KYOTO PROTOCOL

EFFORTS:
Following efforts are made by international community after signing the Kyoto Protocol:
-Industrialized nations pledged to cut their yearly greenhouse gas emissions to a certain percentage below 1990
levels. The year 1990 was chosen as a baseline because that was the year when the UN first launched
negotiations on climate change.
-Conversion of fossil fuel (coal, gas, living organisms) system to cleaner fuels (Natural fuel which produces less
pollution) system.
-The European Union agreed to cut its emissions by 8% below 1990 levels, Japan by 7%, the United States by
7%, and Canada by 6%. Russia agreed to stay at 1990 levels, which still represents a significant reduction.
Governments are separated into two general categories:
1- Developed countries: Who have accepted greenhouse gas emission reduction obligations and must
submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory.
2- Developing countries: Who have no greenhouse gas emission reduction obligations but may participate
in the Clean Development Mechanism.

THE KYOTO MECHANISMS:

Under the Kyoto Protocol, there are three Mechanisms that allow countries and companies to buy, generate, or
trade "emissions credits." These credits then count towards the country's reduction target.

1- International Emissions Trading: Buying credits from other industrialized countries who have
exceeded their reduction targets.
2- Joint Implementation: Investing in emissions reduction projects in other industrialized countries.
3- Clean Development: Investing in clean energy and other emission reduction projects in developing
countries.
4- Carbon Trading: It controls pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emission
reductions.

CONVENTIONS
1-CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (CWC):
The Chemical weapons convention abbreviated as CWC came into force 1997.This is overlooked the
Organisation for prohibition of chemical weapon (OPCW) based in the Hague, Netherlands. This was an arms
control treaty that outlawed the production, stocking and use of chemical warfare and weapons. The main
obligation of this party under the convention was to prohibit the use of chemical weapons, as well as destruction
of all current chemical weapons. This treaty has signed by 192 states as of 2015. These states have given their
consent to be bound by the treaty (CWC).

2-VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER:

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is environmental agreement and without a doubt
one of the most successful ones considering it has been signed by 197 states which include all the members
present in the United Nations as well as members of the European Union. It was agreed upon by the states in
Vienna conference 1985 but came into force 3 years later in 1998. It acts as a legal framework in efforts to
reduce ozone depletion however does not include and legal binding reduction against the use of CFC’s a proven
ozone depleting agent.

3-CCAMLR:
The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources abbreviated as CCAMLR is a part
of the Antarctic treaty system. This convention was up for signing in 1980 but came into force April, 1982. The
convention was set up with the goal to preserve marine life and environmental integrity in and near Antarctica.
It was at start ratified by 35 states and signed by 14 states. As of 2013 37 states have ratified this convention
including Pakistan.

4-CITES:
The convention of international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, also known as the
Washington convention was drafted in result to a resolution in 1963 at a meeting of the international union for
conservation of nature (IUCN). It opened for signing in 73 and came into force in 1975. Its aim is to make sure
there are no threats towards the survival of species of plants and animals due to trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants. It has provided protection of over 35,000 species of plants.

PROTOCOLS
1-GENEVA PROTOCOL:
Geneva protocol is the protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other
Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare but it is referred to as Geneva protocol because it was signed
at Geneva in 1925. This is the general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological weapons but says
nothing about the production, storage and transfer. Later treaties covered such as Biological Weapons
Convention covered this issue.

2-MONTREAL PROTOCOL:
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention
for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an International treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing
out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was signed on 1987, and
entered into force on January 1989, followed by its first meeting in May 1989. Since then, it has undergone
eight revisions. The success of this protocol as compared to Kyoto protocol is more. The two ozone treaties
have been ratified by 197 parties, which includes 196 states and the European Union, making them the first
universally ratified treaties in United Nations history.

3-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PROTOCOL:

The VOC Protocol is a protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution which aims to
provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds to reduce their transboundary
fluxes to protect human health and the environment from its possible devastating effects. The protocol was
concluded at Geneva, Switzerland similarly to the Geneva protocol. It was up for signing in 1991 and entered
into force in 1997.it has been ratified by 24 countries and signed by 6 more that have not ratified it yet which
includes the United States of America.
4-GOTHENBURG PROTOCOL:
The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (known as the
Multi-effect Protocol or the Gothenburg Protocol) is a multi-pollutant protocol designed to reduce acidification,
eutrophication and ground-level ozone by setting emissions ceilings for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
volatile organic compounds and ammonia to be met by 2010. As of August 2014, the Protocol had been ratified
by 26 parties, which includes 25 states and the European Union.

FACTORS LEADING TO THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

BACKGROUND:
The history of South Asia is largely a history of conflicts between Hindus and Muslims of the region. Starting
with the war between Muhammad Bin Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712, armed conflicts between Hindus and
Muslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud Ghaznavi and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghouri and Prithvi Raj,
and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point. There were so many reasons which forced Muslims to make their
separate nation.

NATION:
“A community or race of people which shares culture, tradition, language, and history, whether scattered or
confined to one country, form a nation.”

FACTORS LEADING TO THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN:

1. SUPPRESSION OF MUSLIMS:
After the war of independence, the British were afraid of being driven out. Therefore, they started
supporting Hindus in all the fields and made Muslims serve them. The educational doors were closed for
Muslims. British also paralyzed Muslims politically. As a result of which the Muslims were weakened
socially, economically and educationally.

2. PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY:

Muslims and Hindus follow different culture as their religions are entirely different. Hindus burn their
dead bodies while Muslims bury them. Hindus worship Cows while Muslims slaughter it. With the
passage of time Hindus started thinking about their glorious past when they used to be the rulers of
India and started dreaming to grasp the power again. Thus they suppressed every cultural activity of
Muslims and demanded that the Hindi should be given priority against Urdu.

3. EVOLUTION OF TWO NATION THEORY:

After 1857 war, when Muslims were being tortured badly by Hindus and British, Sir Syed infused a
spirit in them. They began to realize their condition. They were not free to do anything. So the word
“Two Nation” arose among the Muslims. Thus Hindus and Muslims were regarded as two separate
nations and it lead to the creation of Pakistan.
Louis Fischer wrote:
“The wall between Gandhi and Jinnah was the Two Nation Theory.
4. INTRODUCTION TO WESTERN POLITICAL SYSTEM:
Initially, British introduced western education and established three universities. Hindus were getting
education there and they were sent to England for higher studies. Afterwards, in 1885 they introduced
western political system according to which “Majority rules”. A political party “All Indian national
congress” was also formed which was not for the rights of Muslims.

5. ECONOMICAL FACTORS:
After 1857, the Muslims were crushed economically. All trade policies were framed in such a way so as to
determent the Muslim conditions. Their service, estates and properties were confiscated while the Hindus
were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically. According to Sir Syed “Muslims were
permanent minority of India.”

6. POLITCAL FACTORS:
The political differences have played an important role in the partition of India. On 30th December
1906, Muslim leaders met at Dhaka on the occasion of the annual meeting of the Muhammadan
Educational Conference. In this meeting, Sir Saleemullah moved a resolution for restoring an
organization to be called “All India Muslim League.”
The reasons of foundation were:
a) To stop Congress from propagating its concept of Nationalism.
b) To represent Muslims.
c) To safeguard the rights of Muslims.

7. FORMATION OF HINDU MINISTRIES:

Both Congress and Muslim league participated in the Elections of 1937. Congress won a great electoral
victory. Congress ministries ruled 8 out of 11 provinces. This period was extremely crucial in the history
of Hindu Muslim relations. When congress ministries resigned, Quaid-e-Azam appealed Muslims to
celebrate day of deliverance on 22nd December 1939 as a token of relief.

8. PAKISTAN RESOLUTION:
In the Muslim League session at Lahore on 23rd march 1940, Bengal’s chief minister, Fazal ul Haq
demanded the separation of Muslim majority areas through a resolution. Large number of Muslims
leaders passed that resolution as it was a demand for the protection and safeguard of the national
identity of Muslims.

9. CREATION OF PAKISTAN:
On 148th july 1947, British parliament gave approval of Hindustan freedom law and finally Muslims
achieved an Islamic state after a long struggle on 14th august 1947.

ROLE OF SIRSYED AHMED KHAN:

Sir syed’s whole life was spent in rendering great services in the fields of education, literature,
socialism, and politics for the Muslims. All these services were collectively names as “ALIGARH
MOVEMENT”. A brief sketch of which is given below:
 1. In 1858, a great stress was put forward by sir syed on the prevalence of education.
2. In 1876 “Muhammedan college fund committee” was established.
3. In 1875 MAO HIGH SCHOOL was established that later on was promoted to AO COLLEGE.
4. In order to eradicate hatred from the British, he took out a magazine called “Reasons For the Hind
Rebel”
5. Sir syed opposed all the statements and efforts set by congress and brought forward many of its
flaws and frauds.
6. Sir syed also opposed the procedure of examination for jobs because Muslims were not only in
minority but were also less educated.

CONCLUSION:
After being tortured by Hindus and British, Muslims realized that they cannot survive in India together
with Hindus as they were discriminated and treated as minority in all respects. Thus the realization of
above mentioned factors and struggles of great Muslims leaders resulted into the creation of Pakistan.

MAJOR ISSUES IN THE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN:

INTRODUCTION:
“Economy can be defined as activities related to the production and distribution of goods and services in a
particular geographic region.”
Pakistan faces some major economic issues which are listed below:

1. General poverty and low living standards:

Poverty cannot be described. It can be seen and felt. Most of the people in Pakistan are ill-fed, ill-housed, ill-
clothed and illiterate. In Pakistan 21.0 % population is living below poverty and unfortunately the literacy rate
is 58% including the people who can only sign their name.

2. Burden of external and internal debts:

Under developed countries are receiving loans and grants from other nations and are being debtors.They are
dependent on foreign economic loans. In Pakistan the services chargers on all types of debts are Rs. 730 to
732 billion. This was during the time of 2011-2012.

3. Low per capita income:

Due to low national income and huge population growth rate, per capita income in developing countries is
very low. According to economic survey of Pakistan 2011-2012 per come capita is less than 1000 rupees.

4. Over dependence on agriculture:

61% population of Pakistan is living in villages. Backward agriculture is the major occupation. Around 66.7%
people of the country are working in agriculture. And the others are indirectly dependent on agriculture.
 5. Backward industrial sector:
Industrial sector of Pakistan is quite backward. Since the independence, the labor force is attached with
industrial sector in Pakistan. Even many industries are built, they are not used beneficially.

6. Limited foreign trade:

Due to backwardness, developing countries have to export raw material because the quality of their
products is not according to international standard. Imports of Pakistan are $ 33.15 billion and exports are
$ 20.474 billion that cause into unfavorable balance of payment of $ 12.676 billion.

7. High degree of illiteracy:

Illiteracy rate is very high in poor countries while it is nearing zero in developed countries. Literacy rate in
Pakistan is 58% according to a report in 2011-12. It is because of conservative thinking of many people who
don’t allow their daughters to study and poverty doesn’t allow people to get education.

8. Influence of feudal lords:

The poor class is under the influence of federal lords. About 50% people borrow from land lords and 57.4%
poor are working for feudal lords without wages in Pakistan.

9. Unproductive Use of Funds:

The unproductive expenditures are rising day by day in Pakistan due to socio-economic and administrative
reasons. About 75% of the budget is spent on defense, administration, repayments of loan and interest
charges in Pakistan.

10.Violation of Law and Order:

Law and order conditions are at their poor stage in Pakistan. A huge portion of saving of people is wasted
in costly and lengthy legal process.

11.Backward State of Technology:

Use of modern techniques of production is not adopted in Pakistan rightly. It may cause further
unemployment. Backward state of technology results in low production, high cost and wastage of time.

12. Unfair Wealth and Income Distribution.

There are not only regional inequalities in Pakistan but also wealth and income inequalities. 20%
extremely rich population has 50.02% of national resources, while 20% poorest population has just 6.37 %
of national resources in Pakistan.

13. Lack of Experts and Skilled Persons:

People have to move abroad for advanced study due to illiteracy and lack of training institutes. They
adjust them in foreign countries due to low self-esteem. So, there is scarcity of experts, skilled and trained
staff that causes the poor nation to remain backward.
14. Political Instability:

There is political instability in Pakistan which affects economy. There are a lot of clashes between
government and the opposition that is a cause to reduction in domestic as well as foreign investment.

15. Low Self-esteem:

There is less respect, honor and dignity of people in Pakistan. People are honored due to their powers,
relations and castes instead of capabilities. There is poverty, poor health, poor education and shortage of
other social services. Government and population of Pakistan are under the external influence.

CONCLUSION:
We conclude that all above characteristics are unfavorable for Pakistan’s economy. These features are
obstacles in way of Pakistan’s development. All these features are the basic causes why are country is not
well developed and facing various problems in many respects.

