50 πa (175 cc - s) (250G) 50 π (0.9 cm) : E= QB E= E=309 uV

Area of Biomedical Technology QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Specialization A radiographic single-phase unit installed

in a private office has a maximum QB
capacity of 100 milliseconds of 120kVp E=
QUESTION: and 500mA. What is the power rating? 50 πa
A mammography service examined 327 ( 175 cc . s )( 250G)
patients during the third calendar quarter ANSWER: E=
of 1996. 719 films were exposed during a. 42 kW 50 π (0.9 cm)
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
this period, eight of which were repeats. E=309 uV
What is the repeat rate? mA x kVp
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
1000
ANSWER: QUESTION:
c. 1.1% ( 500 ) (120) Period during which heart contracts.
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
1000
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Power rating=42 kW ANSWER:
b. Systole
no . repeated films
repeat rate= x 100 QUESTION: QUESTION:
total no . of films Apparatus for measuring blood pressure
Who completes the development of first
computed tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI, ANSWER:
8 Ltd.) in 1973?
repeat rate= x 100 d. sphygmomanometer
719
ANSWER:
repeat rate=1.1 a. Hounsfield
QUESTION:
Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J
QUESTION: imparted to an electron stream by an X-
It is the study of the response of an image ray device, calculate the frequency in
QUESTION: receptor to x-rays MHz.
A type of luminescence where the visible
light is emitted only during the ANSWER: ANSWER:
stimulation of the phosphor. a. sensitometry c. 10^10 MHz

ANSWER:
a. fluorescence QUESTION:
Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid E
f=
QUESTION:
to that without a grid h
−18
If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to 6.624 x 10 J
side at its widest point, and its image on
ANSWER: f=
chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what
b. contrast improvement factor 6.624 x 10−34 J −s
is the magnification factor?
f =¿ 10^10 MHz
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
Analysis of persons irradiated
b. 1.18
therapeutically with superficial x-rays has
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION:
shown that the skin erythema dose
It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in
required to affect 50% of persons so
1887 and won Albert Einstein the Nobel
object ¿ ¿ irradiated is about
Prize in 1905. It refers to the emission of
image ¿ ¿ ¿ electrons from a clean metallic surface
MF=¿ ANSWER: (phototube) when electromagnetic
c. 600 rad radiation (light waves or X-rays) falls onto
14.7 cm that surface.
MF=
12.5 cm
MF=1.18 QUESTION: ANSWER:
ECG recording requires a bandwidth of a. Photoelectric effect
0.05 to ____ Hz
QUESTION: ANSWER:
Radiation doses in the range of c. 100 QUESTION:
approximately200 to 1000 rad produce Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-
the QUESTION: ray radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9
Find the potential generated if blood ion pairs per cubic centimetre of air at
flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts standard temperature and pressure (STP).
ANSWER: a magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a
c. Hematologic syndrome volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per
ANSWER:
second.
b. Roentgen
QUESTION:
Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation ANSWER:
through a grid ratio of patient dose with b. 309 uV
and without grid
QUESTION:
ANSWER: An optical electronic device that
a. Bucky factor measures the color concentration of a
substance in solution.
ANSWER:
a. colorimeter
QUESTION:
QUESTION: A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can
Eb
Recording of heart sounds
ANSWER:
N0
=10 log
C B
x
N fb[ ] ;
pass only an average of 12000 frames per
minute with each frame carrying an
average of 10000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?
Eb
[ ]
d. phonocardiography −12
10 W 120 kHz
=10 log x
N0 1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps
−14
ANSWER:
b. 2 Mbps
QUESTION:
Recorder for measuring galvanic skin
QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
resistance
A signal at the input to a mu-law
compressor is positive with its voltage
ANSWER: 12000 x 10 000
one-half the maximum value. What Throughput= =
a. electrodermograph proportion of the maximum output 60
voltage is produced? 2 Mbps
Area of Digital and Data
ANSWER:
Specialization Communications
b. 0.876Vmax QUESTION:
A telephone subscriber line must have an
QUESTION: SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum
It consists of 36 unique codes number of bits?
uVin
representing the 10 digits and 26 ln(1+ ) ANSWER:
uppercase letters Vmax c. 6.35
v =Vmax
ln(1+u)
ANSWER: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
b. code 39 ( 255 ) ( 0.5Vmax )
ln(1+ ) SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
Vmax n = 6.35
v =Vmax
QUESTION:
ln(1+255)
The first fixed- length character code v =0.876 Vmax QUESTION:
developed for machines rather than for The thick coaxial cable implementation of
people standard Ethernet
ANSWER:
ANSWER: d. 10 Base 5
d. Baudot Code
QUESTION:
Inaccuracies caused by the representation
of a continuously varying quantity as one QUESTION:
QUESTION: of a number of discrete values. A bit pattern or a character added to the
The early pioneer in the development of beginning and the end of a frame to
error-detection and correction procedures ANSWER: separate the frames
d. quantizing errors
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a. Richard W. Hamming
a. Flag
QUESTION:
Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data
rate by using knowledge of the way in
QUESTION:
which voice sounds are produced
The most reliable convolutional coding
scheme for error detection QUESTION:
ANSWER: An IPv4 has an address space of how
a. vocoder many?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
c. CRC
a. 4294967296
QUESTION:
A coding scheme that records the change
in signal level since the precious sample SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION:
For the given parameters, determine the
232 = 4294967296
energy per bit-to noise power density
ANSWER:
ratio
d. delta modulation
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60 kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
QUESTION:
B = 120 kHz QUESTION: What is the bit rate of STS – 1?
Distortion created by using too low a
ANSWER: sampling rate when coding an analog ANSWER:
d. 22.2 dB signal for digital transmission a. 51.84 Mbps
ANSWER:
c. either a or b QUESTION:
A block coding technique in which four
bits are encoded into a five bit code
ANSWER:
c. 4B/5B Encoding
ANSWER:
ANSWER: a. Dynamic range
QUESTION: b. Companding
A national standards organization that
defines standards in the United States
ANSWER: QUESTION: QUESTION:
a. ANSI A device launches or receives a wave in a
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps transmission line or waveguide in one
channels using a time slot of 2 bits, direction only.
determine the frame duration.
QUESTION: ANSWER:
In asynchronous transmission, one or b. directional coupler
more bits to indicate the end of ANSWER: a. 20s
transmission SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ANSWER: The link carries 50,000 frames QUESTION:
d. stop bit /sec A type of linear-beam microwave tube
that uses velocity modulation of the
The frame duration = 1/50,000 = electron beam
20s
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
What is the overhead (number of extra
d. klystron
bits) in the DS-3 service?
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
a. 1.368 Mbps
Determine the Hamming distance for the QUESTION:
codewords ( 10101, 11001) A series of pulses in which the amplitude
Area of EST of each pulse represents the amplitude of
Specialization the information signal at a given time.
ANSWER:
b. two
ANSWER:
QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) a. PAM
The minimum sampling rate according to 10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of
Nyquist Theorem two 1)
ANSWER: QUESTION: Combination of
d twice the highest frequency of compression at the transmitter and
a signal QUESTION: expansion at the receiver of
communications system.
An address space is the total number of
addresses used by the protocol, such as ANSWER:
QUESTION:
IPv4 and IPv6. What is the address space b. Companding
It is used in wireless applications in which
stations must be able to share the of IPv6?
medium without interception by an
ANSWER: QUESTION: A device launches or receives
eavesdropper and without being subject
d. 2128 a wave in a transmission line or
to jamming from a malicious intruder
waveguide in one direction only.
ANSWER: QUESTION: ANSWER:

d. spread spectrum b. directional coupler
It is a standard designed by ITU to allow
telephones in the public telephone
network to talk to computers/terminals QUESTION: A type of linear-beam
QUESTION:
connected to the internet microwave tube that uses velocity
An error detection method which uses
modulation of the electron beam
one’s complement arithmetic
ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. Checksum
d. H.323 d. klystron
QUESTION:
It is a connecting device between two QUESTION:
internetworks that use different models QUESTION: _______________ is used to position
A computer monitor has a resolution of samples of the different message signals
1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses in non-overlapping time slots.
ANSWER
b. gateway 1024 colors, how many bits are needed to
send the complete contents of a screen? ANSWER:
b. TDM
QUESTION: ANSWER:
It is an undesired shift or width change in d. 12 Megabits
digital bits of data due to circuitry action QUESTION:
which causes bits to arrive at different A ___________ is similar to a phasor
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) diagram except that the entire phasor is
times
not drawn.
1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12
ANSWER: Mb ANSWER:
c. jitter b. constellation diagram
1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
In PCM system, it is the ratio of the It was the first fixed length character
maximum input voltage level to the QUESTION: code.
smallest voltage level that can be Combination of compression at the
quantized transmitter and expansion at the ANSWER:
receiver of communications system. b. Baudot Code
QUESTION: QUESTION:
It involves transmitting each character QUESTION: It represents the simplest whole number
twice. Of the following substances the most ratio of the various types of atoms in a
conductor is compound.
ANSWER:
b. Redundancy Choices: Choices:
a. air b copper a. molecular formula
c. iron d. salt water b. chemical formula
QUESTION: ANSWER: c. reactants
The __________ provides the mathematical A d. empirical formula
justification for using a Gaussian Process ANSWER:
as a model for a large number of different D
physical phenomena in which the random QUESTION:
variable, at a particular instant of time, is The volt is the standard unit of
the result of a large number of individual QUESTION:
random events. Choices: It is a term that is often misunderstood
a. currrent b. charge and commonly confused with bit rate
ANSWER: c. electromotive force d. resistance (bps)
b. Central Limit Theorem ANSWER:
C Choices:
QUESTION: a. Bandwidth b ASK

