Volume Level 3

Topic 8. Volumes.
Level 3.
Problem VOL3_01.
By taking slices perpendicular to the axis of rotation, use the method of slicing to find the
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ e, 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x} about the x-
axis.
Answer: π(e − 2) .
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disk of thickness δx and radius
r ( x ) = ln x . The slice has volume
δV = πr 2 ( x ) δx = π ln 2 x δx .
e e
∴ V = lim ∑ π ln x δx = ∫ π ln 2 x dx
2
δx→ 0
x=1 1
 1
e
= π x ln 2 x − π ∫  2 ln x ⋅  x dx
e
1
1
 x
e
 e
1 
= πe − 2 π ∫ ln x dx = πe − 2π  x ln x 1 − ∫ x ⋅ dx  = − πe + 2πx 1 = π(e − 2) .
e e
1  1
x 
∴ the volume of the solid is π(e − 2) cubic units.
Problem VOL3_02.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 3 } about the line
y =8.
320
Answer: π.
7
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δy and radii
r1 ( x ) = 8 − x 3 and r2 = 8 . The slice has volume δV = π(r22 − r12 )δx = π[64 − (8 − x 3 ) 2 ]δx
( )
= π 16 x 3 − x 6 δx .
2
( ) δx = ∫ π(16 x )
2
∴ V = lim ∑ π 16 x − x 3 6 2 3
− 6 x 6 dx
δx →0
x=0 0
2
 x7   2  320
= π 4 x 4 −  = π 2 6 − ⋅ 2 6  = π.
 7 0  7  7
320
∴ the volume of the solid is π cubic units.
7
Problem VOL3_03.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 4 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4} about the
y-axis.
Answer: 8π .
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δy with radii
r1( y ) = 4 − y and r2 = 2 . The slice has volume
( )
δV = π r22 − r12 δy = 22 − ( )
4 − y δy = πyδy .
2
 
4 4
4
y2
∴ V = lim ∑ πyδy = ∫ πydy =π = 8π .
δy → 0 2 0
y=0 0
∴ the volume of the solid is 8π cubic units.
Problem VOL3_04.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 } about the
x = −1 .
13
Answer: π.
6
Solution:
r2 = 2 and r1 = x + 1 . But y = x 2 , hence r1 ( y ) = y + 1 . The slice has volume
δV = π(r − r )δy = π[4 − ( y + 1) ]δy = π(3 − 2 y + y )δy .
2
2
1
2 2
( ) ( )
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ π 3 − 2 y + y δy = ∫ π 3 − 2 y + y dy
δy → 0
y=0 0
1
 4 3 y2   4 1  13
= π 3 y − y 2 +  = π 3 − +  = π .
 3 2 0  3 2 6
13
6
Problem VOL3_05.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ tan −1 x} about the
y-axis.
π
Answer: (π − 2) .
2
Solution:
( ) [ ]
r1( y ) = tan y and r2 = 1 . The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δy = π 1 − tan 2 y δy .
π π
( ) ( )
4
∴ V = lim ∑ π 1 − tan 2 y δy = π ∫ 1 − tan 2 y dy

4
δy →0
y=0 0
π π π
4
sin 2 y
4
π
4
 1 
= π ∫ dy − π ∫ dy = π y 4
− π ∫ sin y d  
0 0
2
cos y 0
0
 cos y 
 sin y 4 π 4 1  π2
π π
π2 4
π
= − π −∫ d sin y = − π + π ∫ dy = ( π − 2) .
4  
 cos y 0 0 cos y  4 0
2
π
∴ the volume of the solid is (π − 2) cubic units.
2
Problem VOL3_06.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, e x ≤ y ≤ e} about the line
x = 1.
Answer: π(4 − e ) .
Solution:
( ) [
r1 ( y ) = 1 − ln y and r2 = 1 . The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δy = π 1 − (1 − ln y ) δy .
2
]
[ ] [ ]
e e
( )
e
∴ V = lim ∑ π 1 − (1 − ln y ) δy = π ∫ 1 − (1 − ln y ) dy = π ∫ 2 ln y − ln 2 y dy
2 2
δy→0
y=1 1 1
 e
 2 2 ln y  
( )
e
= π  2 ln y − ln y y − ∫  −
2
 y dy 

1
1
y y  
 e
  e
   e

= π e − 2∫ (1 − ln y ) dy  = π e − 2 y 1 + 2 ∫ ln y dy  = 2 − e + 2 y ln y 1 − ∫ ⋅ y dy  
e e 1
 1   1    1
y  
 
( )
e
= π 2 + e − 2∫ dy  = π 2 + e − 2 y 1 = π(4 − e) .
e
 1 
∴ the volume of the solid is π(4 − e ) cubic units.
Problem VOL3_07.
1 1 1
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the curve x 2
+y 2
=a 2
and
the coordinate axes about the y-axis.
πa 3
Answer: .
15
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disk of thickness δy and radius r ( y ) .
Deduce the equation of r ( y ) : ( )

2
r+ y= a ⇒ r= a− y .
The slice has volume δV = πr 2 ( y ) δy = π ( )

4
a − y δy .
( ) ( )
a a
∴ V = lim ∑ π
4 4
a − y δy = π ∫ a − y dy .
δy → 0
y=0 0
Substitution y = a( z +1) , dy = 2a( z + 1) dz yields

2
[ ]  z 6 z5 
0 0
a − a ( z + 1) ( z + 1) dz = 2πa ∫ z ( z + 1) dz = 2πa  + 
4
V = 2πa ∫ 3 4 3
−1 −1  6 5  −1
πa3
= .
15
πa 3
∴ the volume of the solid is cubic units.
15
Problem VOL3_08.
2
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ e − x } about the y-
axis.
(
Answer: π 1 − e −1 . )
Solution:
It is convenient to split volume V of the solid into volumes V1 and V2 (see figure).
1) volume V1 :
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disk of thickness δy and radius
r ( y ) . Deduce the equation of r ( y ) : y = e− r ⇒ r = − ln y .
2
The slice has volume δV1 = πr 2 ( y ) δy = − π ln y δy .