GEO-POLITICAL AND GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF

PAKISTAN:
Geopolitics:
Geo politics is a method of political analysis that emphasizes the role played by geography in international
relation. Geopolitics became popular during the first half of the 20th century. Geo political theorist stressed
that natural political boundaries and excess to important water ways is vital to a nation's survival. Geo politics
is concerned with how geographical factors including territory, population, strategic and natural resources
affect their relation btw their states and the struggle for world domination.

Geo strategy:
Geo strategy is the sub field of geopolitics. It is a type of foreign policy guided mainly by geographic factors as
they affect political and military planning. The geo strategic location of Pakistan in the biggest continent of
Asia has given it unique position in the world. The geographic location of Pak is very important as it assumes a
decisive role to maintain balance of power in Asia and particularly between the super powers during the cold
war. And after 9/11 incident against the war on terror.

Pakistan's significance:
1) An adherent of the unity of Muslim Ummah.

2) An obstacle to the expansion of communism.

3) Maintained balance of power in South Asia.

4) Strong support to China.

 5) Front line state during Afghan-Soviet war.

6) Pakistan's strategic significance in the war on terror.

7) Pakistan's political importance in the recent Saudi Iran crisis.

8) Gateway to Central Asia.

1) An adherent of the unity of Muslim Ummah:

Pakistan got independence in the period of cold war. Pakistan was created in the name of Islam and is known
as the first ideological state in the world. Pakistan is very important in the Muslim world as it is the largest
Muslim state and is situated at the center of Islamic countries of Africa and Asia. It is linked to these Muslim
countries through land and sea routes thus not only its ideological background but its location makes it an
adherent to the unity of Muslim Ummah. So, it can play the role of mediator or reconsider in the times of
crisis.

2) An obstacle to the expansion of communism:

Pakistan was very close to USSR and the only one state between USSR and PAKISTAN was Afghanistan. In 1949
both the super powers look towards south Asia. USA sent invitation to India and in the same year USSR sent
invitation to Pakistan looking for allies but Pakistan refused it because Pakistan came into existence on the
basis of Islam and USSR was communist state. It was very humiliating for super powers to be ignored. Soon
after when USA came to know about this rejection, another invitation was sent to Pakistan by USA in 1950 and
it was accepted.
The reason for accepting USA’s invitation was that Pakistan was under Britain and they were very close to
British because of its historical legacy and they were at least believers of a Holy Book (Bible). After accepting
the invitation, Liaquat Ali khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan visited USA and addressed about Pakistan and
presented Pakistan as a very important state and as the heart of Asia due to its geographical location.

3) Maintained balance of power in south Asia:

SAARC: SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Co-operations. Firstly, 7 countries were
members of SAARC which were Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldieves and Nepal. Now
Afghanistan is also a member of SAARC. India is dominating the region as it has good relation with other 6
countries excluding Pakistan. Pakistan is the only state which maintained the balance of power in south Asia
because it is also a nuclear power. Although it has very weak military but it doesn’t accept Indian dominance.
The dynamics of balance of power are very important in South Asia because whenever the balance of power
of the region got disturbed, an India-Pakistan war happened

4) Strong support to china:

Pakistan shares a border with China through Karakoram highway. When Pakistan was created China was going
through civil war period. Pakistan was the first state which established diplomatic relations with china and
supported china in membership with USA. In 1965 war, when USA stopped Pakistan’s aid, china was the only
established country which supported Pakistan. Pakistan is the only and shortest link between China and the
Middle East. Recently, in 2014, China is constructing trade route with Pakistan through Gwadar Port.

5) Front line state during afghan soviet war:

Pakistan shares the largest border named Durand line with Afghanistan and both countries have friendly
relations since 1950 -1979. As Afghanistan was a landlord country and militarily very weak, USA ignored
Afghanistan for military aid when Afghanistan demanded, so Afghanistan joined hands with USSR. Afghanistan
has border with Pakistan so USSR started giving support to Afghanistan. As Afghani Muslims were
conservative, they turned away from USSR because of communism and turned toward USA. On 25 December
1979, USSR forces entered in Afghanistan. In the period of 1979-1988, USA supported Pakistan by giving huge
aid packages, so Pakistan accepted to favor USA and agreed to play a role of front line state during Afghan
Soviet war. USSR accepted their defeat and withdrew with Afghanistan. A Geneva accord was signed in 1988
between 4 countries. USSR was disintegrated, comprised of 15 republics. Communism failed in USSR and
democracy was declared so only Russia was left.

6) Pakistan strategic significance in the war of terror:

The terrorist attacks on US resulted into a global war against terrorism. Pakistan by virtue of its geopolitical
location, and close relations with the Taliban became a natural and key ally in the US led War on Terror. Its
proximity with the Afghanistan brought Pakistan on the limelight. Unites States had chosen Pakistan for
logistics, intelligence support, bases for operations in Afghanistan. Pakistan provided its complete support to
the coalition forces against the Taliban regime. Pakistan proved to be pivotal for the United States in war
against terrorism.

7) Pakistan political importance in the recent Saudi Iran crisis:

Pakistan’s role in the Saudi-Iran split isn’t entirely obvious. Pakistan shares close historical and diplomatic ties
with Saudi Arabia, but shares a border with Iran. For Pakistan, maintaining good ties with both Saudi Arabia
and Iran is a priority for entirely different reasons. Meanwhile, Pakistan’s leaders have no particular intentions
to be seen as siding with either Saudi Arabia or Iran.

The Pakistani foreign office issued a statement noting that “Pakistan is deeply concerned at the recent
escalation of tensions between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran.”

CONCLUSION:

Pakistan is a junction of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia. A way from resource efficient countries to
resource deficient countries. Pakistan always get benefit of its location. It received many aids from super
powers because of its location. Its geo-political and geo-strategic location has resulted in putting the effective
development and utilization of its vast natural and human resources at a corner.

The famous American Scholar remarked:

“The establishment is prone to thinking that someone will always come to Pakistan’s rescue because of its
location.”

Pakistan-USA Relations.
INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan is undergoing a prolonged internal crisis, one that has been compounded by strained relations with
its neighbors, and even with its allies. It is tempting to attribute its present difficulties to its involvement in the
Cold War, and particularly to its relations with the United States. Pakistan’s foreign policy changed the
relations of Pakistan and US a lot of times as it was a pro-western policy.

1- PAK-US RELATIONS IN THE COLD WAR PERIOD:

When the USA and Pakistan established relations in 1947, they had different reasons for doing so. Pakistan
needed help against India which had withheld its military assets, while the war had broken out in Kashmir. The
USA wanted Pakistan’s assistance to counter the communist states like the USSR and China.
Liaquat Ali Khan, as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan made a successful visit to the United States held back
from committing troops to Korea. On his return from the US, Liaquat announced that Pakistan was completely
neutral because it was not beholden to any country.

2- PAKISTAN’S ALLIGNMENT WITH THE US:

Throughout the period between 1950 and 1953, several major Pakistan political and military figures paid visits
to the United States. Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO. Defense ties between the two countries strengthened
almost immediately following Liaquat Ali Khan's visit. Personal goodwill towards Pakistan was evident even
when Liaqat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951.
Close ties between the countries were further consolidated by a mutual defense treaty signed in May 1954,
after which hundreds of Pakistani military officers began to regularly train in the United States. US Military
Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) was also established in Rawalpindi. In 1956, USA’s President requested
permission from Pakistan's new Prime Minister to lease the Peshawar Air Station (PAS).
In 1960, Ayub Khan granted permission for the United States to fly its first spy missions to Soviet Union from
the Peshawar Air Base. In May 1960, the U-2 incident took place.
In 1961, Khan paid his first visit to the United States as head of state. Economic aid to Pakistan was increased
by the United States through the consortium companies.

3- USA’S COLD RESPONSE IN PAK-INDO WARS:

The war with India had a high economic cost for Pakistan. After joining SEATO and CENTO, Pakistan thought
that the security of Pakistan has been confirmed and it was in the hands of the Super power USA. But in 1965
war, Pakistan’s aid was cut off by the US although it was fully aligned with the US. It was because US was
giving aids to Pakistan and India to counter USSR and China but they used those aids against each other. Thus,
Pakistan turned toward the communist state USSR.

4- PAKISTAN’S ROLE IN SINO-US RELATIONS:

Since 1970, when China was declared a communist state, relations remained sour between China and US
when the US revisited its anti-China policy. USA’s President took advantage of Pakistan's close relationship
with China to initiate secret contacts. He requested Pakistan’s President Yahya Khan to play its role in
developing relations between US and China that resulted in his secret visit to China in July 1971 after visiting
Pakistan. These contacts resulted in the 1972, visit to China, and the subsequent normalizing of relations
between the United States and the People's Republic of China.
 5- PAKISTAN QUITS FROM SEATO AND CENTO (1976-1979):
Pakistan was a leading member of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) from its adoption in 1954-55. In 1965 period of Pak-Indo war, US cut off Pakistan’s aid
and didn’t support Pakistan. In 1971-72, Pakistan ended its alliance with the US and quitted from SEATO and
CENTO and became a non-aligned state because the promise of economic aid from the United States was
instrumental in creating these agreements.

6- PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM:

Pakistan started its first nuclear program in 1970s. In that period, there was civilian government in Pakistan.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto decided and declared to build nuclear weapons for the sake of their national security and
survival. In 1974, Pakistan started nuclear program although Kannup was established with the assistance of
China in 1972. It was a civilian nuclear program initiated with the help of China. Pakistan was threatened
because Pakistan already fought three wars with India.
In 1976, Pakistan succeeded in its quest for nuclear weapons and France agreed to provide Pakistan a nuclear
proliferation plant. US imposed restriction on Pakistan to limit its nuclear weapons program. When this
agreement was signed with France, then USA came up and proposed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to provide Pakistan
modern nuclear weapons if Pakistan abandoned its deal with France. Pakistan’s nuclear program and this deal
with France was the main obstacle between Pak-US relations. Pakistan’s Prime Minister didn’t agree. US
Secretary said “If you won’t cancel the deal with France, we’ll make you a horrible example.” When Pakistan
did not cancel the deal, then US insisted France to cancel the deal with Pakistan. And France canceled the deal
in the same year. But Pakistan’s nuclear program was continued and USA cut off all types of aids to Pakistan.
During 1977-79, there were no relations between Pak and US.
In November 1979, there was an attack on the Holy Ka’aba. Since 1976, relations between Pak and US were
worst, so it was thought in Pakistan that there was a hand of US behind that attack. There was a protest in
Islamabad and US embassy was burned there.

7- PAKISTAN FOUGHT A PROXY WAR IN THE 1980s:

Throughout the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, the ties and relations were promoted at its maximum
point, and United States had given billion dollars of economic and military aid to Pakistan. The Soviet invasion
of Afghanistan in December 1979 highlighted the common interest of Pakistan and the US in opposing the
Soviet Union. In 1981, Pakistan and US agreed on a military and economic assistance program. With US
assistance, Pakistan armed and supplied anti-Soviet fighters in Afghanistan. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and
to Pakistan, increased substantially. Pakistan fought a US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the
Soviets.

8- PAK-US RELATIONS IN THE UNI-POLAR WORLD:

Since the US and Pakistani interests had diverted with the Soviets retreating from Afghanistan, Pakistanis yet
again felt isolated and betrayed by their old friend. Pakistan's Afghan efforts were bringing some success and
the Taliban government was established in Afghanistan. The US administration initially welcomed the
prospects of peace in the country but later opposed the Taliban regime based on their extreme views and
gross violations of human rights.
 9- PAKISTAN AND US IN THE GLOBAL WAR AGAINST TERRORISM:

The terrorist attacks on US resulted into a global war against terrorism. Pakistan by virtue of its geopolitical
location, and close relations with the Taliban became a natural and key ally in the US led War on Terror. Its
proximity with the Afghanistan brought Pakistan on the limelight. Unites States had chosen Pakistan for
logistics, intelligence support, bases for operations in Afghanistan. Pakistan provided its complete support to
the coalition forces against the Taliban regime. Pakistan proved to be pivotal for the United States in war
against terrorism.

10-TRUST DEFICIT ISSUES DURING (2008-2013):

Western officials have claimed nearly 70% of the aid given to the Pakistani military has been misspent in
2002–2007. However US-Pakistan relationship has been based on US military aid to Pakistan. A significant
proportion of US economic aid for Pakistan has ended up.
In the November 2008 Mumbai Attacks, the United States informed Pakistan that it expected full cooperation
in the hunt for the plotters of the attack.
The United States and Pakistan have experienced several military confrontations on the Durand Line while
Pakistani troops guarding the border.
In November 2011, 24 Pakistani soldiers were killed in an aerial attack on Pakistani positions near the border.
The attack further damaged US-Pakistani relations.