A set of communication facilities allowing QUESTION: c. Baud d. FSK
direct access to 64kpbs data streams (or Which of the following antenna types is ANSWER:
multiples of) for drop and insert. A form of not designed for transmitting at 10 Ghz C
cell relay, supports B-ISDN.
Choices:
a. horn antenna b dish antenna QUESTION:
ANSWER: c. Zepp antenna d. helical antenna Defined as the optimum level of a test
c. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) ANSWER: tone on a channel at same point in a
C communication system.
Choices:
QUESTION:
A series of pulses, in which the timing of QUESTION: a. transmission level point
each pulse represents the ampltitude of The type of radio wave responsible for b. transmission level
the information signal at a given time. long distance communications by multiple c. data level point
skips is the: d. error detecion
ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER: A
d. Pulse Position Modulation b. Direct Wave
QUESTION:
QUESTION: QUESTION: Duplicating each data unit for the purpose
A line of sight radio link operating at a Line of sight communications is not a of detecting errors is a form of error
frequency of 6GHz has a separation of factor in which frequency range? detection called ___________.
40km between antennas. An obstacle in
the path is located 10km form the Choices:
transmitting antenna. By how much must a. VHF b. UHF c. HF d. Microwave Choices:
the beam clear the obstacle? ANSWER: a. burst b. redundancy
c. HF c. error correction d. error detection
ANSWER:
ANSWER: B
a.11.6m QUESTION:
It refers to the rate of change of a signal
`SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) on the transmission medium after QUESTION:
encoding and modulation have occurred. Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz
signal.
R=10 . 4
√ d1d 2
f (d 1+ d 2)
ANSWER:
b. Baud
ANSWER:
d. 0.075m
R=10 . 4
R = 11.6m
√ 10 x 30
6(10+ 30) QUESTION:
It was the first fixed-length character code
QUESTION:
What is the device that converts energy
developed for machines rather than from one form to another?
ANSWER:
people.
QUESTION: ANSWER: a. transducer
Variation in received field strength over b. Baudot Code
time due to changes in propagation
conditions. QUESTION:
QUESTION: It may be defined as any undesired
ANSWER: A receiver-transmitter station used to voltages or currents that ultimately end
b. Fading increase the communications range of up appearing in the receiver output.
VHF, UHF and microwave signals is called
ANSWER:
a(n):
QUESTION: b. Electrical noise
The atomic weight of an element is
approximately determined by ANSWER:
C. Repeater
ANSWER:
C. the number of protons and neutrons
ANSWER:
QUESTION: a. Servers
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz QUESTION:
bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s. It is often used to compare the
Assuming no noise. performance of one digital modulation
technique to another. QUESTION:
ANSWER: It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that

c. 10,000 ANSWER: provides transmission channels capable of
a. bandwidth efficiency supporting transmission rates greater
than the primary data rate.
QUESTION:
Microwaves are frequencies above _____ ANSWER:
GHz. QUESTION: a. Broadband ISDN
It is the process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number
ANSWER: of conditions. QUESTION:
c.1
It is the only error-correction scheme that
ANSWER:
actually detects and corrects transmission
QUESTION: a. quantization
errors when they are received without
The government agencies that regulates requiring a transmission..
radio communications in the US is the
________.
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
For a PCM system with a maximum analog
ANSWER: frequency of 4kHz, determine the
a. Forward Error Correction
b. FCC minimum sample rate.
ANSWER:
QUESTION: a. 8 kHz QUESTION:
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter
This OSI Layer is responsible for network

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
ANSWER: availability, data storage and processor
a. High-pass capacity. It also determines the type of
f s=2 f a dialogue available.
QUESTION: f s=2( 4 kHz) ANSWER:

Coax is not used beyond frequencies of
about ______ GHz.
f s=8 kHz a. Session layer
ANSWER:
a. 6
QUESTION:
It is another relatively simple form of QUESTION: What do you call the
QUESTION: redundancy error checking where each accumulation of additional sounds such as
Data Communications refers to the character has a numerical value assigned wind, street noise, other voices that
transmission of ________. to it. contribute to what the listener hear?
ANSWER: b. Ambience
ANSWER:
d. all of the above ANSWER:
a. Checksum
QUESTION:
Question: It is a single transmission path from
Determine the peak frequency deviation transmitter to receiver with line of sight
for a binary FSK signal with a mark QUESTION: range.
frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of It is a modulation and multiplexing ANSWER:
51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps technique that distributes the signal and D. hop
its sidebands over a very wide bandwidth.
ANSWER: ANSWER: QUESTION:

a. 1 kHz a. Spread spectrum It is defined by the average rate at which
energy is carried out per unit area.
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER:
b. intensity
QUESTION:
| |
f −f
∆ f= m s
2
The computers that hold shared files,
programs and the network operating
system. They also provide access to
∆ f= |
49 kHz−51 kHz
2 | network resources to all the users of the
network.
∆ f =1 kHz
232 interface on D connector, this connection probability of an error in the received data
allows signals to be transmitted from the DCE due to the quality of the circuit falling below a
QUESTION: Also known as Pin 21 of the RS- to the attached DTE whenever there is a high predefined level.
QUESTION:
What do you call the element with electrical ANSWER:
ANSWER: a. 12000 baud
properties between those of an insulator and
c. signal quality detector SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
a conductor?
ANSWER: A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6
a. Semiconductor bits per signal element since 26 = 64.
Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6
QUESTION: It is the electrostatic forces of
attraction between oppositely charged ions. Fc
QUESTION: cos Ɵ
It is the term applied to any method of
ANSWER: extinguishing a debt, principal and interest,
baud rate = 12000 baud
A. ionic bonding by a series of payments, usually at equal
intervals.
QUESTION:
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its
ANSWER:
destination. Calculate the via net loss
QUESTION: What is the process in which the a. amortization
required for an acceptable amount of
system adapts to the incoming audio level to echo.
keep the signal large enough to fill the
systems dynamic range?
ANSWER:
QUESTION: d. 0.8 dB
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
quantized samples into digital code VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
words. VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
QUESTION: VNL = 0.8 dB
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the
data unit have changed.? QUESTION:
ANSWER: Telephone switch that connects only to
ANSWER: c. encoder other switches, and not to individual
C) burst error customers.
QUESTION: ANSWER:
It is an error detection technique in which c. tandem office
QUESTION:
a redundant bit is appended to every data
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet QUESTION:
unit so that the total number of 1s in the
implementation. It is a form of digital modulation similar to
unit (including the parity bit) becomes
even. PSK except the digital information is
ANSWER: contained in both amplitude and the
c. 1000 Base-T phase of the transmitted carrier.
ANSWER:
a. vertical redundancy check ANSWER:
QUESTION: c. QAM
It is a digital process that allows several
QUESTION:
connections to share the high bandwidth of a QUESTION:
A local area network topology in which
link. The most common circuit used for
the individual terminal, microcomputers
or workstations are connected directly to demodulating binary FSK signals.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a central computer.
a. TDM b. PLL
ANSWER:
QUESTION: QUESTION:
a. Star
IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer? We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of
QUESTION:
The only way to achieve high data rates 4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we
with a narrowband channel is to increase modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC
ANSWER:
the number of bits per symbol, the most regulations for now.
d. (b) and (c)
reliable way to do this is to use a
combination of amplitude and phase ANSWER:
modulation known as _________. a. 8 KHz
QUESTION: SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM – SOLVING)
It is the oldest microwave tube design which BW = 2 x 4 KHz
ANSWER:
is commonly used in radar transmitters = 8 KHz
a. quadrature amplitude
where they can generate peak power levels
modulation
in the megawatt range. QUESTION:
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
b. Magnetron We have an audio signal with a bandwidth
Find the maximum dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 16-bit of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we
quantizing. modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC
regulations.
QUESTION:
A modulation process wherein both frequency ANSWER: Choices:
and phase remains constant while the d. 98.08 dB
amplitude changes. SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) a. 8 b. 6
ANSWER: c. 36 d. 40
b. ASK DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB ANSWER:
QUESTION: DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16) D