 2
1 1
∑ ( − π ln y ) δy = − π ∫ ln y δy = − π( y ln y − y )
1
Hence V1 = lim = π1 −  .
δy → 0
y=e -1 e −1
e −1  e
2) volume V2 :
This volume is a cylinder of radius r = 1 and height e −1 . Thus
π
V2 = π ⋅ (1) ⋅ = .
2 1
e e
∴ V = V1 + V2 = π 1 − e −1 . ( )
∴ ( )
the volume of the solid is π 1 − e −1 cubic units.
Problem VOL3_09.
2
y
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed within the ellipse ( x − 1) 2 + =1
4
about the y- axis.
Answer: 4π 2 .
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δy with radii r1 ( y ) ,
y2
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of (r − 1) +
2
= 1 considered as a
4
quadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 )δy .
y2 y2 y2
(r − 1)
2
+ =1 r 2 − 2r + =0 r1, 2 = 1 m 1 −
4 4 4
y2
r2 + r1 = 2 r2 − r1 = 2 1 −
4
∴ δV = 2π 4 − y 2 δy .
2 2
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π 4 − y δy = ∫ 2π 4 − y 2 dy . 2
δy →0
y=-2 −2
Substitution y = 2 sin ϕ, dy = 2 cos ϕ dϕ gives

π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
V = 4π ∫
− π/ 2
4 − 4 sin 2 ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = 8π ∫
− π/ 2
cos 2 ϕ dϕ = 8π ∫
− π/ 2
2
dϕ
π/ 2
 sin 2ϕ 
= 4 π ϕ +  = 4π2 .
 2  − π/ 2
∴ the volume of the solid is 4π 2 cubic units.
Problem VOL3_10.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the circle ( x − b ) 2 + y 2 = a 2
(where b > a ) about the y- axis.
Answer: 2 π 2 a 2 b .
Solution:
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of (r − b) + y 2 = a 2 considered as a
2
quadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 ) δy .

We have:
(r − b)2 + y 2 = a2
r 2 − 2br + b2 − a 2 + y 2 = 0
r1, 2 = b m a 2 − y 2
r2 + r1 = 2b
r2 − r1 = 2 a 2 − y 2
∴ δV = 4πb a 2 − y 2 δy .
a a a
∴ V = lim ∑ 4πb a 2 − y 2 δy = 4πb ∫ a 2 − y 2 dy = 8πb ∫ a 2 − y 2 dy .
δy →0
y=-a −a 0
Substitution y = a sin ϕ, dy = a cos ϕ dϕ gives
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
V = 8πa b ∫ 1 − sin ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = 8πa b ∫ cos ϕ dϕ = 8πa b ∫
2 2 2 2 2
dϕ
0 0 0
2
π/ 2
 sin 2ϕ 
= 4πa 2b ϕ +  = 2π a b .
2 2
 2 0
∴ the volume of the solid is 2 π 2 a 2 b cubic units.
Problem VOL3_11.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 x − x 2 } about the
y- axis.
8π
Answer: .
3
Solution:
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of y = 2r − r 2 considered as a
quadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 )δy .
y = 2r − r 2
r 2 − 2r + y = 0
r1, 2 = 1 m 1 − y
r2 + r1 = 2
r2 − r1 = 2 1 − y
∴ δV = 4π 1 − y δy .
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ 4π 1 − y δy = ∫ 4π 1 − y dy .
δy → 0
y=0 0
0
0
 y ′ 3/ 2  8π
Substitution y = 1 − y ′, dy = − dy ′ gives V = −4 π ∫ y ′ dy ′ = −4 π   = .
1  3 / 2 1 3
8π
3
Problem VOL3_12.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 x 2 − x 4 } about
the y- axis.
32π
Answer: .
3
Solution:
r2 ( y ) , where r2 ( y ) > r1 ( y ) and r1 ( y ) , r2 ( y ) are the roots of y = 4r 2 − r 4 considered as a
(
biquadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π r22 − r12 δy . )
y = 4r 2 − r 4
r2 = z
z2 − 4z + y = 0
z1, 2 = 2 m 4 − y
r1, 2 = 2 m 4 − y
∴ δV = 2π 4 − y δy .
4 4
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π 4 − y δy = 2π ∫ 4 − y dy .
δy → 0
y=0 0
0
0
 y ′ 3/ 2  32π
Substitution y = 4 − y ′, dy = − dy ′ gives V = −2 π ∫ y ′ dy ′ = −2 π   = .
4  3 / 2 4 3
32π
3
Problem VOL3_13.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x + y ≥ 1, x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1} about the line
x = 1.
π 4
Answer: π −  .
2 3
Solution:
r1 ( y ) = 1 − 1 − y and r2 ( y ) = 1 − (1 − y ) = y . The slice has volume
2
δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[ y 2 − (1 − 1 − y 2 ) 2 ]δy = π[ y 2 − (1 + 1 − y 2 − 2 1 − y 2 )]

= π( 2 y 2 − 2 + 2 1 − y 2 ) .
∑ π(2 y ) ( )
1 1
∴ V = lim 2
− 2 + 2 1 − y δy = ∫ π 2 y 2 − 2 + 2 1 − y 2 dy
2
δy → 0
y=0 0
1
π π2 4
1 1
2 3 
= ∫ π( 2 y − 2 ) δy + 2 π∫
2
1 − y δy = π y − 2 y  + 2 π ⋅ =
2
− π.
0 0 3 0 4 2 3
π
1
1
∫ 1 − y dy =
2
(since as the area of a circle of radius 1).
0
4 4
π 4
∴ the volume of the solid is π −  cubic units.
2 3
Problem VOL3_14.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , 0 ≤ y ≤ x , x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1} the
line x = 1 .
π 2
Answer: π − .

