Physics, Biology, Chemistry Minutes

MCAT PREPARATION – FALL 2019 She got her good looks from her
Course: MCAT PREPARATION Delivered: Thursday, May 16, 2019 father. He’s a plastic surgeon.
Instructor: Mr. Carlos Ortiz TBCB: Next Session
Student: CARLOS ORTIZ/VIC POPP ETC: 180-300 Groucho Marx
# of Elements: 60
Topics: PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 180-300 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: PrePacket 1 Review
Check these off as we
complete them. OPENING QUIZ
M1
OPENING QUIZ - REVIEW
BIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIVING

SYSTEMS: Neuronal Plasma Membrane, Lipid Bilayers, Ion
compositions
MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 1: Easy
MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 2: Med
MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 3: Med
MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP PLEASE CONTINUE ON THE NEXT PAGE
Copyright © 2019 Carlos Ortiz | 305.785.5005 | www.mrcarlosortiz.com | carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com page 1 of 13
OPENING QUIZ
Question Q1 thru Q7
In the body, oxygen and nutrients are
delivered to the peripheral tissues, and carbon
dioxide and other wastes (such as hydrogen
ions and ammonia) are picked up from the
peripheral tissues and delivered to the organs
that process this waste: the lungs, liver, and
kidneys. The erythrocyte or red blood cell is
a specialized cell designed for oxygen
transport. Oxygen does not simply dissolve in
the cytoplasm of the red blood cell—it has low Figure 2: Gas Exchange between a red blood cell
solubility in aqueous environments. Rather, (RBC) and a tissue/lung cell
each erythrocyte contains about 250 million
molecules of hemoglobin (Hb), each of which Excess HCO3- from the RBC will leave the inside
can bind four molecules of oxygen under low of the RBC with an imbalance of charge;
proton concentrations and release oxygen when chloride anion, Cl-, enters the RBC to substitute
proton concentrations increase. The oxygen for the HCO3- and ameliorate the charge
bonding site on a hemoglobin molecule has a imbalance: this is known as the chloride shift.
much larger affinity for carbon monoxide which
ultimately serves as a poisonous gas to aerobic Q1 RBCs & GAS EXCHANGE
organisms when it is present.
a MM4B is a known carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
RBCs also contain a large quantity of Which of the following would most likely occur if
carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that catalyzes circulatory RBCs took in MM4B?
the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide
I. Delivery of oxygen molecules to hypoxic
(CO2) and water (H2O) to form carbonic acid
tissues and organs would increase to
(H2CO3). Carbonic acid subsequently dissociates compensate.
to a hydrogen cation and the bicarbonate anion
as follows: II. CO2 levels would increase triggering
hyperventilation
carbonic anhydrase
III. A decrease in H+ concentration would
CO2 + H 2O speeds this up 1000
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(Victoria, this could happen ⎯
→ H 2CO3 reduce oxygen molecule release by
on its own...but VERY slowly) hemoglobin molecules.
H2CO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
occurs spontaneously
(dissociation)
H+ + HCO3− A. I only
hydrogen cation B. II only
( a.k.a. a proton ) bicarbonate
anion
C. I and II
Figure 1: CO2 & H20 are substrates of carbonic anhydrase
D. II and III
The bicarbonate anion accumulates inside the
RBC, becoming so concentrated that it will
diffuse through the semipermeable RBC
Q2 A TOTAL
membrane down its concentration gradient and
out into the watery, polar plasma milieu. a Approximately how many molecules of oxygen
Plasma water can transport enormous can one billion erythrocytes carry?
quantities of carbon dioxide gas in the form of
A. 2.5 x 106
this POLAR bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) that is
initially formed inside the RBC. The proton B. 1 x 1018
released will, in turn, allosterically modulate the
C. 1 x 109
Hb molecule.
D. 2.5 x 1018

Q3 OXYGEN
a According to the passage, which of the following can most reasonably be inferred about oxygen?
A. It is polar, able to hydrogen bond with other molecules