It is the most powerful redundancy checking DR = 98.08 dB
technique which is based on binary division.
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
c. cyclic redundancy check
Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps
64-QAM signal.
b. PSK QUESTION:
An FM signal requires 10 times the The highest layer in the hierarchy and is
bandwidth of the original signal. analogous to the general manager of the
QUESTION: network by providing access to the OSI
BW=10x4 environment.
= 40 The name given for a set of standards for
MHz communicating among computers in ANSWER:
which the primary purpose is to serve as
QUESTION: a structural guideline for exchanging a. Application layer
information between computers,
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth workstations and networks.
of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we QUESTION:
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC What is the equation for Hartley’s Law?
regulations.
ANSWER:
a. OSI
ANSWER: Choices:
D.40
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION: a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M
c. fa=fs-fm d. N=2^m
An FM signal requires 10 times the Any transmission system which conveys ANSWER:
bandwidth of the original signal. more than one signal simultaneously can a.
experience this type of interference due
BW=10x4 = 40 MHz to the reception of portions of a signal
from one channel in another channel. QUESTION:
QUESTION: Network topology wherein individual
terminals, microcomputers and
For PCM system with the following ANSWER: workstations are connected directly to a
parameters determine the minimum c. Crosstalk central computer.
number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz, ANSWER:
maximum decoded voltage=±2.55, QUESTION: d. star
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5 What type of digital modulation scheme
uses two or more different output
frequencies? QUESTION:
The loss of data that occurs when two
ANSWER: ANSWER: stations transmit at the same time on a
network
C.8 b. FSK
QUESTION: c.collision
log ⁡( 199 .5+ 1)
n= It is an error-correcting code used for
log 2 correcting transmission errors in
= 7.63 synchronous data streams. QUESTION:
=8 A term used to describe a telephone
ANSWER: instrument whose handset is on its cradle,
a. Hamming Code ready to receive a ring signal
QUESTION:
A network topology in which data QUESTION: ANSWER:
circulates from one computer to the next A suite of protocols that allows a wide a. On hook
in sequence. variety of computers to share the same
network. QUESTION:
ANSWER: The most commonly used digital
a. ring ANSWER: modulation scheme.
QUESTION: a. TCP/IP ANSWER:

Find the maximum dynamic range for d. PCM
linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing Noise that is primarily caused by
ANSWER: lightning. Often called as Static Noise. QUESTION:
c. 49.92 dB Simple form of redundancy error checking
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER: where each character has a numerical
c. atmospheric noise value assigned to it. The characters within
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m) a message are combined together to
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8) produce an error checking character.
A modulation technique in which the
frequency of the modulated signal varies ANSWER:
QUESTION: with the amplitude of the modulating c. Checksum
What frequencies would be generated by signal
a telephone using DTMF signalling, when QUESTION:
the number 8 is pressed? ANSWER: Is an eight-bit fixed length character set
a. AM developed in 1962 by the International
ANSWER: Business Machines Corporation.
c. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz QUESTION:
Is a form of constant –amplitude angle ANSWER:
QUESTION: modulation similar to standard frequency c. EBCDIC code
modulation except the modulating signal
It is a means of transmitting data by is a binary signal that varies between two QUESTION:
shifting the phase angle of the discrete voltage levels rather than a The most commonly used digital
transmitted signal. continuously changing analog waveform. modulation scheme.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
b. FSK d. PCM
QUESTION: QUESTION:
QUESTION: What was the first fixed-length character Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of
code developed for machines rather than alternating 0s and 1s that alert the
An attempt is made to transmit base band for people? receiving system to the coming frame and
frequency of 30khz using a digital audio ANSWER: enable it to synchronize its input timing
system with a sampling rate of 44.1khz. d. Baudot code
What audible frequency would result? ANSWER:
b. preamble
ANSWER: QUESTION:
A.14.1kHz A source whose output satisfies the
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) condition of statistical independence QUESTION:
among letters in the sequence is said to Every letter was encoded into fixed length
fa = fs – fm be_____. of binary code words of length 5.
= 44.1KHz – 30KHz ANSWER:
= 14.1 KHz ANSWER: b. Baudot Code
a. Memoryless
QUESTION: QUESTION:
QUESTION: Calculate the minimum data The composite signal that modulates the
Calculate the capacity of a telephone rate needed to transmit audio with FM carrier.
channel that has a S/N of 1023? sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per
sample. ANSWER:
ANSWER: b. baseband
ANSWER:
B.30000 b/s 420 Kb/s QUESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) It is a simple means of error detection. It
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) D = fsm involves the addition of one extra bit to
The telephone channel has a bandwidth = the bits that encode a character.
of about 3KHz 30 x 103 x 14
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N) = ANSWER:
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023) 420 x 103 b/s a. parity
=30000 b/s =
420 Kb/s QUESTION:
QUESTION: A data compression scheme that uses
fewer bits to represent more frequently
Designed to send characters of the QUESTION: Handles error recovery, flow occurring characters or bit patterns and
message with the specified bit rate but control (synchronization), and sequencing more bits to represent those occur less
without any fixed timing relationship from (which terminals are sending and which frequently.
one character to the next. are receiving). It is considered the “media
access control layer”. ANSWER:
ANSWER:
c. Huffman coding
A.asynchronous ANSWER:
Data Link Layer QUESTION:
QUESTION: Speed at which symbols are transmitted
Token Ring Standard in a digital communication systems.
QUESTION: A MAC protocol for LANs, with
stations connected topologically or ANSWER:
ANSWER: logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN b. Baud rate
standard.
d. 802.5 QUESTION:
It is the process of converting an infinite
ANSWER: number of possibilities to a finite number
QUESTION: Token Ring of conditions.
It is the process of extracting a phase-
coherent reference carrier from a receiver ANSWER:
signal. QUESTION:
A network topology where each device is d. Quantization
connected to a centre point and all data is
ANSWER: routed through that point. QUESTION:
It is the ratio of the largest possible
a. Carrier Recovery magnitude to the smallest possible
ANSWER: magnitude that can easily be decoded by
QUESTION: c. Star network the digital to analog converter in the
It is a potential problem whenever two receiver.
metallic conductors carrying different QUESTION:
signals are located in close proximity to A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a ANSWER:
each other. glass tube for an active medium, dye is
circulated into the tube with a pump. A c. Dynamic Range
powerful pulse of light excites the organic
ANSWER: dye. QUESTION:
c. Crosstalk It is the institution that developed the

ANSWER: ASCII (American Standard Code for
QUESTION: d. Liquid Lasers Information Intertchange).
What is the termed refer as the rapid
degradation of output signal quality with QUESTION:
channel induced errors? Codes that have a restriction on the ANSWER:
number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a b. ANSI
ANSWER: sequence.
a threshold effect
ANSWER:
d. Run length limited code
QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION:
In early 1900s, he showed that any
composite signal is a sum of a set of sine C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 For Ethernet system with a length of
waves of different frequencies, phases kbps 2.5km on coaxial cable with a velocity
and amplitudes. factor of 0.66. What is the propagation
S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000 delay?
ANSWER: C = Blog2(1+S/N) = ANSWER:

c. Jean-Baptiste Fourier (4.5x103)log2(1+10000) = 59.795 kbps a.12,6us
QUESTION: Since both results are maxima, we take
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1. the lesser of the two, 18 Kbps... T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/
(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6 µs
Choices: QUESTION:
a. 100001011 b. 011110100 c. Showed mathematically that it is QUESTION:
010000101 d. 110000101 posssible to reconstruct a band-limited
analog signal from periodic samples, as A signal at the input to a µ-Law
ANSWER: long as the sampling rate is at least twice compressor is positive, with its volatage
a. 100001011 the frequency of the highest frequency one-half the maximum value. What
component of the signal. proportion of the maximum output
voltage is produced?
x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k ANSWER:
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ANSWER:
c. Harry Nyquist
QUESTION: A0.876Vo
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
signal, what is the baud rate? Find the maximum dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing.
Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876
ANSWER: ANSWER: Vo
d. 6000 Hz
b. 49.92 dB
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION:
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB destination. Calculate the via net loss
baud rate = bandwidth = 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB required for an acceptable amount of
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz = 49.92 dB echo
ANSWER:
QUESTION: QUESTION: a.0.8dB
Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16- In operation, many modern codecs SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QAM signal. achieved compresion by first encoding
the signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8
then converting the 12-bit linear code into
ANSWER: an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
a. 8000 bps some of the bits. This is a simple example QUESTION:
of:
Who invented the telegraph?
ANSWER:
bit rate = baud * 4 d. Digital Signal Processing
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps ANSWER:
QUESTION:
Sampling of an analog signal using a b. Samuel F.B Morse
QUESTION: sample-and-hold circuit such that the
It is an electronic device that is used for sample has the same amplitude for its QUESTION:
computer communications through whole duration.
telephone lines. ANSWER: The simplest modulation technique,
a. Flat-topped Sampling where a binary information signal
modulates the amplitude of an analog
ANSWER: QUESTION: carrier.
b. modem The basic building block of the FDM
hierarchy.
ANSWER:
QUESTION: ANSWER:
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 b. Message Channel a. Amplitude-Shift Keying
kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A
signal is transmitted down this line using QUESTION: QUESTION:
a four level code. What is the maximum
theoretical data rate? The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a Is the lowest Open System
ANSWER: 200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate Interconnection hierarchy and is
of 270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency responsible for the actual propagation of
b. 18 kbps shift between mark and space. unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through
a transmission medium.
ANSWER:
a.135.42kHz ANSWER:
a. Physical Layer
Fm-
fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz QUESTION:
Error-correction scheme that actually
detect and corrects transmission errors
when they are received without requiring
a retransmission.
QUESTION:
ANSWER: a. Forward Error Correction ANSWER: The typical amount of voltage in dc use in
the battery of the central office with
QUESTION: b. Transmit Modulator respect to ground
It allows the overall complexity of the
system to be broken down into individual QUESTION:
function –layers- that operate essentially What is the equation for Hartley’s Law?
by themselves. ANSWER:
Choices: a. -48
ANSWER: b. Transparency
a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M
c. fa=fs-fm d. N=2^m QUESTION:
ANSWER: A network that is composed of a smaller
QUESTION: a. lan that are closely link. It is needed for
This are very useful pictorial areas spread out geographically
representations that clearly show the
protocol operations such as words or ANSWER:
convetional drawings. c. WAN
ANSWER:
ANSWER: c.collision
QUESTION:
a. State Transition Diagram How many central office allotted for each
QUESTION: exchange?
QUESTION: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of
Pair of wires that connects the central 5 HHz. What is the bandwidth modulate the ANSWER:
office to the users phone signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulation. b. 1
ANSWER: ANSWER: QUESTION:

a. 50 MHz It is a method of switching that provides a
a. Local loop separate physical path for each symbol
QUESTION: QUESTION:
How long does it take to dial the number Used to established a point to point ANSWER:
784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s connection across a network. c. space switching
inter digit time?
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
a. 6.8s ANSWER: c. TCP The central office detects a request for
service from a telephone by:
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5

(6x0.5) = 6.8s QUESTION:
An attempt is made to transmit a ANSWER:
baseband frequency of 25kHz using a. a flow of loop current
QUESTION: digital audio system with a sampling rate
Network that connects users who are in of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency QUESTION:
the same general location would result?
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking
as it moves through a network. It controls and
ANSWER: ANSWER: b. 19.1kHz ensures the end – to – end integrity of the
c. LAN SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) data message propagated through the
network between two devices.
Please indicate the subject: fa = fs - fm
( ) General Engineering and Applied = 44.1kHz – 25kHz
Science = 19.1kHz ANSWER:
(/) Electronics System & Technologies a. Transport
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
Defines the rules of the conversation the
In operation, many modern codecs QUESTION:
message passing among the network
achieved compresion by first encoding
users
the signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking
then converting the 12-bit linear code into as it moves through a network. It controls and
an 8-bit compressed code by discarding ANSWER: ensures the end – to – end integrity of the
some of the bits. This is a simple example a. network protocol data message propagated through the
of: network between two devices.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
d. Digital Signal Processing b. Transport
QUESTION:
Responsible for providing signals to the
loop sensing activity and sending phone QUESTION:
signals at the end of the loop
QUESTION: It is used on long – distance circuits, in an
A balanced modulator that will used in ANSWER: effort to overcome echoes caused by circuit
conjuction with a microwave generator, a. SLIC imbalances.
power amplifier, and band-pass filter, up-
converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and
amplifies the RF to the desired output ANSWER:
power. a. Echo Suppresors
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Basic Block Diagram of the FM carrier
QUESTION: generator: T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given 1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer > Multiplier T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
in terms of dBm. If the receiver is > 108MHz carrier T= 47.6 ns
receiving 200 mW, what is the
corresponding dBm of this signal? First Multiplier output: QUESTION: The maximum voltage
1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz standing wave of an RG-11/U foam
Mixer output: coaxial cable is 52 V and its minimum
36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz (filtered voltage is 17 V. How many percent of the
ANSWER: output) incident power is the reflected power?
C. 23dBm 36MHz – 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz
(difference fed to the next multiplier)
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Multiplier stage: ANSWER:
Output = 108MHz b. 26%
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) Output = 1.5MHz x n
= 23 dBm N = 108/1.5 SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
= 72
Г 2 = Pr/Pi
QUESTION:
QUESTION: A/an _______ is a range of frequency in Г = SWR-1 ; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin =
An antenna with a noise temperature of which the upper frequency is double the 52/17 = 3.05
75 Kelvin is connected to a receiver input lower frequency. SWR+1
with a noise temperature of 300 K. Given
the reference temperature T0 = 290 K, Г = 3.05 – 1 = 0.51
find the noise figure of the system. ANSWER: 3.05 +1
c. octave Thus : Г 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
ANSWER:B
The reflected power is 26 % of the
UESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) incident power
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a
narrowband FM receiver with deviation
The total noise temperature of the QUESTION: At exactly one-quarter
maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum
antenna and receiver is NTtot = 75+ 300 = wavelength, the short-circuited
intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N
375. transmission line behaves as a(an)
input is 3:1.
The noise temperature is given by: ___________ circuit.
NT=T 0 ( NR−1 )
ANSWER:
where: NT – noise temp, NR = Noise ratio ANSWER:
a. 10
Rearranging the above to find NR gives: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29 c. parallel-resonant
The Noise figure is the decibel equivalent Φ = sin (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
-1
of the noise ratio, such that: QUESTION: Determine the phase-shift

NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz
δ = Φ x fi
signal to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric
constant of 2.3.
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
QUESTION:The modulation index of an AM ANSWER:
radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is The S/N will be a. 108 degrees
500W, what is the total transmitted
power? 10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10 SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ANSWER: Θ = 360 td / T
C.641W
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION: T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
A small variable capacitance in parallel
The modulation index m is related to the with each section of ganged capacitor is Θ = 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees
total transmitted power Pt by: called _______.
m2
Pt=Pc 1+ ( ) 2 where
ANSWER:
a. trimmer QUESTION: Which of the following is a flat
conductor separated by an insulating
Pt = total transmitted power, Pc = carrier dielectric from a large ground plane that
power is usually one-quarter or one-half
QUESTION: How many wavelengths long wavelength long?
are required for a pair of conductors to be
QUESTION:An FM transmitter system is considered as a transmission line? ANSWER:
using a 1MHz crystal oscillator to b. microstrip
generate a very stable 108MHz final
carrier frequency. The output of the ANSWER:
crystal oscillator is fed to a x36 multiplier QUESTION: One complete revolution
circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz signal. c. 1/10λ around a Smith Chart represents _________
The sum output of the mixer is filtered wavelengths.
out, while the difference is fed to another
multiplier in order to generate the final QUESTION: Determine the time taken for
a signal to travel down a 10 m ANSWER:
carrier frequency. What is the multiplier
value? transmission line, if its velocity factor is
0.7. a. ½ λ
ANSWER: D. 72
QUESTION: A mismatched transmission
ANSWER: line is also referred to as a ___________
d. 47.6 ns line.
ANSWER: QUESTION: The input to an FM receiver Choices:
has a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency a. signal shape
d. resonant deviation caused by the noise if the b. electromagnetic pattern
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the c. radiation pattern
QUESTION: It is the ratio of the speed of permitted deviation is 4KHz? d. antenna pattern
propagation on a line to that of light in ANSWER: C
free-space.
ANSWER:
b. 547.8 Hz QUESTION: Antennas that transmit an
ANSWER: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) equal amount of energy in the horizontal
direction are called
a. velocity factor  =  fm
 = sin -1
N/S = sin -1
1/2.8 = 0.3652
ANSWER: c. omnidirectional
QUESTION: Which of the following is the  = (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz
most widely used UTP cable that can
carry baseband data at rates up to 100 QUESTION: The ability of an antenna to
Mbps at a range up to 100m? send or receive signals over a narrow
QUESTION: What circuit is used to return horizontal directional range is referred to
the frequency response of a signal to its as
ANSWER: normal, “flat” level?
Choices:
b. CAT 5 a. focal factor
b. permittivity
ANSWER:
c. directivity
QUESTION: The modulated peak value of d. horizontal range
b. de-emphasis
a signal is 125V and the unmodulated ANSWER: C
carrier value is 85V. What is the
QUESTION: It is the most common means
modulation index?
of overcoming the problems of quantizing
error and noise.
QUESTION: A basic antenna connected to
ANSWER: a transmission line plus one or more
additional conductors that are not
ANSWER:
a.0.47 connected to the transmission line form a
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) b. companding
m = Em/ Ec
QUESTION: ________________ means that
the characteristics and performance of an
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax – Ec = ANSWER: a. parasitic array
antenna are the same whether the
125 – 85 = 40 V
antenna is radiating or intercepting an
QUESTION: An antenna made up of a
electromagnetic signal.
driven element and one or more parasitic
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47 elements is generally referred to as a
ANSWER:
a. antenna reciprocity
QUESTION: The total transmitted power of
an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier ANSWER:
QUESTION: Which of the following
power of 50kW when modulated 80 d. Yagi antenna
methods is used to lower the resonant
percent is:
frequency of a shortened vertical
QUESTION: Which antennas usually
antenna?
consist of two or more half-wave dipoles
ANSWER: mounted end to end?
ANSWER:
c. 66kW Choices:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) a. Hertz
b. top hat loading
b. Marconi
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m /2)
2
d. Yagi
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W QUESTION: It is a phenomenon caused by ANSWER: c. collinear
Pt = 66kW any support insulators used at the ends of
the wire antenna.
QUESTION: A stacked collinear antenna
QUESTION: One of the advantages of DSB consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced
is the savings of great deal of power. ANSWER: from one another by one-half
Which of the following is the reason why it wavelengths is the
is not widely used? b. end effect
Choices:
QUESTION: Which of the following is not a a. broadside array
ANSWER: reason why most half-wave antennas are b. end-fire array
d. the signal is difficult to demodulate mounted horizontally at low frequencies? c. wide-bandwidth array
d. parasitic array
Choices:
QUESTION: If the input in a transmitter is a. physical construction is easier ANSWER: A
collector-modulated, the system is called b. more cost-effective
a _______________________. c. mounting is easier
d. support is easier
ANSWER: B QUESTION: When the characteristic
ANSWER: impedance of the transmission line
matches the output impedance of the
b. high-level modulator transmitter and the impedance of the
QUESTION: The shape of the antenna itself,
electromagnetic energy radiated from or
received by an antenna is called the
ANSWER: QUESTION: Choices:
d. maximum power transfer will take
place How far from the transmitter could a a. multiplexer b. circulator c. isolator d.
signal be received if the transmitting and wave trap
receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m, ANSWER:
respectively, above level terrain? C. isolator
QUESTION: A one-quarter wavelength of
coaxial or balanced transmission line of a QUESTION:
specific impedance connected between a ANSWER:
load and a source in order to match A. 44.5 km A metal wrapped around the parabolic
impedances is antenna aperture to eliminate sidelobes
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) interfering nearby stations is called
ANSWER:
d= √17 ht + √17 ht= √ 17 ( 40 ) + √ 17 ( 20 )=44.5 km
c. a Q section
ANSWER:
QUESTION: QUESTION: C. shroud
By how much should two antennas be A signal propagated in a waveguide has a QUESTION:
separated for space diversity in the 11 full wave of electric intensity change
GHz band? between two further walls, and no The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide
component of the electric field in the _________.
ANSWER: direction of propagation. The mode is
A. 5.5 m
ANSWER: A. is greater than in free space
D. TE20
m
d = 200 λ =
200 c
=
(
200 3 x 108
s ) = 5.5 m QUESTION: QUESTION:
f 9
11 x 10
s An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB Geostationary satellites are located at
and a return loss of 26 dB. A source ____ with respect to the equator.
QUESTION: provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load
is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much
What is the phase velocity of a power is dissipated in the load ANSWER:
rectangular waveguide with a wall B. 00 latitude
separation of 3 cm and a desired ANSWER:
frequency of operation of 6 GHz? D. 638 mW
QUESTION:
ANSWER: The quality of a space-link is measured in

