Code AASHTO-LRFD 2012

Element 62
Position J
Moment Type Beam

I. Design Condition (Positive Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 5160.000 mm
ts = 310.000 mm
th = 136.000 mm
fc' = 350.000 MPa
Ec = 27800.000 MPa
Ar = 0.000 mm2
Fyr = 275.790 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 650.000 mm bft = 2900.000 mm
tfc = 36.000 mm tft = 36.000 mm
D = 3150.000 mm tw = 28.000 mm
H = 3222.000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM520 36.000 355.000 520.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM520 36.000 355.000 520.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM520 28.000 355.000 520.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa (Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa (Web Yield Strength)
Fyt = 355.000 MPa (Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = 205000.000 MPa (Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 0.000 0.000 0.000 - - 0.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 327600.0 Iy (mm4) 503869637868.1 Iz (mm4) 519247729200.0
dTop (mm) 1891.1 dBot (mm) 1330.9
STop (mm3) 266444322.7 SBot (mm3) 378589722.4
SL (mm3) 301013176.3 SR (mm3) 301013176.3

2) Short-term Composite Section

A(n) (mm2) 544521.4 Iy(n) (mm4) 1106678599273.4 Iz(n) (mm4) 1000552902712.7
dTop(n) (mm) 1036.1 dBot(n) (mm) 2185.9
 STop(n) (mm3) 1068068679.2 SBot(n) (mm3) 506291940.3
SL(n) (mm ) 3
580030668.2 SR(n) (mm3) 580030668.2

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effe
A(3n) (mm2) 386844.4 Iy(3n) (mm4) 735417605425.3 Iz(3n) (mm4) 650699302533.3
dTop(3n) (mm) 1562.4 dBot(3n) (mm) 1659.6
STop(3n) (mm3) 470691701.9 SBot(3n)(mm3) 443134475.3
SL(3n) (mm3) 377216987.0 SR(3n) (mm3) 377216987.0

II. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name : KUAT 1 UDL
Loadcombination Type : -
Mu (kN·m) Vu T
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum (kN) (kN·m)
Forces (+) 78120.132 16713.539 73947.563 168781.234 -188.965 3701.321

fc,t (MPa)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Top -293.195 -35.508 -69.235 -397.938
Stresses
Bot 206.345 37.717 146.057 390.119

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2) Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces -835.661 -60.202 80.542 -815.321

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2) Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left -2.776 0.139 -0.160 -2.797
Stresses
Right 2.776 -0.139 0.160 2.797

2) Cross-section Proportions
① Web Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.11.2.1)
D
= 112.500 ≤ 150 ...... OK
tw

② Flange Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.11.2.2)

bf
= 9.028 ≤ 12 ...... OK
2tf
bf = 650.000 ≥ D/6 = 525.000 ...... OK
tf = 36.000 ≥ 1.1tw = 30.800 ...... OK

3) Flexural Strength Limit State in positive flexure

▪ Section Classification (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.11.6.2)
min ( Fyc , Fyt , Fyw) = 355.000 MPa ≤ 485.00 MPa ...... OK
D
= 112.500 ≤ 150 ...... OK
 = 112.500 ≤ 150 ...... OK
tw
▪ Hybrid Factor, Rh (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.1.10.1)
Rh = 1.000 (homogeneous section)

▪ Plastic Moment(Mp) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, D6.1)

① Plastic Forces
- Plastic Forces
Prt = Fyr Art = 0.000 kN
Prb = Fyr Arb = 0.000 kN
Pt = bft · tft · Fyt = 37062.000 kN
Pw = 2 · D · tw · Fyw = 62622.000 kN
Pc = 2 · bfc · tfc · Fyc = 16614.000 kN
Ps = 0.85 fck · Bs · ts = 475881.000 kN

- Distance from the plastic neutral axis

drt = 75.759 mm (distance from the PNA to the centerline of the top layer of reinforcement)
drb = 75.759 mm (distance from the PNA to the centerline of the bottom layer of reinforcement)
dt = 3538.241 mm (distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the tension flange)
dw = 1945.241 mm (distance from the plastic neutral axis to middepth of the web)
dc = 352.241 mm (distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the compression flange)
ds = 79.241 mm (distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the concrete deck)