B. It is nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic.
C. It is nonpolar and therefore able to hydrogen bond with hemoglobin.
D. It is nonpolar and therefore unable to bind to hemoglobin active sites.
Q4 CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
a According to the passage, it can reasonably be inferred that if carbonic anhydrase were allosterically
enhanced,
A. the RBC interior would increase in pH and oxygen delivery to tissues would occur faster.
B. the RBC interior would decrease in pH and oxygen delivery to tissues would occur faster.
C. the RBC interior would become replete with bicarbonate anion (HCO 3-) and the RBC would lyse.
D. the RBC interior would fill with chloride anions resulting in a drop in pH.
Q5 RBCs
a Red blood cells lose all their organelles during erythropoietic maturation. What is the most likely reason
for this?
A. Red blood cell cytoplasm has a low pH which does not allow any other organelles to function. They
subsequently are eliminated via autophagy processes triggered by the low pH.
B. Organelle loss prevents red blood cells from becoming oncogenic because of the lack of DNA.
C. The loss of organelles makes space for hemoglobin.
D. Red blood cell organelles become unstable upon cell maturity, dying shortly after.
Q6 GAS EXCHANGE
a Carbon dioxide moves from a red blood cell into an alveolus via
A. diffusion across membranes down a concentration gradient

B. active transport via an ion-sensitive channel protein
C. active transport facilitated by an ATP-ase
D. diffusion through membrane channels down a concentration gradient
Q7 GAS EXCHANGE
a An experiment was performed to measure gas exchange rates across a red blood cell membrane. A
normal biconcave red blood cell allows oxygen to pass through its membrane at a rate of 2 x 10-4 mL
per square mm per second. In one experiment, a red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution allowed
oxygen to pass through its membrane at a rate of 8 x 10 -5 mL per square mm per second. The most
likely reason for the difference in rates is that
A. the hypotonic solution dissolved extracellular oxygen and carried it into the red blood cell.
the hypotonic solution increased the size of the biconcave cell, resulting in a greater surface area
B.
which is subsequently accompanied by increased gas exchange amounts and rates
C. the hypotonic solution is polar so it forces oxygen into the RBC at a faster rate.
D. the biconcave cell, by virtue of its shape, “squeezes” oxygen past its membrane faster

Question 8 thru 10 are discrete (non-passage based).
Q8 A FALLING BALL
a A falling object will fall y meters according to y = vit + 0.5at2 where vi, a, and t are the initial velocity,
acceleration, and time fallen, respectively, for the object. A ball is dropped from a very tall building. If it
falls y1 meters during the first 2 seconds and y2 meters during the next four seconds such that y2 = cy1
what is the value of c? (ignore air resistance)
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 9
Q9 CAPILLARY BLOOD FLOW

a As blood flows in a typical arteriole in the body, its speed may be on the order of 1 cm/s. When the
arteriole branches into several hundred capillaries, each with smaller diameter:
A. the speed of blood in the capillaries increases since the capillaries are smaller in diameter,
increasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
B. the speed of blood in the capillaries increases since the capillaries are smaller in diameter,
decreasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
C. the speed of blood in the capillaries decreases since capillaries collectively have a larger total
diameter (compared to individual capillaries), increasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
D. the speed of blood in the capillaries decreases since the capillaries collectively have a smaller total
diameter (compared to individual capillaries), decreasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
Q10 IDEAL GASES

a In the equation PV = nRT for an ideal gas, when 3 moles of the gas exerts a pressure P in a rigid
container, the temperature is 100 K. What is the new temperature if the same container is filled with 9
moles of the same gas and the pressure the gas now exerts is determined to be 6P?
A. 100 K
B. 200 K
C. 50 K
D. 600 K

WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
glycerol plasma life FATTY ELECTRONEGATIVITY propane

bilayer polar phosphate cytoplasm phospholipids mosaic
BIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL groups in which the HIGH