1W terms of the ______ ratio.
D. 5.43 x 108 m/s Pout = = 851.14 mW
0.7
anti log
10
m SWR −1
3 x 108 Γ= = 0.5 ANSWER:
c s SWR + 1 B. G/T
f c= = =5 GHz
2 a 2 ( 0 . 03 m) PLOAD = P out ( 1 − Γ 2 ) = 638 .35 mW
QUESTION:
m
3 x 10 8 Why does the downlink frequency appear
c s 8m
v p= = =5 . 43 xQUESTION:
10 to vary by several kHz during a low earth
s has a forward loss of 0.7 dB
√ √
An isolator
f 2 5 GHz c 2 orbit satellite pass?
1− c ( )
f
1−
6 GHz ( )
and a return loss of 26 dB. A source
provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load
is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much ANSWER:
power returns to the source? D. The distance between the satellite and
ground station is changing, causing the
QUESTION: ANSWER: Doppler effect
D. 5.43 x 108 m/s
A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
apart. Suppose that there is an obstacle
1W QUESTION:
midway between the transmitter and Pout = = 851.14 mW
receiver. By how much must the path 0. 7
anti log The most ambitious LEO constellation to
between the towers clear the obstacle in 10
date is ______.
order to avoid diffraction at a frequency of SWR −1
11 GHz?
Γ= = 0. 5
SWR + 1 ANSWER:
PLOAD = P out ( 1 − Γ 2 ) = 638 . 35 mW C. Teledesic
ANSWER: Preflected = Pout Γ 2 = 212. 78 mW
B. 10.51 m
212. 78 mW
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Preturned = = 534 . 49 μW
26
√ √
d d 22.5 ( 22.5 ) anti log QUESTION:
H 1=17.32 1 2 =17.32 =17.52 m 10
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish
fD 11 ( 45 ) designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation.
H 1=10.51 m QUESTION: The owner wants to use the same dish
with a new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12
It is a microwave device that allows RF GHz) satellites. What effect will the
energy to pass through in one direction change in frequency have on the gain and
with very little loss, but absorbs RF power beamwidth of the antenna?
in the opposite direction.
ANSWER: Choices: QUESTION:
A. Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth a. Marconi antenna
decreases to 1/3 of its former value. b. Yagi antenna The location of a satellite is generally
c. Hertz antenna specified in terms of
d. none of the choices ANSWER:
QUESTION: ANSWER: C b. latitude & longitude
The moon orbits the earth with a period of
approximately 28 days. How far away is
it? Assume circular orbit. An antenna's beamwidth is measured QUESTION:
ANSWER: A point in the orbit of an object orbiting

Choices:
c. 384 Mm the earth that is located closest to Earth.
a. from +90° to –90°
b. between half-power points
C 2 πR c. from front to back
a. perigee
T= =
v v d. between the minor side-lobes
QUESTION:
2 πR 2 πR ANSWER: B
v= = (where R=d km +6400) Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular
T 28 days orbit 500 km above the earth’s surface.
2 πR
√ 4 x 1011 m QUESTION: "Ground Effects" refers to the
v= = effects on an antenna's radiation pattern ANSWER:
28 days ( d km +6400 ) s caused by c. 7.6 km/s
d km =384,000 km Choices:
a. radio signals reflecting off the ground SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
b. buildings and other structures on the
QUESTION:
√
ground
c. fading 4 x 10 11
What is the length of the path to a v=
geostationary satellite from an Earth
d. faulty connection of the feed cable
Formula :
( d +6400 )
ground
station if the angle of elevation is 300? ANSWER: A
Where : v = velocity in meters per
ANSWER: second
B. 39000 km d = distance above earth’s
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION: An antenna can be matched
surface in km
to a feed line using
√ 2 2
√ Choices:
¿ ( r +h ) −( r cosθ ) −r sinθ= ( 6400+36000
QUESTION:
) 2
− (
6400cos
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
300 2
−6400 sin 300 =39000 km
) v=
√ 4 x 1011
(500+ 6400)
= 7.6 km/s
d. all of the choices
What is the nominal uplink frequency for
the Ku band? ANSWER: D QUESTION:
Find the orbital period of a satellite in a
ANSWER: circular orbit 36,000 km above the earth’s
C. 14 GHz QUESTION: As the length of a "long-wire" surface if the earth’s radius is 6400 km.
antenna is increased ANSWER:
QUESTION: a. 1440 mins

Choices: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
a. the number of lobes increases
To cover all inhabited regions of the earth,
b. efficiency decreases
the number of polar-orbit satellites C
required is
c. the number of nodes decreases T=
d. none of the above Formula : v
ANSWER:
ANSWER: A
A. 1 Where : T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
QUESTION: Field strength at a distance
A dipole antenna has a radiation
from an antenna is measured with
resistance of 67 ohms and a loss C = 2r
ANSWER:
resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the = 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) =
d. a field-strength meter
feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency. 266.4 x 106 m
ANSWER: d. 93%
QUESTION: A receiving antenna with a
SOLUTION: built-in preamplifier
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and

