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A 220 V automatic voltage stabilizer

Technical Report · August 2018

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Sherief Ashour
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 A simple 220V Automatic Voltage Stabilizer
Sherief Ashour Abd elsatter
Zagazig university,Egypt,sherief.karm@gmail.com

Abstract: At no load condition:

A voltage stabilizer is a device used for maintaining a constant The current drawn from the source equals to zero.
voltage level. It has been constructed using simple and
inexpensive components. This device will automatically sense the
change in the input level and adjust itself to maintain a constant Then, no voltage drop across the resistance or the
output according to the circuit used. Here; the writer will show reactance.
the construction of a 220 V automatic voltage stabilizer and also
shows the circuit diagram and components with its simulation.

I. INTRODUCTION
The usual no load voltage is 220 V but when a load is Since there is no voltage drop across the resistance or
connected, the voltage drops to a specific value below the 220 reactance the terminal voltage equals to the source
V.A new concept arises now, it’s the voltage regulation. voltage.
Voltage regulation is defined as the amount the voltage
changes between the no-load and full load conditions.it can be
calculated using equation (1):
(1) At full load condition:
When a load is connected a current I passes through
It’s a dimensionless quantity. If the value of full-load voltage
the resistance and reactance to the load and a voltage
is the same as the no-load voltage, the voltage regulation
calculated is 0%, which is the best expected. This means that drop will occur across both of resistance and
the supply is a perfect voltage source for which the output reactance.
voltage is independent of the current drawn from the supply.
The smaller the voltage regulation, the better is the operation
of the voltage supplement.
Voltage regulation in transmission lines occurs due to the Applying Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL):
impedance of the line between its sending and receiving ends.
There are three methods that model the line impedance:
Then the terminal voltage will be less than the no
 Short line approximation (the least accurate):
load terminal voltage by the value of the voltage drop
The short line approximation ignores capacitance of the
across the resistance and reactance.
transmission line and models the resistance and reactance
of the transmission line as a simple series resistor and
 The medium line approximation (more accurate):
inductor. The writer will focus on Short line
It takes into account the shunt admittance, usually
approximation in this section.
pure capacitance, by distributing half the admittance
at the sending and receiving end of the line.

Figure1 : Short line approximation

Figure 2: Medium line approximation

  Long line approximation (most accurate):
The long line approximation therefore requires the
solving of differential equations and results in the
highest degree of accuracy.

Figure3 : Transformer construction

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The winding connected to the AC supply is
called the primary and those connected to
the load is called the secondary. Depending
on the number of turns of the primary and
secondary an EMF is induced in the
secondary causing a current to flow and a
voltage across the load to appear as
shown in figure4
III. COMPONENTS
In this section, the writer will discuss the components used to
construct the circuit. Before the writer does, the writer will
state them first.
I. Transformer:
220/12 step down transformer
1 KVA multi-input step up transformer

II. Diode
MOSFET transistor:
Irf540 N-channel MOSFET Figure4 : Primary and secondary coils of transformer
Irf4905 P-channel MOSFET
III. Relay:
A 5 V coil relay If > it’s called step up transformer. On the
IV. Capacitor: other contrary if < it’s called step down
A 1000 µf capacitor transformer.
V. Resistor: Theory of transformers states that,
10kΩ constant resistor and 1kΩ potentiometer
VI. Fuse:
4 A fuse
VII. Switch Where the transformation ratio. It depends on
the number of turns of the primary and the
I. Transformer: secondary winding.
A transformer is a static device used for lowering
or raising the voltage from an AC power supply
II. diode:
with a corresponding increase or decrease in
It is created by simply joining an n -type and a p -type
current.it essentially consists of two winding, the material together, nothing more, just the joining of
primary and secondary, wound on a common one material with a majority carrier of electrons to
laminated magnetic core as shown in figure 3 one with a majority carrier of holes, as shown in the
figure 5

Figure5 : Diode construction
Figure 6: Diode electrical symbol
There are two states of biasing; the forward bias and the
reverse bias.
 The forward biasing:
A forward-bias or “on” condition is established by
applying the positive potential to the p -type material
and the negative potential to the n -type material as
shown in Fig7 in this case a current will flow.
Figure 7: Diode forward biasing
 Reverse biasing:
If an external potential of V volts is applied across the
p – n junction such that the positive terminal is
connected to the n -type material and the negative
terminal is connected to the p -type material as shown
in Fig8.
The current that exists under reverse-bias conditions
is called the reverse saturation Current and is
represented by Is .It is seldom more than a few
microamperes and typically in nA, except for high-
power devices.it can be approximated to zero. The
term saturation comes from the fact that it reaches its
maximum level quickly and does not change
significantly with increases in the reverse-bias
potential.
Figure 8: Diode reverse biasing
 Diode characteristics:
Diode characteristics indicates the biasing of the
diode and it changes exponentially according to
Shockley’s equation
Where:
is the reverse saturation current.
is the applied forward-bias voltage across the
diode.
n is an ideality factor, which is a function of the
operating conditions and physical construction; it has
a range between 1 and 2 depending on a wide variety
of factors ( n _ 1 will be assumed throughout this text
unless otherwise noted).
Figure 9: Diode characteristics
 Diode equivalent circuit:
An equivalent circuit is a combination of elements
properly chosen to best represent the actual terminal
characteristics of a device or system in a particular
operating region.
There are three models of diode which are piecewise
linear, simplified and ideal model. The writer will
deal with the simplified model in this paper.
Simplified model:
It consists of a battery represents the drop across the
diode in the conduction state (0.7V for silicon diode
and 0.3V for germanium diode) and an ideal diode
working as a switch as shown in fig10

Figure 10: Diode simplified model
 Diode applications:
The writer can conclude the diode operation such that
it’s a component used for allowing current to flow in
one specific direction and prevent it to flow in the
opposite direction.
The most application in which the diode is used is
rectification (making the alternating voltage
undirected).there are various circuits for this purpose,
the writer will focus on the full wave rectifier.
Full wave rectifier:
Rectification is to convert AC to DC. The full wave
rectifier required four diodes to do that as shown in
fig 11
Figure 11: Full wave rectifier
The input is an AC and the output is undirected as
shown in fig where the average dc voltage is:
Taking into account the drop of the two operating
diode, then the equation becomes:
For silicon diodes then the average
voltage is:
Figure 12: Input and Output of full wave rectifier
Till now the writer could make the AC input
undirected, to make it have a constant value the writer
use filters. Filters also have various types but the
writer will focus on the capacitor filter.
Capacitor filter:
By adding a capacitor parallel to the load the writer
can obtain the capacitor filter consequently the
constant value output as shown in fig13
Figure 13: Capacitor filter
If no load were connected across the capacitor, the
output waveform would ideally be a constant dc level
equal in value to the peak voltage ( ) from the
rectifier circuit. On the other hand, under loading
conditions the output wave form is shown in the fig14
Figure 14: Capacitor filter output waveform
The average voltage can be calculated from the
equation
where is the peak rectifier voltage, I dc is the load
current in milliamperes, and C is the filter capacitor in
microfarads.in this paper the writer will assume that
for simplicity.
 Zener diode (Breakdown Diode):
The Zener diode behaves just like a normal general-
purpose diode consisting of a silicon PN junction and
when biased in the forward direction, that is Anode
positive with respect to its Cathode, it behaves just
like a normal signal diode passing the rated current.
However, unlike a conventional diode that blocks any
flow of current through itself when reverse biased,
that is the Cathode becomes more positive than the
Anode, as soon as the reverse voltage reaches a pre-
determined value, the Zener diode begins to conduct
in the reverse direction. The voltage point at which
the voltage across the Zener diode becomes stable is
called the Zener voltage .
Zener diode symbol and characteristics are shown in
fig15

Figure 15: Zener diode symbol and characteristics
Zener Diodes can be used to produce a stabilized
voltage output with low ripple under varying load
current conditions. By passing a small current through
the diode from a voltage source, via a suitable current
limiting resistor (RS), the Zener diode will conduct
sufficient current to maintain a voltage drop of Vout.
Zener diode regulator circuit is shown in fig16
Figure 16: Constant voltage level using zener diode
III. Operational amplifier (op amp):
An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high
gain differential amplifier with high input impedance
and low output impedance. Typical uses of the
operational amplifier are to provide voltage amplitude
changes (amplitude and polarity), oscillators, filter
circuits, and many types of instrumentation circuits.
It’s basic symbol with two inputs and one output is
shown in fig17
IV.
Figure 17: Op amp circuit symbol
Op amp has many applications; one of them is to use
it as a comparator. The Op-amp comparator compares
one analogue voltage level with another analogue
voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, VREF
and produces an output signal based on this voltage
comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage
comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage
inputs and determines which is the largest of the two.
Op amp comparator circuit is shown in fig18
Then the writer can see that the op-amp voltage
comparator is a device whose output is dependent on
the value of the input voltage, VIN with respect to
some DC voltage level as the output is HIGH when
the voltage on the non-inverting input is greater than
the voltage on the inverting input, and LOW when the
non-inverting input is less than the inverting input
voltage. This condition is true regardless of whether
the input signal is connected to the inverting or the
non-inverting input of the comparator.
Figure 18: Op amp comparator circuit
In this paper the writer use the reference voltage
resulting from a Zener diode. This will be illustrated
in the coming sections. The circuit used is shown in
fig19
Figure 19: Op amp circuit with a zener diode as a reference
Transistor:
For a certain period of time vacuum tubes has got a
great interest and development. Thereafter, a third
element called control grid has been added to it
resulting in the first amplifier called the triode. After
the semi-conductor revolution, diodes and transistors
were invented. They took the place of vacuum tubes
because of these reasons:
 It was smaller and lightweight.
 It had no heater requirement or heater loss; it
had a rugged construction; it was more
efficient since less power was absorbed by
the device itself.
 It was instantly available for use, requiring no
warm-up period; and lower operating
voltages were possible.
In fact transistors have various types. Each type has
its construction and modes of operation. Fig20 shows
the various types of transistors. However a certain
type which is enhancement MOSFET will be under
the scope of this paper.

