Microwave Theory and Techniques

Course Instructor

Prof. Girish Kumar

Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay
gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in, prof.gkumar@gmail.com
(022) 2576 7436
Teaching Assistants

Ms. Rinkee Ms. Rajbala Mr. Vinay B. Narayane

rinkee.may10@gmail.com rajbala21@gmail.com vinaynarayane21@gmail.com
 Course Outline
1. Introduction to Microwaves: History and Applications, Effect on Human Body
2. Microwave Transmission Modes, Waveguides, and Transmission Lines
3. Smith Chart, Impedance Matching, ABCD and S-parameters
4. Power Dividers, Combiners and Couplers
5. Microwave Filters
6. Microwave Diodes and Attenuators, RF Switches, Phase Shifters
7. Microwave Transistors, Amplifiers and LNA Design
8. Power Amplifiers and Microwave Tubes
9. Microwave Oscillators and Mixers
10. Antennas – Fundamentals, Dipole, Monopole, Arrays, Horn, Helical, Microstrip,
Reflector, Yagi-Uda
11. RF MEMS, Microwave Measurements, Microwave Systems and Imaging
12. Software Session and Lab Demonstration
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Reference Books on Microwave Circuits
1. D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
2. K.C. Gupta, et. al., CAD of Microwave Circuits, Artech House, 1981.
3. B. Bhat and S.K. Koul, Stripline Like Transmission Structures, John Wiley & Sons,
1989.
4. R.E. Collin, Foundation of Microwave Engineering, McGraw Hill, 2001.
5. S.Y. Liao, Microwave Circuit Analysis and Amplifier Design, Prentice Hall, 1987.
6. I. J. Bahl and P. Bhartia, Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, John Wiley & Sons,
2003
7. G. D. Vendelin, A. M. Pavio, and U. L. Rohde, Microwave Circuit Design using Linear
and Nonlinear Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
8. Stephen A. Maas, Microwave Mixers, Artech House, 1986
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Reference Books on Antennas
1. J. D. Kraus, Ronald J. Marhefka, Ahmad Khan, Antennas and Wave Propogation,
4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2017
2. Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley, 4th Edition,
2016
3. G. Kumar and K.P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, 2003

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Applications and Frequency Bands
 FM Radio – Frequency: 88 to 108 MHz
 CDMA – 824 to 890 MHz
 GSM900 - 890 to 915 and 935 to 960 MHz
 GPS – 1575 + 10 MHz
 GSM1800 – 1710 to 1780 and 1810 to 1880 MHz
 3G - 1920 to 1980 and 2110 to 2170 MHz
 4G – 2300 to 2400 MHz
 Wi-Fi – 2400 to 2483 MHz and 5.2/5.8 GHz Band
 Satellite and Defense Communications (HF to mm wave)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Microwave Applications: Overview
Civil Military
Wireless Communication Aircraft Safety and Navigation
Vehicle Collision Avoidance RADAR
Remote Sensing Missile Guidance and Control

Applications
Medical
Cancer/Tumor Detection
Medical Diagnostics and Therapy
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 History of Electromagnetic Waves
Excellent Coverage on History of Electromagnetic Waves ഥ =ρ
𝛻. 𝐃

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory ഥ=0
𝛻. 𝐁

ഥ
𝜕𝑩
𝛻 × 𝐄ത = −
1860’s James Clerk Maxwell 𝜕t
ഥ
𝜕𝑫
ഥ = 𝑱ҧ +
𝛻 ×𝑯
𝜕t
1891 Heinrich Hertz
Original apparatus
Validated used by Hertz for his
Maxwell’s Theory electromagnetics
experiments
Image sources: Wikipedia Image source: D.M. Pozar, Microwave
Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2012

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 History of Microwave Engineering
Radio Communication: Historical Events
1895 Jagadish Chandra Bose
• First public demonstration of electromagnetic waves.
• Using to ring a bell remotely and to explode some
gunpowder