② Plastic moment
- Check the case of the plastic neutral axis
Crb = 0.000 mm
Crb
Pt + Pw + Pc = 116298.000 kN ≥ ( ) · Ps + Prb + Prt = 0.000 kN ...... OK
ts
∴ PNA Below Prb in Concrete Deck
- Distance of the plastic neutral axis
Pc+Pw+Pt - Prt -Prb
Y = ts ·( )= 75.759 mm
Ps
- Plastic Moment
Y2 · Ps
Mp = + [ Prt · drt + Prb · drb +Pc · dc + Pw · dw + Pt · dt ] = 263206.598 kN·m
2ts

▪ Yield Moment(My) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, D6.2.2)

① Yield Moment of Top Flange
MD1 MD2 MAD 7.812E+10 1.671E+10 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000
STop STop(3n) STop(n) 2.664E+08 4.707E+08 1.068E+09
MAD = 2.809E+04 kN·m
MyTop = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 1.229E+05 kN·m
 ② Yield Moment of Bottom Flange
MD1 MD2 MAD 7.812E+10 1.671E+10 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000
SBot SBot(3n) SBot(n) 3.786E+08 4.431E+08 5.063E+08
MAD = 56167.155 kN·m
MyBot = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 1.510E+05 kN·m

∴ My = min ( MyTop, MyBot ) = 1.229E+05 kN·m

in which :
S : noncomposite section modulus (mm3)
S3n : long-term composite section modulus (mm3)
Sn : short-term composite section modulus (mm3)
MD1 : moment of noncomposite section (kN·m)
MD2 : moment of long-term composite section (kN·m)
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section (kN·m)

▪ Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.7.1.2)
ⅰ. Nominal Flexural Resistance in a continuous span
Mn1 = 1.3 Rh · My = 159796.289 kN·m
ⅱ. Nominal Flexural Resistance by Dp
Dp ≤ 0.1Dt therefore,
Mn2 = Mp = 263206.598 kN·m

∴ Mn = min ( Mn1, Mn2 ) = 159796.289 kN·m

▪ Check Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.11.7.1)

Muy = 168781.234 > Фf · Mn = 159796.289 kN·m ...... NG

in which :
Muy = 168781.234 kN·m
Фf = 1.000

▪ Ductility Requirement (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.7.3)

Dp = 75.759 ≤ 0.42Dt = 1525.440 mm ...... OK
in which :
Dp = 75.759 mm (distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the plastic
moment)

Dt = 3632.000 mm (total depth of the composite section)

III. Design Condition (Negative Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 5160.000 mm
ts = 310.000 mm
th = 136.000 mm
fck = 350.000 MPa
Ec = 27800.000 MPa
Ar = 0.000 mm2
Fyr = 275.790 MPa
2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 2900.000 mm bft = 650.000 mm
tfc = 36.000 mm tft = 36.000 mm
D = 3150.000 mm tw = 28.000 mm
H = 3222.0000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM520 36.000 355.000 520.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM520 36.000 355.000 520.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM520 28.000 355.000 520.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa (Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa (Web Yield Strength)
Fyt = 355.000 MPa (Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = 205000.000 MPa (Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 0.000 0.000 0.000 - - 0.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 327600.0 Iy (mm4) 503869637868.1 Iz (mm4) 519247729200.0
dTop (mm) 1891.1 dBot (mm) 1330.9
STop (mm ) 3
266444322.7 SBot (mm ) 3
378589722.4
SL (in3) 301013176.3 SR (in3) 301013176.3

2) Short-term Composite Section

A(n) (mm2) 544521.4 Iy(n) (mm4) 1106678599273.4 Iz(n) (mm4) 1000552902712.7
dTop(n) (mm) 1036.1 dBot(n) (mm) 2185.9
STop(n) (mm3) 1068068679.2 SBot(n) (mm3) 506291940.3
SL(n) (mm3) 580030668.2 SR(n) (mm3) 580030668.2