 4 3 
Solution:
r1 ( y ) = 1 − 1 − y and r2 ( y ) = 1 − y . The slice has volume
2
δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[(1 − y ) 2 − (1 − 1 − y 2 ) 2 ]δy = π[ 2 y 2 − 2 y − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 ]δy .

1
( ) ∫ π(2 y )
1
2 2
∴ V = lim
δy → 0
∑ π 2 y 2 − 2 y − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 δy =
y=0
2
− 2 y − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 dy
0
1 1
2  2 2
= π y 3 − y 2 − y  + 2π ⋅ ∫ 1 − y dy .
2
3 0 0
1
2
Let I = ∫ 1 − y dy . Make the substitution y = sin t .

2
dy
y = sin t ⇒ = cos t , y = 0 ⇒ t = 0
dt
1 π
y = ⇒t =
2 4
π π π
1 + cos 2 t  t sin 2 t  4 π 1
4 4
I = ∫ cos t dt = ∫ dt = +  = + .
2
0 0
2 2 4 0 8 4
 1 1 1  π 1 π
2
2 π 2
Hence V = π − −  + 2 π +  = − π = π − .

3 2 2 2 8 4 4 3  4 3 
π 2
∴ the volume of the solid is π −  cubic units.

 4 3 
Problem VOL3_15.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x } about the y-
axis.
2π
Answer: .
15
Solution:
r1 ( y ) = y and r2 ( y ) = y . The slice has volume δV = π( r2 − r1 ) δy = π( y − y ) δy .
2 2 2 2 4
1
 1 1  2π
( ) ( )
1
1
1 1 
∴ V = lim ∑ π y − y δy = ∫ π y − y dy = π y 3 − y 5  = π −  =
2 4 2 4
.
δy → 0
y=0 0 3 5 0  3 4  15
2π
15
Problem VOL3_16.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ x} about the line
x = 1.
7π
Answer: .
30
Solution:
1
r1 = 1 − x 1 and r2 = 1 − x 2 . But y = x 1 and y = x 2 , hence r1 ( y ) = 1 − y and r2 ( y ) = 1 − y . The
3 3
1
slice has volume δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[(1 − y ) 2 − (1 − y 3
) ]δy
2
1 2
= π( y 2 + 2 y 3
−2y − y 3
) δy .
1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ π y 2 + 2 y 3 − 2 y − y 3 δy = ∫ π y 2 + 2 y 3 − 2 y − y 3 dy =

1 2 1 2
y=0    
δy → 0
0
1
1 3 4 3 5  1 3 3  7π
= π y 3 + y 3 − y 2 − y 3  = π + − 1 −  = .
3 2 5 0 3 2 5  30
7π
30
Problem VOL3_17.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , y + x ≤ 1} about the line
y =x.
π
Answer: .
6 2
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is a disc of thickness δh and radius r, with h
1 1
the distance from O to the centre of the disc. The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δh . At A  ,  ,
2 2
1 1
2
1 2
h=
2
. Hence V = lim
δh → 0
∑ πr 2 δh =
h =0
∫ πr
2
dh .
0
π π
In the right-angled triangle OSP ∠SOP = , hence ∠SPO = too. So ∆OSP is isosceles and
4 4
h=r.
1 1
2
πh 3 2
π
∴ V = ∫ πh dh = =
2
.
0
3 0
6 2
π
6 2
Problem VOL3_18.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : x ≥ 0 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x − 1 } about the
line y = − x .
4 2
Answer: π.
3
Solution:
A slice taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation is an annulus of thickness δh and radii
r1 ( h ) and r2 = 2 , with h the distance from O to the centre of the disc.
π π
In the right-angled triangle OSP ∠SOP = , hence ∠SPO = too. So ∆OSP is isosceles and
4 4
h = r1 .
The slice has volume δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δh = π( 2 − h 2 ) δh . At A (1, − 1) , h = 2 .
2
2 2
 h
3
  2 2 4 2
∴ V = lim ∑ π( 2 − h ) δh = ∫ π( 2 − h ) dh = π 2 h −
2 2
 = π 2 2 −

=
 π.
δh →0
h =0 0  3 0  3  3
4 2
3
Problem VOL3_19.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 2 ≤ y ≤ x} about the line
y =x.
π
Answer: .
30 2
Solution:
the distance from O to the centre of the disc. The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δh . At A (1, 1) ,
h = OA = 2.
2 2
Hence V = lim
δh → 0
∑ πr 2 δh =
h =0
∫ πr
2
dh .
0
Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x ) lies on the curve y = x 2 .

2
In order to calculate the integral written above, find the dependence of h and r on x. If OP makes
angle α with the direction of the positive x-axis, then x = l cos α and y = l sin α . Hence we have
π  l cos α l sin α x y
h = l cos  − α  = + = + ,
4  2 2 2 2
π  l cos α l sin α x y
r = l sin  − α  = − = − .
4  2 2 2 2
x+x x−x
2 2
⇒h= and r = .
2 2
Now the substitution h = h ( x ) and r = r ( x ) gives
(x − x ) (1 + 2 x )
2 1 1 2 2
V = ∫ πr dh = ∫ πr ( x ) ⋅ h ′( x ) dx = ∫ π ⋅ =
2 2
0 0 0
2 2
π π
1 1
∫ ( x − 2 x + x )(1 + 2 x ) dx = ∫(x − 3 x 4 + 2 x 5 )(1 + 2 x ) dx =

