Tall pier of Major Bridge

Effects about minor axis

SECTION, MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Pier size = b*h = 6.0 * 4.3 m^2

lo = 30.0 m cantilever

Ac = 25.8 m^2
Assume constant symmetrical cross section (including reinforcement), clause11.3.2.3

fck = 60 Mpa gm = 1.5 fcd = 26.8 Mpa

a = 0.67 Ecm= 37000 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa gs = 1.15 fyd = 434.8 Mpa
Ac = 25.8 sqm
As= 240 nos bars 32mm dia= 0.193 m^2 Es= 200000 Mpa
w =Asƒyd/Acƒcd = 0.121

Iminor axis = 39.8 m^4

le Use Table 11.1 = 2 * lo = 60 m
Radius of gyration, i = (I/A)^0.5 1.241303 m
Slenderness ratio, l = le/i 48.3

MOMENTS & AXIAL FORCE

MoEqd = First order B.M. in quasi-permanent load combination in SLS (includes creep shrinkage) = 4647.5 kNm
MoEd = First order B.M. in design load combination in ULS (does not include creep shrinkage) = 39363 kNm*
* Including Imperfections, e= 15+lo/800 limited to 50 mm
Ned = Design value of applied axial force = 81268 kN
n = NED/(Acƒcd) relative normal force = 0.118

FIRST CHECK WETHER SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS NECESSARY, Cl 11.2.1

For unbraced rm = 1.0

A = 1/(1 + 0.2feƒ) = (Conservatively = 0.7) 0.7
B = (1+2w) ^0.5 = (Conservatively = 1.1) 1.1
C = 1.7- rm = (Conservatively = 0.7) 0.7

𝜆𝑙im=20.𝐴.𝐵.𝐶 ∕ 𝑛 31.4

COMPARE WITH l = le/i Calculated Before

NOT OK CARRY OUT SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS

SECOND CHECK WETHER SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS NECESSARY, Cl 11.2.1

f (,to) Table6.9 2.2

Effective Creep Ratio :

𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑞𝑑
fef= f ∞, 𝑡𝑜 = 0.26
𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑

𝜆𝑙im=20.𝐴.𝐵.𝐶 ∕ 𝑛 = Eq. 11.1

For unbraced rm = Clause 11.2.1(2) 1.0

A = 1/(1 + 0.2feƒ) = 0.95
B = (1+2w) ^0.5 = 1.11
C = 1.7- rm = 0.7

l lim = 43.28
IS THIS VERY DIFFERENT FROM SLENDERNESS CALCULATED BEFORE ??
For Cantilever pier, Effective Length as shown subsequently = l0* 2.182 = 65.5 m

Since l = 48.34
 NOT OK; SECOND ORDER EFFECTS CAN NOT BE IGNORED

SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS: METHOD BASED ON NOMINAL CURVATURE

Effective cover to cg of reinforcement ceff = 361 mm
Radius of gyration of reinforcement about cg of section =i s =h/2 - ceff 1789 mm
d= (h/2)+ is i s 3939 mm
Calculate 1/r from Eq 11.7
1/r= Kr * Kf *1/r0
Kr Correction factor depending on Axial Load
Kf Correction factor for Creep
eyd= fyd/Es= 2.2E-03
1/r0 = eyd/0.45 d Assumes z=0.9*deff) 1.2E-06 mm^-1
r0 = 8.2E+05
n = 0.118
nbal = 0.4 for symmetrical sections (Clause 11.3.2.3 for symmetrical sections (3) )
nu = 1+ w 1.121
Kr = (nu -n) / (nu- nbal) ≤1 (Eq 11.9) 1.0
Kf = 1+ bfef ≥1 (Eq 11.10)
b= 0.35+fck/200 - l /150 (Eq 11.11) 0.328
Kf = 1.09
1/r= 1.33E-06 mm^-1 @ 1.33E-03 m^-1
le as calculated earlier= 65.5 m

c= 10 for constant cross section

Now, Second order Moment , M2 = Ned * e2
e2 = 1/r * l e2/c 0.570 m
M2 = 46337 KNm
MEd = MoEd + M2 85700 KNm
2.18 times MoEd

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF THE UNBRACED MEMBER

K2
𝒌𝟏 .𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
𝒍𝒆 = 𝒍𝟎 x max of 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎. ; 𝟏+ × 𝟏+
𝒌𝟏 +𝒌𝟐 𝟏+𝒌𝟏 𝟏+𝒌𝟐 Eq 11.3
where
k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2 respectively.

k= (q/M) * EI/ l0 K1

Calculate k1 :
q/M = is the rotation of restraining members at a joint for unit bending
moment (M=1 unit) = 4.58E-09 KNm^-1

EI = is the bending stiffness of compression member 1.47E+09 kN/m^2

𝑙0 = is the clear height of compression member between end restraints 30.0 m

EI/ l0 = 4.9E+07 kNm

(q/M) * EI/ l0 = 0.225

Minimum value as per clause 11.2.2 Note (ii) : 0.1

Hence, Value to be taken for k1 = 0.225

Calculate k2 :
Since this is a fixed base , k2= 0.0
Hence, Value to be taken for k2 = 0.1

Calculate le from Eq 11.2 :

(1+10*ki*k2/(k1+k2))^0.5= 1.30
(1+k1/(1+k1))*(1+k2/(1+k2)) 1.29
Max of above two expressions = 1.30

Hence le = 39.02 m
 Approx value estimated earlier = 60.00 m

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF CANTILEVER PIER

For Information a fixed cantilever pier will have le as calculated below:
upper end has no restrainig member hence k1= ∞ k1

lower end is fixed and limiting value is k2 = 0.1

Àpplying Eq 11.3, le is l0 multiplied by greater of (a) and (b):

(a) (1+10*ki*k2/(k1+k2))^0.5= (1+10* (0.1+ ∞)/(0.1+ ∞))^0.5 k2
= ( 1+10*0.1) ^0.5
= 1.414
(b) (1+k1/(1+k1))*(1+k2/(1+k2)) = (1+0.1/(1+0.1))* (1+ ∞/( 1+ ∞))
=(1+0.1/1.1)*(1+1)
2.18
Greater of (a)and (b)= 2.182
Hence le= l0* 2.182

M01 = phi (,to)

M02 =
=
=