10- PAKISTAN-USA RELATIONS SET ON A STEADY COURSE (2013-

PRESENT):

Following years of poor inter-governmental relations, the two countries began to cooperate more closely -
particularly following the USA's use of drone missiles to strike at Pakistan's most-wanted militant Mullah
Fazlullah in November 2014. The United States later used drone missiles to kill several of Pakistan's most
wanted militants who were hiding in a remote region close to the Afghan border in November 2014.
Pakistan killed senior Al-Qaeda leader long wanted by the United States.
In May 2015, according to an internal report, Pakistan has made full payment from its national funds towards
the purchase of 18 new F-16C/D aircraft worth USD 1.43 billion including F-16 armaments. All this has cost
Pakistan USD 629 million.
In February, 2016, US government has proposed US $860 million in aid for Pakistan during the 2016-17 fiscal
year, including $265 million for military hardware.
CONCLUSION:

In the historical context of US-Pakistan relations, it is obvious that the mutual relations between the two
countries are based on convergence of common interests from time to time. USA gave aid and support to
Pakistan many times while Pakistan helped US in its policy to counter communist states. However, time
will tell how long the present cooperation between the USA and Pakistan lasts.

“Pakistan Afghan relations”

INTRODUCTION:
The initial era of Pakistan afghan relation was in a critical phase. Both being neighboring states, relations between
the two began in August 1947 after Pakistan became an independent nation. Being a neighbor, Pakistan gives
paramount importance to Afghanistan as Pakistan’s peace and stability depends on Afghan peace and stability.

PHASE – 1: (1947-1963)
1- Opposition in UNO:
Afghanistan was the first Muslim state in the world who was against the membership of Pakistan in UNO.
Pakistan joined the UNO in September 1947. Afghanistan put forward the anti-Pakistan resolution.
Afghanistan did not consider Pakistan as an independent state but as a colony of British. In the beginning cast
a negative vote against Pakistan but later on accepted Pakistan.

2- Reaction in the war:

The demand for Pakhtoonistan was made in December 1947, when Indian army poised for a quick advance
into Kashmir or Pakistan’s border. Since then, raids from Afghanistan into Pakistan’s territories have taken
place from time to time.

3- Treaties and Durand Line:

When Pakistan was established, Afghanistan claimed on the boundary of Pakistan which was drawn in 1893 by
Durand. They also demanded some territory of NWFP and Baluchistan. In 1949, relations turned worse. The
afghan parliament canceled all the treaties which former afghan government have signed with the British
including the Durand treaty thus proclaimed that afghan government doesn’t recognize the Durand line as a
legal boundary between afghan and Pakistan.

4- Forces and Ambassadors:

In 1950, the afghan’s flag hoisted and anti-Pakistan leaflets were dropped by Afghan Air Force. Irregular forces
from Afghanistan crossed border of Pakistan to fabricate Pakhtoon uprising in Pakistani tribal areas in 1950-
1951.
Pakistan rejected Afghanistan’s claim of neutrality in the cross border infiltration and both nations withdrew
their ambassadors for few months till those were repositioned.

5- Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan and Relations with India:

As the relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan were not good because of charges and counter charges
regarding border indentation on Pakistan side. A visit of afghan prime minister to New Delhi gave the
indication of cordial relationship with India. Further, the assassination of Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali
Khan by an Afghan National in 1951 deteriorated the already fragile relations.

6- Interference of USSR:
In 1953, The Soviet diplomacy had decided to support Afghanistan against Pakistan by fanning the
Afghanistan’s fear that their neighbor Pakistan will grow stronger because of US military assistance. As during
the cold war, Afghanistan was ignored by the US, so Afghanistan turned towards the USSR.

7- SEATO and CENTO:

When Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO in 1955, Moscow severely against Pakistan. Russia supported India
on Kashmir issue and paid $100 economic and military assistance to Afghanistan on the issue of
Pakhtoonistan.

8- Visits by Presidents and Prime Ministers:

Pakistan’s President Iskandar mirza visited Afghanistan in August 1956. Then Hussain Shaheed, prime minister
of Pakistan toured Afghanistan in 1957. These visits were reciprocated by Afghan Ruler King Zahir Shah in
1958. Then Prime Minister of Pakistan visited Kabul and as a result of his conversation with Daud Khan. The
two government agreed to restore full diplomatic relations between the two countries.

9- U-2 Incident:
The U-2 incident 1960 was precipitated during the cold war on May 1, 1960. Since the happening of U-2
incident, USSR supported every afghan move to isolate or damage Pakistan in any aspect. These incursions led
to the termination of Pak-Afghan relations and closure of Afghanistan’s consulates and trade offices in
Pakistan.

PHASE- 2: (1963-1973)
10- Reinstatement of Relations:
Iran succeeded in his efforts for the better relations between Pakistan and afghan which resulted in the 1963
Tehran Accord Trade. Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to restore diplomatic relations, reopen their closed
borders and resume trade and commercial ties.

11- Wars of 1965 and 1971:

The relations were improved to such an extent that during the Indo-Pakistan war, Afghanistan sided with
Pakistan which enabled Islamabad to fully concentrate on its war with India and worry less about the security
of its western border.
Afghanistan maintained strict neutrality during the 1971 war between India and Pakistan and refrained from
taking an advantage of Pakistan’s preoccupation in war.

PHASE- 3: (1973-1978)
12- Daud as a threat:
Daud comeback once again aroused separatist movements amongst Pakhtoon and Baluchi living across
Durand Line in mid 70s. Considering Daud a serious threat to Pakistan integration, Pakistan government
decided to support anti-daud forces.

13- Daud visits to Pakistan:

Daud observed that anti Pakistan policies were doing Afghanistan more harm than good. Daud decided for
reconciliation with Islamabad and invited Pakistan’s Prime Minister Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto for Kabul’s visit. Bhutto
was given a warm welcome in Kabul in June 1976. Daud Khan paid a return visit to Islamabad.

14- Pact:
After the visit of Daud, Bhutto agreed to release the national party leaders accused of supporting the
Pakhnuistan demand, while Daud agreed to recognise the Durand line as the frontier between Pakistan and
Afghanistan.

15- Communists reforms in Afghanistan:

Pakistan had no other option but either to surrender or to go for all out support to the forces resisting against
the communist regime. Pakistan had to host over 150,000 Afghan refugees into Pakistan immediately after the
Saur revolution in 1978.

PHASE- 4 (1979-2011):
16- Soviet invasion:
The December 1979 soviet invasion of Afghanistan killed Hafizullah Amin and installed Babrak Kamal as the
country president. It created difficult situation for Pakistan as it brought the red army dangerously close to
Khyber pass.

17- Thareek-e-Taliban:
Thareek-e-Taliban Afghanistan emerged in and around Kandhar in 1994 and began as new movement.
Pakistan extended full diplomatic and economic support to the Taliban government. To reconstruct chaman-
kandhar- Herat- kushka highway Pakistan provided financial and technical support to Taliban as well.

18- Visits:
Hamid Karzai paid an official visit to Pakistan and started friendly relation. Pakistan offered all sort of moral,
economic and political support to Afghanistan support to strength a new government under the presidency of
Karzai.
President Musharraf visited to Afghanistan in April 2002 and announcement of 100 million dollars aid for
reconstruction of Afghanistan.

19- Pak-Afghan Relations After 9/11 to date:

- President Zardari made his first trip to Afghanistan in January 2009, finishing terrorism.
- In 2010, Afghan President visited Pakistan addressing new tactics to fight militancy.
- In October 2010, both countries signed Pak-Afghan transit trade agreement.
 - In 2012, in Peshawar, Pakistan local police and food department recovered the meat which was
smuggled to Afghanistan.
- Both countries agreed to establish a joint chamber of commerce and industry.
- Pakistan and Afghanistan have agreed to strengthen trade ties by 2015 after a two day Joint Economic
Commission (JEC).

CONCLUSION:
Relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan had so many ups and downs since 1947. According to policies and
National interests, both Pakistan and Afghanistan established relations helping each other at times. The main
issue between these countries was the border, Durand Line and Pakhtoonistan issue. The leaders of both
countries paid official visits in order to resolve these issues. Still for better relations, these countries need to
understand each other’s policies and help accordingly.

Quaid-e-Azam and demand of Pakistan

PRELUDE
The services and dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan
Movement need no introduction. In this movement, the personality of Quaid-e-Azam and his
immense struggle made the thought pall of the foundation of Pakistan easy and finally, the
Muslims of India were successful in reading their destination for which they underwent a
long journey under the Quaid.

Educational Background:
Early life:

Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25 December 1876 in Kharadar. After taught
at home, Jinnah sent to Sindh madrasah high school in 1887. Later he attended the Mision High
School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of
Bombay.

Departure to England:

On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business
experience .Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister. Married at the age of
16 before he left India. He then continued his study at Bombay University and at Lincoln’s Inn in
London. He completed his study in 2 years and became the youngest barrister of India. While he
was in England, he was terrified by the act that so many Muslims of India become slave there
and were treated poorly.

Political career (1905-1932):

1. Started politics:
During his stay in London, Muhammad Ali Jinnah thoroughly studied the British
Parliament. He also remained the private secretary Dadabhoy Noorogi. He became the
member of Indian National Congress in 1906 till 1909.Due to these activities his political
understanding and his abilities in law had become a Universal truth. Therefore, when the
elections of Legislative council took place under Minto-Morley Reforms, so the Quaid-e-
 Azam become the member of Council from Bombay. This was Quaid-e-Azam’s first step in
politics.

2. Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity:

Quaid-e-Azam was called the “Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity”, because he
thought it was important for the independence of Sub Continent that there
is complete unity among the Muslim and Hindus.

3. Joined Muslim League:

In 1906, to represent Muslim minority in India, All India Muslim league established. In
1913, when he became the member of Muslim League, he made hectic efforts for the
unity. And in 1916 he become the president of Muslim League.

4. Lucknow Pact:
In 1916, the joint session of the Muslim League and congress was held in Lucknow.
On this historical occasion, an agreement was signed between the Muslims and Hindus
leaders which could lay the foundation of Hindu Muslim unity, this agreement is known
as Lucknow pact. The man who was behind this was Quaid-e-Azam.

5. Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen Points:

In 1928, Pundit Moti lal Nehru, presented a report which turned down all the Muslims
demand. On the reply of Nehru report, Quaid-e-Azam made a chart of minimum
demands of Muslims and it was known as” Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen Points”. This was
the certainly the right answer to the Nehru report.

Reorganization of Muslim League 1936-40:

1. President ship of Muslim League

In 1933, Quaid-e-Azam was elected as the permanent President of Muslim League due to
which he permanently came back to India in October 1935 and remained busy in the
reconstruction of Muslim League.

2. Popularity of League and Jinnah

When the Muslims of majority provinces observed the rational attitude of the Congress, they
tried to make the Muslim League effective and influential. Therefore, Punjab, Bengal and
Sindh became near to Jinnah and the Muslims of these areas decided to work under the
Muslim League.

Demand of Pakistan:
Pakistan Resolution:
On 23rd March 1940, the historical session of the Muslim League was held under the
chairmanship of Mr. Jinnah at Minto Park, Lahore. At this historical occasion a resolution
known as Pakistan Resolution was passed in which the Muslims demand for the first
separate independent homeland.

Presidential address:
In his presidential address, he declared that the Muslims of India stood unequivocally for the
Muslim of India but it must be freedom for all India and not for one section only.
The Quaid-e-azam remarked in Ahmadabad in December 1940:
“India should be partitioned so that Hindus and Muslims may live as friends and
good neighbours and develop according to their own genius”

Quaid-e-Azam and the struggle of separate

homeland 1940-47:
1. Punjab Muslim student’s federation:
During the course of his presidential address to the Punjab Muslim Students federation March 2,
1941, Quaid-e-azam said:
“If we lose in struggle all is lost”.

2. Jinnah -Gandhi Talks (1944)

Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India, but no fruitful results
came out of it’s because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate nation.
Louis Fleisher wrote:
“The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation
Theory.”

3. Shimla Conference-1945
Lord Wavell called a conference at Shimla. The conference failed to achieve any purpose due
to one-sided attitude of Lord Wavell. In this conference Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear
that only the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India.

4. General Elections -1945-1946

Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-1946 in which Muslim
League won 30 seats of central legislative meant for Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in
the provincial legislative.
Quaid said on this occasion:
“I have no doubt now in the achievement of Pakistan. The Muslims of India told the world
what they want. No power of the world can topple the opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India.”

5. Formation of Pakistan
On 14th August, 1947, Pakistan came into being as a separate self-governing Dominion and
the Quaid became the first Governor General of Pakistan.

6. Problems of Pakistan and Jinnah

The problems which the Quaid-e-Azam had to face as Governor General of Pakistan were
not only due to the happenings in East Punjab and to provide shelter for the millions of
refugees. What immensely increased the difficulties of the new state was the fact that it had
yet to organize itself.

DEATH OF THE GREAT LEADER:

It was due to immense hard work for the Muslims that his health failed. The great leader
breathed his last on 11th September 1948 and was buried at Karachi. His demise was
mourned not only by Pakistan but by the whole world.
WATER RESOURCES:

INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the basic necessities of life. The usage of water can be divided into three broad categories i.e.
domestic consumption, commercial industrial use and usage for land irrigation. Water has always played a
central role in human societies. Water is a key driver of sustainable growth and poverty alleviation as an input
to almost all production, in agriculture, industry, energy, transport, by healthy people in healthy ecosystems.

