PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. A triangular canal of most efficient proportion has a depth of 3 m. What is the

hydraulic radius of this canal?
a. 1.5 m
b. 1.061 m
c. 1.125 m
d. 1.225 m

2. A rectangular canal 3.2 m wide and 1.2 m deep has a full capacity of 8.5 m 3/s.
Assuming n=0.015, what is the slope of the channel?
a. 0.00506
b. 0.00081
c. 0.00283
d. 0.00182

3. Water is issued vertically at the rate of 30 liters per second through a 50-mm
diameter nozzle. Neglecting losses, how high above the nozzle tip can the water
jet support a load of 250 N?
A. 8.36 m
B. 9.32 m
C. 7.52 m
D. 6.25 m
4. The depth of flow in an open channel where the energy is at minimum for a
particular discharge.
A. Subcritical depth
B. Supercritical depth
C. Alternate depth
D. Critical depth
5. An abrupt rise in the liquid surface when liquid at high velocity discharge into a
zone of lower velocity.
A. Hydraulic Jump
B. Hydraulic loss
C. Hydraulic gradient
D. Hydraulic head
6. A dimensionless quantity used to indicate the influence of gravity on fluid motion.
A. Cauchy Number
B. Reynolds Number
C. Mach Number
D. Froude Number
7. The most efficient section for an open channel is
A. Rectangular Section
B. Semi-Circular Section
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

C. Circular Section
D. Trapezoidal Section
8. It is a study of liquids that are in motion with respect to both to the earth and their
containers.
A. Hydrostatics
B. Hydrology
C. Hydrokinetics
D. Hydroponics
9. A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or
change direction suddenly (momentum change) is referred to in hydraulics as
A. Potential head
B. Hydraulic jump
C. Water hammer
D. Hydrodynamics

10. A fireman has to put out a fire but is blocked by a firewall. To reach over the wall,
he directed the water jet from the nozzle at an angle of 30o to the horizontal.
Evaluate the velocity of the water, in m/s leaving the nozzle of his hose to reach
over the wall if he stands 30 meters away from the wall and the wall is standing 2
m higher than the nozzle of the hose. Neglect the friction in the jet.
A. 25.3
B. 21.5
C. 19.6
D. 17.2

11. Water flows through a rectangular irrigation canal, 500 mm deep by 1 m wide,
with a mean velocity of 2.5 m/s. Determine the rate of flow in m3/min.
A. 75
B. 1.25
C. 65
D. 2.35

12. A trapezoidal canal has a bottom width of 4 m and side slopes of 2 horizontal to 1
vertical. When the depth of the flow is 1.2 m, the flow is 35 m3/s. The roughness
coefficient n = 0.015. Evaluate the slope of the channel using Manning’s formula.
A. 0.00609
B. 0.00824
C. 0.00756
D. 0.00572
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
A jet is issued from the side of the tank under a constant as shown. The side of the tank
has an inclination of 1H to 1V. the total depth of water in the tank is h1 = 6.70 m and the
orifice is located h2 = 3.7 m above the bottom of the tank. Neglecting air resistance and
assuming Cv = 1.0, determine the following:

13. The maximum height to which the jet will rise above the orifice.
A. 1.5 meters
B. 2 meters
C. 1.85 meters
D. 2.5 meters
14. The point “x” the jet will strike a horizontal plane 1.20 m below the bottom of the
tank.
A. 10.87 meters
B. 12.35 meters
C. 10.39 meters
D. 9.2 meters
15. The time it takes for the jet to strike a horizontal plane 1.20 m below the bottom of
the tank.
A. 1.763 seconds
B. 1.695 seconds
C. 1.725 seconds
D. 1.735 seconds

Situation 2
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopes of 2H to 1V. The flow Is 30
m3/s when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n = 0.013.
16. Calculate the specific energy of flow.
A. 2.22 m
B. 1.78 m
C. 1.46 m
D. 2.58 m
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

17. What is the slope of the channel bed?

A. 0.00325
B. 0.00403
C. 0.00105
D. 0.00237
18. Calculate the boundary shearing stress.
A. 8.86 Pa
B. 12.56 Pa
C. 19.92 Pa
D. 34.55 Pa

