GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT MAINTAINED

Attributes of sex… SANCTIONED

1. Maleness  By pervasive mechanism of social control
2. Femaleness Manifestations of Gender Bias
Female Male Marginalization
Chromosomes XX XY Subordination
Hormones Estrogen (progesterone) Androgen (testosterone) Multiple Burden
Organs Vagina/Ovary Penis/Testes Gender Stereotyping
Gender refers to… Violence against women/person
1. Expectations associated with two sexes Effects on personhood
2. Socially learned behaviour What is Gender Bias?
Attributes of Gender… A form of oppression that is based on one’s gender
1. Masculinity Based on the belief that women are the weaker sex; therefore, not deserving of
2. Feminity the same rights we give to men – viewed as the superior sex
Female gender role is associated with appropriate concepts and traits of feminity: Manifestations of Gender Bias
 Submissiveness school Marginalization media
 Modesty
Subordination
 Nurturance family Multiple Burden work
Male gender role is associated with appropriate concepts and traits of masculinity:
Gender stereotyping
 Aggressiveness
church Violence against women state
 Arrogance
Effects on personhood
 Strength
Gender Role Socialization – the process of learning and internalizing culturally approved
ways of thinking, feeling and behaving according to one’s sex gender
Gender Socialization is shaped by: I. Good Citizenship Core Values
 Family A. Pro-GOD (Pagkamaka-DIOS)
 School  Faith in the Almighty God – be God-fearing and live according to his will.
 Church  Respect for Life – Recognize the absolute value of human life and the human
 Media dignity of every person. Do not inflict harm on others.
 Status  Order – Respect the human rights of one another and comply with your duties and
Three aspects of gender roles responsibilities.
Positions with social structure/hierarchy indicating where women and men belong  Work – Be diligent and earn an honest living. Do not engage in crime and
or expected to belong corruption.
Behaviours prescribed for women and men  Concern for the Family and Future Generations – look after the good and
Proper relationship between roles welfare of your family and future generations.
Gender Roles: B. Pro-PEOPLE (Pagkamaka-TAO)
1. Productive  Love – Look after the good and welfare of one another.
2. Reproductive  Freedom – Assert your right to be able to do the right things.
3. Community Managing  Peace – Live and work together in harmony. Avoid violence as a way of settling
4. Community leadership or constituency-based role disputes.
Gender Role therefore…  Truth – Stand up for the truth and avoid intrigue and mudslinging.
 Deny women access to public world of…  Justice – Give everyone their due. Do not oppress or take advantage of anyone.
Work C. Pro-NATION/COUNTRY (Pagkamaka-BAYAN)
Achievement  Unity – Work together and share with one another.
Independence  Equality – Treat one another as brothers and sisters being children of one God
Power and one nation.
 Deny men access to being…  Respect for Law and Government – Obey the laws of the land and support
Nurturant government programs.
Emotive
 Patriotism – Place the good of the country above one’s own.
Domestic-life oriented world
 Promotion of the Common Good – Put the welfare of the greater number of
Traditional Gender Roles…
people over one’s own. Do not be greedy and selfish.
 Limit the psychological and social potentials of human beings
D. Pro-NATURE/ENVIRONMENT (Pagkamaka-KALIKASAN)
 Once they are internalized, they are further…
REINFORCED  Concern for the Environment – Keep your surroundings clean and conserve our
natural resources.