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effe
A(n) (mm2) 386844.4 Iy(n) (mm4) 735417605425.3 Iz(n) (mm4) 650699302533.3
dTop(n) (mm) 1562.4 dBot(n) (mm) 1659.6
STop(n) (mm3) 470691701.9 SBot(n) (mm3) 443134475.3
SL(n) (mm3) 377216987.0 SR(n) (mm3) 377216987.0

4) Short-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement)

A(R) (mm2) 327600.0 Iy(R) (mm4) 503869637868.1 Iz(R) (mm4) 519247729200.0
dTop(R) (mm) 1891.1 dBot(R) (mm) 1330.9
STop(R) (mm3) 266444322.7 SBot(R) (mm3) 378589722.4
SL(R) (mm ) 3
301013176.3 SR(R) (mm ) 3
301013176.3

5) Long-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement/3)

 A(R3) (mm2) 327600.0 Iy(R3) (mm4) 0.0 Iz(R3) (mm4) 519247729200.0
dTop(R3) (mm) 1891.1 dBot(R3) (mm) 1330.9
STop(R3) (mm3) 266444322.7 SBot(R3)(mm3) 378589722.4
SL(R3) (mm ) 3
301013176.3 SR(R3)(mm )
3
301013176.3

IV. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Negative load combination does not exist. Omit this check.

V. Strength Limit State - Shear Resistance

1. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name : KUAT 1 TRUCK
Loadcombination Type : FX-MAX
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Long-term Short-term Sum
Forces 32.254 9.000 517.681 558.936

2) Shear Resistance (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.9)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.9.3.2)
▪ Web Classification
Longitudinal Stiffener : Not Exist
Transverse Stiffener : Not Exist
Transverse Spacing = 0.0 mm < 3D = 9450.0 mm
So, this web is considered unstiffened web

shear-buckling coefficient of unstiffened Webs

k = 5.000

D E·k
= 112.500 > 1.40 √ = 75.227
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.358
D Fyw
( )2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened interior Webs or End panel (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.9.3.3)
Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 18160.380 kN
Vn = Vcr = C · Vp = 6504.517 kN
in which :
C = ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
= 0.358

Transverse Spacing = 0.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4725.0 mm ...... OK

Vui = 558.936 ≤ Фv · Vn = 6504.517 kN ...... OK

 in which :
Фv = 1.000

VI. Service Limit State

■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name : SERVIS 2 UDL
Loadcombination Type : -
Ms (kN·m) / fc,t (MPa)
Component
Steel Long-term Short-term Sum
Forces (+) 63771.537 9604.287 48065.432 121441.255
Top -239.343 -20.405 -45.002 -304.750
Stresses
Bot 168.445 21.674 94.936 285.055

2) Permanent deformation (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.4.2)

① Top Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.4.2.2)
ff = -304.750 MPa ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf = 337.250 MPa ...... OK

② Bottom Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.4.2.2)

ff = 285.055 MPa ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf = 337.250 MPa ...... OK
in which :
ff = flange stress due to the Service II loads calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending
Fyf = specified minimum yield strength of a flange (MPa)

D
▪ Postive Flexure and < proportion limit, skip Nominal Bend-buckling Resistance for webs check.
tw

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

VII. Constructibility
1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Construction Stage : Stage 2
Step : 1
Mu (kN·m) / fc,t (MPa) Tu
Component
Steel Section Only (kN·m)
Force (+) 78120.132 2309.364
Stress Top -293.195
-
(fbu) Bot 206.345

2) Check slenderness of web (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.6.2.3-1)

2 · Dc Es
= 132.506 ≤ 5.7 √ = 136.974 ...... Compact or noncompact Web
tw Fyc
in which :
Dc = 1855.088 mm
3) Discretely Braced Flanges in Compression (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.3.2.1)
▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.1.10.2)
In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

▪ Limiting Unbraced Length, Lp (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.8.2.3)

E
Lp = 1.0 rt √ = 3418.383 mm
Fyc
in which :
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
bfc
= 1 Dc·tw = 142.252 mm
√ 12( 1 + )
3 bfc·tfc

▪ Moment Gradient Modifer, Cb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.8.2.3)