2 3 4 2
2 2 0 2 2 0
1
π x 3 1
3
 π 1 3 1  π
=  − x 5 + x 6  =  − + = .
2 2 3 5 3  0 2 2  3 5 3  30 2
π
30 2
Problem VOL3_20.
1
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x 3 } about the line
y =x.
4 2
Answer: π.
105
Solution:
the distance from O to the centre of the disc.
The slice has volume δV = πr 2 δh . At A(1,1), h = OA = 2 .
2 2
Hence V = lim
δh → 0
∑ πr 2 δh =
h=0
∫ πr
2
dh .
0
1 1
Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x 3 ) lies on the curve y = x 3 .
In order to calculate the integral written above, find the dependence of h and r on x. If OP make
an angle α with the direction of the positive x-axis, then x = l cos α . Hence we have
π l cos α l sin α x y
h = l cos( α − ) = + = + ,
4 2 2 2 2
π l sin α l cos α x y
r = l sin( α − )= − = − .
4 2 2 2 2
1 1
x+x 3
x−x 3
⇒h = and r = .
2 2
Now the substitution h = h ( x ) and r = r ( x ) gives
π( x − x 3 ) 2  x 3 
2 1 1 −2 1
V = ∫ πr dh = ∫ πr ( x ) ⋅ h ′( x ) dx = ∫ ⋅ 1+ dx =
2 2
2 2  3 
0 0 0
 
π π
1 1
4 2 −2 4 2
= ∫ ( x − 2 x 3 + x 3 )( 3 + x 3 ) dx = ∫ (3 x − 5 x 3 + x 3 + 1) dx
2 2
6 2 0 6 2 0
1
π  3 15 7 3 3 5 3  π  15 3  4 2
= x − x + x + x = 1 − + + 1  = π.
6 2 7 5 0 2 2  7 5  105
4 2
105
Problem VOL3_21.
By taking strips parallel to the axis of rotation, use the method of cylindrical shells to find the
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 1 / 3 ≤ y ≤ 1} about the line
x = 1.
5π
Answer: .
14
Solution:
1
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( x ) = 1 − x , r2 ( x ) = 1 − x + δx , and height h ( x ) = 1 − x 3
.
1
The shell has volume δV = π[(1 − x + δx ) 2 − (1 − x ) 2 ]h ( x ) = 2 π(1 − x )(1 − x 3 ) δx (ignoring
( δx ) ).
2
1 1 1
∑
1 1 1 4
∴ V = lim
δx →0
x=0
2 π(1 − x )(1 − x 3
∫
) δx = 2 π (1 − x )(1 − x
0
3
∫
)dx = 2 π (1 − x
0
3
− x + x 3 ) dx
1
 3 4 x 3 7 
2
 3 1 3  5π
= 2 π x − x 3 − + x 3  = 2 π1 − − +  = .
 4 2 7 0  4 2 7  14
5π
14
Problem VOL3_22.
π
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {(x, y):0 ≤ x ≤ ,0 ≤ y ≤ sin x} about the y-
2
axis.
Answer: 2 π. .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) = sin x . This shell has volume
[ ]
δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πx sin x δx (ignoring (δx ) ).
2 2
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx sin x δx = 2π ∫ x sin x dx = −2π ∫ x d cos x

δx → 0
x =0 0 0
 π/ 2 
π/ 2
π/ 2
= −2π x cos x 0 − ∫ 1 ⋅ cos x dx  = 2πsin x 0 = 2π .
 0 
Problem VOL3_23.
π
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ ,0 ≤ y ≤ cos x} about the
2
π
line x = .
2
Answer: 2 π. .
Solution:
π π
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1( x ) = − x , r2 ( x ) = − x + δx , and height h( x ) = cos x .
2 2
This shell has volume
 π  π
2
 
2
π 
δV = π  − x + δx  −  − x   h( x ) = 2π − x  cos x δx (ignoring (δx ) ).
2
 2  2   2 
π/ 2
π π/ 2
 π 
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π  − x  cos x δx = 2 π ∫  − x  cos x dx .
δx →0
x =0 2  0
2 
π
Substitution x = − x ′ , dx = − dx ′ gives
2
0 π/ 2
 π/ 2
π/ 2

V = −2 π ∫ x ′ sin x ′ dx ′ = −2π ∫ x ′ d cos x ′ = −2π x ′ cos x ′ 0 − ∫ 1 ⋅cos x ′ dx ′
π/ 2 0  0 
π/ 2
= 2π sin x ′ 0 = 2π .
Problem VOL3_24.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, e x ≤ y ≤ e} about the line
y =e.
π
Answer:
2
(− e 2
+ 4e − 1 ).
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( y ) = e − y , r2 ( y ) = e − y + δy , and height h( y ) = ln y .

[ 2 2
]
δV = π (e − y + δy ) − (e − y ) h( y ) = 2π(e − y ) ln y δy (ignoring (δy ) ).
2
e e
∴ V = lim ∑ 2 π(e − y ) ln y δy = 2π ∫ (e − y ) ln y dy = −2π ∫

e
ln y d
( e − y)
2
δy →0 2
y =1 1 1
 (e − y )2 e
e
(e − y )2 ⋅ 1 dy  = π e  e 2 − 2 e +   2 y 
2
e
= −2 π  ln y − ∫ ∫1  y y dy = π e ln y − 2 ey + 
 2 2 y    2 1
 1 1

π
=
2
(
− e 2 + 4e − 1 . )
π
∴ the volume of the solid is
2
( )
− e2 + 4e − 1 cubic units.
Problem VOL3_25.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, e x ≤ y ≤ e} about the line
x = 1.
Answer: π(4 − e ) .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( x ) = 1 − x , r2 ( x ) = 1 − x + δx , and height h( x ) = e − e x .