1896 Alexander Stepanovich Popov in Russia was doing similar experiments in

1895 and wrote a paper to the Journal of the Russian Physical-Chemical
Society in January 1896
1901 Guglielmo Marconi
First transatlantic radio communication over a distance of 2000 miles
from Poldhu, UK to Newfoundland, St. Johns in December 1901.
sources: Wikipedia, https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html, http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 History of Microwave Engg. (Contd.)
Transmission Lines: Historical Events
1897 Lord Rayleigh
• Showed that waves could propagate within a hollow conducting cylinder
• First presented the idea of critical/cut-off frequencies in waveguides
1930s Systematic Development of
waveguide theory (hollow
metallic waveguides)
simultaneously by two groups,
one at Bell Labs and other at
MIT labs Source: History of Wireless, By T. K. Sarkar, Robert Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner,
M. Salazar-Palma, Dipak L. Sengupt
1950 Robert M. Barrett 1952 Federal Telecommunications Laboratories (ITT)
Invented Stripline Invented Microstrip Lines
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 History of Microwave Engg. (Contd.)
Solid-State Microwave Devices and Systems: Historical Events
1942 MIT Radiation Laboratory
• First X-band Radar was developed in 1942
(This did not contain any solid state devices)
1947 John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter
Brattain at Bell Labs invented the transistor. Source: Wikipedia

1954 Morris Tanenbaum et al. at Bell

Laboratories were the first to develop
a working silicon transistor

1965 C.A. Mead, Cal Tech 1970 Texas Instruments invented

Invention of GaAs Solid-State Radar at X-band
MESFET http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=869524
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
Microwave Communication Systems
Modulating Transmitter
Signal
Impedance
Modulator Amplifier Matching
Network
Carrier
Signal
Receiver
IF Filter Display
RF device/
Mixer and Demodulator
Amplifier speaker
Amplifier

LO

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Microwave Components and Systems
Passive Microwave Components Microwave Systems
T-line  Mobile Phone
Antenna
Power Divider / Combiner  Mobile Phone Jammer
Coupler  Repeater / Signal Enhancer
Filter  RFID
Attenuator
 RF Transceiver
Active Microwave Components  GPS and GSM Modules
Amplifier  Radar
Oscillator  RF Energy Harvesting
Mixer
 Microwave Equipment
RF Switch
Phase Shifter  High Power Microwave System
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line
Stripline

Waveguide Microstrip Line

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Antennas
Monopole / Dipole
Loop / Slot
Antenna Array
Microstrip (Patch)
Helical
Horn
Yagi-Uda
Log-Periodic
Reflector

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Power Dividers/Combiners
2 – Way
3 – Way
4 – Way

Two – way
Power Divider

Two – way Power Divider Four – way Power Divider

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Branch Line and Directional Couplers

Branch Line Directional Coupler

Coupled Line
Directional Coupler
Microwave Engineering
by DM Pozar
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Microwave Filters
• Low Pass
• High Pass
• Band Pass
• Band Reject (Notch)
Photograph of 7th order LPF

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Attenuators
 Frequency Bands: Narrow Band, Broadband
 I/P VSWR: < 1.2
 O/P VSWR: < 1.2
 Fixed Attenuator:
 Attenuation: 3, 10, 20, 30 dB
 Power Handling: 0.5, 5, 20, 100 W
 Variable Attenuator:
 Attenuation: 3 to 30 dB
 Power Handling: 0.5 W
 Connector: SMA, N-Type

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Amplifiers
 Low Noise Amplifier
(Low NF = 1 to 2 dB with gain = 10 to 20 dB)
(Power output: < 0.01 W = 10 dBm)

 Medium Power Amplifier

(Power output: 0.01 W to 1W) 1W = 0 dB = 30 dBm

 High Power Amplifier

(Power output: > 1 W = 30 dBm)
(Thermal Management is very important)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
Oscillator, Mixer, RF Switch, Phase Shifter
MAX2680 Mixer IC
Oscillator:
Frequency, Amplitude, Phase Noise, Harmonics
Mixer:
Up-converter, down-converter
RF Switch
SPST, SP2T, SP4T Input port Output port

Phase Shifter:
Analog and Digital
Loaded Line Phase Shifter
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Link Budget
Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna
r
Aet Aer