Choices:
a. active antenna
b. passive antenna
c. coil
v=
√ 4 x 10 11
(36 ,000+6400)
=3 . 07 km/s
4.5 dBd, respectively. Which has a greater d. LC antenna

gain?
ANSWER: A 6
C 266 . 4 x 10 m
T= = =24 hrs
Choices:
QUESTION:
v 3. 07 x 10 3 m/s
a. The first antenna has a higher gain. or 1440 minutes
b. The second antenna has a higher gain. The height above mean sea level of a
c. Both antennas have the same gain satellite in a geosynchronous orbit around
d. Cannot be determined Earth is:
QUESTION:
ANSWER: The outline of a communications satellite
ANSWER: B
d. 35,786 km antenna pattern on the earth is known as:
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:
ANSWER: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION:
A satellite access technique where each
d. footprint earth station transmits a short burst of
Formula : information during a specific time slot.
QUESTION:
Calculate the length of the path to a d= √ (r+ h)2 −(r cos q )2−r sin q ANSWER:
geostationary satellite from an earth c. TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access)
d = distance to the
station where the angle of elevation is
satellite in km
30. QUESTION:
r = radius of the earth in
(earth’s radius = 6400 km, height of km (6400 km)
satellite above earth is 36 X 103 km) An earth station antenna look angle is
h = height of satellite
determined by :
above equator ( 36 x 103 km)
ANSWER:
 = angle of elevation to
c. 39,000 km ANSWER:
satellite at antenna site a. azimuth & elevation
Solution : QUESTION:
An ITU radiocommunication standards for
2 satellite services which provides
d= √(6400+36 x 103 )2 −(6400 cos 30 °) −6400 sin 30 °
information on the range of frequencies
= 39,000 km that can be used by fixed satellite service
systems for emergency and disaster relief
operations.
ANSWER:
c. ITU-R S.1001-2
QUESTION:
As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting is from…
ANSWER:
d. 526.5 to 1705 kHz
QUESTION:
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands for
Universal Time Coordinates.
ANSWER:
b. nighttime period
QUESTION:
An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fading.
ANSWER:
a. primary service area
QUESTION:
In antenna mast or tower construction, the required obstruction painting and/or lighting must be imposed on mast
or tower more than … from the ground level.
Choices:
a. 100 ft b. 150 ft c. 200 ft d. 250 ft
QUESTION:
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be the polarization of the radiator?
ANSWER:
b. vertical
QUESTION:
As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in any service area for adjacent AM radio
stations?
ANSWER:
c. 36 kHz
QUESTION:
What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick-up stations used as broadcast auxillary services for AM and
FM broadcast stations?
ANSWER:
c. 35 W
QUESTION:
What is the classification of an FM station having an ERP not exceeding 30kW?
ANSWER:
b. Class B
QUESTION:
What is the modulation used for the stereophonic subcarrier of FM composite baseband signal?
ANSWER:
b. AM DSB SC
QUESTION:
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM stereophonic transmission?
ANSWER:
b. 19 kHz
QUESTION:
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and the
antenna has a power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the station in kW?
ANSWER:
d. 19.96 kW
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 – 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
QUESTION:
Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the Philippines…
ANSWER:
b. 88 – 108 MHz
QUESTION:
What is the color TV system adopted by the Philippines?
ANSWER:
a. NTSC
QUESTION:
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is …
ANSWER:
d. 3.579545
QUESTION:
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
ANSWER:
b. 187.25 MHz
fNLB = 174 + (N – 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 – 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel 9
QUESTION:
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 – 13 in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu?
ANSWER:
d. 1 MW
QUESTION:
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = ________ lines/frame
ANSWER:
b. 525
QUESTION:
At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line period?
ANSWER:
c. 63.556 usec
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec
QUESTION:
Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel…
ANSWER:
c. 6 MHz
QUESTION:
A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV program materials and related communications from the
scenes of events occuring at remote points from TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
ANSWER:
a. TV Pick-up station
QUESTION:
For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth?
ANSWER:
c. 6 MHz
For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the number of bits to produce
this is…
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is…
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
QUESTION:
What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere as a medium of transmission and / or
reception of radio signals?
ANSWER:
b. sky wave
QUESTION:
What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon foam as
its dielectric, εr = 2?
ANSWER:
c. 0.96 m
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (εr) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is …
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the signal is …
λ = vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636… m or 0.96 m approx.
QUESTION:
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (ε r2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air (ε r1 = 1.0) if its angle of
incidence is 45°?
ANSWER:
d. 30°
Using Snell’s Law…
Sqrt (εr1) sin θi = Sqrt (εr2) sin θr
Sqrt (1) sin 45° = Sqrt (2) sin θr
θr = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45°) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30°
QUESTION:
An ionosphere layer also termed as “absorption layer” because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100 kHz is
known as the … layer.
ANSWER:
a. D
The D layer has a critical frequency in the order of 100 kHz. Even MF band frequencies are absorbed by
this layer during sky wave propagation particularly in AM and SW radio broadcasting.
QUESTION:
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what is the classification of Super High
Frequency?
ANSWER:
c. centimetric
SHF band: 3 GHz – 30 GHz
λmax = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm
λmin = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is centimetric wave.
QUESTION:
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate antennas and receivers for each single transmitter?
ANSWER:
b. space diversity
QUESTION:
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequencies in a simplex path?
ANSWER:
a. frequency diversity
QUESTION:
What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron density is 2 x 10 6 per cm3?
ANSWER:
c. 13 MHz
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
QUESTION:
A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer is 110
km. at the midpoint of the path and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio stations is 500
km, what is the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.
ANSWER:
c. 8.4 MHz
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25° angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25° = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
QUESTION:
The power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This law is known as…
ANSWER:
c. Inverse Square law
QUESTION:
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for long-distance communication by amateurs; about 100 to 115
km above the earth is known as the… layer. This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
ANSWER:
b. E
QUESTION:
A graph which shows the radiation in actual field strength of electromagnetic fields at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna is known as…
ANSWER:
b. Radiation Pattern
QUESTION:
The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 Ω. What is the value of its loss resistance?
ANSWER:
d. 6.58 Ω
η = Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 – 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 Ω or 6.58 Ω approx.
QUESTION:
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly shaped areas.
ANSWER:
b. 11-year sunspot
QUESTION:
What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies higher than HF bands?
ANSWER:
b. increase antenna height
QUESTION:
Which of the following factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce attenuation?
ANSWER:
d. all choices
QUESTION:
A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated band of station’s frequency?
ANSWER:
b. HF
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
λ = 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 – 30 MHz range designated as HF band
QUESTION:
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station?
ANSWER:
d. 18.97 mi
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
QUESTION:
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is 2.15 dB.
How much power was fed into the test antenna?
ANSWER:
c. 3 W
From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4πd2
PR = PD x 4πd2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4π(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx.
QUESTION: Telephone traffic is ANSWER:

QUESTION: Identical telephone measured ____.
numbers in different parts of a country a. repeater
are distinguished by their ___.
ANSWER: QUESTION: When the signal from a
a. in erlangs mobile cellular unit drops below a
ANSWER: certain level, what action occurs?
b. area codes QUESTION: In a cellular telephone
system, each cell site contains a ____. ANSWER:
c. the unit is “handed off” to a closer
cell
ANSWER:
QUESTION: In a cellular telephone QUESTION:
system, group of cells is called ___.
a. low group frequencies
In telephony,
ANSWER: call blocking is:
b. cluster
QUESTION:
QUESTION: In Celluar Telephone ANSWER:
Systems, these are transmissions from The bandwidth of voice-grade signals
base stations to mobile units on a telephone system is restricted in
b. occurs when the central order to:
(Downlink)
office capacity is exceeded
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. forward links
QUESTION:
c. allow signals to be multiplexed
QUESTION: A CDMA mobile measures
the signal strength from the base as The cable used for
QUESTION:
-100 dBm. What should the mobile local loops in
transmitter power be set to as a first telephone system is
11. This is the highest-ranking office
approximation, considering - 76 dB at mainly:
in the DDD network in telephony in
mobile power contol? terms of the size of the geographical
area served and the trunking options
ANSWER:
available.
ANSWER:
a. twisted-pair copper ANSWER:
c. 250 mW wire
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) b. regional center

QUESTION:
PT = -76 dB - PR In DTMF, the four

Where: vertical frequencies QUESTION:
PT = transmitted power in dBm are ____.
PR = received power in dBm In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:
PT = -76 dB - PR ANSWER:
= -76 dB – (-100dBm) ANSWER:
= 24 dBm
b.
= 250 mW
697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz d. Advanced Mobile Phone Service
QUESTION: A telephone signal takes

QUESTION: QUESTION:
2ms to reach its destination. Calculate
the via net loss required for an
In DTMF, the Horizontal In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:
acceptable amount of echo.
frequencies are
ANSWER: ANSWER:
ANSWER:
d. 0.8 dB a. 1209Hz, a. Base Station Controller