ELECTRONEGATIVITY of the O atom
FOUNDATIONS OF LIVING makes for a very polar O-H bond); the
SYSTEMS: Plasma Membrane result is a tri-alcohol that is very soluble in
Biology: Membranes water – Figure 2 shows a molecule of
glycerol.
It is no secret that the cell, the basic unit of
life, is held together by a very elegant and
functional structure called the plasma
membrane. It delimits (or demarcates) the
entire cell including intracellular components
comprising the cytoplasm, the
transmembrane components, and of course, Figure 2: Glycerol
the extracellular environment. This lipid
In a glycerophospholipid, one of the end
bilayer is particularly functional in neurons.
OH groups is a phosphate-R group while
While most cell membranes are general in
the remaining OH groups are FATTY (ACID)
their structure (i.e. proteins inserted in a lipid
groups. Here is a figure of a fairly
bilayer forming a fluid mosaic), we should
ubiquitous phospholipid known as
note right away that there are functions in
phosphatidyl choline.
neuronal membranes that are exclusively
neuronal; furthermore, the neuronal
membrane differs from other membranes by
the nature, density, and spatial distribution of
the proteins of which it is composed. Before
we continue with neuron specifics, let’s
quickly study some generic bilayers,
beginning with Figure 1:
Figure 3: Phosphatidyl Choline
------------------------------------------------
True or False
T Phospholipids are bipolar (charged
Figure 1: A Generic Lipid Bilayer “phospho” head, uncharged FA tail) which
makes them amphipathic.
Any introductory discussion of a lipid bilayer F Phospholipids are symmetrically distributed in
merits an initial treatment of the polar the two “halves” or leaflets of a lipid bilayer.
phospholipids or GLYCEROphospholipids
to denote the importance of the glycerol T Glycerol molecules hydrogen bond to each
backbone moiety. Glycerol is simply the 3- other and as such, glycerol is soluble in water.
carbon alkane known as propane with three
substituted H atoms (replaced with OH
1 LIPID BILAYERS
a The plasma membrane is perhaps the most thoroughly studied of all cell membranes, and it is largely
through investigations of the plasma membrane that current concepts of membrane structure have
evolved. A student wishing to learn more about plasma membrane contents would find which of the
following models to be most useful?
A. An isolated plant cell treated with phosphatase enzymes.

B. A single virion mixed with a capsid-disruption enzyme
C. An isolated mammalian red blood cell treated with a cocktail of esterases.
D. A single bacterium treated with antibiotics to target the cell wall.
Figure 4: Another Generic Lipid Bilayer
2 LIPID BILAYERS
a In addition to phospholipids, plasma membranes of animal cells contain glycolipids and cholesterol. The
glycolipids are found exclusively in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The primary reason for
this is because
A. glycolipids are more soluble with extracellular water than intracellular cytosol
B. glycolipid oligosaccharide moieties are involved in several cell-to-cell recognition processes
C. leaflet asymmetry dictates that the larger surface area outer leaflet contain more “glyco” entities
D. glycolipid oligosaccharide chains are generated in inside the bilayer which is capable of attaching
them only to the extracellular end of transmembrane lipids
3 LIPID BILAYERS
a Which of the following is most accurate about cell membrane bilayers?
A. Glycolipid and phospholipid contents are about equal.

B. Hydrophobicity, as affected by pH, dictates the fluidity of membrane components.
C. The membrane is permeable to most ions.
D. The structure of phospholipids is responsible for the functionality of membranes as barriers between
two aqueous compartments.
True or False
T The FAs of most natural phospholipids have one or more double bonds, which introduce kinks into
the hydrocarbon chains and make them difficult to pack together. This cis configuration allows for
long FA chains to move freely (viscous) in the interior of the membrane, making it soft and flexible.
Figure 5: Yet Another Generic Lipid Bilayer
4 LIPID BILAYERS
a In addition to phospholipids, plasma membranes of animal cells contain glycolipids and cholesterol.
Unlike glycolipids which are relatively minor membrane components (they constitute only about 2% of
the lipids of most plasma membranes), cholesterol is a major membrane constituent of animal cells.
Cholesterol is present in about
A. the same mass amounts as phospholipids

B. the same count (actual molecules) as phospholipids
C. the same percentage by weight of the entire bilayer membrane as phospholipids
D. the same molar amounts as phospholipids
5 EUKARYOTE vs. PROKARYOTE

a Which of the following are differences that distinguish an animal cell from a bacterium?
I. Animal cells have membrane-enclosed organelles while bacteria do not.

