FO L IA PH O E N IC IA

Direttori/Editors
Piero Bartoloni · Michele Guirguis

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Comitato scientifico/Editorial Board
Ana Margarida Arruda · Maria Eugenia Aubet · Mohamed Hassine Fantar
Anna Chiara Fariselli · Michel Al-Maqdissi · Dirce Marzoli · Federico Mazza
Jean-Paul Morel · Lorenzo Nigro · Hélène Sader · Francesca Spatafora · Raimondo Zucca

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A Yearly Journal.
The eContent is Archived with Clocks and Portico.
FOLIA PHOENICIA
AN IN TE R NATIO NAL JO UR NAL

2 · 2018

PISA · ROMA
FA B R I ZI O SERR A EDI TOR E
MMXV I I I
 Volume pubblicato con il contributo della

Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Pisa n. 12 del 13 dicembre 2017

Direttore responsabile: Fabrizio Serra

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 F ro m th e Me dite r r an e an to th e Atlan tic :
pe o pl e , g o o ds an d ide a s b e twe e n E ast an d We st
i i.

8th in t e rnat i ona l con g re ss o f ph o e n i ci a n a n d p un i c st udi e s

Italy, Sardinia
Carbonia, Sant’Antioco
21th-26th October 2013

edited by michele guirguis

Locandina dell’viii Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici.
 SOMMARI O

FRO M THE MEDI TE R R A N EA N TO THE ATL A N TI C:

P E O P L E, GO O DS AND I D E A S B E TWE EN EA ST A N D WE ST
ii.
*
th
8 in t e rnat iona l con g re ss o f ph o e n i cia n a n d p un i c st udi e s
Italy, Sardinia
Carbonia, Sant’Antioco
21th-26th October 2013
edited by michele guirguis

Francisco J. Núñez Calvo, La cerámica fenicia y su función en un contexto funerario 11

Dalit Regev, Phoenician urns and the Hittite-Canaanite trade route 20
Adriano Orsingher, «Note moziesi» dal tofet: un’analisi a partire dalla sequenza ceramica del campo d’urne 29
Elisabetta Gallo, Due pesi di piombo dalla “Casa del pozzo quadrato” a Mozia 35
Francesca Oliveri, Maria Pamela Toti, Materiali recenti della strada sommersa di Mozia 42
Sebastiano Tusa, Giovanni Garbini, Cecilia Albana Buccellato, Una testimonianza dell’arte militare navale puni-
ca: il Rostro Egadi 3 49
Emanuele Madrigali, Arturo Zara, Anfore fenicie e puniche con contenuti alimentari dai rinvenimenti di Michel Cassien
a Nora 54
Marianna Castiglione, La ceramica da cucina fenicio-punica di Pani Loriga (Area A): contesti, forme e usi 59
Giovanna Pietra, Bracieri ellenistici da Su Landiri Durci, Carbonia 65
Maria Adele Ibba, Un volto dal passato: la testa di Nero da San Vero Milis in Sardegna 70
Enrico Dirminti, Le lamine degli astucci porta-amuleti di Tharros 76
Lucio Salvatore Deriu, Documenti sul sistema ponderale fenicio in Sardegna 81
Carlos Martín Hernández, Trans-Mediterranean silver-trade from the perspective of Iberian ores and Hacksilber in the
Cisjordan Corpus 87
Martine Fourmont, Philippe Tisseyre, Atelier metallurgici sull’isolato FF1 nord di Selinunte (Sicilia) 92
Caterina Greco, Osservazioni su Selinunte punica 102
Rowena Giura, La ceramica a vernice nera dagli scavi dell’Università di Roma “La Sapienza” a Mozia: analisi delle produzioni
e della distribuzione tra vi e iv sec. a.C. 108
Florinda Corrias, Ceramica attica a vernice nera da Santu Teru (Senorbì – ca) 114
Vanessa Boschloos, Sardinia, Etruria, Cyprus and the Phoenician homeland: reflections on distribution, chronology, typology
and iconography of scarabs from a “Tyrian group” 123
Cinzia Olianas, Uno scarabeo egittizzante inedito dall’area del pozzo sacro di Sant’Anastasia di Sardara 131
Enrico Giovanelli, Influenze mediterranee nell’iconografia preromana: il caso di alcuni Mischwesen 135
Giuseppina Mammina, Maria Pamela Toti, Coroplastica votiva “greca” dal tofet di Mozia (Marsala, Italia). Le statuette
femminili “Atena Lindia” e “Medma/Locri” 140
Jean-Paul Morel, Les Carthaginois, «passeurs» entre Est et Ouest? 149
Benjamí Costa, Jordi H. Fernández, María José López Grande, Ana Mezquida, Francisca Velázquez,
Propuesta de encuadre cronológico de los amuletos-placa con representación de genitales masculinos realizados en hueso 156
Fátima Barreiro Espinal, Los amuletos egiptizantes de Gadir. Propuesta tipológica 162
Sara Giardino, Tradizione e innovazione nella produzione della ceramica fenicia da mensa tra viii e vi secolo a.C. nella Penisola
Iberica: gli esiti locali del repertorio orientale 167
Mariano Torres Ortiz, José-María Gener Basallote, María de los Ángeles Navarro García, Juan-
Miguel Pajuelo Sáez, Ester López Rosendo, Los materiales cerámicos de la fase ii (820-750 a.C.) de las excava-
ciones efectuadas en el Teatro Cómico (Gadir/Cádiz) 176
Ester López Rosendo, Juan-Miguel Pajuelo Sáez, María de los Ángeles Navarro García, José-María
Gener Basallote, Mariano Torres Ortiz, Materiales cerámico del tránsito entre los siglos vii y vi a.C. hallados
en las intervenciones arqueológicas realizadas en el Teatro Cómico (Gadir/Cádiz) 186
Antonio M. Sáez Romero, Ricardo Belizón Aragón, Nuevos datos del los talleres cerámicos insulares de la Gadir pú-
nica. Resultados preliminares de recientes excavaciones en el entorno de Villa Maruja – Polígono Janer (San Fernando, Cádiz) 194
10 sommario