[ ] ( )
δV = π (1 − x + δx ) − (1 − x ) h( x ) = 2π(1 − x ) e − e x δx (ignoring (δy ) ).
2 2 2
( )
1
( )
1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2π(1 − x ) e − e x δx = ∫ 2 π(1 − x ) e − e x dx
δx→ 0
x=0 0
 1 1
   x2 
1 1 
= 2π e∫ (1 − x ) dx − ∫ (1 − x ) e dx  = 2π e x −  − ∫ (1 − x ) de x 
x
 0    20 0 
0
 
e  1
 e 1
= 2π  −  (1 − x ) e − ∫ (−1) ⋅ e x dx   = 2π  + 1 − e x  = π(4 − e) .
1
x
 2    2 
0 0
0
∴ the volume of the solid is π(4 − e) cubic units.
Problem VOL3_26.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {(x, y):0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ tan −1 x }about the y-
axis.
π
Answer:
2
( π − 2) .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) = tan −1 x . This shell has
[ ]
volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πx tan −1 x δx (ignoring (δx ) ).
2 2
1 1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx tan −1 x δx = 2π ∫ x tan −1 x dx = π ∫ tan −1 x dx 2
δx →0
x =0 0 0
 2
= π  x tan x − ∫
x  1 π
2 1+ x −1 
1
( 2
)
π 1 1
dx 
∫ ∫ ∫0 1 + x 2 
1
−1
dx  = π  − dx  = π  − dx +

0
0
1 + x2   4 0 1 + x
2
 4 0 
π 1 π
= π  − x 0 + tan −1 x 0  = (π − 2) .
1
4  2
π
∴ the volume of the solid is ( π − 2) cubic units.
2
Problem VOL3_27.
2
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ e − x } about the y-
axis.
(
Answer: π 1 − e −1 . )
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height h( x ) = e− x . This shell has volume
2
[ ]
δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πxe − x δx
2 2
(ignoring (δx ) ).
2
1 1
( )
1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πxe
1
− x2
δx = 2π ∫ xe − x2
dx = π ∫ e − x dx 2 = − π e− x = π 1 − e −1 .
2 2
δx →0 0
x =0 0 0
∴ (
the volume of the solid is π 1 − e −1 cubic units. )
Problem VOL3_28.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x − x 2 } about the x-
axis.
π
Answer: .
30
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii y , y + δy , and height h( y ) . We have

y = x − x2
x2 − x + y = 0
1m 1− 4y
x1, 2 = .
2
∴ h( y ) = x2 − x1 = 1 − 4 y .
[
This shell has volume δV = π (4 − y + δy ) − (4 − y ) h( y )
2 2
]
= 2πy 1 − 4 y δy (ignoring (δy ) ).
2
1/ 4 1/ 4
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πy 1 − 4 y δy = 2π ∫ y 1 − 4 y dy .
δy →0
y=0 0
1 − y′ 1
Substitution y = , dy = − dy ′ gives
4 4
0
π  y ′3/ 2 y ′ 5/ 2  π
0
V = −2π ⋅ ∫ (1 − y ′ ) y ′ dy ′ = − 
1
−  = .
16 1 8  3 / 2 5 / 2  1 30
π
30
Problem VOL3_29.
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the circle ( x − b ) 2 + y 2 = a 2
(where b > a ) about the y- axis.
Answer: 2 π 2 a 2 b
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx . Height of the shell is obtained from
( x − b)
2
+ y 2 = a2
y 2 = a 2 − ( x − b)
2
⇒
h( x ) = 2 a 2 − ( x − b) .
2
[ ]
The shell has volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 4πx a 2 − ( x − b) δx
2 2
(ignoring (δx ) ).
2
b+ a b+ a
∴ V = lim ∑ 4πx a2 − ( x − b) δx = 4π ∫ x a 2 − ( x − b) dx .
2 2
δx → 0
x = b− a b− a
Substitution x = x ′ + b , dx = dx ′ gives
a a a
V = 4π ∫ ( x ′ + b) a 2 − x ′ 2 dx ′ = 4π ∫ x ′ a 2 − x ′ 2 dx ′ + 4πb ∫ a 2 − x ′ 2 dx ′ .
−a −a −a
The first integral is equal to zero since the integrand is odd. Substitution x ′ = sin ϕ ,
dx ′ = cos ϕ dϕ into the second integral gives
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
V = 4πa b ∫ 1 − sin ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = 8πa b ∫ cos ϕ dϕ = 8πa b ∫ dϕ
2 2 2 2 2
− π/ 2 0 0
2
π/ 2
 sin 2ϕ 
= 4πa 2 b ϕ +  = 2π 2 a 2 b .
 2  − π/ 2
∴ the volume of the solid is 2π 2 a 2b cubic units.
Problem VOL3_30.
2
y
volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region {( x , y ) : ( x − 1) 2 + ≤ 1} about the y- axis.
4
Answer: 4 π 2 .
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx . Height of the shell is obtained from
y2
( x − 1) + 4 = 1
2
[
y 2 = 4 1 − ( x − 1)
2
]
h( x ) = 2 y = 4 1 − ( x − 1) .
2
[
The shell has volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 8πx 1 − ( x − 1) δx
2
] 2
(ignoring (δx ) ).
2
2 2
∴ V = lim ∑ 8πx 1 − ( x − 1) δx = 8π ∫ x 1 − ( x − 1) dx .
2 2
δx →0
x =0 0
Substitution x = x ′ + 1, dx = dx ′ gives
1 1 1
V = 8π ∫ ( x ′ + 1) 1 − x ′ 2 dx ′ = 8π ∫ x ′ 1 − x ′ 2 dx ′ + 8π ∫ 1 − x ′ 2 dx ′ .
−1 −1 −1
The first integral is equal to zero since the integrand is odd. Substitution x ′ = sin ϕ ,
dx ′ = cos ϕ dϕ into the second integral gives
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
V = 8π ∫
− π/ 2
1 − sin 2 ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = 8π ∫
− π/ 2
cos 2 ϕ dϕ = 8π ∫
− π/ 2
2
dϕ
π/ 2
 sin 2ϕ 
= 4 π ϕ +  = 4π2 .
 2  − π/ 2
∴ the volume of the solid is 4π 2 cubic units.
Problem VOL3_31.
f ( x ) is an even function. The area founded by y = f ( x ) and the x- axis is rotated about
x = − a . The strips of width δx form cylindrical shells of the same height . Show that the
a
volume of the solid is given by V = 4 πa ∫ f ( x ) dx .