II. Animal cells have DNA while bacteria have RNA.
III. Animal cell membranes have cholesterol while bacteria cell membranes do not.
A. I and III
B. I only
C. II only
D. I, II, and III
True or False
F Cholesterol contributes to lipid bilayer fluidity because of its loose structure/shape.
T The composition of the saccharide moiety of glycolipids is cell type specific, depends on the
developmental stage of the organism, and can change with the oncogenic state of the cell.
F Certain proteins form “channels” via which certain substances can pass (i.e. ions). These proteins
must be extrinsic.
T The outer leaflet of a lipid bilayer has a larger surface area than the inner leaflet.
F All animal cells have DNA.

MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 1 - EASY Biochemical pathway experiments have
Neuronal plasma membranes differ from shed light on the spatial distribution of Ca2+
other plasma membranes by the nature, ions inside a cell. The Ca2+ ions present in the
density, and spatial distribution of the proteins cytosol are deemed as “free” ions at typically
of which it is composed. The presence of a very low concentrations (10-8 to 10-7 M) and as
large diversity of transmembrane proteins bound ions (bound to Ca2+-binding proteins,
called ionic channels (or simply “channels”) phospholipids, and even nucleic acids). They
characterizes the neuronal plasma membrane. are also distributed among organelles capable
These channels allow for passive flow of ions of sequestering calcium; these include the
across membranes and thus electrical signaling endoplasmic reticulum (ER), calciosome, and
in the nervous system. Among the ions present mitochondria, where they constitute the
in the nervous system fluids, Na+, K+, Ca+, and intracellular Ca2+ stores. Free intracellular Ca2+
Cl- ions seem to be responsible for almost all of ions present in the cytosol act as second
the “nerve action” although other ions like Ca2+ messengers and transduce electrical activity in
are also intimately involved in key activities. neurons into subsequent biochemical events
Regardless of the animal’s environment such as exocytosis. Ca2+ ions bound to
(seawater, freshwater, or air), experimental cytosolic proteins or present in organelle stores
studies have shown time and again that are not active Ca2+ ions; only “free” versions of
potassium (K+) ions are the predominant cation the ion have a role; furthermore, the total
in the intracellular fluid and sodium (Na+) ions intracellular concentration of Ca2+ contributes
are the predominant cations in the extracellular to charge balance. .
fluid. The main anions of the intracellular fluid
are organic molecules: negatively charged 6 ION COMPOSITION (MCAT MATH)
amino acids (glutamate and aspartate), a According to the passage and the accompanying
proteins, nucleic acids, phosphates (PO4-), etc., figure, within cells Ca2+ is bound or sequestered.
which all have large molecular weights in If only 0.1% of the total cellular Ca2+ content of
common. In the intracellular fluid, the a cell is found free in the cytosol, which of the
predominant anions are chloride (Cl-) ions. following most closely approximates the free
There is also a noticeable difference between cellular Ca2+ content of a cell with a hypothetical
2+
cytosolic and extracellular Ca concentrations volume of 1 μL?
(see figure 6 below of an idealized nerve cell
depicted as a sphere). A. 0.1 mol
B. 1 mol
C. 10 mol
D. 0.001 mol
7 ION COMPOSITION (MCAT MATH)

a In spite of the unequal distribution of ions across
the neuronal plasma membrane, which of the
following is best supported by the figure?
A. The ER Ca2+ stores help balance

mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca2+ stores
B. Intracellular and extracellular media are
neutral ionic solutions.
C. Extracellular Ca2+ stores are roughly 10
times more concentrated than intracellular
Ca2+ stores.
Figure 6: Unequal distribution of ions across
D. The nucleus harbors most of the intracellular
neuronal plasma membranes.
negative ions.