Situation 3

Reservoir B in the figure receives 0.06 m3/s of flow. Determine the following:

19. The flow in line AD

A. 0.219 m3/s
B. 0.203 m3/s
C. 0.233 m3/s
D. 0.173 m3/s
20. The flow in line DC
A. 0.143 m3/s
B. 0.133 m3/s
C. 0.159 m3/s
D. 0.173 m3/s
21. The elevation of reservoir B
A. 92.76 m
B. 90.07 m
C. 91.06 m
D. 89.09 m
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Situation 4
Reservoir A, the source of water for town C and D, is at elevation 200 m. The distribution
reservoir at junction B is at elevation 91.56 m and 15,000 m from A. Town C with a
population of 250,000 is at elevation 56 m and is 9,000 m from B. Town D with population
300,000 is at elevation 15.21 m and is 6,000 m from B. the water demand is 150 liters per
capita per day. Neglect all minor losses. Assume friction factor f = 0.02 for all pipes.

22. Which of the following is nearest to the required diameter of line AB?
A. 730 mm
B. 660 mm
C. 510 mm
D. 600 mm
23. Which of the following is nearest to the required diameter of line BC?
A. 660 mm
B. 600 mm
C. 510 mm
D. 730 mm
24. Which of the following is nearest to the required diameter of line BD?
A. 510 mm
B. 730 mm
C. 600 mm
D. 660 mm

Situation 5
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

The flow rate of water through the pipe system shown in the figure is 50L/s under total
head loss of 9.0 m. Assume a C coefficient of 120 for all pipes.

25. Calculate the flow through line B in L/s

A. 21
B. 28
C. 15
D. 19
26. Calculate the head loss in line B in meters
A. 2.4
B. 3.6
C. 2
D. 1.5
27. Determine the diameter in line C in mm.
A. 180
B. 170
C. 200
D. 220

28. Water flows at a depth of 1.5 meters in a 6-m wide rectangular channel. Find the
discharge (in m3/s) if the channel is laid on a slope of 0.002. Use n = 0.013.
A. 30.96
B. 32.63
C. 28.54
D. 25.48

Situation 6 A rectangular channel 8-meter wide has constant specific energy of 2.20
meters.
29. What is the critical depth of flow in meters?
A. 1.47
B. 1.65
C. 1.1
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

D. 1.76
30. Calculate the critical velocity in m/s
A. 3.28
B. 3.79
C. 4.02
D. 4.15
31. Calculate the critical slope assuming n = 0.013.

Situation - An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross-section has the following elements.
bottom width = 2 m, depth of water = 0.9 m, side slope = 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical, slope
of canal bed = 0.001, coefficient of roughness = 0.025. The canal will serve clay-loam rice
land.
32. What is the hydraulic radius in meters?
A. 0.621
B. 0.575
C. 0.592
D. 0.524
33. What is the mean velocity of flow in m/s?
A. 0.652
B. 0.479
C. 0.874
D. 0.308
34. If the canal will serve a clay-loam rice land, determine the area (in hectare) it can
serve if the duty of water per hectare is 3 L/s.
A. 798
B. 897
C. 879
D. 978

Situation – Reservoir B in the Figure supplies 560 liters per second to reservoirs A and C. For
this problem, the following data are given:
Pipe 1: D = 600 mm, L = 500 m
Pipe 2: D = 800 mm, L = 800 m
Pipe 3: D = 400 mm, L = 800 m
Assume f = 0.025 for all pipes.
35. What is the flow pipe 1 in L/s?
A. 132
B. 231
C. 354
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

D. 179
36. What is flow in pipe 3 in L/s?
A. 381
B. 206
C. 428
D. 329
37. What is the elevation of reservoir B in meters?
A. 312
B. 308
C. 302
D. 304

Situation – Water is flowing in a 200-mm diameter rigid pipe that is 850 m long at the rate
of 0.25 m/s. The valve near the exit end of the pipe was closed in 0.5 seconds. Bulk
modulus of elasticity of water is 2.07 x 109 Pa.
38. What is the celerity of pressure wave in m/s?
A. 1439
B. 1843
C. 1576
D. 1232
39. What is the water hammer pressure due to instantaneous closure, in kPa?
A. 359.7
B. 456.3
C. 338.4
D. 398.7
40. What is the maximum closure time that can be considered as instantaneous
closure, in seconds?
A. 1.54
B. 1.18
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