Javier Jiménez Ávila, Phoenician male bronze figurines: new evidence from Huelva and southern Spain 205
Álvaro Gómez Peña, Nueva interpretación simbólica sobre el timiaterio de La Joya (Huelva) 214
María Belén, Carlos P. Odriozola, Juan Manuel Román, Alfarería protohistórica en Carmona (Sevilla) 218
Lara Gelabert Batllori, Indigenismo frente a colonización púnica en el mundo Balear. Introducción y consumo de vino en las
comunidades autóctonas de Mallorca y Menorca (v/iv a.C. - i a.C./i d.C.) 224
Pedro Aguayo De Hoyos, La problemática de la transmisión tecnológica: el caso de la metalurgia protohistórica en el extremo
Occidente mediterráneo. Implicaciones desde el registro arqueológico de algunos asentamientos del interior de los sistemas béticos
(Andalucía, España) 231
Carlos Martín Hernández, Leandro Infantini, Eduardo Rodríguez Núñez, Antonio San José Albacete,
El factor sal en la expansión fenicia occidental y su relación con el posicionamiento de los establecimientos 236
Ricard Marlasca Martín, Fish in royal tombs at Salamis: a Phoenician trait? 241
Barbara Wilkens, Oltre il cibo. L’uso degli animali nell’artigianato, nel commercio e nel culto in Sardegna 247
Gabriele Lauria, Paola Sconzo, Gioacchino Falsone, Luca Sineo, New anthropological data from the archaic
necropolis at Motya (2013 excavation season) 250
Lorenzo Nigro, La Sapienza a Mozia 2010-2016: il primo insediamento fenicio, l’area sacra di Baal e Astarte, il tofet, la necro-
poli, l’abitato, i nuovi scavi alle mura – una sintesi 253
Nicola Chiarenza, All’ombra delle colonne: le aree sacre ai margini del Tempio O nella Selinunte punica 278
Elisa Pompianu, Culti sulcitani tra età fenicia, punica e romana: aspetti di cultura materiale da Sulky 285
Giuseppina Manca di Mores, Iconografie tra mondo punico e romano nell’altorilievo fittile del tempio del Sardus Pater ad
Antas 293
Maria Giuseppina Zara, Il santuario di una dea millenaria 298
Pietro Alfonso, Alessandra La Fragola, Votivi di età punico-romana dal santuario nuragico della Purissima di Al-
ghero (ss) 306
Mounir Fantar, L’autel et ses contextes d’usage à Kerkouane 311
Bruno D’Andrea, Il culto di Baal Hammon e Tinnit in Algeria: la documentazione archeologica ed epigrafica 319
José María Blázquez Martínez, Últimas investigaciones sobre el Heracleion gaditano 329
María Cruz Marín Ceballos, Ana María Jiménez Flores, El oráculo onírico de Melqart en Gadir 337
Clara Toscano-Pérez, Juan M. Campos Carrasco, Elementos religiosos orientales en la Turdetania atlántica: ¿Novedad
o perduración del período orientalizante? 341
Martín Almagro-Gorbea, Alfredo Mederos, Iván Negueruela, Arquitectura imperial bárquida en Hispania: la
“Tumba de Melqart” en Gadir y el basileion de Carthago Nova 349
Javier Jiménez Ávila, Rui Mataloto, Manuel Calado, Luís Gonçalves, Lapa da Cova (Sesimbra, Portugal): a
coastal sanctuary on the western border of Mediterranean 359
Francisco B. Gomes, The diffusion of Phoenician religious architecture in the West: a view from southern Portugal 367
Maroun Khreich, Tyr v/s Sidon: la Phénicie du Sud dans le premier quart du premier millenaire 373
Josette Elayi, Les cités phéniciennes et l’Empire Néo-Babylonien sous le règne de Nabuchodonosor II 378
Federico Mazza, Pitagora, pitagorismo e mondo fenicio e punico: tracce di rapporti e di influenze 385
David Montanero Vico, Justino, Cartago y la conquista de Cerdeña: las fuentes literarias 389
Sebastiano Tusa, Jeffrey Royal, La battaglia delle Egadi 394
Ido Yahalom, The Carthaginian war elephants and their handlers: only forest African elephants and local personnel 400
Raimondo Secci, Lo sport nel mondo fenicio e punico: appunti per una ricerca 404
Alessandro Campus, Essere punico a Roma 410
Emile Puech, L’inscription alphabétique sur un cuveau dans une tombe d’Alassa (Chypre) 413
Alina Dimitrova, Funerary stele of a Cypriot from the Black Sea (CIRB 236) 420
Alessandro De Bonis, Tas Silġ, il santuario dell’Astarte fenicia. Analisi morfologiche e tipologiche dei materiali iscritti 423
Rossana De Simone, Epigrafia punica: alcuni aggiornamenti 434
Paola Cavaliere, Danila Piacentini, Minima epigraphica: su qualche aspetto di pratiche scrittorie economiche e ammi-
nistrative su argilla e ceramica nel mondo punico d’Occidente 437
Paolo Filigheddu, Pier Paolo Soro, Materiali iscritti di matrice punica da Ozieri (Sardegna) 442
Intissar Sfaxi, Sur une inscription libyque inédite de Hergla (Byzacène) 448
Alicia Arévalo González, Elena Moreno Pulido, La moneda como símbolo de identidad púnica ¿Permanece en el más
allá? 456
Marco Piga, La Serie v di Sardegna: stato degli studi e nuove ipotesi 460