WATER REOURCES OF PAKISTAN

There are two types of major resources of water in Pakistan, Natural and artificial. Natural resources include
rainfall, rivers, glaciers, ponds, lakes, streams, wells etc, whereas artificial resources consist of the surface
water from rainfall and rivers, which is in excess of the requirements for irrigation and other uses, is stored in
dams and reservoirs, The water from these dams and reservoirs is not only used for irrigation and supplying
water for daily consumption, but also used for hydroelectric power generation.

a) Rainfall
There are two major sources of rainfall in Pakistan i.e. the Monsoons and the Western Disturbances.
There is about 70 percent of the annual monsoon rainfall from July to September. Pakistan has both
arid and semi-arid zones. The entire Indus Plain receives an average seasonal rainfall of 212 mm and 53
mm in the Kharif and Rabi seasons respectively.

b) Glaciers
There are more glaciers in Pakistan than any other land except North and South Poles. The glacier area
of Pakistan is about 13,680 sqkm and on the average is 3 percent of mountainous region of upper
Indus Basin and accounts for most of the river turnoff in summer. Pakistan has greatest mass and
collection of glaciers of the Karakorum Range. The total length of glaciers is 160 km. About 37 percent
of the Karakorum area is under glacier, Himalayas has upper Indus has 17 percent and European Alps
has 22 percent.

c) Rivers and Dams

Pakistan has been blessed with a number of rivers which are tributaries to the Indus. The five main
rivers which join Indus from the eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, beas and Sutlej, besides three
minor rivers are the Haro, Soan, Siran. There are number of small rivers which join the river from the
west side, in which biggest river is Kabul and others are Kunar, Punj and Kora. The Gomal Kurram, Tai,
Kohat Tank and several other small streams join the Indus River from the right side.

d) Surface water resources

Irrigated agriculture was, still is, and will remain in the future the backbone of Pakistan’s economy.
Nature has blessed Pakistan with abundant surface and subsurface water resources. These resources
had been exploited and utilized for agriculture, domestic, and industrial purposes in the past and will
continue to be explored in future.
 e) Ground Water Resources
The Indus plain constitutes about 34 million hectares of cultivable land. The Ground water system of
the Indus plains is estimated around 55 MAF, out of which about 48 MAF is within the command of
Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS).The tube wells installed in the fresh ground water areas have been
pumping water directly into water courses thus they are being used for irrigation in addition to canal
water.

Power Resources of Pakistan:

INTRODUCTION:
The progress of any country depends upon the power resources. The power resources not only fulfill the
electricity requirement of the country but also play an important role in the industrial development of the
country. There are two types of power resources:

• Renewable Power sources

• Non-renewable power sources

Renewable power sources:

Solar Energy:
Solar Energy is energy directly from the sun. Solar energy can be used in solar cells to produce electricity,
many of these cells are joined to solar panels to generate power for heating and lighting purpose. Pakistan is
situated near the Tropic of cancer so the sun rays are vertical most of the year.

Wind Energy:
Wind is a form of solar energy. In Pakistan 4 mechanical wind pumpers and one wind power generation
system has been set up. Near Islamabad, the wind speed is anywhere from 6.2 to 7.4 metres per second.

Nuclear Energy:
The energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, especially when used to generate electricity is called
Nuclear energy.

Pakistan has a small nuclear program with 725 Mwe capacity. At present, Pakistan has two nuclear power
plants (Chashma 1 and Chashma 2) each with a capacity of 320 MW built with Chinese assistance. Chashma 3
and 4 are under work.

Bio Gas:
It is produced from animal and plant wastes. It is very cheap source of energy. It is used for cooking, lighting
and irrigating the land.
Non-renewable Sources:
Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be renewed. Most non-renewable
energy sources are fossil fuels.

Coal:
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. Pakistan has huge reserves of coal which can be used to overcome the
problems of energy crises in the country. The government of Pakistan is making hectic efforts to introduce the
usage of coal in industrial sector. A coal based power plant of 150 MW has been set up in interior Sindh.

Natural Gas:
Natural gas mainly consist of methane and contain small amount of hydrocarbon liquids and non-hydrocarbon
gases.

Natural gas production is at a high level in Pakistan. The Sui gas field is the largest, accounting for 26% of
Pakistan’s gas production. Under the barren mountains of Baluchistan and the sands of Sindh, there are
untouched oil and gas reserves. Major users of natural gas areas are Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan,
Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

Petroleum (Crude oil):

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from plants and animals lived millions of years ago. Pakistan's
first oil field was in the late 1952 in Baluchistan near a giant Sui gas field. Crude oil is found at Jhelum,
Rawalpindi, Badin, Attock and Mianwali. It is used at transport and power generating stations. Only 40% is
used within the country and the rest is imported from abroad.

CONCLUSION:
Menace of energy crisis can be overwhelmed by government through making effective policies and its
proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the people of Pakistan, to utilize the
available energy wisely to play our due role for progress of the country.

POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS OF 1971.

BACKGROUND:
With the creation of Pakistan, Punjab and Bengal were also divided. Bengal played an important
role in the creation of Pakistan as most of the founding members of Muslim League were Bengali.
But there is a 1600 km distance between East and West Pakistan. Bengal has 20% Hindu
population which had their influence also East Pakistan had its border with India.

1 LANGUAGE ISSUE:
A major issue which differentiated the Bengalis from rest of the country was language. Bengalis
were deeply attached to their mother language. Sheikh Mujeeb then an unknown entity took this
 issue and become a hero. This issue was resolved afterwards and Bengali was finally accepted as
2nd language of Pakistan in 1965 constitution.

2 REPRESENTATION ISSUES:
Representative issue was one of the controversial issues. All West provinces were merged into
one, giving the equality but as East Pakistan was in majority, they wanted more seats. In 30th
September 1965, one act was passed they were given total 500 seats, 250 each.

3 UNFAIR DISTRIBUTION OF REVENUES:

In Pakistan’s revenue, there was a share of East Pakistan of about 60-70%, which was more than
half and it was spent on West Pakistan. Poverty and literacy rate was lower in East Pakistan than
West Pakistan.

4 AYUB KHAN’S AUTHORITATIVE RULE:

10 years authoritative rule of Ayub Khan also lead to East Pakistan separation and suppression.
There was no check and balance in 1962 constitution as he prepared the constitution himself
without any assembly which decreased nationalism and increased regionalism.

5 REJECTION OF SIX POINTS:

When Ayub khan came back from Tashkent, there was a protest against him. In February 1966,
he convened a press conference in Lahore, but only small group of 22 politicians represented
East Pakistan in National press conference, where sheikh Mujeeb presented six points and all
were rejected.

6 CONSPIRACY CASE:
In February 1968, 33 members Pakistanis arrested. Sheikh Mujib was also included. This case
was held in Agartala and one day strike was also held in Karachi. Serious charged were imposed
and East Pakistan was paralyzed.

7 ABROGATION OF 1962 CONSTITUTION:

In November 1967, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto founded PPP. In 1968-1969, they tried to improve the
situations and decided round table conference, there were consecutive 3 round table conferences
were held and all three were failed because they were not productive. There was protest against
Ayub Khan so he had to abrogate his own constitution.

8 GENERAL ELECTIONS 1970:

After abrogation of constitution, Yahya Khan became chief executive. General yahya khan
announced the general elections which were held in December 1970 and Awami leaguewon 160
seats out of 162 in East Pakistan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (PPP) won 80 seats and emerged as the
second largest parliamentary party.

9 CANCELLATION OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SESSION:

All political leaders except PPP wasted power to be transferred to Awami League. Whether it was
Bhutto or some of the other generals encourage Yahya khan to postpone the session.
10 MILITARY ACTION IN EAST PAKISTAN:
After the election of 1970, situation became critical in East. When Yahya authorized an armed
operation to attack Awami League. As response of this operation, Awami League announced
declaration of Independence of East Pakistan on 26 march 1971 and began an armed struggle
against Pakistan.

11 PAK INDO WAR AND THE FALL OF DHAKA:

The Indo-Pak war of 1971 was the direct military action between India and Pakistan. Lasting just
13 days it is considered to be one of the short war in the history. The war effectively came to an
end on 16th December 1971 in Dhaka, making the liberation of the new nation of Bangladesh.

CONCLUSION:
The pain and anguish of December 1971 would gradually fade away. But what should always be
remembered is that the history has a cruel habit of repeating itself if past mistakes were repeated
over and over again.

CITIZENSHIP: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

INTRODUCTION:
Citizenship is the state of being a native of the country and having certain rights and duties with
respect to it. It refers to oneself as an individual participating freely in society with others for political,
social, cultural and economic purposes.
Citizenship has all of the rights granted to people in a given State. They are expressed in rules which
specify what an individual or the State may or may not do. They are mainly defined in constitution or
other basic legislation.
It is a famous quote that:
“Citizenship consists in the service of country.”

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CITIZENSHIP:

The concept of citizenship emerged in this millennium. World citizenship is a new global example of
rights, responsibilities and authority. Being a citizen, one has to do what is beneficial for his city or
country. Citizens on the whole make a society of a country, and there are defined rights and duties of
every individual. But there are some issues which are not being dealt by citizens.
There is an increasing need to construct citizenship about issues that are now dealt with globally, but
it will be a new type of citizenship. A citizen of the world would be one who senses ability to influence
global decisions and accepts behavior that is harmonious with those decisions.
The international responsibilities increasingly involved expectations of behavior as tourist, one should
not pollute, should not spam on the internet, should not criticize etc. While national citizenship
involves behavior as fellow being. One should help his fellow citizens in each and every manner. It is
the duty of each citizen to do his best for his country.

IMPORTANCE OF CITIZENSHIP:
Citizens have authority while slaves may have rights and responsibilities. Only citizens have authority
over their governments. They may change government leaders and may determine what constitutes
the common good. This idea of legitimacy is the most effective and least expensive form of power
underlies democratic government.
Increasingly it involves international enforcement of universal human rights norms as reflected in the
work of international tribunals. Nationally and internationally, it is possible to communicate with each
other and discuss global issues through sources. Citizenship is all about communicating, cooperating
and dealing in the best way with each other for the sake of human rights. So world citizenship is a
new global paradigm of rights, responsibilities and authority.

CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

INTORDUCTION:-
Human rights are written in the hearts of people. They were there long before law makers drafted
their first proclamation. Human rights are international norms that helped to protect all people
everywhere from severe political, social and legal abuses: paying rights ensure peace and harmony
in the society.

DEFINITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:-

“Human rights are moral claims, which are inherent in all human beings. It simply means that all
human beings by virtue of their being human have the same rights everywhere all the times”.
A human being from one part of the world does not have any less right than another from a different
part of the world. Human rights protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal and social
abuses.

ORIGIN OR SOURCES OF HUMAN RIGHTS:-

Following are the origin and sources of human rights:
1. Domestic
2. Religion
3. Laws
4. Constitutions
5. customary law
 6. international documents
7. Covenants
8. protocols

SINIFICANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS:-

Human rights are very significant in our life. Human rights are very helpful in many ways. Such that,
• It is significant for civilized and dignified existence.
• Human rights helped in creating peace and harmony in the world.
• It helps in to achieve happier, progress and fulfillment life.
1. It is significant to build a balanced personality, quality of life.

CHARACTERSTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS:-

The following are the basic characteristics of human rights:

1. Inherent:-Human Rights are inherent because they are not granted by any person or authority.

2. Fundamental:-Human Rights are fundamental rights because without them, the life and dignity of
man will be meaningless.

3. Inalienable:-Human Rights are inalienable because,

a. They cannot be rightfully taken away from a free individual.

b. They cannot be given away or be forfeited.

4. Imprescriptible:-Human Rights do not prescribe and cannot be lost even if man fails to use or
assert them, even by a long passage of time.

5. Indivisible:-Human Rights are not capable of being divided. They cannot be denied even when
other rights have already been enjoyed.

6. Universal:-Human Rights are universal in application and they apply irrespective of one’s origin,
status, or condition or place where one lives. Human rights are enforceable without national border.

7. Interdependent:-Human Rights are interdependent because the fulfillment or exercise of one

cannot be had without the realization of the other.

Human rights are restricted by duties. They are legally guaranteed, protected through law,
constitution, expressed in treaties agreements, protocols, declarations and resolutions.

HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS:-

The concept of human rights can be found in the teachings of prophets, sages and philosophers. An
old concept stressed by religions, ethics, customs, laws, etc. The modern concept of human rights
has its foundation in mainly three revolutions which swept in Europe.