C. 1.32
D. 1.27

Situation – Two vertical tanks are connected near the bottom by a short tube having a
cross-sectional are of 0.00623 m2, the cross-sectional areas of the tanks are 8 m2 and 2 m2
respectively. The tank contains water with the water surface in the larger tank 4 m above
the tube and in the smaller tank 1 m above the tube. Assume a constant discharge
coefficient of 0.72.
41. Find the flow of water to the smaller tank if the head is constant.
A. 43.9 L/s
B. 28.5 L/s
C. 34.5 L/s
D. 39.4 L/s
42. Find the time for the water surfaces in the two tanks to reach the same elevation.
A. 321 s
B. 278 s
C. 231 s
D. 432 s
43. Find the time for the water surfaces in the tanks to be 1 m apart.
A. 117.5 s
B. 103.1 s
C. 154.2 s
D. 134.9 s

Situation – A weir installed at the end of a rectangular channel controls the flow of the
water. The rate of flow is 0.62 m3/s. If the error the measuring head is 0.018 m, determine
the error in the measured flow if:
44. The weir is a 90-degree V-notch.
A. 5,45%
B. 6.92%
C. 7.12%
D. 6.35%
45. The weir is a suppressed rectangular with L = 4.5 m.
A. 14.32%
B. 12.21%
C. 16.98%
D. 15.58%
46. The weir is a Cipolletti with L = 4.3 m.
A. 9.67%
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

B. 13.28%
C. 10.24%
D. 15.21%

Situation – Water flows in a 400-mm diameter pipe at the rate of 600 liters per second. The
pipe has a length of 60 m.
47. Compute the head loss using Darcy Weisbach formula with f = 0.028.
A. 4.98 m
B. 5.02 m
C. 4.65 m
D. 4.88 m
48. Compute the head loss using Hazen-Williams’s formula with C1 = 92.
A. 4.65 m
B. 4.98 m
C. 4.88 m
D. 5.02 m
49. Compute the head loss using Manning’s formula with n = 0.013.
A. 5.02 m
B. 4.88 m
C. 4.98 m
D. 4.65 m

Situation – A trapezoidal canal has a base width of 6 m. the velocity of flow is 0.85 m3/s.
50. Determine the discharge using the most efficient canal section.
A. 37.48 m3/s
B. 35.22 m3/s
C. 41.25 m3/s
D. 39.75 m3/s
51. Determine the discharge for minimum seepage if the sides of the canal make an
angle of 45o with the horizontal.
A. 32.75 m3/s
B. 36.65 m3/s
C. 25.48 m3/s
D. 29.62 m3/s
52. Determine the discharge if the canal depth is 2/3 of its base width and sides slope
of 1:1.
A. 34 m3/s
B. 32 m3/s
C. 36 m3/s
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

D. 38 m3/s
Situation – The triangular V-notch channel shown in the Figure carries a flow of its m3/s.
Assume n = 0.013.
53. Calculate the nearest value to the critical depth of flow in meters.
A. 1.635
B. 1.554
C. 1.402
D. 1.117
54. Calculate the nearest value to the critical velocity of flow in m/s.
A. 2.76
B. 3.21
C. 2.41
D. 2.08
55. Calculate the nearest value to the critical slope.
A. 0.0032
B. 0.0015
C. 0.0023
D. 0.0028

Situation – A rectangular canal is 5.2 meters wide and 1.2 meters depth. The canal is laid
on a uniform slope of 0.001 and roughness coefficient is 0.012.
56. Calculate the discharge in the canal, in m3/s.
A. 14.42
B. 15.24
C. 13.68
D. 14.95
57. What savings in lining per meter length of canal could have been effected if the
most efficient rectangular section were used for the same discharge and slope?
A. 0.662 m2
B. 0.524 m2
C. 0.754 m2
D. 0.868 m2
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