Transmitter Receiver

𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 Wattൗ
𝑃𝑑 =
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑚2 Power Density
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝐴𝑒𝑟 4𝜋𝐴𝑒𝑡
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑟 = Watt 𝐺𝑡 =
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜆2
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 Watt Friis Transmission Equation
4𝜋𝑟
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Power Density and Received Power
Example: A GSM1800 cell tower antenna is transmitting 20 W of power in the
frequency range of 1840 to 1845 MHz. The gain of the antenna is 17 dBi. Find the
power density at a distance of (a) 50 m and (b) 300 m in the direction of maximum
radiation and Power Received.
Pt Gt Wattൗ
Power Density: Pd = 2 𝐺𝑡 = 17 𝑑𝐵 = 50
4πr 2 m
20 x 50 2
(a) r = 50 m: Pd = = 31.8m W Τ m
4π x 502
20 x 50 2
(b) r = 300 m: Pd = = 0.88m W Τ m
4π x 3002
2
𝜆
At r = 300 m and Gr = 0 dB, Power Received: 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 Watt
4𝜋𝑟
Pr = -32 dBm in the main beam
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
Mobile Phone System

Image Source: http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~moon/engr203/read/read1.pdf

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Mobile Phone Jammer / Silencer
Mobile Phone Jammer generates noise, which should be larger than
the signal strength in that location.
Power – Low, medium and high
* Low Power – small range
* High Power – large range
 Single Band or Multi-Band Jammers
 Omni or Directional Antenna
APPLICATIONS
Colleges, Meeting/Seminar Rooms, Prison, Religious Places, VIP
movement, Court, Theater, etc.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Signal Enhancer / Repeater
Signal Enhancer amplifies the weak signal present in that area
Single or Multi – Band
Gain and Power – Low, medium and high
Omni or Directional Antenna

APPLICATIONS
Room, Hall, Open Space, Vehicle, Lift, Garage, Parking Lot

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 GPS and GSM Modules
Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver module gives the
location of the carrier and time and tracks GPS satellites using
circularly polarized antenna at 1575 MHz.
GPS Data can be stored in a memory and retrieved later.
Data can be transmitted using GSM module at a predefined
interval or on demand.
Data can be transmitted using transceiver
APPLICATIONS
Vehicle Tracking, Remote Monitoring, Location Identification,
People Tracking, etc.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 RF Transceivers
RF Transmitter, Receiver and Transceiver
Data can be transmitted using specified frequency by
WPC (Wireless Planning Commission) in India.
- 433 MHz, 866 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz
- Data Rate, Bandwidth
APPLICATIONS
Security, Alarm, Distress Messaging, etc.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
Active and Passive Tags, Reader
Standard Frequency - WPC
- 125 KHz, 13.56 MHz, 866 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz

APPLICATIONS
Retail, Library Management,
Vehicle License Plate,E-Passport,
Product Tracking, Animal Tracking,
Electronic Toll Collection, etc.
Image Source: http://ashtopustech.com/products/rfid/

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
GPR is used for buried objects,
landmine detection.

Reflected amplitude & phase data

are captured for reconstruction of
images for underground objects.

Depth of penetration depends on

transmitted power and frequency.

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

 Radar Systems for Automobiles
10 GHz / 24 GHz Radar System
-To measure speed of the vehicle (5 km/s to 200 km/s)
-To measure length of the vehicle (0.1 m to 10’s of m)
Extremely Sensitive – can detect even hand movement

77 GHz Radar System

Collision Avoidance for the vehicle

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

RF Energy Harvesting System

When a call was initiated using a cell phone in close proximity to

RF Energy Harvesting system, it generated a DC voltage of 6.76 V,
which is sufficient to charge a battery.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 Microwave Equipment
Microwave Generator
Network Analyzer

https://www.keysight.com/en/pcx-x205220/rf-signal-generators-signal-sources?

Spectrum Analyzer

https://www.rfpage.com/s-parameter-formats-in-vector-network-analyzers/

https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/product/fsu-productstartpage_63493-7993.html
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 High Power Microwave Systems
Communication Range is increased
Microwave Heating Applications
- Cooking, Drying, Food Processing
- Hyperthermia
Microwave Bomb
Microwave Weapon http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/programme_rafs_ft_0
1_02_mcfs.html

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay

Microwave Imaging

Breast Cancer Detection

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay
 CONCLUSIONS
RF Technology is rapidly changing.
New Requirements: 5G, Internet of Things (IoT)
Requirement for innovative thinking to meet the
demands and challenges.
Design is the key thing.

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay