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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions and
Answers Pdf- EEE

400+ TOP ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING Interview Questions
and Answers Pdf- EEE

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ELECTRICAL Engineering Interview Questions

with Answers free download – EEE :-
CLICK HERE —-> ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MCQs
Engineering
1. What is electric traction? Questions

Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e.
for railways,trams, trolleys etc).
Electric traction means use of the electricity for all the above machines.
Now a days, magnetic traction is also used for bullet trains.and basically
 dc motors are used for electric traction systems.

2. How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC
without using any choke/Coil?
It’s possible by means of Electronic chokes,otherwise it’s not possible to Ixys
ionize the particles in tube light with normal voltage.
Mdd95
3. What is “pu” in electrical engineering? 16n1b
Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power
distribution and it is like a huge electrical circuit with no of components
(generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). ie.rs-online.com

To bring all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which,
in general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as
base values, then all other component ratings will get back into this
basis.Those values are called as pu values. (p.u=actual value/base value). by Ixys.
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4. Operation carried out in Thermal power stations? When You
The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is Order From
obtained this steam is allowed to hit the turbine , the turbine which is RS.
coupled with the generator generates the electricity.

5. Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in

phase of ac circuit?
Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which
various connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is
given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the
Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for
the particular circuit (i.e load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse OPEN
connected in the particular control circuit alone will blow off.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Interview

Questions
6. How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?
A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series
with the circuit. When supply is provided ,the starter will interrupt the
supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of supply the chock will
generate around 1000 volts . This volt will capable of to break the electrons
inside the tube to make electron flow. once the current passes through the
tube the starter circuit will be out of part. now there is no change of supply
causes choke voltage normalized and act as minimize the current.

7. whats is MARX CIRCUIT?

It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel
and discharging them in series.It is used when voltage required for testing
is higher than the available.

8. What is encoder, how it function?

An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or
data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as
compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding
redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another.
This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm,especially if any
part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog
circuitry.

9. What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?

Advantages :

1. Fast Switching Characteristics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT

2. Low cost
3. Higher Accurate.

10. Why Human body feel Electric shock ?? n in an Electric

train during running , We did nt feel any Shock ? why?
Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The
golden rule is Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation
to our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which
doing some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path
not much current flows through our body).The electric train is well
insulated from its electrical system.

11. what is the principle of motor?

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it
produce turning or twisting movement is called as torque.
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12. Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires

doesn’t get shock?
Its true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they don’t
get electrical shock… if birds touch 2 lines than the circuit is closed and
they get electrical shock.. so if a human touch single one line(phase) then
he doesn’t get shock if he is in the air (not touching – standing on the
ground if he is standing on the ground then touching the line (phase) he
will get a shock because the ground on what we standing is like line
(ground bed – like neutral)? and in the most of electric lines the neutral is
grounded..so that means that human who touch the line closes the circuit
between phase and neutral.

13. what is meant by armature reaction?

The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The
armature flux may support main flux or opposes main flux.

14. what happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to d bulb r tube

light?
Bulbs [devices] for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high
impedance to AC supply. Normally they have low resistance. When DC
supply is applied, due to low resistance, the current through lamp would be
so high that it may damage the bulb element.

15. Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current
DC motor, Induction motor or Synchronous motor?
DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the Induction
motor and Synchronous motors on load, but can not start the DC series
motor without load.

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16. what is ACSR cable and where we use it?
ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used
in transmission & distribution.

17. What is vacuum circuit breaker.define with cause and where

be use it Device?
A breaker is normally used to break a circuit. while breaking the circuit, the
contact terminals will be separated.
At the time of separation an air gap is formed in between the terminals.
Due to existing current flow the air in the gap is ionized and results in the
arc. various mediums are used to quench this arc in respective CB’s. but in
VCB the medium is vacuum gas. since the air in the CB is having vacuum
pressure the arc formation is interrupted. VCB’s can be used up to kv.

18. What will happen when power factor is leading in

distribution of power?
If their is high power factor, i.e if the power factor is close to one:

1. losses in form of heat will be reduced,

2. cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford,
&
3. it also reduces over heating of transformers.

19. whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ?
And electrical engineering & electronics engineering ?
uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to
ups VA it gives backup. ups is also two types : on line and offline . online
ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with with high dc
voltage.but ups start with 2v dc with 7 amp. but inverter is start with
2v,24,dc to 36v dc and 20amp to 80amp battery with long time backup.

20. What is 2 phase motor?

A two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the
running winding have a phase split.
e.g;ac servo motor.where the auxiliary winding and the control winding
have a phase split of 90 degree.
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21. Advantages of vvvf drives over non vvvf drives for EOT
cranes?

1. smooth start and stop.

2. no jerking of load.
3. exact positioning
4. better protection for motor.
5. high/low speed selection.
6. reliability of break shoe.
7. programmable break control.
8. easy circuitry
9. reduction in controls
10. increases motor life

22. What is the significance of vector grouping in Power

Transformers?
Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer.
Fundamentally it tells you the information about how the windings are
connected (delta or wye) and the phace difference between the current and
voltage. EG. DYN means Delta primary, Wye Secondry and the current is
at o clock referred to the voltage.

23. Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan,
exhaust fan, pedestal fan, bracket fan etc) which are find in the
houses ?
Its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are
capacitor start capacitor run.

24. Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?

By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across
the field winding to control the field current.so by changing the current the
flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is
inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control
method:in this method a rheostat is connected across armature winding by
varying the resistance the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can be varied,and
since speed is directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled.
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25. what is the principle of motor?

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it
produce turning or twisting movement is called as torque.

26. what is meant by armature reaction?

The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The
armature flux may support main flux or opposes main flux.

27. Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?

By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across
the field winding to control the field current.so by changing the current the
flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is
inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control
method:in this method a rheostat is connected across armature wdg.by
varying the resistance the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can be varied,and
since speed is directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled.

28. what is the difference between synchronous generator &

asynchronous generator?
In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power
but asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active
power and observe reactive power for magnetizing.This type of generators
are used in windmills.

29. What is the Polarization index value ? (pi value)and simple

definition of polarization index ?
Its ratio between insulation resistance(IR)i.e meggar value for 0min to
insulation resistance for min. It ranges from 5-7 for new motors &
normally for motor to be in good condition it should be Greater than .5 .

30. Why syn. generators are used for the production of

electricity?
synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or
say different imaginary power varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators
r used for the production of electricity.
31. What is the difference between synchronous generator &
asynchronous generator?
In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power
but asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active
power and observe reactive power for magnetizing.This type of generators
are used in windmills.

32. 1 ton is equal to how many watts?

1 ton = 12000 BTU/hr and to convert BTU/hr to horsepower, 12,000 *
0.000929 = 4.715 hp therefore 1 ton = 4.715*.746 = .5 KW.

33. why syn. generators r used for the production of electricity?

synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or
say different imaginary pow varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r
used for the production of electricity.

34. Enlist types of dc generator?

D.C.Generators are classified into two types:

1. separately excited d.c.generator

2. self excited d.c.generator,
which is further classified into;1)series 2)shunt and compound(which
is further classified into cumulative and differential).

35. What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?

AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator.It is important
part in Synchronous Generators, it controls the output voltage of the
generator by controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the
output Reactive Power of the Generator.

36. What is an exciter and how does it work?

There are two types of exciters, static exciter and rotory exciter.purpose of
excitor is to supply the excitation dc voltage to the fixed poles of
generator.Rotory excitor is an additional small generator mounted on the
shaft of main generator. if it is dc generator, it will supply dc to the rotory
poles through slip ring and brushes( conventional alternator). if it is an ac
excitor, out put of ac excitor is rectified by rotating diodes and supply dc to
main fixed poles.ac excitor is the ac generator whose field winding are
stationary and armature rotates. initial voltage is built up by residual
magnetism.It gives the starting torque to the generator.
37. Difference between a four point starter and three point
starter?
The shunt connection in four point stater is provided separately form the
line where as in three point stater it is connected with line which is the
drawback in three point stater

38. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can’t
use ACB?
Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to
air because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y
always vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT .

39. What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning

arrestor?
LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded,where as
surge arrestor installed inside panels comprising of resistors which
consumes the energy and nullify the effect of surge.