1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
QUESTION: In Celluar Telephone
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB Systems, these are transmissions from QUESTION:
Where: mobile units to base stations (Uplink)
VNL = minimum required via net loss In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:
in dB
t = time delay in ms for propagation ANSWER:
one way along line ANSWER:
b. reverse links
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB a. Mobile Switching Center
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4 QUESTION:
= 0.8 dB
In DTMF, the
horizontal QUESTION:
QUESTION:
frequencies is also
known as In GSM, voice channels are called:
The typical voltage across a telephone
when on-hook is:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER: a. traffic channels
a. 48 volts DC
b. high group frequencies
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
Central offices are connected
In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:
by:
In DTMF, the Vertical
frequencies is also known as ANSWER:
a. frequency
ANSWER:
hopping
b. trunk lines
QUESTION: QUESTION: QUESTION:
A number from 0 to 1 representing the Refers to the direction in space of
In Mobile Communications, IMSI ability of a surface material to absorb electric vector of the electromagnetic
stands for: sound energy is known as… wave radiated from an antenna and is
ANSWER: parallel to the antenna itself.
ANSWER: c. Absorption Coefficient
b. International Mobile Subscriber
Identification QUESTION:
The difference in dB between the loudest
level of sound and the softest passage of ANSWER:
sound is known as _
QUESTION: ANSWER: Polarization
An acoustical phenomenon wherein the d. dynamic range
sound continues to persist after the cause QUESTION:
of sound has stopped resulting in QUESTION: Placing a metallic array on the
repeated reflections is called… The highest frequency that can be antenna effects to increase the
ANSWER: used for skywave propagation current at the base of the antenna,
b. reverberation between two specific points on earth’s and also to make the current
surface. distribution more uniform. What is this
QUESTION: Choices: called?
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of a. Critical Frequency b. MUF c.
spacing. If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, Cut-off frequency d. mid frequency ANSWER:
what is the next frequency available for ANSWER: a Top loading
the filter?
ANSWER: d. 31.5 Hz QUESTION: QUESTION:
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): Variation in signal loss caused by What principle that states that the
f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction natural weather disturbances. properties of an antenna are
of an octave Choices: independent of whether it is used for
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz a. attenuation b. fading transmission or reception.
c. spreading loss d. weather loss
QUESTION: ANSWER: b
+ 26 dBu is how many volts? ANSWER:
ANSWER: b. 15.5 V QUESTION: Principle of reciprocity
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): Determine the radio horizon for a
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in transmit antenna that is 200 m high QUESTION:
Volts / 0.775 Volts ] and a receiving antenna that is 100 m Calculate the beam width between
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / high nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector
0.775 V ] Choices: used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / a. 99.5km b. 96.5 km c. are often used at that frequency as
0.775 V ] = 1.3 95.87 km d. 97.5 km antennas outside broadcast television
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V ANSWER: a microwave links.
Voltage = 15.5 V SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
D = √ 17ht + √ 17hr ANSWER:
QUESTION: = √ 17(200) + √ 3.50 (c)
A type of microphone that uses the 17(100) SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
principle of a capacitor as a means of = 99.5 km
transduction. It uses a polarizing voltage 70 λ 0.05
of between 9 and 48 V of DC supply QUESTION: Φ0 = 2x =140 x
applied to its diaphragm by an external The height above the earth’s surface D 2
power supply. from which a refracted wave appears Φ0=3.50
ANSWER: to have been reflected…
b. Condenser Choices:
a. actual height b. virtual height QUESTION:
QUESTION: c. average height d. mean height This is often used to cure the problem
Determine the sound power in Watts ANSWER: b of great thickness required of lenses
produced by the bank’s alarm if a by- QUESTION: used at lower microwave frequencies
stander heard the alarm at a sound The highest frequency that can be or for strong curved wavefronts.
pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by- used for skywave propagation
stander is 100 ft away from the bank. between two specific points on earth’s ANSWER:
ANSWER: d. 58.65 W surface. Zoning
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): Choices:
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8 a. Critical Frequency b. MUF c. QUESTION:
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) Cut-off frequency d. center A structure-generally metallic and
+ 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL frequency sometimes very complex-designed to
137.68 = 10 log W + 120 ANSWER: a provide an efficient coupling between
W = log-1 [(137.68 – 120)/10] space and the output of a transmitter
W = 58.65 Watts QUESTION: or input to a receiver.
The angular separation between the
QUESTION:
two half-power points on the power ANSWER:
QUESTION:
Electromagnetic waves
density radiation that are directed
pattern. Antenna
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-
above the horizon level.
SPL at 1 meter distance and input
Choices: QUESTION:
electrical power of 1 W. How loud is the
a. ground waves b. surface waves c.
Choices: The ratio comparing the power
SPL at distance of 20 meters if this
sky waves d. space waves
a. Bandwidth b Beamwidth c. density generated by a practical
speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical
ANSWER: c Footprint d. Azimuth antenna in some direction, with that
power?
ANSWER: b. 69 dB-SPL due to an isotopic antenna radiating
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): ANSWER: the same total power.
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log Beamwidth ANSWER:
(20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL Directive gain(b)
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log
(10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
QUESTION: QUESTION:
Any array that is directional at right An optic fiber is made of glass with a QUESTION:
angles to the plane of the array is refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with In fiber optics, it is a measure of the
said, by inference, to have __________. another glass with a refractive index of conversion efficiency of a
1.51. Launching takes place from air. photodetector. It is the ratio of the
ANSWER: What is the acceptance angle? output current of a photodiode to the
Broadside action input optical power and has the unit of
ANSWER: amperes per watt
QUESTION: c. 20.6◦
The ratio of the focal length to the SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER:
mouth diameter is called __________ of By equation (20.10), the fractional Responsivity
the parabola, just as in camera lenses. difference between the indexes is:
ANSWER: ∆=(n1-n2)/n1 QUESTION:
Aperture =(1.55-1.51)/1.55 A phenomenon also called
=0.0258 stress corrosion resulting if
QUESTION: By equation (20.11), the numerical the glass fiber is exposed to
Corresponds to a resonant aperture is found to be: long periods of high
transmission line, and the dipole NA=n1√(2∆) humidity?
antennas describe so far have been =1.55√[(2)(0.0258)]
resonant. = 0.352 ANSWER A. Static fatigue:
By equation (20.8), the acceptance
ANSWER: angle is: QUESTION:
Resonant antenna (b) Θ0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6◦ The theory which states that
when visible light or high-
QUESTION: frequency electromagnetic
QUESTION: For a single-mode optical cable with radiation illuminates a
An optic fiber is made of glass with a 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical metallic surface, electrons
refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with power 100km from a 0.1-mW light are emitted.
another glass with a refractive index of source.
1.51. Launching takes place from air. ANSWER: ANSWER:
What numerical aperture does the fiber -35dBm B. Planck’s law
have? SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION:
Choices: P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)} The science of measuring only light
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)] waves that are visible to the human
a. 0.852 b. 0.352 =(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25) eye
c. 1.032 d. 0.235 =0.316µW ANSWER:
ANSWER: B. Photometry
(0.316 µW )
P(dBm)= 10log
b. 0.352 0.001 QUESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) = -35dBm The process of constructing an ILD
By equation (20.10), the fractional that is similar to LED except that the
difference between the indexes is: ends are highly polished.
∆=(n1-n2)/n1 QUESTION: ANSWER:
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55 For an optical fiber 10km long with a C. Lasing
=0.0258 pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km,
By equation (20.11), the numerical determine the maximum digital QUESTION:
aperture is found to be: transmission rates for return-to-zero. A phenomenon in optical fibers
NA=n1√(2∆) ANSWER: communication system that is caused
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)] 20Mbps by the difference in the propagation
= 0.352 SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) times of light rays that take different
paths down the fiber.
1
ANSWER:
Fb= 5 ns =20Mbps A. Pulse spreading
x 10 km
km
Question:
For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17°C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the thermal
noise power in dBm .
ANSWER:
c. -134dBm
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
N = KTB T(kelvin) = 17°C + 273° = 290 K B = 1 x 10 4 Hz

= (1.38 x 10 -23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm

0.001
Question:
A 300Ω resistor is connected across the 300Ω antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver
is 6MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver input.
ANSWER:
a. 5.4 µV
VN = √ 4 kTBR
= 4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 Ω)
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 µV
Question:
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100µW and the noise power is 1 µW. At the output, the signal power
is 1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
ANSWER:
c. 3
(S/N)p = 100µW = 100

1µW
(S/N)o = 1W = 33.3
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100 =3
33.5
Question:
It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient temperature.
Calculate the receiver’s sensitivity.
ANSWER:
a. -98dBm
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10log∆f + desired S/N

