System Analysis of the Turkish Power System for Interconnection with

Continental Europe
Ibrahim A. Nassar*, H. Weber*

*Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, University of Rostock

Germany (Tel.: 049-381-498-7125; e-mail ibrahim.nassar@uni-rostock.de)

Abstract: This paper presents the modelling, phasor analysis, model validation and simulation study for
primary control power allocation of the Turkish power system. With these studies the simulations were
performed to investigate the ability of the Turkish power system to become interconnected with the
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity-Continental Europe (ENTSO-E-
CE). Extensive investigations and measures in the Turkish power system were performed in order to
ensure the compatibility of both systems and a stable parallel operation. The challenges were the
changeover from the previous island operation to the future interconnected operation, the high share of
hydraulic units in Turkey power system and the system extension leading to longitudinal structure. Due
to the resulting system dynamic characteristics, the primary control power of at least 300 MW has to be
provided by thermal units and the turbine control of hydraulic units had to be adjusted. These studies
were performed and the results are successful. All the models were created using MATLAB/SIMULINK
software. On 18 September 2010 at 9h25 (CET) the Turkish power system was synchronized with the
interconnected power systems of Continental Europe via three lines to Bulgaria and Greece.
Keywords: phasor analysis, model validation, primary control, isolated and interconnection networks.

1. INTRODUCTION
The damping performance of the majority of the

On 21st March 2000, Turkish Transmission System Operator
(TEIAS) made an application to Union for the Co-ordination
of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) for synchronous
interconnection to Continental Europe and for membership.
A Project Group (PG) was established and scheduled the
activities to carry out the connection. This Project Group
coordinates all activities related to the Turkish Power System
investigations. In this framework two projects were carried
generation capacity is improved by damping measures
Power System Stabilizers (PSS) that are capable to
damp low frequency oscillations in the range of 0.15 Hz
(Al-Ali 2011);

A system protection scheme is implemented that
prevents the interconnected system from the risks that
emanate from wide area asynchronism.
50,100
f [Hz]

out; 50,080
frequency: Keban (TR)

50,060
The first project named complementary technical studies for
the synchronization of the Turkish power system with 50,040

European Network of Transmission System Operators for 50,020

Electricity-Continental Europe (ENTSO-E-CE), initiated in 50,000

December 2005 and finalized in April 2007, had the purpose 49,980

to determine the technical conditions under which the 49,960

Turkish power system may be synchronized with the UCTE

49,940
power system. From the study results the following
conclusions and recommendations were gained (Final report 49,920

2007): 49,900
13:45:30 13:47:30 13:49:30 13:51:30 13:53:30 13:55:30 13:57:30 13:59:30

The system interconnection to ENTSO-E-CE is feasible

provided that:

The existing inherent frequency control problem is
resolved. At the time the first project was conducted the
Turkish power system on its own had exhibited an
inherent and systematic frequency control problem (see
Fig. 1). The study revealed that this originates most
likely from deficient controller structures and parameter
settings of turbine governors and concerns in particular
the large hydro power plants;
Fig. 1: Measured frequency in Keban received from wide
area measurement system (March 2006).
These results ushered in the second project “rehabilitation of
the frequency control performance of the Turkish power
system for synchronous operation with UCTE”, aimed to
prepare the Turkish power system for the future parallel
operation with UCTE regarding power and frequency control,
steady state and transient stability.
In order to meet the aforementioned challenges for the During the second project, there have been several workshops
Turkish power system a joint collaboration of Transmission and studies by ENTSO-E-CE Interconnection project group
System Operators, Power Plant Operators, Manufacturers and to determine the governor structure and control parameters of
Universities has been created and the project was divided into newly refurbished hydro power plant unit governors specially
the following six tasks: the power plants with a rated capacity of 300 MW like
Atatürk units (8*300 MW).

