–Cl bond
(c) nitrogen atom is smaller than boron atoms
(d) BCl3 has no lone pair but NCl3 has a lone pair of electrons.
Example The molecules having the same hybridisation, shape and number of lone pairs
of electrons are
(a) SeF4, XeO2F2
(b) SF4, XeF2
(c) XeOF4, TeF4
(d) SeCl4, XeF4
Predicting Bond Angle based on VSEPR
Predicting Bond Angle based on VSEPR
Predicting Bond Angle based on VSEPR
Predicting Bond Angle based on VSEPR
Example Discuss the bond angle in carbonyl halides COF2 , COCl2 , COBr2 , COI2
Example The ONO angle is maximum in
(a) NO3-
(b) NO2–
(c) NO2
(d) NO2+
 Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

Lewis approach helps in writing the structure of molecules but it fails to explain
the formation of chemical bond.

It also does not give any reason for the difference in bond dissociation
enthalpies and bond lengths in molecules like H2 (435.8 kJ mol-1, 74 pm) and F2
(150.6 kJ mol-1, 42 pm),

VSEPR theory gives the geometry of simple molecules but theoretically, it does
not explain them and also it has limited applications.
 Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

To overcome these limitations the two important theories based on quantum

mechanical principles are introduced.

Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory

A rigorous treatment of the VB theory in terms of these aspects is beyond the

scope of JEE. Therefore, for the sake of convenience, valence bond theory has
been discussed in terms of qualitative and non-mathematical
treatment only.
VBT - Formation of hydrogen molecule
VBT - Formation of hydrogen molecule
 VBT - Orbital Overlap Concept

There is a minimum energy state when two hydrogen atoms are so near that
their atomic orbitals undergo partial interpenetration.

This partial merging of atomic orbitals is called overlapping of atomic orbitals

which results in the pairing of electrons.

The extent of overlap decides the strength of a covalent bond. In general,

greater the overlap the stronger is the bond formed between two atoms.
 VBT - Directional Properties of Bonds

The molecule of hydrogen is formed due to the overlap of 1s-orbitals of

two H atoms, when they combine with each other.

In case of polyatomic molecules like CH4, NH3 and H2O, the geometry of the
molecules is also important in addition to the bond
formation.

Why is it so that CH4 molecule has tetrahedral shape and HCH

bond angles are 109.5°? Why is the shape of NH3 molecule pyramidal ?