1. English Revolution
2. American Revolution.
3. French Revolution.
4. Industrial Revolution.

 ENGLISH REVOLUTIO N (1688-1689):-English revolution also known as “GLORIOUS

REVOLUTION” because it is a peaceful revolution, there was no blood shed. This revolution was
started in 1688 (17thcentury) and continue 1 year and then ended in 1689. Before English
revolution they were usually cruel enjoying these rights and they limit the divine rights of the kings
they prepared, ”DIVINE RIGHTS” are those rights which are given to kings by the GOD and
they are only answerable to only GOD. In Britain, they prepared “Bill Of Rights” in 1689 and the
rights of king were passed to parliament (people elected by the people). After this, no rights were
given to British people.
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION(1776-1789):-American revolution also known as “American
Revolutionary War” and “US War Of Independence” it was started in 1776 and ended in 1789.In
this revolution, Independence of declaration was held (united states), and it was a British colony,
when British parliament apply a tax on the people, the people deny for the taxes because, they
have no representative in parliament. They also adopted bill of rights in the second half of century
but, no rights were there for people.
 FRENCH REVOLUTION(1789-1791):-This revolution is basically the history of Europe and
started in 1789, 14thjuly, National Day Of French. In this revolution French declared the rights of
man and citizens. Before this revolution, kings were enjoying unlimited rights. In this revolution
“BASTIN PRISON” attack on prison and raised the slogan of fraternity. There was a great
bloodshed. In the half of 20thcentury, two great wars were fought in Europe, but indirectly whole
world was included. There was a mass violation of human rights in these wars.

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION(1789-1900):- In the 2nd half of 18thcentury, there was another

revolution in Europe that is “INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”. People shifted from rural to urban
areas. Low wages, great violation of human rights. Before the whole family had to work whole day,
they were provided with very short time for sleeping, there were no facilities for people. They
started thinking to get rid of it and make their condition better. In this revolution incident name as
“HAY MASTEN” were held in which few labors were killed and now Labor Day is celebrated on
1stMAY. They also got rid of slavery and serfdom. Industries were built and many items were
made to make their life easy. After this their weapons were also made and world war began in
1914 and ended in 1919. This war fought in Europe and Europe was divided in two parts.

1) Alike powers

2) Central powers
CONCLUSION:-

Human rights have a long historical heritage. The language of human rights is understood and utilized
by many people in very diverse circumstances. Human rights are written in the hearts of people.
Human rights are best thought of as potential moral guarantees for each human being to lead a
minimally good life. Human rights are international norms that are paying rights ensure peace and
harmony in the society.

CRC (Convention on the Rights of Child)

INTRODUCTION:

CRC is a short for United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of Child. It’s a human rights treaty
which protects the civil, political, economic, social, health, and cultural rights of the children. It
is an internationally recognized agreement between nations which establishes a
comprehensive set of goals for individual nations to achieve on behalf of their children. The
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted on 1989 by the UN General Assembly
and entered into force one year later. The UN General Assembly opened it for signature on 20
November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of its “ Declaration of the Rights of the Child)”. It came
into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations.
Currently, 193 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except
the United States. The most widely ratified human rights treaty, the CRC was created in
response to the grave injustices that children suffer as well as their often special needs, and
defines the rights that belong to all children. The Convention comprises 54 articles that
establish the body of all children’s rights. Pakistan ratified the Convention on the Rights of the
Child (UNCRC) on 12th November 1990.

PRINCIPLE AND GOALS

The Convention further sets out four guiding principles that are intended to assist state parties
in interpreting the obligations established in the document. These principles are:

• Non-discrimination
• The primacy of a child’s best interests in all decisions affecting children
• The right of every child to life, survival, and development
• The importance of seeking and respecting the views of the child
In general, the Convention calls for:
 • Freedom from violence, abuse, hazardous employment, exploitation, abduction or sale
• Adequate nutrition
• Free compulsory primary education
• Adequate health care
• Equal treatment regardless of gender, race, or cultural background
• The right to express opinions and freedom of though in matters affecting them
• Safe exposure/access to leisure, play, culture, and art.

Recognizing the special vulnerability of children, all of these goals are expressed with respect
to a child's age and evolving capacities - the child's best interests are always the paramount
concern.

DEFINITION OF A CHILD :
The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age
of majority is attained earlier under a state's own domestic legislation.

RIGHTS OF CHILDREN:

In the Middle-Age, children were considered as “small adults”. In the middle of the 19th
century, the idea appears in France to give children special protectionSince 1919, the
international community, following the creation of The League of Nations (later to become the
UN), starts to give some kind of importance to that concept and elaborates a Committee for
child protection. The League of Nations adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child on
September 16, 1924, which is the first international treaty concerning children’s rights. The
year 1979 is declared International Year of the Child by the UN. That year saw a real change of
spirit, as Poland makes the proposal to create a working group within the Human Rights
Commission, which is in charge of writing an international charter. Afterwards, The
Convention on the Rights of the Child got adopted unanimously by the UN General Assembly
on November 20, 1989.

Some of the rights of children

1. include the child’s right to life and the needs that are most basic to existence, such as
nutrition, shelter, an adequate living standard, and access to medical services.
2. include the right to education, play, leisure, cultural activities, access to information,
and freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
3. ensure children are safeguarded against all forms of abuse, neglect and exploitation,
including special care for refugee children; safeguards for children in the criminal justice
 system; protection for children in employment; protection and rehabilitation for
children who have suffered exploitation or abuse of any kind.
4. encompass children's freedom to express opinions, to have a say in matters affecting
their own lives, to join associations and to assemble peacefully. As their capacities
develop, children should have increasing opportunity to participate in the activities of
society, in preparation for adulthood. Etc.

CRC’s status in the United States :

As of February 24, 1997, 190 countries have ratified the Convention. The most recent nations
to become States Parties to the Convention are Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and
Switzerland.

The Cook Islands -- which recently ratified the Convention on the national level -- is projected
to formally ratify the treaty and submit its instrument of ratification within the next couple of
months. The remaining two countries which have not ratified the Convention are Somalia and
the United States. Markedly, Somalia currently does not have the governmental capacity to
ratify an international treaty at this time.

On February 16, 1995, the United States signed the Convention indicating the nation's intent
to consider ratification. The next step is for the President and his advisors to draft a Statement
of Reservations, Understandings and Declarations which will be presented with the
Convention to the Senate for its "advice and consent." Once Senate consideration is
completed in the affirmative, the President will ratify the Convention. As of April 1, 1997, the
Convention has not been presented to the Senate

International treaties undergo extensive examination and scrutiny before they are ratified in
the United States. Unfortunately, it can take several years for a treaty to be ratified after it is
signed. For example, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide took more than 30 years to be ratified by the United States, and the Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, which was signed by the United
States 17 years ago, still has not been ratified. Signed by the U.S. just over two years ago, the
Convention on the Rights of the Child is relatively early in this process.

Unlike many nations which view implementation of a treaty as a progressive process, the
United States attempts to ensure that all federal and/or state laws meet the standards of the
treaty and, if necessary, enact new legislation before giving its consent. This is because the
United States takes the position that the text of a human rights treaty itself does not directly
become part of U.S. law. This process can take years.
Two "environmental" factors have created obstacles to moving the CRC ahead expeditiously.
Due to widespread misconceptions about the Convention's intent and provisions, and a lack of
public understanding about how this type of agreement is implemented by our government,
the Convention has encountered a notable level of opposition within the Senate and in the
public. Until a more favorable political environment can be achieved and greater public
support can be attained, further movement on ratification will be difficult.

Committee on the Rights of the Child

CRC has also established “Committee on the Rights of the Child” (a Committee), a group of 18
independent experts on children’s rights who meet three times a year in Geneva. The
Committee provides guidance for and also monitors each state party’s compliance with the
CRC by drafting general comments on the scope of treaty obligations, issuing statements on
issues related to children’s rights, and conducting reviews of state parties’ progress in
implementing the treaty. In accordance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the
Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure, the Committee may also accept individual
complaints and communications alleging a state party’s violation of rights under the
Convention. However, since China is not a party to the Optional Protocol, the Committee may
not accept individual complaints related to China at this time.

To comply with the review process, each state party must submit for review a report to the
Committee every five years on steps taken to implement the Convention, but, in practice,
reports are often combined and reviewed less frequently. To prepare for a state party’s
review, the Committee convenes a pre-sessional working group, in which all Committee
members are invited to participate. The pre-sessional working group meets three to four
months prior to the review to consider the state party’s report and develop a “list of issues
and questions,” which gives the state party an indication of the Committee’s priority issues
and also requests additional information prior to the review. After considering all relevant
materials, two members of the Committee designated as “Country Rapporteurs” lead the
interactive dialogue with representatives of the state party. Following the dialogue, the
Committee adopts concluding observations which include final remarks and
recommendations.

Civil society members may provide input to the Committee at various points by submitting
reports, making oral statements, and participating in briefings for Committee members. The
Committee also encourages state parties to consult and incorporate information from civil
society members in their national reports and follow-up procedures, and requires that the
concluding observations are widely disseminated following the review. In addition the
Committee considers information from civil society and other stakeholders, such as UN
agencies and national human rights institutes.
Basically, The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines the full range of children’s needs
and provides a practical framework for addressing these needs in an integrated and holistic
way, by fulfilling their rights.

It poses a challenge to traditional approaches to children that view them as incompetent,

passive objects of adult protective care. Instead, it acknowledges children as both capable and
entitled to active participation in decisions that affect their lives.
It is legally binding on all countries that have ratified it. Governments are required under
international law to take all necessary measures to implement its provisions. It provides a
universal set of standards against which to measure and improve the treatment of children.

There are no formal sanctions that can be brought against governments for failing to comply
with its provisions or the process of reporting to the Committee on the Rights of the Child.

It is nevertheless an invaluable mechanism for monitoring how a government is complying

with extending rights to children.

Full implementation of the rights contained in the Convention would herald a fundamental
change in the status of children in all societies in the world and ensure their optimal health
and development and fulfillment of potential

CONCLUSION:
The child shall enjoyall the rights set forth in this Convention. Every child, without any
exception whatsoever, shall be entitled to these rights without distinction or discrimination
account of race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status, whether of himself or of his family.

CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women)

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted
in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, is often described as an international bill of rights for
women. Consisting of a preamble and 30 articles, it defines what constitutes discrimination against
women and sets up an agenda for national action to end such discrimination.
The Convention defines discrimination against women as "...any distinction, exclusion or restriction
made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition,
enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men
and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural,
civil or any other field."

By accepting the Convention, States commit themselves to undertake a series of measures to end
discrimination against women in all forms, including:

• to incorporate the principle of equality of men and women in their legal system, abolish all
discriminatory laws and adopt appropriate ones prohibiting discrimination against women;
• to establish tribunals and other public institutions to ensure the effective protection of women
against discrimination; and
• to ensure elimination of all acts of discrimination against women by persons, organizations or
enterprises.

The Convention provides the basis for realizing equality between women and men through ensuring
women's equal access to, and equal opportunities in, political and public life -- including the right to
vote and to stand for election -- as well as education, health and employment. States parties agree to
take all appropriate measures, including legislation and temporary special measures, so that women
can enjoy all their human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The Convention is the only human rights treaty which affirms the reproductive rights of women and
targets culture and tradition as influential forces shaping gender roles and family relations. It affirms
women's rights to acquire, change or retain their nationality and the nationality of their
children. States parties also agree to take appropriate measures against all forms of traffic in women
and exploitation of women.

Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into
practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures
they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.

-Why is there a gap between theory and practice of human rights

constitution in Pakistan?
Main points:

Reasons:-

• Child labour
• No security of life
• No quality education
• Poor health resources
• No legal equality
• Cast, gender and racial discrimination
• Bounded labour
• Domestic violence
 • Child abuse
• Extra judicial killings
• Weak criminal justice system
• Human trafficking
• Suppression of women
• Corporal punishment
• Harassment
• No legal equality

Child Labour

Pakistan has passed a number of laws containing provisions , prohibiting child labour, and regulating the working
condtions of children but these laws are universally ignored.An estimated 11 million children are working in the country,
half of which are under the age of ten. Child labour is an outcome of a multitude of socio-economic factors and has its
roots in poverty, lack of opportunities, high rate of population growth, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth
and resources, outdated social customs and norms and plethora of other factors. According to the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) the daily income of 65.5% people of Pakistan is below 2 U.S. dollars a day which is not
suffiecient to support a family.

No security of life

Pakistan actively seeks a peaceful international order. It has firmly adhered to the terms of the UN Charter and UN
Declaration of human rights. It adheres to the principle that any territorial acquisition by force is totally inadmissible. It
has always sought and upheld peaceful settlement of regional and international disputes. Despite this policy of peace
inherent in Pakistan's ideology and orientation, there is currently still a great risk to life and property in Pakistan.
Bombing, target killings, and robberies are a general phenomenon in the country and have not been eradicated.

Education

Though the right to educational institutions is safeguarded in the constitution of Pakistan, the picture of illiteracy in
Pakistan is grim.The overall literacy rate is 46% while only 26% of the girls are literate. The situation is the most critical in
NWFP and Baluchistan, where the female literacy rate stands between 3 per cent and 8 per cent. Some government
organizations and non-governmental organizations have tried to open formal and informal schools in these areas, but
the local landlords, even when they have little or nothing to do with religion or religious parties, oppose such measures,
apparently out of fear that people who become literate will cease to follow them with blind faith. Unfortunately, the
government has not so far taken any steps to promote literacy.