58. What saving in earth excavation per meter length of canal could have been
effected if the most efficient rectangular section were used for the same
discharge and slope?
A. 0.428 m3
B. 0.284 m3
C. 0.325 m3
D. 0.223 m3

Situation – The total flow in the pipe system shown in the Figure is 0.86 m3/s. Assume f =
0.032 for all pipes.
Pipe 1: D = 400 mm, L = 400 m
Pipe 2: D = 600 mm, L = 350 m
Pipe 3: D = 500 mm, L = 420 m

59. What is the flow in line 1, in m3/s?

A. 0.259
B. 0.362
C. 0.448
D. 0.152
60. What is the flow in line 2, in m3/s?
A. 0.152
B. 0.448
C. 0.362
D. 0.259
61. What is the flow in line 3, in m3/s?
A. 0.362
B. 0.152
C. 0.259
D. 0.448

Situation – The specific energy of flow in a 4.5-m wide rectangular channel is 2.3 m.
62. What is the critical depth?
A. 1.65 m
B. 1.10 m
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

C. 1.47 m
D. 1.76 m
63. What is the critical velocity?
A. 6.64 m/s
B. 7.31 m/s
C. 3.79 m/s
D. 3.61 m/s
64. What is the critical slope assuming n = 0.012.
A. 0.00249
B. 0.00243
C. 0.00233
D. 0.00253

Situation – A 4-m wide rectangular channel is designed to carry a flow of 20 m3/s.

65. What is the critical depth, in m?
A. 1.49
B. 1.41
C. 1.37
D. 1.26
66. What is the critical velocity, in m/s?
A. 63.83
B. 3.72
C. 3.66
D. 3.52
67. What is the critical slope assuming n = 0.025?
A. 0.0115
B. 0.0122
C. 0.0103
D. 0.0111

Situation – An open channel has a bottom width of 4.5 m. The velocity of flow is 1.2 m/s.
Determine the discharge under the following conditions:
68. Most efficient trapezoidal section, in m3/s.
A. 31.57
B. 24.94
C. 19.09
D. 38.97
69. Trapezoidal section with one side vertical and the other sloping 45 o and depth of
flow of 2/3 the base width, in m3/s
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

A. 17.07
B. 26.67
C. 21.60
D. 13.07
70. Minimum seepage with side slope of 65o, in m3/s
A. 8.91
B. 6.82
C. 13.93
D. 11.28

Situation – A 600-mm diameter pipe, 720 m long carries water at the rate of 25 m/s. Use
Ewater = 2.2 x 109 Pa and ρw = 1000 kg/m3.
71. What is the water hammer pressure due to instantaneous close of the gate near
the exit, in kPa?
A. 3762
B. 3894
C. 3507
D. 3708
72. How long will it take for the pressure wave to travel round trip of the pipe?
A. 1.15 s
B. 0.75 s
C. 0.84 s
D. 0.97 s
73. What is the water hammer pressure if the valve is closed in 1.2 seconds?
A. 2800 kPa
B. 3400 kPa
C. 3000 kPa
D. 3200 kPa

Situation – The figure shows a looping system. Pressure heads at points x and y are 80 m
and 52 m respectively. Assume C = 110 for all pipes.
74. Calculate the flow in pipe A in m3/s.
A. 0.103
B. 0.056
C. 0.069
D. 0.095
75. Calculate the flow in pipe B in m3/s.
A. 0.056
B. 0.069
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