Calculation of Stress (C6.4.10)
f0 = 292.563 MPa
f2 = 293.195 MPa
fmid = 293.190 MPa
f1 = max( 2fmid-f2 , f0 ) = 293.185 MPa
f1 f1
Cb = min( 1.75 - 1.05( ) + 0.3( )2 , 2.3 )
f2 f2
293.185 293.185
= min( 1.75 - 1.05( ) + 0.3( )2 , 2.3 ) = 1.000
293.195 293.195

▪ Second-order elastic compression-flange Lateral bending stress (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.1.6)
i. Because of discretely braced flange
Muz ###
fl = = = 2.776 MPa
Sl 3.010E+08

ii. check Lb
Lb = 0.000 mm
Cb·Rb Cb·Rb
Lb' = min( 1.2Lp√ , 1.2Lp√ )= min( 4513.788 , 5331.099 ) = 4513.788
fbu/Fyc Mu/Myc

Lb ≤ Lb'
∴ fl = fl1 = 2.776 MPa

fl = 2.776 ≤ 0.6Fyf = 213.000 MPa ...... OK

① Check flange nominal yielding

fbu + fl = 295.971 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyc = 355.000 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

② Check flexural resistance

fbu + fl/3 = 294.120 ≤ Φf · Fnc = 355.000 MPa ...... OK
in which :
 Φf = 1.000
Fnc = 355.000 MPa

▪ Local Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.8.2.2)
λf = bfc / 2tfc = 9.028
λpf = 0.38√(E/Fyc) = 9.132

▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.1.10.2)

In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

λf ≤ λpf Therefore,
Fnc(FLB) = Rb · Rh · Fyc = 355.000 MPa
in which :
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

▪ Limiting Unbraced Length, Lp (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.8.2.3)

E
Lp = 1.0 rt √ = 3418.383 mm
Fyc
in which :
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
bfc
= 1 Dc·tw = 142.252 mm
√ 12( 1 + )
3 bfc·tfc

▪ Lateral-Torsional Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.8.2.2)
Lb ≤ Lp Therefore, compact unbraced length
Fnc(LTB) = Rb · Rh · Fyc = 355.000 MPa
in which :
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

Fnc = min( Fnc(FLB), Fnc(LTB) ) = 355.000 MPa

③ Check web bend buckling

For sections with compact or noncompact webs, shall not be checked.

4) Discretely Braced Flanges in Tension (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.11.3.2)

① Check flange nominal yielding (6.11.3.2-3)
fbu = 206.345 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyf · △ = 354.945 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000
fv
△ = √ 1-3 ( )2 = 0.99985
Fyf
in Which :
T
fv = = 3.595 MPa
2 · A0 ·tf
 A0 = ### mm2

2. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces
Construction Stage : Stage 2
Step : 1
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Section Only
Force 32.254

2) Shear requirement for webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.3.3)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2012, 6.10.9.3.2)
shear-buckling coefficient of unstiffened Webs
k = 5.000

D E·k
= 112.500 > 1.40 √ = 75.227
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.358
D Fyw
( )2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened interior Webs or End panel

Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 18160.380 kN
Vn = Vcr = C · Vp = 6504.517 kN
in which :
C = ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
= 0.358

Transverse Spacing = 0.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4725.0 mm ...... OK

Vui = 32.254 ≤ φv · Vcr = Фv · Vn = 6504.517 kN ...... OK

in which :
Фv = 1.000
0.8 mm.
0.8 mm.
0.8 mm.

d0 (mm)
0.000

519247729200.0

1000552902712.7
ount the long term effects))
650699302533.3

T
(kN·m)
3701.321

...... OK

...... OK

...... OK
...... OK

...... OK

...... OK
...... OK

...... OK

MPa
 MPa

...... NG

...... OK

ction at the plastic

0.8 mm.
0.8 mm.
0.8 mm.

d0 (mm)
0.000

247729200.0

1000552902712.7

ount the long term effects))

650699302533.3

519247729200.0
519247729200.0

Sum
558.936

...... OK

...... OK
 Sum
121441.255
-304.750
285.055

...... OK

...... OK

noncompact Web
 mm

...... OK

...... OK

...... OK
ge, 2012, 6.10.8.2.2)

...... OK
...... OK

...... OK