Health resources

In Pakistan healthcare is a privilege only afforded by the wealthy. Only 0.27% of the GDP of Pakistan is spent on health
care facilities which are the lowest investment in South Asia. Government hospitals lack resources as well as proper
doctors. Hospitals where doctors are present, they are helpless due to absence of proper resources to treat their
patients. According to a report, Pakistan is ranked lowest in education and health among the nuclear powers. The birth
rate and death rate are higher than usual.

Legal Equality
Legal equality of citizens of Pakistan is protected by the law but the corruption rate is high in this sector and so mostly
people do not get even the basic rights.

Caste and gender discrimination

Special provisions for Scheduled Castes: There is no provision in the law that clearly condemns discrimination or talks
about the protection of the rights of Scheduled Castes, which results in discrimination in social and economic life. While
the Government of Pakistan has enacted laws intended to reverse some of the effects of discrimination, it has not made
a serious effort to fully implement or enforce those laws. One example is the extensive problem with bonded labour in
Pakistan.

Gender discrimination: Women in Pakistan are considered extremely vulnerable to discrimination and social exclusion,
and due to their vulnerability Scheduled Caste women may experience double discrimination as they are both
discriminated on the basis of caste and gender. Scheduled Caste women are subject to rape assaults and culprits easily
get away due to the weak socio-economic status of victims.

Bonded labour

There is an extensive problem with bonded labour in Pakistan. A report by Anti-Slavery International (1996) documented
that bonded labour is prevailing in Pakistan despite the 1992 Act, and large numbers of labourers, including children,
continue to be put into bondage in exchange for loans. The Government has failed to fully implement the National Policy
and Plan of Action (2001) for the abolition of Bonded Labour and Rehabilitation of freed bonded labourers created to
address the needs of released bonded labourers’ children, the majority of whom are Scheduled Castes. A fund was
created as part of the plan of action and six years later a substantial portion of it remains unused and held by
government functionaries, as the released bonded labourers continue to live under inhumane conditions in camps on
the outskirts of Hyderabad. Around 2000,000 people are enslaved in Pakistan which is at the 3rd position in a list of 167
countries where the problem of human slavery s most severe.

Domestic violence

Domestic violence in Pakistan is an endemic social problem. It is estimated that between 70 tp 90 percent of women in
Pakistan suffered some or the other form of abuse. In Pakistan’s rural areas instances of violence against women in the
form of so-called ‘honor’ killings, child marriages, acid attacks, and domestic abuse are frequent. These crimes are
grossly under-reported, and seeking justice is difficult due to structural factors such as the lack of independence of
women, a weak criminal justice system and a lack of societal support for women. In this environment, progressive
laws enacted to protect women against violence have been largely ineffective. An estimated 5000 women are killed ,
tortured and disabled per year from domestic violence.

Child abuse

Child abuse cases are taking alarming proportions and adversely affecting the individuals, families as well as the whole
society. In a study of child abuse in Islamabad and Rawalpindi out of a number of 300 children 17 percent are claimed to
have been abused. In most places children are abused and forced to beg on streets and the number of cases are
increasing but still no effective action has been taken.

Extra Judicial killings

An extrajudicial killing is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial
proceeding or legal process. After 9/11, Pakistan has become a security cornered zone. This has led to a new wave of
extra-judicial killings in Pakistan. War against terrorism, has lead to initiate operations in many areas. Though these
operations have got some successes, in curbing the terrorism activities, but at the same time, it is alleged that such
operations have planted upon the political workers and civilians as well.
As per Human Rights Commission of Pakistan reports for 2010, as many as 12,580 people were murdered and over 17000
cases of abduction have been reported. Amongst these murders as many as 338 people were killed in Police encounters
and at least 174 persons were recovered from illegal detention centers of the police. Target killings took the lives of
thousands of people across the country.

Corporal punishments

School corporal punishment in Pakistan is not very common in modern educational institutions although it is still used in
schools across the rural parts of the country as a means of enforcing student discipline. The method has been criticized
by some children's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical
and mental abuse of schoolchildren. According to one report, corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts
and subsequently, street children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school pupils in Pakistan are said to drop out of
the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school.

Human trafficking

Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons,
specifically forced labor and prostitution. The largest human trafficking problem is bonded labor, concentrated in the
Sindh and Punjab provinces in agriculture and brick making, and to a lesser extent in mining and carpet-making.
Estimates of bonded labor victims, including men, women, and children, vary widely, but are likely well over one million.
In extreme scenarios, when laborers speak publicly against abuse, landowners have kidnapped laborers and their family
members.

Criminal Justice System

Criminal Justice refers to the agencies of government charged with enforcing law, adjudicating crime, and correcting
criminal conduct. The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of social control. The justice system is not equal
for all citizens of Pakistan. Though there are many government laws as well as constitutional provisions on this matter.
Hence, the ineffectiveness of the system has serious repercussions for domestic, regional and international security.

GEO-PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF PAKISTAN

“MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF PAKISTAN”
INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan is a unique land! Situated in heart of South Asian sub-continent. It is a country with rich history and
cultural heritage, fascinating in its own. Nature has blessed Pakistan with High Mountain, plateaus, plains,
desert and the luring sunny beaches are all found here. However, more than fifty percent (50%) of its area is
mountainous, particularly it’s northern, and north western which passes the most fascinating mountains on
earth. Pakistan is blessed with a long range of mountains that are an attraction for geologists and mountain
climbers from all over the world. Pakistan has more than a hundred peaks that are above 7,000 metres. Out of
the world’s 14 highest peaks, four are in Pakistan.

MOUNTAINOUS REGION:
In Pakistan’s mountainous region, there are three mountain ranges:
-Northern Mountains (High Mountain Ranges)
-North Western Mountains (High Mountain Ranges)
-Western mountains (Low Mountain Ranges)

THE NORTHERN & NORTH WESTERN MOUNTAIN RANGES:

High Mountain Ranges:
Northern Pakistan is host to three of the world’s biggest and most spectacular mountain ranges, the Himalaya,
the Karakorum, and the Hindukush. Amongst these ranges lies the great Himalayas which the people of
central and south Asia consider to be the roof of the world.

1-Karakorum Mountain Range:

Location:
Karakorum means “Black stone”. It is believed to be the north western extension of greater Himalayan
Mountain system, covering the borders between Pakistan, India and China, in the regions of Gilgit-baltistan
(Pakistan), Ladakh (India) and Xinjiang region (china).
The region is about 500km in length, and is bounded on the northeast by the edge of the Tibetan plateau, and
on the north by the Pamir Mountains.
Peaks of Karakorum Mountain Range:
K2: 8611m

Gasherbrum I: 8080m

Broad Peak: 8051m

Gasherbrum II: 8035m

Gasherbrum III: 7952m

Gasherbrum IV: 7925m

DistaghilSar: 7885m

KunyangChhish: 7852m

Masherbrum I: 7821m

Batura I: 7795m

Highest peak:
K-2 is the second highest mountain in the world. It is in Karakorum section of the Himalaya between Pakistan
and china. K-2 is the national mountain of Pakistan and its height is 8,623m high. The popular name of k-2
come from the name of the mountain range Karakorum, It means Karakorum 2.

-The Himalaya Mountain Range:

Name, Location and Surroundings:
The western Himalaya are situated in Kashmir valley and northern Pakistan, to the south and east of Indus River, and is
denominated by “Nanga Parbat”. The Himalaya range occupies in Pakistan the region of Kashmir, Kaghan, Kohistan,
Deosai and Chilas.

Ranges of Himalaya:
-Mount Everest (29,035 ft.) which lies between Tibet and the kingdom of Nepal, is the highest mountain in the world.

-One of the most famous peaks in the range is Mount Kailas (21,778 ft.) which lies in Tibet. This mountain is holy to the
Hindus and the Buddhists and is said to contain the thrones of their God.

-Kanchenjunga (28,169 ft.) the world’s third highest peak lies near Mount Everest. Other highest peaks in this range
include Makalu (27,825).

-Dhaulagiri (26,795 ft).

-Nanga Parbat (26,660 ft.)

-Mount Kamet (25,446 ft.)

Highest range in Pakistan (Nanga Parbet):

Nanga parbet has highest peak rising 8125m above the sea level. Pakistan’s second highest and world’s 9th highest peak.
Nanga par bet peak is also famous for its unique rupal face which rises 4,600m straight above its base and the mountain
is considered as one of the most difficult and dangerous to climb. Its nick name is “Killer Mountain”.

Ecology of Himalaya:
The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at
the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. Almost every kind of climate can be
found in the Himalaya, because of the great difference in attitude in various parts of the range.

The Hindu Kush Mountain Range:

Origin:
The origins of the name ‘Hindu Kush’ are uncertain, with multiple theories. In the time of “Alexander, the great”, the
Hindu Kush range was referred to as the “Caucasus Indicus” or the "Caucasus of Indus River".

Location:
The Hindu Kush is a chain of mountains in central Asia extending to the west of the Himalayas. They are part of the
boundary between eastern Afghanistan, and north-western Pakistan.

They are part of the boundary between eastern Afghanistan, and north-western Pakistan. To the east, the Hindu Kush
buttresses the Pamir mountains near the point where the borders of Pakistan, Afghanistan, china meet after which it
runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan. The mountain range separates central Asia from south Asia.

Peaks of Hindu Kush:

Some of the important peaks of Hindu Kush mountain range are:

Trich Mir (7708m): Pakistan

Noshak (7492m): Pakistan and Afghanistan
Istor-o-Naal (7403m): Pakistan
Saraghrar (7338m): Pakistan
UdrenZom (7140m): Pakistan
Highest Peak (Trich Mir):
Trich Mir also known as ‘Terich Mir’ is the highest mountain of the Hindu Kush range, and the highest mountain in the
world outside of the Himalayas-Karakoram range, located in KPK, Pakistan. Its elevation is about 7708m.

The mountain was first climbed in 1950 by a Norwegian expedition consisting of Arne Næss, P. Kvernberg, H. Berg, and
Tony Streather.

The last village in Chitral before reaching Tirirch Mir is known as Village Tirich. It is lies in Mulkow. The people have a
‘Khowar’ language which most speak. The residents are available for here as porters and tourist guides and will lead
trekkers part way up the mountain, but there is a point where they cannot approached and advice to the tourist not to
go.

LOW MOUNTAIN RANGES OF PAKISTAN:

Most of the low mountain ranges of Pakistan extend from North to Southwest and to South in a bone like
manner. These ranges lie in the western area of Pakistan. There are many mountain ranges in Pakistan which
are on the lower side but the main low mountain ranges are:
1- Suleiman Mountain Range
2- Safaid Koh Mountain Range
3- Kirthar Mountain Range

-Suleiman Mountain Range:

Location:
Suleiman Range is the major geological feature of Northern Baluchistan Province of Pakistan and Zabul
Province of Afghanistan. It is the bordering region between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian
subcontinent. Bordering the Suleiman Range to the north are the arid highlands of the Hindu Kush. The
Suleiman Mountain Range continue from south of Gomal River, lies between Baluchistan Plateau and
the Indus Plains. The Suleiman mountain range is east of Quetta (Pakistan), overlooking the plain of
the Indus river. Further, Suleiman mountain range meets the Kirthar Mountain Range, which merges in to the
Kohistan area of Sindh.

Peaks of Suleiman Range:

On the northern end of Sulaiman range are its prominent twin peaks Kaisargarh and Takht-e-Sulaiman. The
latter is also known as the ‘Throne of Solomon’ because of its shape. The peaks, their heights and locations
are given below:

Peaks: Heights of Peaks: Locations of Peaks:

Looi Sar Naikan (Koh-Zarghun) 3578m Quetta, Baluchistan
Takht-e-Suleiman 3487m East of Quetta
Kaisargarh 3441m East of Quetta
Khilafat Hills 3475m Baluchistan
Loai Sar (Koh-i-Takatu) 3472m Quetta

Elevation:
Its heights gradually decrease toward the south, with summits averaging 1800–2100m. The average elevation
of this range is 1,520 meters i.e. about 5000 feet.

-Safaid Koh Mountain Range:

Safaid Koh Mountain Range remains covered with snow throughout the year, luring nature lovers and
captivating them in its fascinating beauty and this is the reason behind its name “Safaid Koh”.

Location:
Safaid Koh Mountain range is named in Persian which means “White Mountains” and in Pushto, it means,
“Spin Ghar”. Safaid Koh Moutain range forms a natural frontier between Pakistan and Afghanistan extending
westward for 100 miles (160 km) from the Vale of Peshawar (Pakistan) to the Lowrah Valley (Afghanistan).
This mountain range is in Eastern Afghanistan and expanding well to North-Western Pakistan which covers
Khyber Agency and Kurram Valley of Federally Administered Tribal Areas in Pakistan. The closest city near the
Safed Koh is Parachinar of Pakistan. It is a straight and rigid peak, towers above all surrounding hills.