Figure 22: N-channel MOSFET symbol

Figure 20: Transistors classification

Operation and characteristics:

Since there is no connection between the drain and
MOSFET is an acronym for the metal–oxide– source, the flowing current is zero and the device is
semiconductor field-effect transistor.it has two types, normally off. Current will only flow when a gate
depletion and enhancement. The writer will focus on voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate terminal greater
enhancement MOSFET. All FET (field effect than the threshold voltage (VTH) level in which
transistors) has three terminals named as drain, source conductance takes place. Where threshold voltage
and gate. (VTH) is the voltage at which a channel of conduction
 N-channel Enhancement MOSFET: between the drain and source takes place as shown in
Construction: fig23
A slab of p -type material is formed from a
silicon base and is again referred to as the
substrate. The source and drain terminals are
connected through metallic contacts to n -
doped regions. The SiO2 layer is to isolate
the gate metallic platform from the region
between the drain and source. The
constructions and symbol of it is shown in
fig21 and fig 22

Figure 23: N-channel MOSFET operation

Fig24 shows the N-channel characteristics,

Figure21 : N-channel MOSFET construction

Figure 24: N-channel characteristics

 P-channel Enhancement MOSFET: V.
Construction:
The construction of a p -channel enhancement-type
MOSFET is exactly the reverse of the n-channel.
There is now an n -type substrate and p -doped
regions under the drain and source connections. The
terminals remain as identified, but all the voltage
polarities and the current directions are reversed. .
The constructions and symbol of it is shown in fig25
and fig26
Figure25 : P-channel MOSFET construction
VI.
Figure 26: P-channel MOSFET symbol
Fig27 shows the P-channel characteristics,
Figure 27: P-channel characteristics
Relay:
Relays are electromechanical devices that use an
electromagnet to operate a pair of movable contacts
from an open position to a closed position. The
advantage of relays is that it takes a relatively small
amount of power to operate the relay coil, but the
relay itself can be used to control motors, heaters,
lamps or AC circuits which themselves can draw a lot
more electrical power. The relay used in the circuit
has five pins. Two of them are for the coil, one is
common, one is normally closed and the last one is
normally open. When a small current resulting from
five or six volts applied to the coil pins flows through
the coil, the common arm moves from the normally
closed pin to contact the normally open pin and close
the circuit. Fig28 shows the relay and its symbol
Figure 28: The relay and its symbol
Resistor:
When an electrical current passes through a resistor
due to the presence of a voltage across it, electrical
energy is lost by the resistor in the form of heat and
the greater this current flow the hotter the resistor will
get. This is known as the Resistor Power Rating.
Resistors are rated by the value of their resistance and
the electrical power given in watts, (W) that they can
safely dissipate based mainly upon their size. Every
resistor has a maximum power rating which is
determined by its physical size as generally, the
greater its surface area the more power it can dissipate
safely into the ambient air or into a heatsink.
A resistor can be used at any combination of voltage
(within reason) and current so long as its “Dissipating
Power Rating” is not exceeded with the resistor power
rating indicating how much power the resistor can
convert into heat or absorb without any damage to
itself. The Resistor Power Rating is sometimes called
the Resistors Wattage Rating and is defined as the
amount of heat that a resistive element can dissipate
for an indefinite period of time without degrading its
performance.
VII. Capacitor:
A capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by
a dielectric. Capacitors are energy storage devices
which have the ability to store an electrical charge
across its plates. Thus capacitors store energy as a
result of their ability to store charge and an ideal
capacitor would not lose its stored energy.
The simplest construction of a capacitor is by using
two parallel conducting metal plates separated
through a distance by an insulating material, called a
the dielectric as summarized below:
 A capacitor consists of two metal plates
separated by a dielectric.
VIII. Fuse:
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an
electrical safety device that operates to provide
overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its
essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts
when too much current flows through it, thereby
interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once
a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and it must be
replaced or rewired, depending on type. It’s shown in
fig30. Fuses usually characterized by its rated current.
The writer can calculate the suitable fuse using the
following equation:
(2)

 The dielectric can be made of many

insulating materials such as air, glass, paper,
plastic etc.