Sommario delle annate 2017 e 2018 467

 SARDI NI A, ETRUR I A, CYP RU S AND TH E P HO ENI CI A N
HOMELAND: R EFLECTI O NS O N DI STR I BU TI O N,
CHRO NOLOGY, TY P O LO GY A ND I CONO GRAP H Y
OF SCAR AB S FRO M A “ TY R I AN GROUP ”
Va n essa Bo sch lo o s*

Abstract
A particular type of scarab-shaped seals, displaying distinct typological
features, has surfaced throughout the Mediterranean, from Sardinia to
Cyprus and the Levant. In the excavation reports, these scarabs were
assigned to either an Egyptian or a Levantine origin and dated to a wide
variety of periods. An examination of their typological characteristics, the
archaeological contexts in which they were found and the iconographical
designs with which they are decorated point towards a Phoenician origin.
This paper builds on a recently published article discussing the geographical
distribution and the Phoenician character of the group and the likely loca-
tion of the “workshop(s)” that manufactured these scarabs. Here, special
attention is paid to chronological issues and the iconographical homogeneity
of the group.
Keywords: Tyre, Akhziv, scarab seals, workshops, Kition. Fig. 1. Characteristic features (drawings by the author).

History of research

I n his 1986 publication of Egyptian and egyptianising finds

from Sardinia, G. Hölbl discussed two scarabs found at San-
ta Giusta with typological features that are “out-of-the-ordi-
nary”.1 They have a very small lunate-shaped head, generally
with a horn marked distinctively at the top, and a concave line
separates the wings from the pronotum, making the latter ap-
pear relatively large (Fig. 1).2 Hölbl mentioned similar scarabs
from Marsiliana d’Albegna and Bisenzio, in Etruria, and re-
ferred to three parallels from Kition, but refrained from assign-
ing them to either an Egyptian or a non-Egyptian origin.3 Ac-
tually, similar scarabs also surfaced in Tunisia, Cyprus and the
Levant. In excavation reports they have been attributed to a
wide variety of periods, based on stylistic and iconographical
criteria, and some authors refrain from proposing dates.4 P.
Newberry dated such scarabs from Agia Irini to the New King-
dom,5 as did R. P. Charles for a scarab of this type found at Pyr-
ga6 and O. Keel and P. J. Cowie7 for certain scarabs from
Akhziv. Some display archaising designs inspired by Middle
Kingdom models and have consequently been dated as early.8
However, most items were assigned to the Iron Age, to the
Egyptian 22nd-26th Dynasties9 or to a Phoenician iA ii10 origin.
More recently, Keel acknowledged the difficulty in distinguish-
ing both, by dating a scarab with these features found at Tell
el-Fara South to the «22. Dynastie (945-713) bzw. EZ iiB (830-
700)».11 It thus seems that the scarabs were generally attribut-
ed to an Egyptian origin, to a time span of 6 centuries between