Highest Peak:
Mount Sikaram Sar is the highest peak of the Safed Koh Range which forms a natural boundary and water shed
with Afghanistan is situated in Kurram agency. It is at an elevation of 4,761 m above mean sea level. It has a
prominence of 2,295 m. It lies on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border south of the Kabul River and Khyber Pass. It
parallels the Kabul River. The Kabul River cuts a narrow trough through the Safaid Koh mountains to flow
eastward in the Indus River, otherwise, the range connects directly with the Shandur Top off shoot of the
Hindu Kush mountain system The Khyber Pass crosses a spur of the Safed Koh range.

-Kirthar Mountain Range:

Location:
This mountain range is located in Sindh. It extends about 190 miles southward from River Mula in Central
Baluchistan to Muari on the Arabian Sea, west of Karachi. This range forms a boundary between the southern
Baluchistan on the West and the Lower Indus Plain on the East.
There are several rock hills having heights around 4,000a ft. in the south to 8,000 ft. north. There is a huge
Kirthar National Park being the largest reserve of wildlife in Sindh.

Elevation:
The highest elevation of this range was discovered very recently by Shaddan Shah i.e. on April 2009. He named
it Koh-e-Benazir to honour the late Benazir Bhutto. Before this the highest was Kutte-ji-Kabar (Tomb of a Dog),
which now is the second highest. Kirthar range has several peaks above 5,500 feet and get snowfall in the
winters only occasionally. There is a famous Gorakh hill station 93 kilometres north of Dadu city.

Peaks and Highest peak:

The maximum altitude of the Kirthar range that is present in Sindh is almost 7,056 feet above sea-level, which
makes it Sindh's highest peak. This range is present a few miles north-west of the Gorakh Hill Station (5,688
feet.)
Peaks: Heights: Location:
-Koh-e-Benazir 2151m North-west of Gorakh Hill
-Kutte-ji-Kabar 2091m Northern side of Kirthar
-Gorakh Hill 1734m North-west of Dadu

CONCLUSION:
Pakistan has been blessed with number of high peaks. Most of them are located in Northern region and some
are in western region. These mountain ranges are fascinating but at the same time horrible and dangerous. It
gives spirit and happiness to visitors but it also takes their content when climbers lose their lives here.
Mountains are very important for a country in many ways but the simplest one is the ‘Beauty of a Country’.
Mountains enhance the beauty of areas of the country. They also affect the climate of the region and the most
important one, mountains helps to divide countries as natural barriers. In mountainous region, there is fresh
air, unique food as well as adventurous things. So, we, the people of Pakistan, are blessed to have such great
and beautiful mountainous ranges.

PLAINS:
Plains in many areas are important for agriculture because where the soils were deposited as sediments they
may be deep and fertile.
 The Indus Plain

South of the Salt Range and east of the suleiman and kirther mountain lies a vast plain that extends up to
Arabian Sea. This area is generally irrigated by the Indus River and its tribulations (Sutlej, River Chenab, and
Jhelum rivers). The rivers meet the Indus at Mithan Kot and upto this area from down South is the Lower Indus
plain, whereas area above is called the Upper Indus Plain.
 Lower Indus Plain

The lower Indus Plain thus includes most of the Sindh province. The soil is very productive and wherever water
is available, the crops blossom. However, the Thar Desert in its eastern portion is a classic example of how lack
of water turns green fields into treeless desert. As the Indus approaches the Rabian Sea it spreads out some
556,000 acres to form a delta is the seaport of Karachi to the east the fans into the salt marshes of the Rann of
Kutch.

 Upper Indus Plain

The area north of Mithan Kot forms the upper Indus plain and is very fertile because of the soil brought in by
the Indus River. A number of canals criss-cross the area, adding to the fertility of the land and pro ducing cash
crops. Thar desert west of the Jhelum , once arid and lifeless is now being tuned into a settled area, mainly
because of the Jinnah Barrage and canals emanating from it. There are some small hills around Chiniot ,
Sargodah and Sangla which are being fast depleting for use in contruct.

PLATEAUS:
Plateaus also called a high plain or table land is an area of highland,usually consisting of elatively flat terrain
that is raised significantly above the surrounding area ,often with one or more slides with steep slopes. The
largest and highest platea in the world is Tibetan Plateau the plateau is sufficiently high enough to reverse the
Hodley cell convection cycles and to drive the monsoons of India towards the south. There are three types of
plateaus , 1. Volcanic plateau, 2. Intermontane plateau 3. Dissected plateau.
1 Volcanic Plateau: this plateau is basically formed by the volcanic activity.
2 Intermontane Plateau : this plateau is formed by the tectonic plates.
3 dissected Plateau : this plateau is usually formed by the erosions.
 Balochistan plateau

It is a vast plateau in the west of Kirthar and Sulaiman mountains. The average height in this area is between
600 to 900 meters. The mountains in the north eastern Balochistan is higher on the south than the ones on
the west side. There are many minerals discovered in the region like coal, iron, natural gas, chromate and
copper. The climate is severe cold in winters and extremely hot in summer with the exception of the high
mountain area.
 Photohar Plateau

Photohar plateau is a tableland in Rawalpindi Attock , and Jhelum districts of the Punjab , lying between the
Indus and Jhelum rivers and bounded or the north by the Hazara Hills and on the south by the Salt Range. Its
elevation varies from 1,000 to 2,000ft (300to 600m).

FORESTS:
The forests of Pakistan reflect great physiographic climatic and edaphic contrasts in the country. Forest plays
important role in the economy of Pakistan. In Pakistan4.4% of land is covered by forest which is very little ratio
there should 25% of land covered with forest.

Types Of Forest In Pakistan

 Coniferous forest
Coniferous forests are widespread forest and the major areas where they are found are Northern
areas, Swat, Shangla, Abottabad, Mansehra, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Muree, Balochistan mountain. The
coniferous forest occur from 1,00 to 4,000m altitudes. These forest remain evergreen through out the
year.

 Juniper Forest
 Ziarat is famous for its juniper forest Pakistan’s largest juniper forest is located in the reserve. A living
fossils of ziarat , juniper forests, which are also found in zarghoon mount and some other mounted areas
of balochistan and famous for being sexond largest juniper forest in the world , which covers an area of
about 999.60 hectares. Juniper tree species of ziarat have a global significance because of their old age
and slow growth rate.
 Alpine Forest

These forest are called alpine because they grow in conditions similar to those in the alps, a mountain
range in Europe. Alpines forest are found in the mountains of Gilgit Baltistan. These forest are found in
the lower parts of the mountains of the north, eg above Murre and Nathia Gali, and in parts of the hills of
Blochistan. In these forest there are fir, spruce, decoder and kail tree.

 Mangrove Forest

The trees of this forest grow in swampy areas. Lack of fresh water results in shunned growth of trees and
in the occurance of limited number of species. The normal height of trees is 10 feet while in better
waltered areas the trees rise to 20-25 feet. These forest are mostly found in the Indus Delta. Hub Delta is
also covered with these forests.

DESERTS:
Deserts in Pakistan constitute a significant part of the country’s geography , especially in the central and
south eastern regions. Despite harsh living conditions these desert areas are also inhabited by a significant
number of people and livestock. The major deserts of Pakistan include Thar, cholistan ,thall and kharan
deserts which are describe below.

 Thar Desert

Thar desert is the seventh largest desert on the planet and third largest in asia mostly falls under the
territory of Sindh province extending eastwards from irrigated plains on the left bank of river indus
towards the indian states of rajistan and gujrat. The approximate area greater thar desert in total is
around 200,000sq km of which around 50,000sq km falls in the Pakistani territories covering the districts
of tharparkar, mirpurkhas, umerkot, khairpur, sukkar, and ghotki In Sindh province thar desert is among
the most populated deserts of the world. Most of the population in these district in settled cities and
villages however significant of number of people live deep inside the desert and live nomadic life style and
depends heavily on saving livestock of their livelihood.The desert also support good deal of wildlife.

 Cholistan desert

The cholistan desert locally known as Rohi,constitutes the south eastern region of Punjab province with
an estimated area of 26,000 sq Km covering the districts of Bhawalpur,Rahimyar Khan and
Bhawalnagar.Towards the eastern flanks cholistan extended indian states of Rajhistan and Punjab and
joins the greater desert.While on the northwestern it is bordered by the irrigated plains of Indus and
Sutlaj.The total estimated population living in these desert districts in around 7.5 million

 Thal desert
Thal desert is the third largest desert in Pakistan situated in the central Punjab it covers an
estimated area of 20,000 sq km .it is boarded by Indus and Jhelum rivers on its western and
 eastern flanks respectively and in the north it meets the forthills of Salt Range of Potohar
Plateau.Administratively the Thal desert mainly falls in the district of Bhakkar , Khushak,Mianwali
,Jhung ,layyah and Muzaffargarh and is supporting a considerable population of 9.4 million
 Kharan desert
The kharan desert is situated in the western region of Balochistan province of Pakistan .Kharan
desert can be separated from the rest of the arid landscape due to its sandy nature and more even
terrain,ranging from 1000 meter in the north east to 500 meters in the west. It mostly falls in the
kharan district covering an estimated area of 0.23 million .It is the most inhospitable desert in
Pakistan with extreme dry climatic conditions>due to its vastness and isolation kharan desert was
selected for Pakistan second nuclear test executed on may 30 1998.

MINERAL RESOURCES :
Minerals are the natural wealth buried underneath the earth. Almighty ALLAH has given lot of mineral wealth
to Pakistan. These mineral resources are playing a vital role in the rapid ecomomic and industrial progress of
the country.

1.Mineral Oil :
Mineral oil is an important wealth of the modern age. It is a source of generating energy. Mineral oil is found
in raw condition which is refined in the oil refineries to get petrol and other by-products like kerosene oil,
diesel, plastic, candle, baseline etc. Pakistan produces about 15% oil of the total requirements of the country.
The oil resources of Pakistan are located in Potwar Plateau, Khor, Dhullian, Kot Mayyal, Sarang in Attock
district, Balkasar in Chakwal district, Joyamir in district Jhelum.In Sindh , oil has been discovered at Badin,
Hyderabad, Sanghar and Dadu districts.

2. Natural Gas :
Natural gas is required for running industry and is used as fuel for the vehicles and household purposes.Its use
has become common because it is cheaper than the petrol. About 35% of our energy needs are met out of
natural gas. Pakistan has vast reserves of gas. Natural gas was first discovered at a place Sui near Dera Bugti in
Balochistan in 1952. The most important places for gas reserves are Sui, Uch, Zin(Balochistan), Khairpur,
Mazani, Seri,Hundi,Kandhkot,(Sindh),Dhodhak,Pir Koh,Dhullian and Mayyal (Punjab).

3. Coal:
Coal is found at a number of places in Pakistan but neither it is of good quality nor it meets the total
requirements of the country.Pakistan produces about 11% of coal requirement of the country. In Punjab the
cold mines are at Dandot, Makkarwal, and Pidh. In Balochistan , coal has been discovered at Sharag,Khost,
Harnai.Coal has also been discovered in Tharparkar district (Sindh) in a vast quantity.

4. Iron Ore :
Iron ore is very important mineral. It is used for making iron, steel, machines and tools of different kinds. The
largest deposits of iron ore have been discovered in the Kala Bagh area. In Balochistan Iron ore is found at
Khuzdar, Chilghazi and Muslim Bagh. The iron found in Pakistan is not of god quality and it meets only 16% of
the total reqirement of the country. Pakistan steel Mill is using imported iron ore.

5. Chromite :
It is white colour metal used for making stainless steel, aeroplanes, engineering tools, dyes and photography
items. Pakistan has the largest reserves of chromite in the world. Most of which is exported to earn foreign
exchange. It deposits are found in Muslim Bagh, Chaghai, Kharan (Balochistan), Malakand, Mohmand Agency
and North Waziristan.

6. Copper :
Copper is used for making electrical goods. Electric wire is made out of copper. Balochistan has rich reserves of
copper. The copper deposits are at Saindak in Chaghai district of Balochistan.

7. Gypsum :
It is a white colour shining store. It is used in the production of cement, chemical fertilizers, plaster of Paris
and bleaching powder. The gypsum is obtained from the districts of Jhelum, Mianwali, Dera Ghazi Khan
(Punjab), Kohat, Rohri (Sindh) and Quetta, Sibi, Loralai (Balochistan).

8. Gold :
Golden days of Pakistan is very close as second biggest gold mine is discovered in Chiniot district in the
province of Punjab. It is estimated that a minimum of 500 millions tons of Gold is present in the 28 kilometer
area which is worth in Trillion of dollars. If this project is transparently perform without any corruption issues
then this will change the destiny of the People’s republic of Pakistan.

9. Salt :
Pakistan has the largest reserves of mineral salt in the world. The salt range is located in the south of Potwar
Plateau. This salt is of fine quality. The biggest salt mine is in Khewra (Jhelum district). Salt is also obtained
from sea water.

10. Limestone :
It is mostly used for making cement. When it is burned lime is obtained which is used for white washing the
houses. It is also used in glass, soap, paper and dye industries.Vast limestone deposits are found in Dandot
(Jhelum district), Zinda Pir, Mogul Kot and Ganjo Takkar mear Hyderabad.