S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm
Question:
A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a
microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receiver’s input over a 1-MHz
frequency range?
Choices:
a. 1.75 x 10-15W b. 1.75 x 10-12W c. 1.15 x 10-15W d. 1.15 x 10-12W
ANSWER:
a. 1.75 x 10-15
PN = KT∆f
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W
Question:
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having the same noise power output of a given system.
ANSWER:
d. noise temperature
Question:
The noise voltage produced across a 50Ω is input resistance at a temperature of 302°C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz
is ______.
ANSWER:
d. 2.24µV
VN = √ 4 KTBR
= 4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24µV
Question:
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a maximum intelligence frequency of 5
kHz. The input S/N is 2
ANSWER:
a. 30
ᵟ = φ x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz = 30
2.5 kHz
QUESTION:
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s
determined by comparing the phase of two successive data bits is
ANSWER:
b. DPSK
QUESTION:
A method of nonspontaneous lysing (splitting) of a substance by the input of electrical energy, and is often used
to decompose a compound into its elements.
ANSWER:
b. electrolysis
QUESTION: ANSWER:
QUESTION: The acronym CDMA refers to ________. re-created
A special digital modulation technique
that achieves high data rates in a. QUESTION:
limited-bandwidth channels is called ANSWER: ______ implies that both analog and
d. Code-division multiple- digital signals share the same channel
access systems bandwidth.
ANSWER:
c. Quadrature amplitude QUESTION: ANSWER:
modulation (QAM) The acronym OFDM refers to ________. Hybrid
QUESTION:
QUESTION: a. Telemetry may be defined as _____
FSK systems are much superior to ANSWER: metering.
two-tone amplitude-modulation Orthogonal Frequency Division
systems with respect to Multiplexing ANSWER:
Remote
QUESTION:
Using radio to transmit gathered data
ANSWER:
on some particular phenomenon QUESTION:
c. Ionospheric fading
without human monitors is known as Which is not a type of pulse
characteristics
modulation?
QUESTION:
Using an oscilloscope to display ANSWER:
overlayed received data bits that Radio telemetry
provide information on noise, jitter, ANSWER:
and linearity is called a(n) QUESTION: Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)
The acronym for the form of data
transmission in which the modulating
ANSWER: wave shifts the output between two QUESTION:
a. Eye pattern predetermined frequencies is _____. PPM and PWM are superior to PAM
systems in
QUESTION:
The type of radio transmission that ANSWER:
ANSWER:
uses pseudorandomly switched Noise characteristics
a. FSK
transmissions is known as
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
a. Pseudorandom implies a sequence
A procedure that decides which device
ANSWER: that can be _____ but has the
has permission to transmit at a given
b. Spread spectrum properties of randomness.
time is called
a.
ANSWER: QUESTION: QUESTION:
Line Control The NRZ digital signal-encoding
format has a ________ component in In what major RF band is ground
QUESTION: the waveform. wave basically applied?
The major difficulty faced by delta
modulators is
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
dc
ANSWER: a. MF (Medium Frequency)
Slope overload
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
Reed–Solomon codes utilize a
QUESTION: A measure of mismatch in a
technique called ________ to rearrange
The AT&T T1 lines transmission line
the data into a nonlinear ordering
scheme to improve the chance of data
correction.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Use 8-bit PCM code and
include 24 voice channels c. standing wave ratio
ANSWER:
interleaving
QUESTION: QUESTION:
The ground wire in a USB cable is ____ The highest frequency that can be set
QUESTION:
back to earth by the ionosphere, if
ANSWER: wave is sent vertically upward.
The electric field intensity is measured
Brown
in:
QUESTION: ANSWER:
A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital
ANSWER:
signal to be transmitted on an analog c. critical frequency
channel.
a. V/m
ANSWER:
modem QUESTION:
QUESTION:
QUESTION: Travel in a straight line from the
It is a result of an increase in the
The bit ________ is the amount of transmitting antenna to the receiving
charge density in dielectric materials.
power in a digital bit for a given antenna.
amount of time.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. polarization
energy
c. space wave
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
The relationship for bit rate to ________ QUESTION:
It refers to the maximum antenna
bandwidth is defined by the Shannon- VLF waves are for some types of
gain.
Hartley theorem. services because
ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Channel a. directivity
c. they are very reliable
QUESTION: QUESTION:
In an S/H circuit, the time that it must QUESTION:
hold the sampled voltage is It is the distance between two wave
The maximum horizontal distance
fronts having the same phase at any
between the transmitter and
given instant.
the receiver for line of sight
propagation is known as:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Aperture time
ANSWER: b. wavelength
QUESTION:
Error signals associated with the a. radio horizon
sampling process are called QUESTION:
QUESTION: It is a piece of transmission line which
is normally short-circuited at the far
Typical mode of radiation of helical end.
ANSWER:
antenna is:
Foldover distortion and aliasing
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
b. stub
A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip a. end fire
containing both the ADC and DAC
circuitry. QUESTION: QUESTION:
A 50 ohms transmission line is
The electric field is perpendicular to connected to a 30 ohm resistive
the earth’s surface, the load. Calculate the reflection
polarization is: coefficient.
ANSWER:
codec
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. vertical b. 0.25
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER: a. Data Link layer
QUESTION: OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is
Ref Coeff = (30 – 50)/(30 + 50) = ANSWER: a. 51.84 Mbps

0.25 QUESTION: Is the ratio of the largest
possible magnitude to the smallest QUESTION: Is one in which all
possible magnitude that can be computers share their resources with
QUESTION: decoded by the digital-to-analog all the other computers on the
converter. network.
The characteristic impedance of a
transmission line does not depend ANSWER: b. Peer-to-peer
upon its client/server network
ANSWER: d. Dynamic range QUESTION: Is used to interface DTEs

to digital transmission channels
ANSWER:
QUESTION: Is a PCM system which ANSWER: d. Channel service unit
c. length uses a single bit PCM code to achieve
digital transmission of analog signals. QUESTION: Modulation which
QUESTION: combines encoding and modulation to
reduce the
Characteristic impedance of a probability of error.
transmission line is the ANSWER: b. Delta modulation
impedance measured at the ANSWER: d. TCM
_______ when its length is infinite.
QUESTION: Is a redundancy error

ANSWER: detection scheme that uses parity to QUESTION: Is an empirical record of a
determine if a transmission error has system’s actual bit error performance
a. input occurred within a message and is
sometimes called message parity.
QUESTION: ANSWER: b. BER
Which region of the ionosphere is

mainly responsible for long-distance ANSWER: a. Longitudinal redundancy
night time communications? check QUESTION: Is an error-correcting code
used for correcting transmission errors
in synchronous data streams.
ANSWER:
d. F layer QUESTION: Is an n-bit data register ANSWER: d. Hamming code

inside the UART that keeps track of
the UART’s transmit and receive buffer
QUESTION: registers.
Which is properly terminated IECEP Manila
antenna? ANSWER: b. Status Word register
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
What happens to the frequency of the
QUESTION: Is an access method used
wave and to its wavelength when a sound
a. rhombic primarily with LANs configured in a
wave produced in one medium enters
bus topology.
another medium with a different speed?
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
Occurs when the radio beam is at
c. the frequency of the wave stays
point of grazing over an obstacle.
ANSWER: a. CSMA/CD the same while the wavelength changes.
ANSWER: QUESTION: An interest rate of 10%

QUESTION: IP version 4 address length compounded continuously is desired of an
a. diffraction
is investment of P15,000. How many years
will be required to recover the capital with
QUESTION:
the desired interest if P2,500 is received
A microwave communications system,
ANSWER: a. 32 bits each year?
space loss calculation formula is
ANSWER:
QUESTION: Is a multiport bridge that c. 9.375 years
provides bridging function.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING)
ANSWER: d. Switch
A=Pert
c. 92.4 + 20log F + 20 log D
15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500t
t = 9.375 years
QUESTION: Is an OSI Layer which is
responsible for providing error-free QUESTION: Is a device which operates
communications across the physical in the Network layer and it makes
link connecting primary and forwarding decisions on the basis of
secondary stations (nodes) network addresses.
QUESTION:
ANSWER: c. Router
What is the pH level of toilet soap?
ANSWER:
c.10
QUESTION: The process of combining

multiple audio signals into one track is
called?
ANSWER: a. audio mixing
QUESTION: The speed of sequence of

musical notes is called?
ANSWER: b. Tempo
QUESTION: If the frequency of a sound is

increased, what will happen to its pitch?
ANSWER: b. Increases
QUESTION:
A type of microwave protection system
where each working channel has a
dedicated back up or spare channel.
ANSWER: D. Hot Standby

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Area of Biomedical Technology QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

Specialization A radiographic single-phase unit installed

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER: QUESTION: ANSWER:

QUESTION: a. Bandwidth b ASK

ANSWER: It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that

This OSI Layer is responsible for network

QUESTION: f s=2( 4 kHz) ANSWER:

ANSWER: ANSWER: QUESTION:

QUESTION: DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16) D

QUESTION: a. TCP/IP ANSWER:

c. Crosstalk It is the institution that developed the

ANSWER: C = Blog2(1+S/N) = ANSWER:

ANSWER: ANSWER: QUESTION:

0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5

of the noise ratio, such that: QUESTION: Determine the phase-shift

ANSWER: The quality of a space-link is measured in

ANSWER: A point in the orbit of an object orbiting

QUESTION: a. 1440 mins

Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and

4.5 dBd, respectively. Which has a greater d. LC antenna

QUESTION: Telephone traffic is ANSWER:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) b. regional center

PT = -76 dB - PR In DTMF, the four

QUESTION: A telephone signal takes

d. 0.8 dB a. 1209Hz, a. Base Station Controller

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

N = KTB T(kelvin) = 17°C + 273° = 290 K B = 1 x 10 4 Hz

N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm

(S/N)p = 100µW = 100

S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10log∆f + desired S/N

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

Ref Coeff = (30 – 50)/(30 + 50) = ANSWER: a. 51.84 Mbps

ANSWER: d. Dynamic range QUESTION: Is used to interface DTEs

QUESTION: Is a redundancy error

Which region of the ionosphere is

d. F layer QUESTION: Is an n-bit data register ANSWER: d. Hamming code

ANSWER: QUESTION: An interest rate of 10%

QUESTION: The process of combining

QUESTION: The speed of sequence of

QUESTION: If the frequency of a sound is

ANSWER: D. Hot Standby

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