the Ramesside and the Third Intermediate Period. Hölbl and
Keel proposed a non-Egyptian provenance and iA ii dates for
certain scarabs, although they date similar scarabs differently
in the same publications.
The issues surrounding these scarabs’ date and origin were
addressed in an article published elsewhere;12 this paper com-
plements it and highlights particular chronological and icono-
graphical aspects.
Notes on contexts and chronology
The initial question regarding their origin may initially have
been asked from a West-Mediterranean viewpoint, by Hölbl,
but a closer examination of the oldest stratified examples is re-
quired to pinpoint the likely origin of the group and to delimit
the extent of their production period. The non-Egyptian,
Phoenician origin of scarabs of this type has recently been
demonstrated, based on their typological features, icono-
graphical details and their distribution pattern (Fig. 2), which
not only point to the East for the origin of this type of scarab,
but also suggest that a “workshop” or “workshops” are to be
situated in the area of Tyre/Akhziv.13 The archaeological con-
texts and their dates were discussed, but some additional notes
on chronology are required.14

* Brussels, Royal Museums of Art and History (IAP 7/14 Greater Meso-
potamia); University of Ghent, v.boschloos@gmail.com
1 Hölbl 1986, p. 179.
2 Also included here are eleven scarabs of which published images do not
reveal a horn although they bear the same typological features on their back
and sides (Pl. 1a, 1i, 2a, 2b, 3e, 4g, 4h, 5b, 5g, 6c, 7g). Yet, the iconographical in-
terconnections, as visualized in Fig. 3, agree with an attribution to the same
typological group. 3 Hölbl 1986, p. 180.
4 Clerc et alii 1976, Kit.510, 774, 798, 973, 995, 1005, 1008, 1043, 1057, 3365;
Clerc 1991, nrs. T.142/2, T.223/84, T.244/55, T.321/128; Cowie 2004, nrs. 22, 32.
5 Newberry 1935, nrs. 2179, 2182, 2195.
6 Charles 1964, nrs. 21, 23.
7 Cowie 2004, nrs. 27, 28; Keel 1997, pp. 50-51 nr. 88, pp. 58-59 nr. 107.
8 Gamer-Wallert 2004, nr. 8; Keel 1997, pp. 50-51 nr. 88.
9 Gamer-Wallert 2004, nrs. 4, 6; Hölbl 1986, p. 180; Keel 1997, pp. 56-
57 nr. 106; Vercoutter 1945, p. 110, pl. ii nr. 62.
10 Hölbl 1986, p. 180; Keel 1997, pp. 44-45 nr. 66, pp. 66-67 nr. 136, pp. 68-
69 nr. 138.
11 Keel 2010, pp. 174-175 nr. 336. 12 Boschloos 2014.
13 This was demonstrated in Boschloos 2014. On the concept of “work-
shop” see Di Paolo 2013.
14 I am very grateful to Paco Núñez for his invaluable comments on a draft
of this paper and for discussing chronology and pottery with me.

https://doi.org/10.19272/201813201018 · «folia phoenicia», 2, 2018

 co m p o sto in ca r att e re se rr a da n t e da l la
fa b ri zi o se rr a edi to re, p i sa · ro m a .
sta m pato e ri le gato n e l la
t ip o g r a fia di ag na n o, ag nan o p i sa n o ( p i sa ) .

*
Giugno 2018
(cz 2 · fg 21)