C. 0.103
D. 0.095
76. Calculate the flow in pipe C in m3/s.
A. 0.095
B. 0.103
C. 0.056
D. 0.069

Situation – The flow of water through the pipe system shown is 0.050 m3/s under total head
loss of 9 m. Assume C =120 for all pipes.
77. What is the head loss in pipe D?
A. 2.48 m
B. 4.38 m
C. 3.54 m
D. 2.89 m
78. What is the flow in pipe B?
A. 18 L/s
B. 23 L/s
C. 20 L/s
D. 26 L/s
79. What is the diameter of pipe C?
A. 154 mm
B. 177 mm
C. 167 mm
D. 188 mm
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Situation – A trapezoidal canal having a depth of 2.25 m flows with mean velocity of 0.9
m/s.
80. Determine the discharge using the most efficient proportion.
A. 9.87 m3/s
B. 8.69 m3/s
C. 7.89 m3/s
D. 10.21 m3/s
81. Determine the discharge if the side slope is 1H to 2.5V and depth of flow is 2/3 its
base width.
A. 8.35 m3/s
B. 9.32 m3/s
C. 8.66 m3/s
D. 9.67 m3/s
82. Determine the discharge if the canal is proportioned for minimum seepage with
side slope of 55o.
A. 9.6 m3/s
B. 12.7 m3/s
C. 8.9 m3/s
D. 11.2 m3/s

Situation – A semi-circular channel having a radius of 0.6 m has n = 0.013. the channel is
to carry water at a depth of 0.6 m at critical stage.
83. Find the critical velocity in m/s.
A. 2.63
B. 2.15
C. 2.35
D. 2.25
84. Find the critical slope.
A. 0.00583
B. 0.00428
C. 0.00389
D. 0.00467
85. The maximum discharge in m3/s.
A. 1.489
B. 1.275
C. 1.332
D. 1.216
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Situation – Water flow at the rate of 1.2 m3/s at a depth of 1.5 m in a 10-m wide irrigation
canal. Assume uniform flow and use n = 0.035.
86. Calculate the nearest value to the specific energy in J/N.
A. 1.5124
B. 1.5087
C. 1.5003
D. 1.5024
87. Determine the slope of the channel bed in meter per kilometer.
A. 0.0064785
B. 0.000064785
C. 0.0000064785
D. 0.064785
88. Determine the boundary shearing stress at the walls in Pa.
A. 0.00733
B. 0.0733
C. 0.000733
D. 0.733

Situation – Water flows at the rate of 2 m/s in a 2.5-km long, 600-mm pipe that is 20 mm
thick. Bulk modulus of water, Eβ = 2.2 x 109 Pa. Modulus of elasticity of pipe material is E =
1.4 x 1011 Pa. Density of water is 998 kg/ m3.
89. Calculate the nearest value to the velocity of pressure (sound) wave in m/s.
A. 1087
B. 975
C. 1563
D. 1224
90. If a valve at the end of the pipe is closed, determine the maximum time of closure
that can be considered as instantaneous closure.
A. 2.1 s
B. 4.1 s
C. 3.2 s
D. 5.2 s
91. Calculate the rise in pressure near the valve due to instantaneous closure of the
valve.
A. 2145 kPa
B. 3254 kPa
C. 2443 kPa
D. 2864 kPa
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Situation – The flow of water from reservoir A in Figure 56(12) is 600 L/s.
92. The water surface elevation of reservoir B is nearest to:
A. 174.8 m
B. 162.5 m
C. 196.5 m
D. 181.3 m
93. The flow in line 2 in liters per second is nearest to:
A. 280
B. 270
C. 250
D. 260
94. The flow in line 3 in liters per second is nearest to:
A. 330
B. 350
C. 340
D. 320

Situation – A 90-degree triangular channel is to carry a flow rate of 12 m 3/s. Using n =

0.014, compute the following:
95. Closest value to the critical depth in meters
A. 1.62
B. 1.97
C. 1.46
D. 0.89
96. Closest value to the critical velocity in m/s
A. 2.2
B. 2.52
C. 3.1
D. 3.9
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

97. Closest value to the critical slope

A. 0.0085
B. 0.0064
C. 0.0012
D. 0.0031

Situation – A 250-mm diameter jet of water discharging at the rate of 491 liters per second
impinges normally on a flat metal plate.
98. Which of the following is nearest to the force exerted by the jet on the metal plate
in kN.
A. 4.3
B. 3.9
C. 4.91
D. 5.6
99. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate if the plate is moving at 2 m/s in the
same direction as the jet.
A. 3.35 kN
B. 5.75 kN
C. 3.15 kN
D. 2.14 kN
100. If the jet strikes a series of flat plates moving at 4 m/s in the same direction
as the jet, find the work done on the plates.
A. 10,800 watts
B. 9,800 watts
C. 12,400 watts
D. 11,784 watts.