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Image filtering Images by Pawan Sinha.
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Presentation on theme: "Image filtering Images by Pawan Sinha."— Presentation transcript:

1 Image filteringImages by Pawan Sinha

2 Reading Forsyth & Ponce, chapters 8.1-8.2

3 What is an image?We can think of an image as a function, f, from R2 to R:f( x, y ) gives the
intensity at position ( x, y )Realistically, we expect the image only to be defined over a rectangle,
with a finite range: [0,1]f: [a,b]x[c,d] A color image is just three functions pasted together. We
can write this as a “vector-valued” function:As opposed to [0..255]
4 Images as functionsRender with scanalyze????
5What is a digital image?In computer vision we usually operate on digital (discrete)
images:Sample the 2D space on a regular gridQuantize each sample (round to nearest integer)If
our samples are D apart, we can write this as:f[i ,j] = Quantize{ f(i D, j D) }The image can now
be represented as a matrix of integer values
6 Image processingAn image processing operation typically defines a new image g in terms of an
existing image f.We can transform either the domain or the range of f.Range
transformation:What’s kinds of operations can this perform?Use photoshop to make something
grayscale
7Image processingSome operations preserve the range but change the domain of f :What kinds
of operations can this perform?tx = 2x, ty = yThen, how about ty = -y/3?show image morphing
applet:
8 Noise Image processing is useful for noise reduction...
Common types of noise:Salt and pepper noise: contains random occurrences of black and white
pixelsImpulse noise: contains random occurrences of white pixelsGaussian noise: variations in
intensity drawn from a Gaussian normal distributionSalt and pepper and impulse noise can be
due to transmission errors (e.g., from deep space probe), dead CCD pixels, specks on lensWe’re
going to focus on Gaussian noise first.If you had a sensor that was a little noisy and measuring
the same thing over and over, how would you reduce the noise?
9Practical noise reduction
How can we “smooth” away noise in a single image?10013011012090 80Replace each pixel
with the average of a kxk window around it
10 Mean filtering 90Replace each pixel with the average of a kxk window around it
11 Move around over previous slide
12 Mean filtering 90Replace each pixel with the average of a kxk window around itWhat happens
if we use a larger filter window?10 20 30 40 60 90 50 80
13 Effect of mean filtersDemo with photoshop
14 Cross-correlation filtering
Let’s write this down as an equation. Assume the averaging window is (2k+1)x(2k+1):We can
generalize this idea by allowing different weights for different neighboring pixels:This is called a
cross-correlation operation and written:H is called the “filter,” “kernel,” or “mask.”The above
allows negative filter indices. When you implement need to use: H[u+k,v+k] instead of H[u,v]
15Mean kernel What’s the kernel for a 3x3 mean filter? ones, divide by 9
90ones, divide by 9
16Gaussian FilteringA Gaussian kernel gives less weight to pixels further from the center of the
windowThis kernel is an approximation of a Gaussian function:90 1 2 4
17 Mean vs. Gaussian filtering
18ConvolutionA convolution operation is a cross-correlation where the filter is flipped both
horizontally and vertically before being applied to the image:It is written:Suppose H is a
Gaussian or mean kernel. How does convolution differ from cross-correlation?They are the same
for filters that have both horizontal and vertical symmetry.
19Median filtersA Median Filter operates over a window by selecting the median intensity in the
window.What advantage does a median filter have over a mean filter?Is a median filter a kind of
convolution?Better at salt’n’pepper noiseNot convolution: try a region with 1’s and a 2, and then
1’s and a 3
20 Comparison: salt and pepper noise
21 Comparison: Gaussian noise

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