Survey of the power plants and field tests;

Design of governor control and parameter optimization;

Secondary control; 2.2 Individual Units

Design/Optimization of Voltage Controller (AVR)/PSS;

Special protection scheme and restoration plan; The analysis of the individual units included the stocktaking

Training. and classification of existing controllers (in terms of
controller structures and control parameter settings), the set-
2. DESIGN OF THE TURBINE CONTROL OF up of simulation models in MATLAB and the theoretical
HYDRAULIC UNITS analysis on the basis of adequate simulation models and test
scenarios (stability of frequency control, provision of primary
2.1 Basic Information control power, impact on inter-area oscillations). Thereby the
on-site analysis of the respective units is indispensable to
There are three different groups of plants in the Turkish adjust the simulation models to the reality and to investigate
power system based on the source of energy; Natural Gas the real unit behaviour.
Combined Cycle Power Plants (GPPs), Thermal Power Plants
(TPPs) and Hydro Power Plants (HPPs) as shown in figure 2 . Both the theoretical and the on-site analysis concentrated on
Their installed capacity ratio is almost equal (i.e. ≈ 30 % ). island mode conditions, step responses and the stimulation of
the units by sinusoidal signals for the phasor analysis.
Currently, the installed generation capacity in Turkey about
45 GW, with 14 GW are generated in hydraulic units. The Phasor analysis is an appropriate means to reveal in particular
large hydro power plants are represented by blue blocks and the unit’s contribution to the 7 seconds oscillation. This
mostly located in the East around Euphrates river see figure 2 oscillation is an inter-area oscillation between coherent
and table 1. generator groups and as its period is determined by the
BULGARA distribution of inertia and the network topology (impedance)
BLACK SEA
it is more or less fixed. Contrariwise the 30 seconds swinging
BATUM
BABAESKĐ GEORGIEN
HAMĐTABAT

GR
E EC

UNIMAR AMBARLI
ALTINKAYA BORÇKA GUMRI
period of the isolated Turkish Power System is a coherent
(700 MW)
swinging (movement) of all generating units within Turkey
ADA-GEBZE
ADAPAZARI
ÇAYIRHAN Armenia
GÖKÇEKAYA H.UĞURLU
(500 MW)
and its period is impacted by the summary effect of all
BURSA
TEMELLĐ
TUNÇBĐLEK
KANGAL
SOMA SEYĐTÖMER ÖZLÜCE

ELBĐSTAN
KEBAN (1340 MW) turbine control actions. Therefore modifications that are
ALĐAĞ
1500 KM
aspired in the turbine control system themselves have a
A
KARAKAYA (1800 MW) IRAN

YENĐKÖY
BERKE (525 MW)
ATATÜRK (2400 MW) feedback on the swinging period and necessitate to
OYMAPINAR (540 MW)
investigate a wider frequency range (Nassar 2011).
YATAĞAN
KEMERKÖY
KESEK
BĐRECĐK (756 MW) IRAQ
ĐSKENDERUN

TEĐAŞ 2008

HALEP
Eu
p
TPP (Existing) Figure 3 illustrates the phasor analysis principle. To provide
hra
MEDITERRENEAN SYRIA
t es
riv
HPP (Existing)
damping the system consisting of the controller, the governor
er
and the turbine must produce a component of electrical power
in phase with rotor speed deviations. Due to the inherent gain
Fig. 2. Locations of large hydropower plants in Turkey. and phase characteristics of the system the phasor is shifted
clockwise. The specific characteristics of HPP lead to a
Table 1. Hydro power plants significant phase lag, especially for the 7 seconds oscillation,
so that the resulting phasor settles down in the unstable
Plant name Nominal active Number of region. Controller modifications can be utilized to mitigate
power (MW) generators this effect:
Atatürk 2400 8x300

By applying a sufficient transient gain reduction the unit
Karakaya 1800 6x300 response to the critical oscillation/swinging can be
Birecik 756 6x126 reduced or eliminated (reduction of phasor length). Due
to its more sluggish behaviour the unit is not able to
Keban 1-4 620 4x157 follow the oscillation/swinging and behaves more or
5-8 720 4x180 less neutrally. As denoted before this approach yields
also in operating stability for island mode conditions
Altinkaya 700 4x175 and contributes to the overall frequency stability of the
Oymapinar 540 4x135 Turkish power system;