0
x = −a Y
y = f (x)
-a δx 0 δx a X
x x
Solution:
Y
x = −a
y = f( x)
V (2) V (1) V (1) V( )

2
-3a -2a -a δx 0 δx a X
r1(1)(x )
r1(2 )(x )
Let us split the volume V of the solid into volumes V ( ) and V ( ) as shown on the figure. Now
1 2
we shall find the volumes V ( ) and V ( ) .

1 2
1) Volume V ( ) :
1
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1( ) ( x ) = x + a , r2( ) ( x ) = x + a + δx , and height
1 1
h( x ) = f ( x ) . The shell has volume δV ( ) = π  r2( ) ( ) − (r ( ) )  h( x) = 2π( x + a) f ( x) δx

2 2
1 1 1
(ignoring

1
(δx )
2
).
0 0
∴ V (1) = lim
δx → 0
∑ 2π( x + a) f ( x ) δx = 2π ∫ ( x + a) f ( x ) dx .
x =− a −a
Substitution x → − x gives
0
V (1) = −2π ∫ ( − x + a) f (− x ) dx .
a
a
Then f ( − x ) = f ( x ) ⇒ V (1)
= 2π ∫ ( − x + a) f ( x ) dx .
0
( 2)
2) Volume V :
The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1( ) ( x ) = x + 2a , r2( ) ( x ) = x + 2a + δx , and height
2 2
h( x ) = f ( x ) . The shell has volume
δV ( ) = π  r2( ) ( ) − (r( ) )  h( x) = 2π( x + a) f ( x) δx (ignoring (δx ) ).

2 2 2
2 2 2

1
a a
∴ V ( 2) = lim ∑ 2π( x + a) f ( x ) δx = 2π ∫ ( x + a) f ( x ) dx .
δx → 0
x=0 0
a a
Thus V = V (1)
+V ( 2)
= 2π ∫ (− x + a) f ( x ) dx + 2π ∫ ( x + a) f ( x ) dx
0 0
a a
[ ]
= 2π ∫ (− x + a ) + ( x + a ) f ( x ) dx = 4πa ∫ f ( x ) dx .
0 0
a
∴ the volume of such a solid is 4πa ∫ f ( x ) dx .
0
Problem VOL3_32.
The centres of two circles , each of radius 2 cm , are 2 cm apart. The region common to the two
circles is rotated about one of the tangents to this region which is perpendicular to the line
joining the centres. Show that the volume of the solid formed is given by
1
V = 8π ∫ 4 − ( x + 1 ) dx , and hence find the volume.

2
Hint: Use the formula obtained in problem 31.
Answer:
4π
3
( )
4π − 3 3 cubic cm.
Solution:
We can apply the formula derived above taking into account that the shape of the volume V to
be found is symmetrical with respect to the plane Y = 0 .
a
Hence V = 2 ⋅ 4πa ∫ f ( x ) dx .
0
The equation of the left circle is ( x + 1) + y 2 = 4 .

2
Therefore f ( x ) = 4 − ( x + 1) , and a = 1.
2
∴ V = 8π ∫ 4 − ( x + 1) dx .
2
We make the substitution x = 2 sin ϕ − 1 , dx = 2cos ϕ dϕ . Obtain new lower and upper limits of
integration:
the lower limit: xl = 0
0 = 2 sin ϕ l − 1
π
ϕ l = sin −1 ( 1 2 ) = ;
6
the upper limit: xu = 1
1 = 2 sin ϕ u − 1
π
ϕ u = sin −1(1) = .
2
π π π
2
1 + cos 2ϕ
[ ]
2 2
∴ V = 8π ⋅ 2 ∫ 4 − (2 sin ϕ − 1) + 1 cos ϕ dϕ = 32π ∫ cos 2 ϕ dϕ = 32π ∫
2
dϕ
π π π 2
6 6 6
π
 π sin π  π sin( π3 )   π 3  4π
 sin 2ϕ 
( )
2
= 16π ϕ + = 16 π  + −  +   = 16 π  − = 4π − 3 3 .
 2  π  2 2 6 2   3 4  3
6
∴ the volume of the solid is

4π
3
( )
4π − 3 3 cubic cm.
Problem VOL3_33.
The region between the two curves y =
1
2
(e x
)
+ e − x and y =
1
2
(e x
)
− e − x . bounded by the y-axis
and the line x = 1 is rotated about the y- axis. Use cylindrical shells to show that the volume of
1
the solid generated is given by V = 2 π∫ xe − x dx , and hence calculate this volume.

0
(
Answer: 2 π 1 − 2 e −1 . )
Solution:
The typical cylindrical shell has radii x , x + δx , and height
h( x ) = 1
2 (e x
) ( )
+ e − x − 12 e x − e− x = e− x .
[
This shell has volume δV = π ( x + δx ) − x 2 h( x ) = 2πx e− x δx
2
] (ignoring (δx ) ).
2
[ ] ( )
1 1 1
∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx e δx = 2π ∫ x e dx = −2π ∫ x de − x = −2π xe − x + e − x = 2π 1 − 2e −1 .