WORD BANK
concentration unequal lipidic reestablish impermeable
8 ION COMPOSITION
a A difference of concentration between two compartments is called a concentration gradient.
Measurements of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- concentrations have shown that concentration gradients for
ions are in an “equilibrium” constant state in the external and cytosolic compartments, at the
macroscopic level, during the entire neuronal life. This is most consistent with which of the following
hypotheses?
I. Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions cannot cross the neuronal plasma membrane: the neuronal plasma
membrane is effectively impermeable to these inorganic ions. In that case, concentration
gradients need to be established only once in the lifetime of the neuron.
II. A neuronal plasma membrane is permeable to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions, but there are
mechanisms that continuously reestablish the gradients when they have been dissipated;
these mechanism maintain constant the unequal distribution of ions.
III. A neuronal plasma membrane is semipermeable to Na +, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions; concentration
gradients are in a constant flux but over the life of the neuron appear to remain constant.
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I and III
D. II and III
9 TESTING A HYPOTHESIS
a When proteins are absent from a synthetic lipid bilayer, no movements of ions occur across this purely
lipidic membrane. Which of the following is the best explanation for this result?
The energy from the breakdown of ATP molecules cannot be utilized by proteins that are not
A.
present; therefore, ions cannot be shuttled into or out of the cell.
Membrane proteins “coat” ions before they are transported across the membrane. In the absence of
B.
this “coating,” ions cannot be transported through a hydrophobic barrier.
Membrane proteins temporarily neutralize ions, allowing them to be transported across the
C.
membrane. Without the proteins, the lack of neutralization prevents them from being transported.
D. Owing to its central hydrophobic region, the lipid bilayer has a low permeability to hydrophilic
substances such as ions, water, and other polar molecules; i.e. the lipid bilayer is a barrier for
diffusion of ions and other charged species.
10 A DISRUPTION
a A neuron is injected with an agent that causes selective destruction of organelle membranes. Which of
the following is most accurate regarding the concentration of intracellular Ca 2+?
A. It will stay the same

B. It will increase until it reaches an equilibrium concentration along with extracellular Ca 2+
C. It will decrease as the stored Ca2+ eventually leaks out of the cell via ion pores
D. It could increase or decrease depending on its distribution between “free” and “bound” forms

MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 2 - MEDIUM
Neuronal plasma membranes differ from
other plasma membranes by the nature,
density, and spatial distribution of the proteins
of which they are composed. The presence of a
large diversity of transmembrane proteins
called ionic channels (or simply “channels”)
characterizes the neuronal plasma membrane.
These channels facilitate flow of ions across
membranes and the subsequent electrical
signaling in the nervous system. Among the
ions present in the nervous system fluids, Na+,
K+, Ca+, and Cl- ions seem to be responsible for
Figure 7: Na+ fluxes through the membrane of a squid
almost all of the “nerve action” although other giant axon; effects of dinitrophenol (DNP)
ions like Ca2+ are also intimately involved in on outflux of *Na+ as a function of time
key activities. The concentrations of these ions
both inside and outside the cell are of major 11 INTERPRETING RESULTS
interest in myriad research areas.
a Which of the following is the best explanation
for the results of experiment 1?
Experiment 1
In an experiment to demonstrate ionic A. *Na+ influx occurs via active transport
fluxes across a neuronal plasma membrane, a since a block of ATP synthesis did not
radioisotope of the Na+ ion was used on a squid prevent the influx.
giant axon. When the axon was immersed in a
B. *Na+ influx occurs via forced diffusion since
bath containing a control concentration of
a block of ATP synthesis did not prevent
radioactive *Na+ ions (24Na+) instead of cold the influx.
Na+ (22Na+), *Na+ ions constantly appeared in
C. *Na+ influx occurs via passive transport
the cytoplasm. The immersion was then
since a block of ATP synthesis did not
repeated in the presence of dinitrophenol
prevent the influx.
(DNP), a known blocker of ATP synthesis in
mitochondria. The *Na+ ions once again D. Dinitrophenol (DNP) binds to *Na+ influx
appeared in the cytoplasm without any transport proteins in a non-competitive
significant decrease in concentration. manner so it fails to stop the influx.
Experiment 2 12 INTERPRETING RESULTS

The reverse experiment was conducted by
loading the isolated squid giant axon with a What is the most likely reason experimenters
chose to use radioactive isotopes instead of
radioactive *Na+ ions as in Experiment 1. The the cold alternatives in experiment 1?
axon was then transferred to a bath containing
cold Na+. The quantity of *Na+ that appeared A. The radioactive isotope of sodium is easier
in the bath per unit of time (d*Na+/dt) was to handle than the cold isotope.
then measured and expressed in counts per B. Radioactive sodium is absorbed much
minute to allow for the quantification of the quicker than cold sodium, generating
efflux of *Na+ (see the figure 7). shorter experiment durations.
In the presence of dinitrophenol (DNP), this C. Cold isotope influx is likely blocked by
*Na+ efflux quickly diminished to nearly zero. dinitrophenol.
The process was repeated with the addition of
D. Radioactive isotopes are more easily
DNP, but this time an intracellular injection of
tracked as they accumulate in new
ATP was provided some time after the *Na+ locations.
efflux quickly diminished.