When a faster unit response is desired (i.e. operating of
Berke 525 3x175 the unit without sufficient transient gain reduction) it
Hasan Ugurlu 500 4x125 can be sought to shift the phasor to the stabilizing area.
 Phasor shifts are generally accompanied by additional 2.3 Governor Structure of Atatürk HPP
mechanical stress on the valves. Moreover it has to be
ensured that the stability criteria for the overall Turkish According to the discussions with ENTSO-E Interconnection
power system are not violated; Project Group, the main requirement in a governor structure

The final tuning of the unit has to be done on-site and is to have an accelerating path (derivative of speed) in order
could also be a compromise between "reducing the to reduce the delay (or phase shift) between the speed
length of the phasor" and shifting it to some degree. deviation and power output deviation. Further, it is necessary
Therefore it is of utmost importance that the controller to have a transient gain reduction. This can be achieved by
structure exhibits all necessary features and that including lead-lag compensators in the speed controller. As
parameters can be changed easily. seen in figure 4 both are available in the new governors of
Atatürk HPP.
1 On February 2009 we visited Atatürk hydro power plant to
∆n sTG analyze the performance of Atatürk unit 1 governor that was
G
Generator ∆P implemented in the new control system as shown in figure 4.
Sinus Generator T
The aim was to reach optimum speed and power control
30 sec period
7 sec period
≈ Transfer function parameters and define this unit 1 as a model for the remaining
units to be refurbished under this rehabilitation project
* Governor Turbine (Nassar 2009).
∆n G
Psetpoint
1
sTP
P
G
Y
tref
Damping Axis
-180 0 Droop
Transient droop
Phase lag block
3 1
nG
1 sT n × r + 1
Unstable Region R sT n + 1
Stable Region
n
G0
K acc × T acc s
2 4 sT acc+1
Acceleration path
Phase lead block

Synchronizing axis

-90
Fig. 4: New governor control structure in Atatürk HPP.
*
1. Input Phasor ( ∆n G )
2. Output phasor ( ∆ P T ) “fast” unit
without transient gain reduction 2.4 Expectations and Tests
3. Output phasor “slow” unit
with transient gain reduction The studies on governor are focused on the tuning of
4. Output phasor “fast” unit parameters in order to satisfy the expectations defined by
shifted to stable region (gain increases) ENTSO-E-CE interconnection project group, which can be
summarized as;
Fig. 3: Phasor analysis principle.
The primary frequency control response (for 200 mHz
frequency deviation) should be completed in a time
For stable operation under islanding conditions, the optimum period within 30 seconds;
choice of the transient (temporary) droop r and reset time Tn
The phase shift between the power output and the
is related to the water starting time TW and mechanical frequency deviation for oscillations with 7 and 30
starting time TM as follows (Kundur 1994): seconds period should be less than 90 degrees;
r =[2.3-(TW-1.0)0.15]TW/TM (1)
The unit 1 (with grid operation settings) should be
Tn =[5.0-(TW-1.0)0.5]TW (2) stable in island operation.
Two sets of parameters were reached for island and
The MATLAB models of all major power plants were
interconnection operations (see Table 2), first set focusing on
created. Phasor study method has been performed for several
island mode stability requirements, second set focusing on
of them and can be utilized for preliminary analysis and to
faster response to -200 mHz frequency step for
investigate the effective set screws to achieve the desired
interconnection operation.
control aim. However, the final tuning studies have to be
performed on-site unless simulation model uncertainties are
eliminated (e.g. by parameter identification etc). On-site Table 2. Parameters of first and second sets for the grid
studies are time-consuming and laborious so some of HPP Pn P0 TW TP r Tn Tacc Kacc R
have been investigated in detail, for example Atatürk hydro 1st 300 258 3s 25s 0.12 100s 0.3s 4 0.08
power plant. 2nd 300 250 3s 25s 0.5 30s 1s 30 0.08
2.5 Step Response Test 50.2
First set
50.2
Second set

Frequency (Hz)
50.1 50.1

50 50

The speed measurement of the controller was disabled and an 49.9 49.9

artificial frequency measurement signal was generated. Using 49.8

1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
49.8
7250 7300 7350 7400 7450 7500