−x −x 1
δx → 0 0
x =0 0 0
∴ (
the volume of the solid is 2π 1 − 2e−1 cubic units. )
Problem VOL3_34.
The base of a particular solid is the region bounded by the parabola y 2 = 4 x between its vertex
(0, 0) and its latus rectum . Every cross-section perpendicular to the x- axis is an equilateral
triangle with one side in the base of the solid. Find the volume of the solid.
Hint: The latus rectum of the parabola y 2 = 4 x is the line x = 1 .
Answer: 2 3 .
Solution:
The latus rectum of the parabola y 2 = 4 x is the line x = 1. The slice is an equilateral triangle
with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .
3 s2 ( x )
A( x ) = , s( x ) = 2 x
4
∴ A( x ) = 4 3 x .
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = 4 3 x δx .
1
1 1 2
x
Then the volume of the solid is V = lim
δx → 0
∑4
x =0
3 x δx = 4 3 ∫ x dx =4 3
2
=2 3.
0 0
∴ the volume of the solid is 2 3 cubic units.
Problem VOL3_35.
A right circular cone has height h and base radius r. By considering cross-sections parallel to
1
the base of the cone , show that its volume is given by V = πr 2 h .
3
2
hr
Answer: π .
3
Solution:
Slicing the cone parallel to its base gives circular slices of radius ρ , thickness δz , and z is the
height of the slice above the base.
BC AB ρ h− z r( h − z )
∆ ABC ||| ∆ ADE ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ρ = .
DE AD r h h
2
 r
The slice has volume δV = πρ2 ( z ) δz = π  ( h − z ) δz .
2
 h
2 2
 r r
h h
Then the volume of the solid is V = lim ∑ π  ( h − z ) δz = π   ∫ (h − z)

2 2
dz .
δz → 0
z =0
 h  h 0
2 0 2 0
 r  r  z′
3
hr 2
Substitution z = h − z ′ , dz = − dz ′ gives V = − π   ∫h z ′ dz ′ = − π h  3 = π 3 .
2
 h h
Problem VOL3_36.
2 2
x y
The base of a particular solid is the ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1 . Every cross-section perpendicular to
a b
the x- axis is an equilateral triangle with one side in the base of the solid. Find the volume of the
solid.
2
4 ab
Answer: .
3
Solution:
The slice is an equilateral triangle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .

3 s2 ( x ) x2
A( x ) = s( x ) = 2b 1 − 2
4 a
 x2 
∴ A( x ) = 3b2 1 − 2  .
 a 
 x2 
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = 3b2 1 − 2  δx .
 a 
Then the volume of the solid is
a
a
 x2  a
 x2   x3  4 ab2
V = lim ∑ 3b 1 − 2  δx = 3b2 ∫ 1 − 2  dx = 3b2  x − 2  =
 a 
2
.
− a
δx → 0
x =− a a   3a  − a 3
4 ab2
3
Problem VOL3_37.
2 2
x y
The base of a particular solid is the region bounded by the hyperbola − = 1 between its
4 12
vertex (2, 0) and the corresponding latus rectum. Every cross-section perpendicular to the major
axis is a semicircle with diameter in the base of the solid. Find the volume of the solid.
2 2
x y
Hint: The latus rectum of the hyperbola − = 1 is the line x = 4 .
4 12
Answer: 16 π.
Solution:
x2 y2
The latus rectum of the hyperbola − = 1 is the line x = 4 . The slice is a semicircle with
4 12
radius r , area of cross-section A and thickness δx .
πr 2 ( x ) x2
A( x ) = r ( x ) = 12 ⋅ −1
2 4
 x2 
∴ A( x ) = 6π − 1 .
 4 
 x2 
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = 6π  − 1 δx .
 4 
Then the volume of the solid is
4
4
 x2  4
 x2   x3 
V = lim ∑ 6 π − 1 δx = 6π ∫  − 1 dx = 6π  − x = 16π .
δx → 0
x =2  4  2
4   4 ⋅3  2
Problem VOL3_38.
The base of a particular solid is the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 . Every cross-section perpendicular to the
axis is a semi-ellipse with minor axis in the base of the solid and semi-major axis equal to its
minor axis. Find the volume of the solid.
2 2
x y
Hint: Show that the area enclosed by the ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1 is πab .
a b
32π
Answer: .
3
Solution:
x2 y2
Let the area enclosed by the ellipse + = 1 is the sum of areas A1 and A2 , i.e. A = A1 + A2 ,
a 2 b2
x2
where A1 = A2 . The area A1 is enclosed by the curve y ( x ) = b 1 − 2 and the x -axis. Hence
a
a
x2
A1 = ∫ b 1 − dx . Substitution x = a sin ϕ , dx = a cos ϕ dϕ gives
−a
a2
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
1 + cos 2ϕ
A1 = ab ∫ 1 − sin ϕ cos ϕ dϕ = ab ∫ cos ϕ dϕ = ab ∫ dϕ
2 2
− π/ 2 − π/ 2 − π/ 2
2
π/ 2
ab  sin 2ϕ  πab
= ϕ +  = .
2  2  − π/ 2 2
∴ A = 2 A1 = πab .
The slice is a semi-ellipse with semi-minor axis a , semi-major axis b , area of cross-section A ,
thickness δx .
πab
A= b = 2a ∴ A = πa 2 .
2
a( x ) = 4 − x 2 ∴ A( x ) = π 4 − x 2 .( )
The volume of the slice is δV = A( x ) δx = π 4 − x 2 δx . Then ( )
2
2
 x3  32π
∑ π(4 − x ) δx = π ∫ ( )
2
∴ V = lim 2
4 − x dx = π  4 x −  =
2
.
δx → 0
x =−2 −2  3  −2 3
32π
3
Problem VOL3_39.
The base of a particular solid is x 2 + y 2 = 4 . Every cross-section perpendicular to the x- axis is
a parabolic segment with axis of symmetry passing through the x- axis and height the length of
its base. Find the volume of the solid.
256
Answer: .
9
Solution:
The slice is a parabolic segment with area of cross-section A , thickness δx . To calculate the
area of the cross-section we need to deduce the equation z ( y ) of the bounding parabola. We
have
z( y ) = α + β y 2
z ( y ) y= 0 = l ⇒α=l
2
 l
z ( y ) y =± l = 0 ⇒ l + β   = 0 ⇒ β = −
4
2  z l
∴ z( y) = l − y 2 .
4
l
 4 
l/ 2 l/2
The area of the segment is A = ∫ z ( y ) dy = ∫  l − y 2  dy .
− l/ 2 − l/ 2
 l 
4
Integrand l − y 2 is even
l
l/2
 4 
l/2
 4 y3  2l 2
∴ A = 2 ∫  l − y 2  dy = 2 ly −  = .
0
 l   l 30 3
( ).
( )
2 8 4 − x2
Then, l ( x ) = 2 4 − x 2 , A( x ) =
2
⋅ 2 4 − x2 =
3 3
The volume of the solid is δV = A( x ) δx =
(
8 4 − x2 ) δx .
3
2
(
8 4−x 2
) δx = 8 (4 − x ) dx = 8  4 x − x 
2 3
2
256
∴ V = lim
δx →0
∑ 3 3∫
2
3 3
=
9
.
x =−2 −2 −2
256
9
Problem VOL3_40.
The solid shown has a semicircular base of radius 2 units. Vertical cross-sections perpendicular
to the diameter are right-angled triangles whose height is bounded by the parabola z = 4 − x 2 .
By slicing at right angles to the x- axis , show that the volume of the solid is given by
∫ (4 − x )
2
2 3/2
V = dx , and hence calculate this volume.
0
Answer: 3 π. .
Solution:
The slice is a right-angled triangle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .

yz (4 − x )
3/ 2
2
A( x ) = = .
2 2
(4 − x )
3/ 2
2
The slice has volume δV = A( x ) δx = δx . The volume of the solid is
2
( 4− x )
3/ 2
2
∫( ) ( )
2 2 2
3/ 2 3/ 2
V = lim
δx → 0
∑ 2
δx = 1
2
4−x 2
dx = ∫ 4 − x 2 dx .
x =−2 −2 0
Substitution x = 2sin ϕ , dx = 2cos ϕ dϕ gives
π/ 2 π/ 2 π/ 2
∫ (1 − sin ϕ) ∫ [ 12 (1 + cos 2ϕ)]

3/ 2 2
V = 16 2
cos ϕ dϕ = 16 ∫ cos ϕ dϕ = 16 4
dϕ
0 0 0
π/ 2 π/ 2
 sin 4ϕ 
[
= 4 ∫ 1 + 2 cos 2ϕ + (1 + cos 4ϕ) dϕ = 4 32 ϕ + sin 2ϕ +
1
2

] 8  0
= 3π .
0

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Topic 8. Volumes.

∴ V = lim ∑ π 1 − tan 2 y δy = π ∫ 1 − tan 2 y dy

Deduce the equation of r ( y ) : ( )

The slice has volume δV = πr 2 ( y ) δy = π ( )

Substitution y = a( z +1) , dy = 2a( z + 1) dz yields

The slice has volume δV1 = πr 2 ( y ) δy = − π ln y δy .

Substitution y = 2 sin ϕ, dy = 2 cos ϕ dϕ gives

quadratic equation. The slice has volume δV = π(r2 + r1 )(r2 − r1 ) δy .

δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[ y 2 − (1 − 1 − y 2 ) 2 ]δy = π[ y 2 − (1 + 1 − y 2 − 2 1 − y 2 )]

δV = π( r22 − r12 ) δy = π[(1 − y ) 2 − (1 − 1 − y 2 ) 2 ]δy = π[ 2 y 2 − 2 y − 1 + 2 1 − y 2 ]δy .

Let I = ∫ 1 − y dy . Make the substitution y = sin t .

∴ V = lim ∑ π y 2 + 2 y 3 − 2 y − y 3 δy = ∫ π y 2 + 2 y 3 − 2 y − y 3 dy =

Let P ( x , y ) = P ( x , x ) lies on the curve y = x 2 .

∫ ( x − 2 x + x )(1 + 2 x ) dx = ∫(x − 3 x 4 + 2 x 5 )(1 + 2 x ) dx =

∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx sin x δx = 2π ∫ x sin x dx = −2π ∫ x d cos x

The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( y ) = e − y , r2 ( y ) = e − y + δy , and height h( y ) = ln y .

∴ V = lim ∑ 2 π(e − y ) ln y δy = 2π ∫ (e − y ) ln y dy = −2π ∫

The typical cylindrical shell has radii r1 ( x ) = 1 − x , r2 ( x ) = 1 − x + δx , and height h( x ) = e − e x .

∴ the volume of the solid is π(4 − e) cubic units.

The typical cylindrical shell has radii y , y + δy , and height h( y ) . We have

volume of the solid is given by V = 4 πa ∫ f ( x ) dx .

V (2) V (1) V (1) V( )

we shall find the volumes V ( ) and V ( ) .

h( x ) = f ( x ) . The shell has volume δV ( ) = π  r2( ) ( ) − (r ( ) )  h( x) = 2π( x + a) f ( x) δx

h( x ) = f ( x ) . The shell has volume

δV ( ) = π  r2( ) ( ) − (r( ) )  h( x) = 2π( x + a) f ( x) δx (ignoring (δx ) ).

V = 8π ∫ 4 − ( x + 1 ) dx , and hence find the volume.

Hint: Use the formula obtained in problem 31.

The equation of the left circle is ( x + 1) + y 2 = 4 .

∴ the volume of the solid is

the solid generated is given by V = 2 π∫ xe − x dx , and hence calculate this volume.

∴ V = lim ∑ 2πx e δx = 2π ∫ x e dx = −2π ∫ x de − x = −2π xe − x + e − x = 2π 1 − 2e −1 .

∴ the volume of the solid is 2 3 cubic units.

Then the volume of the solid is V = lim ∑ π  ( h − z ) δz = π   ∫ (h − z)

The slice is an equilateral triangle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .

The slice is a right-angled triangle with area of cross-section A , thickness δx .

∫ (1 − sin ϕ) ∫ [ 12 (1 + cos 2ϕ)]

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