13 INTERPRETING RESULTS
a According to the passage and figure 7, dinitrophenol (DNP) diminishes the efflux of radioactive sodium
(*Na+) suggesting that this efflux occurs
A. actively with energy from ATP

B. passively with energy from ATP
C. passively as *Na+ flows down its concentration gradient from inside the axon to outside the axon
D. actively as *Na+ flows down its concentration gradient from inside the axon to outside the axon
a According to the figure, the injection of ATP reverses the diminished efflux of radioactive sodium
(*Na+) at about how long after efflux measuring began?
A. 190 min
B. 150 min
C. 100 min
D. 230 min
15 PREDICTING RESULTS
a According to the results of experiment 2, what should experimenters observe if DNP and ATP are
introduced into the squid giant axon at the same time after letting the exon absorb *Na+?
A. The results would be duplicated leading to a graph identical to that in Figure 7.

B. The efflux of *Na+ would be enhanced leading to the same drop shown in Figure 7 but at an earlier
time.
C. The efflux of *Na+ should continue at a near linear rate close to that shown in Figure 7 for
approximately the first 100 minutes.
D. The efflux of *Na+ would be stopped altogether.
16 CONCLUSION
a Which of the following is most accurate based on the results of both experiments?
A. Ions alternate between passive and active transport when moving into and out of neurons.
B. Ionic compositions of cytosol and extracellular compartments are maintained at the expense of a
continuous basal cellular metabolism that provides energy used to power active transport that
compensates for passive movements.
C. Ionic transport into a cell cannot be inhibited by an energy pathway inhibitor indicating that all
transport into a cell is passive.
D. Toxins that disrupt basal cellular metabolism necessary to provide energy to power active transport
of ions ultimately prevent active transport of ions into the cell as well thereby completely stopping
movement of ions into or out of the cell.
True or False
F Electron movement from the mitochondrial matrix out to the cytoplasm is the driving force for ATP
synthesis in a mitochondrion.
T ATP synthesis in a mitochondrion is the result of protons moving down a concentration gradient.

MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 3 - MEDIUM Rat skeletal muscle fibers were extracted
and incubated in normal media (control),
Muscle cells (or myocytes) depend on ion glucose-free media (G(–)), and glucose-free
flux for proper functioning. The myocellular media with various concentrations of the
transmembrane Na+ gradient is particularly glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate (IAA). IAA
important for correct cellular activity. During directly prevents the formation of 1,3-
septic shock, disruption of Na+ homeostasis bisphosphoglycerate. After one hour in the
often occurs and leads to decreased membrane media, the muscle tissues were assayed for
potential and increased intracellular Na+. It has intracellular Na+ and K+ content and lactate
been found that failure of cellular energy production. Cellular viability was determined by
metabolism is a common symptom in septic measuring the amount of lactate
patients who do not respond to therapeutics. dehydrogenase (LDH) released, as LDH release
Because normal intracellular levels of Na+ are is an indicator of cell death. The results are
maintained by the Na+K+ ATPase, it is displayed in Figure 8.
important to understand how metabolic energy The researchers also examined the effect
production is linked to cation transport. disruption of oxidative phosphorylation had on
Na+ and K+ content. Inhibition of oxidative
Researchers are interested in whether the
phosphorylation was caused by carbonyl-
energy used for ion transport is derived from
cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an
glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. This
ionophore that allows protons to move freely
information would provide a better
through membranes. No correlation between
understanding of myocellular damage that + +
occurs during critical illness. Experiments were Na and K content and oxidative
conducted to evaluate the effects of glycolytic phosphorylation was found.
+ +
inhibition on cellular Na and K concentrations Adapted from: Okamoto K, Wang W, Rounds J, Chambers EA, Jacobs DO. ATP from
glycolysis is required for normal sodium homeostasis in resting fast-twitch rodent
and lactate production in rat skeletal myocytes. skeletal muscle. The American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism.
2001 Sept;281(3):E479-88.
Figure 8: Effects of glycolytic inhibition on intracellular Na+ and K+ content and lactate production
with cellular viability measured by LDH release. (Note: The * indicates p < 0.05 versus control.
17 EXPERIMENT DECISIONS
a The researchers chose a concentration of 0.3 mM IAA as the working concentration for any additional
studies instead of 1 mM or 2 mM. What is the likely reason for this?
A. The lower concentration of IAA gave the largest Na+ response.