Wicked Gate Postion (%)

the artificial signal a 200 mHz frequency deviation was 0.8 8

0.8 7
0.8 6

0.8 4

simulated. Figure 5 shows the comparison between 0.8 6

0.8 5
0.8 2

0.8

simulation by blue line and measured signals by red line for 0.8 4
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 0.7 8
7250 7300 7350 7400 7450 7500

wicked gate position and output power. As a result for first 262 260

Output power(MW)
set of parameters, with 200 mHz frequency deviation the 260 250

primary control reserve is equal 15 MW, the governor 258

256
M e a s u re m e n t
S im u la t io n
240

230
M e a s u re m e n t
S im u la t io n

activates nearly all (~90%) of its reserve power in 30 1

1700 1750 1800 1850
T im e
1900 1950 2000 2050

1
7250 7300 7350
T im e
7400 7450 7500

To ta l S y s t e m

seconds. As for the second set of parameters the primary 0.8

0.6
0.8

0.6
M e c h a n ic a l S y s t e m
C o n t ro l le r
T u rb i n e

control reserve within 30 sec is completed and equal 15 MW. 0.4 0.4
U n it C irc l e

0.2 0.2
D a m p in a a x i s ( D e lt a w )
0 0
- 4 .5
50.2
First set 50.2
Second set -0 . 2
- 1 6 3 .5 -0 . 2
-1 0 .5
-5 9 .8 -1 2 .8
-0 . 4 -0 . 4
Frequency (Hz)

-0 . 6 -0 . 6
50 50
-9 0 .8 - 8 2 .4 -6 7 .3
-0 . 8 -0 . 8

-1 -1
49.8 49.8 -1 -0 . 5 0 0 .5 1 -1 -0 . 5 0 0.5 1
-90 -90
800 817 847 860 880 900 7,654 7684 7,700 7,750
Wicked Gate Postion (%)

0.95 0.9

0.9
0.88
Fig. 6: Response of unit 1 to 30 seconds period sinusoidal
0.85
0.86

0.84
change in frequency.
0.8 0.82
800 817 847 860 880 900 7654 7684 7700 7750

50.5 Second set

280 270 51
Output power(MW)

275.5 265 50 50.5

Frequency (Hz)

271 49,8
50
15 MW 49.5
13 MW 49.5
250 49
258 Measurement
Measurement Measurement 48.9
Simulation Simulation Simulation 48.5
240
800 817 847 900 7654 7684 7700 7750 48
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 8150 8152 8154 8156 8158 8160 8162 8164 8166 8168 8170
Time Time

0.92 1
Wicked Gate Postion (%)

0.95
0.9

Fig. 5: Response of unit 1 to -200 mHz step change in 0.88

0.9

0.85

frequency. 0.86
0.8

0.75

0.84 0.7
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 8150 8152 8154 8156 8158 8160 8162 8164 8166 8168 8170

2.6 Sinus Test 275 300

Output power(MW)

270 280

260
265

The speed measurement of the controller was disabled and an 260

240

artificial frequency measurement signal was generated. Using 255

220

200
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 8150 8152 8154 8156 8158 8160 8162 8164 8166 8168 8170
the artificial signal sinusoidal frequency deviations were Time Time