 A capacitor is capable of storing electrical

charge and energy.

 The higher the value of capacitance, the more Figure 30: Fuse
charge the capacitor can store.

 The larger the area of the plates or the

smaller their separation the more charge the IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
capacitor can store.

 A capacitor is said to be “Fully Charged”

when the voltage across its plates equals the
supply voltage.

 Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. They

have a +ve and a -ve terminal.

 In AC capacitive circuits the voltage “lags”

the current by 90o.

The basic construction and symbol for a parallel plate

capacitor is shown in fig29

V. OPERATION
 At the standard condition (220 V input) the
potentiometer is set to a value equals to or greater
than 10 V. At this condition, the first and second op
amp output is approximately 10.6 V because the input
voltage(10.6 V) is greater than the reference
voltage(10 V and 8 V respectively). The output value
from the op amps is greater than the threshold voltage
( ) of irf540 (N-channel MOSFET) and irf4905 (P-
channel MOSFET) so the ifrf540 are on and the relay
connected to them will move to the normally open pin
Figure 29: Construction and Symbol of parallel plate capacitor
which is connected to the 220 V terminal of the step
up transformer. And the irf4905 are off and the relay
connected to then is in the normally closed state. As
 for the single relay, its coil terminals are connected ii- Full wave rectifier:
directly to the output of the op amps (both are 10.6 The maximum peak voltage from the rectifier
V) so no current will flow through the coil and this
relay is also in the normally closed state. equals to the maximum peak voltage from the
 If the input voltage drops and continues until it transformer subtracted from it the drop across the
reaches 180 V. The rectifier output will be two diodes.
approximately 8.4 V. The first op amp output will be
approximately zero, and the second op amp output At 220 V:
will be approximately 8.4 V. The relays connected to
the transistors are in the normally closed. Now, the
single relay coil has one terminal connected to 8.4 V
and the other terminal connected to the ground so a At 180 V:
current will flow and move the relay arm to the
normally open pin which is connected to the 180 V
At 160 V:
terminal of the step up transformer.
 If the input voltage drops again, the first and second
op amp output is approximately zero. The two P- Assumption:
channel MOSFET are now on and the relay
For simplicity, the writer will assume that
connected to them will move to the normally open
state which is connected to the 160 V terminal of the equals to the average DC voltage from
step up transformer. the capacitor
VI. MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION
i- Step down transformer: iii- Fuse:
Calculations steps are to be done at different Recalling equ (2)
levels of input voltage using the following
equation:
According to the previous value the writer chose
a 4 A fuse.
Since the writer use a step down transformer with
a transformation ratio equals to 220:12 VII. RESULTS
Ac input Step down Rectifier Step up trans
The equation can be rewritten as following:
trans output output output
180 < 9.8 < ≤ 8.4 < ≤ 220 V
≤ 220 12 10.6
At 220 V: 160 < 8.7 < ≤ 7.3 < ≤ 220 V
Directly, the secondary voltage is 12 V. ≤ 180 9.8 8.4
110 < 6< ≤ 8.7 4.6 < ≤ 220 V
< 180 7.3
At 180 V:
Substituting in the equation yields: VIII. DC SIMULATION
In this part the writer construct the same circuit on Proteus
program but the writer replace the step down transformer and
the rectifier with an equivalent dc source and replace the step
up transformer with LEDs. That’s for simplicity. The
following simulation is done only for 220 V input. This
simulation is shown on the following figures.
At 160 V:
 Figure 31: Before running the simulation
Figure 34: 110 < Vin < 180

IX. CONCLUSION
A 220V automatic voltage stabilizer is a device used for
maintaining a constant voltage level.it has been constructed
using simple and inexpensive components. This device will
automatically sense the change in the input level and adjust
itself to maintain a constant output according to the circuit
used.

X. REFERENCE
i- A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley and Stephen
D. Umans. Electric machinery .sixth edition.
ii- Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky.
Figure 32: 180 < Vin ≤ 220
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory .11th Ed.

iii- https://www.electronicstutorials.ws/capacitor/cap
_9.html
iv- https://www.electronicstutorials.ws/resistor/res_7.
html
v- https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/op-
amp-comparator.html

Figure 33: 160 < Vin ≤ 180

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