B. Higher concentrations induced significant cytotoxicity.
C. The solubility of IAA was not high enough.
D. The researchers were trying to mimic control conditions as closely as possible.

18 AN INFERENCE
a The information in the passage suggests that glycolysis:
A. is important for maintaining normal Na+ and K+ levels in skeletal muscle.

B. facilitates membrane permeability in skeletal muscle.
C. impedes the function of the Na+K+ ATPase in skeletal muscle.
D. is regulated by the Na+K+ ATPase in skeletal muscle.
19 UNDERSTANDING THE GRAPH

a According to the first graph of Figure 8 showing the ratio of ion concentrations for Na+ and K+,
A. the greater the concentration of IAA, the lower the concentration of intracellular Na+
B. the greater the concentration of IAA, the higher the concentration of intracellular K+
C. the greater the concentration of IAA, the higher the concentration of intracellular Na+
D. the lower the concentration of IAA, the lower the concentration of intracellular K+
a The researchers’ findings on the relationship between oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic levels of
Na+ and K+ most support the idea that
A. cytosolic metabolic activity does not affect mitochondrial metabolic processes

B. mitochondrial membranes do not have a Na+K+ ATPase transport protein
C. oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
D. mitochondrial metabolic processes do not affect cytosolic levels of Na + and K+
21 MAKING A CONNECTION
a Glycolysis is a multi-step process by which a glucose molecule is used to generate two pyruvate
molecules. In one step, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate serves as the substrate for Glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase which turns it into 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate. In the same step, the
Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase generates the strong reducing agent NADH. Based on the
passage, which of the following is most likely in the presence of enough IAA?
A. Less 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is made.

B. NAD+ will never be reduced to form NADH.
C. NADH will not be aerobically oxidized by the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
D. NADH will never be oxidized anaerobically by the cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase.
a If the effects of IAA treatment in nerve cells are the same as those observed in myocytes, which
feature of an action potential would be most affected by IAA treatment?
A. Initiation of depolarization
B. Rising phase of depolarization
C. Falling phase to undershoot
D. Return to resting potential

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MCAT PREPARATION – FALL 2019 She got her good looks from her

BIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIVING

MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 1: Easy

MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 2: Med

MCAT-STYLE PASSAGE 3: Med

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

A. It is polar, able to hydrogen bond with other molecules

A. diffusion across membranes down a concentration gradient

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

Q9 CAPILLARY BLOOD FLOW

Q10 IDEAL GASES

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

glycerol plasma life FATTY ELECTRONEGATIVITY propane

BIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL groups in which the HIGH

Figure 3: Phosphatidyl Choline

A. An isolated plant cell treated with phosphatase enzymes.

Figure 4: Another Generic Lipid Bilayer

A. Glycolipid and phospholipid contents are about equal.

A. the same mass amounts as phospholipids

5 EUKARYOTE vs. PROKARYOTE

I. Animal cells have membrane-enclosed organelles while bacteria do not.

F All animal cells have DNA.

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

7 ION COMPOSITION (MCAT MATH)

A. The ER Ca2+ stores help balance

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

concentration unequal lipidic reestablish impermeable

A. It will stay the same

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

Experiment 2 12 INTERPRETING RESULTS

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

A. actively with energy from ATP

A. The results would be duplicated leading to a graph identical to that in Figure 7.

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

A. The lower concentration of IAA gave the largest Na+ response.

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

A. is important for maintaining normal Na+ and K+ levels in skeletal muscle.

19 UNDERSTANDING THE GRAPH

A. cytosolic metabolic activity does not affect mitochondrial metabolic processes

A. Less 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is made.

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

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