simulated with periods of 7 and 30 seconds and amplitude of

200 mHz. Fig. 7: Response of unit 1 to island network.
As a result, figure 6 shows the comparison is between
Finally we can conclude that the first set of parameters,
simulation in blue and measurement results in red. The
which were set and left on the unit to be used for both island
phasor analysis with 30 second periods and 100 mHz peak
and grid operation (which is a main requirement of Turkey’s
sinusoidal change in frequency, for first set the overall
ENSTO-E-CE Interconnection from hydro units to improve
response is in the negative damping region but with a very
system stability). Second set of parameters are the parameters
small amplitude while for second set of parameters the
that can be used in the future for a faster response but
overall response is in the positive damping region. As for 7
ignoring island mode stability. In the end, the performance of
seconds period, there is no observable response of unit 1 to
the governor implemented in this control system
these changes.
rehabilitation project is able to satisfying the ENTSO-E-CE
requirements.
2.7 Island Network Test
3. DYNAMIC MODEL OF THE TURKISH POWER
The island network test was realized per IEC 60308. With 5% SYSTEM
of actual load disturbance (∆P = 15 MW). Figure 7 shows the
comparison between simulation in blue and measured signals The overall model of the whole Turkish power system with
in red for wicked gate position and output power. As a result, the major power plants was made in SIMULINK / MATLAB
for the first set of parameters the unit 1 is stable while for the software. All power plants with their primary controllers and
second set of parameters the unit 1 is unstable. loads of Turkey are modelled completely in detail. Any
model consists of separate models for power controller,
governor and turbine regulator as shown in figure 8.
 P
setpoint
Y
tref
∆f Power and Speed Control Figures 11 and 12 show the phasor analysis for both local
area oscillations (30 seconds) and inter area oscillations (7
seconds) for each power plant individually.
Governor
TPPs as Sum Vectors of T=30 Local Area Oscillations
GPPs as Sum Vectors of T=30 Local Area Oscillations
0 0
Y Ambarli ElbistanA
t Bursa -0.02 ElbistanB
P Gebeze
m -0.05
Adapazari
Iskenderun
Turbine Aliaga
-0.04 Soma
Ambarlifo
Hamitabat
-0.1 -0.06 Cayirhan 3-4
Temelli
Kemerkoy
Unimar
-0.08 Yatagan
Total GPPs
-0.15 Seyitomer
-0.1 Yenikoy
- 53.5 - 56.9 Can
Fig. 8: General representation of sub-models. -0.2
0 0.1 0.2
-0.12
0 0.05 0.1
Kangal3
- 90 - 90 Total TPPs

Figure 9 shows the dynamic model of the whole Turkish HPPs as Sum Vectors of T=30 Local Area Oscillations All Power Plants as Sum Vectors of T=30 Local Area Oscillations
0 0
power system after connection of the sub models in one Ataturk
Birecik
All GPPS
-0.05 All TPPS
complete power plant model. -0.01
Keban
-0.1
ALL HPPS
Altinkaya All PPs
Karakaya
-0.15
Oymapinar
-0.02
Berke -0.2
Delta_F Pt_HPPs
Pload Hasanugurlu
All GPPs 50 Total HPP -0.25
-0.03
-0.3
1
0
Frequency deviation
Delta_F Pt_TPPs 50
-0.04 - 92.3 -0.35 ← Theta=-57.361
Ta.s
Fn Frequency (Hz)
-3 -2 -1 -090 0 0.2 0.4
All TPPs Turkish Network -3 - 90
x 10
O u t1

Delta_F Pt_GPPs

Dynamic Load
All HPPs
Fig. 11: Responses of individual and all power plants
In1

together for 30 seconds period.

Frequency pu
GPPs as Sum Vectores of T=7 Sec Inter Area Oscillations TPPs as Sum Vectores of T=7 Sec Inter Area Oscillations
0 0
Ambarli ElbistanA
-0.02 Bursa ElbistanB
Fig. 9: The overall model of the whole Turkish power Gebeze
Adapazari
-0.02
Iskenderun
-0.04
system. Aliaga
Hamitabat
-0.04
Soma
Ambarlifo
-0.06 Cayirhan 3-4
Temelli
-0.06 Kemerkoy
Unimar
-0.08 Yatagan
Total GPPs
Seyitomer
3.1 Simulation Study for Phasor analysis -0.1
-0.08
-68.5 Yenikoy
-80.9 Can
-0.12 -0.1 Kangal3
0 0.05 0 0.02 0.04
-90 Total TPPs
In order to investigate the contribution of the governors of the -90

unit model of all power plants (GPPs, TPPs and HPPs) HPPs as Sum Vectores of T=7 Sec Inter Area Oscillations
0
All Power Plants as Sum Vectores of T=7 Sec Inter Area Oscillations
0
together to damping of oscillations with different periods. A Ataturk
Birecik
All GPPS
All TPPS
sinusoidal frequency deviation is applied to the determined Keban
Altinkaya
-0.05 ALL HPPS
All PPs
-0.005
model and the mechanical output power (or mechanical Karakaya
Oymapinar
-0.1

torque) of the unit is observed as shown in figure 10. Berke

Hasanugurlu
-0.15
-0.01
Total HPP
-0.2
← Theta1=-72.145
-139
GPPs -0.015 -0.25
-0.02 -0.01 0 0 0.05 0.1
-90 -90