40. What happens if i connect a capacitor to a generator load?

Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power
factor,but it will help depends up on the engine capacity of the
alternator,other wise the alternator will be over loaded due to the extra
watts consumed due to the improvement on pf. Secondly, don’t connect a
capacitor across an alternator while it is picking up or without any other
load.

41. Why the capacitors works on ac only?

Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block
the dc components). it allows the ac
components to pass through.

42. Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?

Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit.It has two contacts
namely fixed contact & moving contact.under normal condition the moving
contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby forming the closed
contact for the flow of current. During abnormal & faulty conditions(when
current exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed &
moving contacts & thereby it forms the open circuit Arc is extinguished by
the Arc Quenching media like air, oil, vacuum etc.

43. How many types of colling system it transformers?

 ONAN (oil natural,air natural)
ONAF (oil natural,air forced)
OFAF (oil forced,air forced)
ODWF (oil direct,water forced)
OFAN (oil forced,air forced)

44. Define What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit

breaker?
when breaker is close at one time by close push button,the anti pumping
contactor prevent re close the breaker by close push button after if it
already close.

45. What is stepper motor.what is its uses?

Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied
to it. it is one type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either
direction instead of running in complete cycle.so, in automation parts it is
used.

46. How to calculate capacitor bank value to maintain unity

power factor with some suitable example?
KVAR= KW(TAN(COS(-1)#e)- TAN(COS(-1)#d) )
#e= EXISTING P.F.
#d= DESIRED P.F.

47. Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t. ?(Company:reliance)

The term C.T means current transformer,and the term P.T means potential
transformer.In circuit where measurements of high voltage and high
current is involved they are used there.Particularly when a measuring
device like voltmeter or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of
quantity because of large value of torque due to such high value it can
damage the measuring device.so, CT and PT are introduced in the circuits.
They work on the same principle of transformer, which is based on linkage
of electromagnetic flux produced by primary with secondary.They work on
the ratio to they are designed.E.g if CTis of ratio 50005A and it has to
measure secondary current of 8000A.then ANS=8000*55000=8Aand this
result will be given to ammeter .and after measuring 8A we can calculate
the primary current.same is the operation of PT but measuring voltage.

48. There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those

two have the same supply. For which device the load current
will be maximum? And why?
The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because
the motor consumes real power.. and the transformer is only producing the
working flux and its not consuming.. hence the load current in the
transformer is because of core loss so it is minimum.

49. What is power factor? whether it should be high or low?

why?
Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the
system.Low power factor means losses will be more.it is the ratio of true
power to apparent power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable
over heating & equipment overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then
load will act as capacitor and starts feeding the source and will cause
tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw
more current(V constant),result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to
meet actual power load has to draw less current(V constant),result in less
losses).

50. What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit

Breaker?
Isolator is a off load device which is used for isolating the downstream
circuits from upstream circuits for the reason of any maintenance on
downstream circuits. it is manually operated and does not contain any
solenoid unlike circuit breaker. it should not be operated while it is having
load. first the load on it must be made zero and then it can safely operated.
its specification only rated current is given.But circuit breaker is
onload automatic device used for breaking the circuit in case of abnormal
conditions like short circuit, overload etc., it is having three specification 1
is rated current and 2 is short circuit breaking capacity and 3 is
instantaneous tripping current.

51. what is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the

transformer?
Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer
from its internal faults, it is a gas based relay. whenever any internal fault
occurs in a transformer, the boucholz relay at once gives a horn for some
time, if the transformer is isolated from the circuit then it stop its sound
itself other wise it trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.

52. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?

SF6 is Sulpher hexa Flouride gas.. if this gas is used as arc quenching
medium in a Circuitbreaker means SF6 CB.
53. What is frantic effect?
Output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is
greater than the sending end voltage.

54. What is meant by insulation voltage in cables? explain it?

It is the property of a cable by virtue of it can withstand the applied voltage
without rupturing it is known as insulation level of the cable.

55. Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer (ie:)body

earthing & neutral earthing , what is function. i am going to
install a oo kva transformer & 380 kva DG set what should the
earthing value?
The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system
earthing. In Equipment earthing:
body ( non conducting part)of the equipment shouldd be earthed to
safegaurd the human beings.system Earthing : In this neutral of the supply
source ( Transformer or Generator) should be grounded. With this,in case
of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted.so that unbalanced
voltages will not arise. We can protect the equipment also. With size of the
equipment( transformer or alternator)and selection of relying system
earthing will be further classified into directly earthed,Impedance
earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.

56. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can
be used?
MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for
short circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case
circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic
operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and
under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current
is more than 100A.

57. Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution

lines?
Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and
incomming feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations.

58. Define IDMT relay?

It is an inverse definite minimum time relay.In IDMT relay its operating is
inversely proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after
which this relay operates.It is inverse in the sense ,the tripping time will
decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase.
59. What are the transformer losses?
TRANSFORMER LOSSES – Transformer losses have two sources-copper
loss and magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the
wire (I2R). Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in
the core. Copper loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and
therefore a measurable loss.
Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-
current loss, however, is different for each frequency passed through the
transformer.

60. What is the count of hvdc transmission lines in India?

Resolution:At present there are three hvdc transmission lines in india

chandrapur to padghe(mumbai)–(100 MW at ±00 kV DC)

rehand to delhi (100 MW at ±00 kV DC)
talchal to kolar (200 MW)

61. What is meant by regenerative braking?

Resolution:When the supply is cutt off for a running motor, it still continue
running due to inertia. In order to stop it quickly we place a load(resitor)
across the armature winding and the motor should have maintained
continuous field supply. so that back e.m.f voltage is made to apply across
the resistor and due to load the motor stops quickly.This type of breaking
is called as “Regenerative Breaking”.

62. Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?

Resolution:In DC motors, Voltage equation is V=Eb-IaRa (V = Terminal
voltage,Eb = Back emf in Motor,Ia = Armature current,Ra = Aramture
resistance).At starting, Eb is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra ,where Ra
is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will become enormously increased.

63. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction

motor?
Resolution:
(1). The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of
current during the starting of the motor.Starting current is reduced to 3-4
times Of current of Direct online starting.
(2). Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the
starting of motor in systems are reduced.

64. Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?
Resolution:For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the
secondary must be star winding. and this lighting load is always
unbalanced in all three phases. To minimize the current unbalance in the
primary we use delta winding in the primary. So delta / star transformer is
used for lighting loads.

65. Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer
than the other pins?
Resolution:It depends upon R=rho l/a where area(a) is inversely
proportional to resistance (R), so if (a) increases, R decreases & if R is less
the leakage current will take low resistance path so the earth pin should be
thicker. It is longer because the The First to make the connection and Last
to disconnnect should be earth Pin. This assures Safety for the person who
uses the electrical instrument.

66. Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?

Resolution:Series motor cannot be started without load because of high
starting torque. Series motor are used in Trains, Crane etc.

67. Why ELCB can’t work if N input of ELCB do not connect to

ground?
Resolution:ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and
neutral are connected in an ELCB, the current will flow through phase and
that much current will have to return neutral so resultant current is zero.
Once there is a ground fault in the load side, current from phase will
directly pass through earth and it will not return through neutral through
ELCB. That means once side current is going and not returning and hence
because of this difference in current ELCB wil trip and it will safe guard the
other circuits from faulty loads. If the neutral is not grounded, fault
current will definitely high and that full fault current will come back
through ELCB, and there will be no difference in current.

68. How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator?

For the generation of elect power we need a prime mover which supplies
mechanical power input to the
alternator, can be steam turbines,or hydro turbines .When poles of the
rotor moves under the armature
conductors which are placed on the stator ,field flux cut the armature
conductor ,therefore voltage is generated
and is of sinusoidal in nature…due to polarity change of rotor poles(i,e) N-
S-N-S.
69. Why an ac solenoid valve attract the plunger even though
we interchanges the terminal? Will the poles changes?
Yes because the poles changes for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the
polarity of AC voltage is continuously changing for every half cycle. so,
interchanging of terminals in ac system does not show any difference.
That’s why the ac solenoid attract the plunger even though it’s terminals
are interchanged.

70. What is derating?, why it is necessary, it is same for all

means for drives, motors,and cables.
The current currying of cables will change depending upon the site
temperature (location of site), type of run (it will run through duct, trench,
buried etc.), number of tray, depth of trench, distance between cables.
Considering this condition actual current currying capacity of cable reduce
than current currying capacity (which given to cable Catalogue) this is
called derating.

71. Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and

isolators?
Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means
they carry heavy currents which rises their temperature. so it is necessary
to test this devices for temperature rise.

72. When voltage increases then current also increases then

what is the need of over voltage relay and over current relay?
Can we measure over voltage and over current by measuring
current only?
No.We can’t sense the over voltage by just measuring the current only
because the current increases not only for over voltages but also for under
voltage(As most of the loads are non-linear in nature).So,the over voltage
protection & over current protection are completely different. Over voltage
relay meant for sensing over voltages & protect the system from insulation
break down and firing. Over current relay meant for sensing any
internal short circuit, over load condition ,earth fault thereby reducing the
system failure & risk of fire.So, for a better protection of the system.It
should have both over voltage & over current relay.

73. If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?
If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then the
lamp will glow. When the voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp
and when the difference is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the
type of lamp.
74. How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a particular
load?
At first calculate the electrical current of the load, after that derate the
electrical current considering derating factor(depending on site condition
and laying of cable) after choose the cable size from cable catalog
considering derating electrical current.After that measure the length of
cable required from supply point of load to load poin. Calculate the voltage
drop which will max 3% (resistance and reactance of cable found from
cable catalog of selecting cable) if voltage drop>3% then choose next
higher size of cable.

75. What are HRC fuses and where it is used?

HRC stand for “high rupturing capacity” fuse and it is used in distribution
system for electrical transformers.

76. Which power plant has high load factor?

All base load power plants have a high load factor. If we use high efficiency
power plants to supply the base load,we can reduce the cost of
generation.Hydel power plants have a higher efficiency than thermal &
nuclear power plants.

77. Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?

The different methods of starting an induction motor

DOL:direct online starter

Star delta starter
Auto transformer starter
Resistance starter
Series reactor starter

78. What is the difference between earth resistance and earth

electrode resistance?
Only one of the terminals is evident in the earth resistance. In order to find
the second terminal we should recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance
is the resistance existing between the electrically accessible part of a buried
electrode and another point of the earth, which is far away. The resistance
of the electrode has the following components:
(A) the resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it.
(B) the contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.

79. Explain What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?

A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch
so the power can be shut off at one central location. This relay is powered
by the same electrical source as the control power and is operated by a key
lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the
unit itself. This allows the control power for multiple machines to be
locked out by the turn of a single key switch.

80. What is the power factor of an alternator at no load?

At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for
creating angle difference. So it should be zero lagging like inductor.

81. Explain How to determine capacitor tolerance codes?

Resolution:In electronic circuits, the capacitor tolerance can be
determined by a code that appears on the casing. The code is a letter that
often follows a three-digit number (such as 130Z).The first two are the 1st
and 2nd significant digits and the third is a multiplier code. Most of the
time the last digit tells you how many zeros to write after the first two
digits and these are read as Pico-Farads.

82. Why most of analog o/p devices having o/p range 4 to 20

mA and not 0 to 20 mA?
Resolution:4-20 mA is a standard range used to indicate measured values
for any process. The reason that 4ma is chosen instead of 0 mA is for fail
safe operation .For example- a pressure instrument gives output 4mA to
indicate 0 psi, up to 20 mA to indicate 100 psi, or full scale. Due to any
problem in instrument (i.e) broken wire, its output reduces to 0 mA. So if
range is 0-20 mA then we can differentiate whether it is due to broken
wire or due to 0 psi.

83. Two bulbs of 100w and 40w respectively connected in series

across a 230v supply which bulb will glow bright and why?
Resolution:Since two bulbs are in series they will get equal amount of
electrical current but as the supply voltage is constant across the
bulb(P=V^2/R).So the resistance of 40W bulb is greater and voltage across
40W is more (V=IR) so 40W bulb will glow brighter.

84. What is meant by knee point voltage?

Resolution:Knee point voltage is calculated for electrical Current
transformers and is very important factor to choose a CT. It is the voltage
at which a CT gets saturated.(CT-current transformer).

85. What is reverse power relay?

Resolution:Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations’s
protection. A generating stations is supposed to fed power to the grid and
in case generating units are off,there is no generation in the plant then
plant may take power from grid. To stop the flow of power from grid to
generator we use reverse power relay.

86. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a

transformer?
Resolution:Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance.In
case of DC supply there is no inductance ,only resistance will act in the –>
electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary side
of the transformer.So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.

87. What is the difference between isolators and –>electrical

circuit breakers? What is bus-bar?
Resolution:Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal
conditions but they cannot operate in fault conditions .Actually they used
for isolating the CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under
fault conditions according to the fault detected.Bus bar is nothing but a
junction where the power is getting distributed for independent loads.

88. What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full

Wave rectifier?
Resolution:It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and
arching across the mechanical switch so that it reduces the voltage spike
seen in a inductive load

89. What is the function of interposing current transformer?

Resolution:The main function of an interposing current transformer is to
balance the currents supplied to the relay where there would otherwise be
an imbalance due to the ratios of the main current transformers.
Interposing current transformer are equipped with a wide range of taps
that can be selected by the user to achieve the balance required.

90. What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different
ways the motor generator set can be used ?
Resolution:Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical
generator and an engine mounted together to form a single piece of
equipment. Motor generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more
commonly, a generator.
The motor generator set can used in the following different ways:

Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)

 DC to AC
DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage
AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency

91. Define what is power quality meter ?

Power Quality meters are common in many industrial environment. Small
units are now available for home use as well. They give operators the
ability to monitor the both perturbations on the power supply, as well as
power used within a building, or by a single machine or appliance. In some
situations, equipment function and operation is monitored and controlled
from a remote location where communication is via modem, or highspeed
communication lines.So we can understand the importance of power
measurement through power quality meters.

92. What is the different between digital phase converter and

ordinary phase converter?
Digital phase converter are a recent development in phase converter
technology that utilizes proprietary software in a powerful microprocessor
to control solid state power switching components. This microprocessor,
called a digital signal processor (DSP), monitors the phase conversion
process, continually adjusting the input and output modules of the
converter to maintain perfectly balanced three-phase power under all load
conditions.

93. Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer?

A variable frequency transformer is used to transmit electricity between
two asynchronous alternating current domains. A variable frequency
transformer is a doubly-fed electric machine resembling a vertical shaft
hydroelectric generator with a three-phase wound rotor, connected by slip
rings to one external ac power circuit.
A direct-current torque motor is mounted on the same shaft. Changing the
direction of torque applied to the shaft changes the direction of power
flow; with no applied torque, the shaft rotates due to the difference in
frequency between the networks connected to the rotor and stator.The
variable frequency transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable
phase-shifting transformer. It allows control of the power flow between
two
networks .

94. What is the main use of rotary phase converter ?

Rotary phase converter will be converting single phase power into true
balanced 3 phase power,so it is often called as single phase to three phase
converter . Often the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3 phase
equipment, make it worthwhile to convert single phase to 3 phase so that
small and large consumers need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3
phase service but may still wish to use 3 phase equipment.

95. Use of switch mode power converter in real-time basis?

Switch mode power converter can be used in the following 5 different ways

1. step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc

output voltage using a circuit known as Buck Converter or Step-Down
SMPS,
2. step up an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc
output voltage using a circuit known as Boost Converter or Step-Up
SMPS,
3. step up or step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a
regulated dc output voltage,
4. invert the input dc voltage using usually a circuit such as the Cuk
converter, and
5. produce multiple dc outputs using a circuit such as the fly-back
converter.

96. Which type of oil is used as a transformer oil?

Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly-refined mineral oil
that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating
properties. It is used in oil filled transformers, some types of high voltage
capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage
switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona
and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.
Well into the 170s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)s were often used as a
dielectric fluid since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and under
incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as furan.
Starting in the early 170s, concerns about the toxicity of PCBs have led to
their banning in many countries.
Today, non-toxic, stable silicon-based or fluoridated hydrocarbons are
used, where the added expense of a fireresistant liquid offsets additional
building cost for a transformer vault. Combustion-resistant vegetable oil-
based dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid (C7,
C8) esters are also becoming increasingly common as alternatives to
naphthenic mineral oil. Esters are non-toxic to aquatic life, readily
biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and higher flash points than
mineral oil.