∆f
TPPs ∆P
Fig. 12: Responses of individual and all power plants
together for 7 seconds period.
Sinus
HPPs As a result of phasor analysis, the output power phasor for all
gas power plants and all thermal power plants for both 30 and
7 seconds period have a positive damping component (less
Fig. 10: Unit model of all power plants together in Turkey. than 90 degrees). The output power phasor for all hydro
power plants for both 30 and 7 seconds period have a
The analysis is performed for two frequencies, which are the negative damping component (greater than 90 degrees). The
frequency oscillations of Turkish power system with 30 output power phasor for all power plants together (GPPs,
seconds period and the 7 seconds period inter area TPPs and HPPs) for both 30 and 7 seconds period have a
oscillations expected to be observed after interconnection positive damping component (less than 90 degrees). That
with the ENTSO-E-CE. means that negative effects of HPP are compensated by
positive effects of GPPs and TPPs.
3.2 Simulation Study for Primary Control Power Allocation 4. CONCLUSIONS

In order to manage an outage of the largest unit From the phasor analysis it can be concluded that the
(approximately 700 MW) and to prepare the Turkish power frequency performance of the Turkish power system is
system to fulfil ENTSO-E-CE criteria (approximately 300 sufficient and stable when all power plants (TPPs, GPPs and
MW within 30 seconds for Turkey as control area) primary HPPs) are operating in parallel. Moreover there is no
control power shall be allocated as follows: negative effect on the damping of the 7 seconds inter area
oscillations expected to be observed after interconnection
Taking into account a total amount of primary control power with the ENTSO-E system: negative effects of HPPs are
of approximately 700 MW, compensated by positive effects of TPPs and GPPs.

300 MW shall be allocated to thermal units (TPPs and The simulations results compared with the measurements, the
GPPs) ; models of the individual power plants (i.e. Atatürk hydro

400 MW shall be allocated to thermal units (TPPs and power plants) and the overall model of the whole Turkish
GPPs) or to rehabilitated hydro units. power system fits well with the measurements done in reality.
The objective of the investigation is to show that with the This is true for the individual controllers of the plants and for
proposed primary control concept the outage in Turkish the overall behaviour of the primary control of the whole
power system (approx. 700 MW) in different system Turkish power system. This holds in high load condition.
conditions can be managed without violation of operational Finally, the model of Turkish power system is validated
constraints. These constraints are regarding the allocation of primary control power. The
oscillations of figure 1 for 20-30 seconds time period are

∆f max ≤ 800mHz (in order to avoid load shedding); reduced and the system is stable. Finally the system can fulfil

∆f stat ≤ 200mHz Frequency performance (stable with the requirements of the ENTSO-E-CE operational hand book.
sufficient damping).
TEIAS parallel trial interconnection with ENTSO-E’s
3.3 Simulation Result and Model Validation Continental Europe Synchronous Area started successfully 18
September 2010. The parallel operation is achieved by two
System tests were carried out by the TEIAS. The incidence 400kV lines to the Bulgarian system and by one 400kV line
under consideration has happened in the Turkish power to the Greek system. This trial parallel operation period is
system during isolated operation in high load condition (25 organized in three phases, the first two of which have been
GW) on 17 May 2010. In particular, it analyzed the completed. On 6 September 2011, ENTSO-E-CE made the
consequences of an outage in the Turkish power system decision to prolong the third phase of the trial to the
where unit 1 of Iskenderun thermal power plant has tripped synchronous operation of the Turkish power system with
on 17.05.2010 at 12:03:30 pm with 580 MW generation loss. Continental Europe until autumn 2012 (ENTSO-E 2011).
The primary control power allocations (675 MW) in the
isolated Turkish system were as follows: 317 MW allocated REFERENCES
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50.1
Measurment
IEC: 60308 (1970): International Code for Testing of Speed
50.05
Simulation
of Governing Systems for Hydraulic Turbines.
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50
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49.9
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49.85
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49.79 Control of the Turkish Power System for Interconnection
49.75
with the European System in, PhD Thesis, University of
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time in second Rostock, Germany.

Fig. 13: Frequency response in island operation with primary

control.