11. Marble :
Marble of different kinds and of different colours is found in abundance in Pakistan. It is found in the districts
of Chaghai, Mardan, Swat and Khyber Ajency. It is considered to be of the best quality in the world due to its
softness, beauty and colour.
 PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH INDIA
1947- Division of sub-continent:
Britain, as part of its pullout from the Indian subcontinent, divides it into secular (but mainly Hindu) India and
Muslim Pakistan on August 15 and 14 respectively. The partition causes one of the largest human migrations
ever seen, and sparks riots and violence across the region.

1947/48 - The first Indo-Pak war:

Over Kashmir is fought, after armed tribesmen (lashkars) from Pakistan's North West Frontier Province (now
called Khyber-Pakthunkhwa) invade the disputed territory in October 1947. The Maharaja, faced with an
internal revolt as well an external invasion, requests the assistance of the Indian armed forces, in return for
acceding to India. He hands over control of his defence, communications and foreign affairs to the Indian
government.

The war officially ends on January 1, 1949, when the United Nations arranges a CEASEFIRE, with an established
ceasefire line.

The Indian (eastern) side of the ceasefire line is referred to as Jammu and Kashmir.Both countries refer to the
other side of the ceasefire line as "occupied" territory.

1954: The Accession of Kashmir:

The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India is ratified by the state's constituent assembly.

1956: Approval of constitution:-

The Jammu and Kashmir constituent assembly approves a constitution. India, from the point of the 1954
ratification and 1957 constitution, begins to refer to Jammu and Kashmir as an integral part of the Indian
union.

1963: The Sino-Indo war:-

Following the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the foreign ministers of India and Pakistan - Swaran Singh and Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto - hold talks under the auspices of the British and Americans regarding the Kashmir dispute.

1964: The failure of talks:

Following the failure of the 1963 talks, Pakistan refers the Kashmir case to the UN Security Council.

1965: The Second war Between Pakistan And India:

India and Pakistan fight their second war. The conflict begins after a clash between border patrols in April in
the Rann of Kutch (in the Indian state of Gujarat), but escalates on August 5, when between 26,000 and 33,000
Pakistani soldiers cross the ceasefire line dressed as Kashmiri locals, crossing into Indian-administered
Kashmir.

Indian troops cross the international border:

At Lahore on September 6. The largest engagement of the war takes place in the Sialkot sector, where
between 400 and 600 tanks square off in an inconclusive battle.

End of war:
By September 22, both sides agree to a UN mandated ceasefire, ending the war that had by that point reached
a stalemate, with both sides holding some of the other's territory.

1966-Agreement signed b/w pakistan and India:

On January 10, 1966, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahdaur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign an
agreement at Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan), agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines and that economic and
diplomatic relations would be restored.

1971-Separation of Past Pakistan due to third war b/w Pakistan and

India:
India and Pakistan go to war a third time, this time over East Pakistan. The conflict begins when the central
Pakistani government in West Pakistan, led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, refuses to allow Awami League leader
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali whose party won the majority of seats in the 1970 parliamentary elections,
to assume the premiership.

Military crackdown:
A Pakistani military crackdown on Dhaka begins in March, but India becomes involved in the
conflict.

The hurdles faced due to war:

December, after the Pakistani air force launches a pre-emptive strike on airfields in India's northwest.India
then launches a coordinated land, air and sea assault on East Pakistan. The Pakistani army surrenders at
Dhaka, and its army of more than 90,000 become prisoners of war. Hostilities lasted 13 days, making this one
of the shortest wars in modern history.

East Pakistan becomes the independent country of Bangladesh on December 6, 1971.

1972-Simla conference:
Pakistani Prime Minister Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sign an agreement in the
Indian town of Simla, in which both countries agree to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have
hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a friendly and harmonious relationship and the
establishment of a durable peace in the subcontinent". Both sides agree to settle any disputes "by peaceful
means".

The Simla Agreement designates the ceasefire line of December 17, 1971, as being the new "Line-of-Control
(LoC)" between the two countries, which neither side is to seek to alter unilaterally, and which "shall be
respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side".

1974-Peaceful nuclear explosive:

The Kashmiri state government affirms that the state "is a constituent unit of the Union of India". Pakistan
rejects the accord with the Indian government.On May 18, India detonates a nuclear device at Pokhran, in an
operation codenamed "Smiling Buddha". India refers to the device as a "peaceful nuclear explosive".

1988-Agreement on Nuclear Powers:

The two countries sign an agreement that neither side will attack the other's nuclear installations or facilities.
These include "nuclear power and research reactors, fuel fabrication, uranium enrichment, isotopes
separation and reprocessing facilities as well as any other installations with fresh or irradiated nuclear fuel and
materials in any form and establishments storing significant quantities of radio-active materials".Both sides
agree to share information on the latitudes and longitudes of all nuclear installations. This agreement is later
ratified, and the two countries share information on January 1 each year since then.

1989-Armed forces in Kashmir :

Armed resistance to Indian rule in the Kashmir valley begins. Muslim political parties, after accusing the state
government of rigging the 1987 state legislative elections, form militant wings.

1990-Militant involvement in Kashmir:

Militant through the 1990s, in part fuelled by a large influx of "mujahideen" who took part in the Afghan war
against the Soviets in the 1980s.

1991-Agreement signed inorder to prevent violations:

The two countries sign agreements on providing advance notification of military exercises, manoeuvres and
troop movements, as well as on preventing airspace violations and establishing overflight rules.

1992-Use Of Chemical Weapons:

A joint declaration prohibiting the use of chemical weapons is signed in New Delhi.

1996-LOC:
Following a series of clashes, military officers from both countries meet at the LoC in order to ease tensions.
1998-Donation of Nuclear Devices and Tests:
India detonates five nuclear devices at Pokhran. Pakistan responds by detonating six nuclear devices of its own
in the Chaghai Hills. The tests result in international sanctions being placed on both countries. In the same
year, both countries carry out tests of long-range missiles.

1999-First Major agreement was signed:

Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee meets with Nawaz Sharif, his Pakistani counterpart, in Lahore. The
two sign the Lahore Declaration, the first major agreement between the two countries since the 1972 Simla
Accord. Both countries reaffirm their commitment to the Simla Accord, and agree to undertake a number of
'Confidence Building Measures' (CBMs).

Kargil is the first armed conflict between the two neighbours since they officially conducted
nuclear weapons tests.

2001-Operation against training camps in Pakistan:

Tensions along the Line of Control remain high, with 38 people killed in an attack on the Kashmiri assembly in
Srinagar. Following that attack, Farooq Abdullah, the chief minister of Indian-administered Kashmir, calls on
the Indian government to launch a full-scale military operation against alleged training camps in Pakistan.

Meeting of President Musharraf and Atal Behari:

In July, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee meet for a two-
day summit in the Indian city of Agra. That summit collapses after two days, with both and Jaish-e-Muhammad
for the sides unable to reach agreement on the core issue of Kashmir.

Atttack on Indian Parliament:

On December 13, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi leaves 14 people dead. India blames
Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad for the attacks.

2002-President Musharraf declares Kashmir as part of Pakistan:

President Musharraf pledges that Pakistan will combat extremism on its own soil, but affirms that the country
has a right to Kashmir.

2003-General Assembly Meeting:

After Musharraf calls for a ceasefire along the LoC during a UN General Assembly meeting in September, the
two countries reach an agreement to cool tensions and cease hostilities across the defacto border.

2004-Saarc:
Dialogues:
Vajpayee and Musharraf hold direct talks at the 12th SAARC summit in Islamabad in January, and the two
countries' foreign secretaries meet later in the year. This year marks the beginning of the Composite Dialogue
Process, in which bilateral meetings are held between officials at various levels of government (including
foreign ministers, foreign secretaries, military officers, border security officials, anti-narcotics officials and
nuclear experts). In November, on the eve of a visit to Jammu and Kashmir, the new Indian prime minister,
Manmohan Singh, announces that India will be reducing its deployment of troops there.

2006 - Agreement on Indo-Pak Anti Terrorism Mechanism:

India redeploys 5,000 troops from Jammu and Kashmir, citing an "improvement" in the situation there, but the
two countries are unable to reach an agreement on withdrawing forces from the Siachen glacier.In
September, President Musharraf and Prime Minister Singh agree to put into place an Indo-Pak institutional
anti-terrorism mechanism.

2007-Samjhota Express:
On February 18, the train service between India and Pakistan (the Samjhauta Express) is bombed near Panipat,
north of New Delhi. Sixty-eight people are killed, and dozens injured. The fifth round of talks regarding the
review of nuclear and ballistic missile-related CBMs is held as part of the Composite Dialogue Process. The
second round of the Joint Anti-Terrorism Mechanism (JATM) is also held.

2008-Pipeline Agreement:
India joins a framework agreement between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan on a $7.6bn gas pipeline
project. A series of Kashmir-specific CBMs are also agreed to (including the approval of a triple-entry permit
facility).

Blame to ISI:
In July, India blames Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate for a bomb attack on the Indian
embassy in Kabul which kills 58 and injures another 141.

Announcement of trade routes:

In September, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Indian Prime Minister Singh formally announce the
opening of several trade routes between the two countries.

In October, cross-LoC trade commences, though it is limited to 21 items and can take place on only two days a
week.

Attack on Taj Mehal:

On November 26, armed gunmen open fire on civilians at several sites in Mumbai, India. The attacks on the Taj
Mahal Palace & Tower, the Oberoi Trident Hotel, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Leopold Cafe, Cama
Hospital, Nariman House Jewish community centre, Metro Cinema, St Xavier's College and in a lane near the
Times of India office, prompt an almost three-day siege of the Taj, where gunmen remain holed up until all but
one of them are killed in an Indian security forces operation. More than 160 people are killed in the attacks.

Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker captured alive, says the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.

2009-NAM Talks:
The Pakistani government admits that the Mumbai attacks may have been partly planned on Pakistani soil,
while vigorously denying allegations that the plotters were sanctioned or aided by Pakistan's intelligence
agencies.

Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani and Indian Prime Minister Singh meet on the sidelines of a Non-
Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, issuing a joint statement charting future
talks.(Composite Diologue Process).

India insist to prosecute Taliban:

In August, India gives Pakistan a new dossier of evidence regarding the Mumbai attacks, asking it to prosecute
Hafiz Mohammad Saeed, the head of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, an Islamic charity with ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba.

2010 - LOC in Kashmir:

In January, Pakistani and Indian forces exchange fire across the LoC in Kashmir, the latest in a string of such
incidents that have led to rising tension in the area.

In February, India and Pakistan's foreign secretaries meet in New Delhi for talks. This meeting is followed by
the two countries' foreign ministers meeting in Islamabad in July.

Ajmal Kasab Sentenced to death:

In May, Ajmal Kasab is found guilty of murder, conspiracy and of waging war against India in the Mumbai
attacks case. He is sentenced to death.

2011-India agreesd to talk on Issues:

In January, Indian Home Secretary GK Pillai says India will share information with Pakistan regarding the 2001
Samjhauta Express bombing. The two countries' foreign secretaries meet in Thimpu, Nepal, in February, and
agree to resume peace talks "on all issues".

2012-Ajmal Kasab hanged:

In November, India execute Pakistani national Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of a fighter squad
that killed 166 people in a rampage through the financial capital Mumbai in 2008, hanging him just days
before the fourth anniversary of the attack.

2013- Meeting in UN General Asembly:

In January, India and Pakistan trade accusations of violating the cease-fire in Kashmir, with Islamabad accusing
Indian troops of a cross-border raid that killed a soldier and India charging that Pakistani shelling destroyed a
home on its side. In September, the prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in New York on the sidelines of
the UN General Assembly. Both the leaders agree to end tension between armies of both sides in the disputed
Kashmir.

2014 - Realesing trucks from both side:

On February 12, India and Pakistan agree to release trucks detained in their respective territories, ending a
three week impasse triggered by seizure of a truck in India-administered Kashmir coming from across the de
facto Line of Control for allegedly carrying brown sugar.

Raheel sharif and UNCS Declaration:

On May 1, Pakistan's Army chief General Raheel Sharif calls Kashmir the "jugular vein" of Pakistan, and that
the dispute should be resolved in accordance with the wishes and aspirations of Kashmiris and in line with
UNSC resolutions for lasting peace in the region.

India Realeases Fishermen From jails:

On May 25, Pakistan releases 151 Indian fishermen from its jails in a goodwill gesture ahead of swearing-in
ceremony of Narendra Modi as prime minister.

New era of Bilateralism:

On May 27, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi holds talks with Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in
New Delhi. Both sides express willingness to begin new era of bilateral relations.

PAKISTAN - CHINA RELATIONS

INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan had a long and symbiotic relationship with China. The long standing ties between the two countries
have been mutually supportive. Pakistan and China have developed an all season friendship which is based on
equality, brotherhood and overall co-operation. On the past 60 year, the two countries have carried out
multidimensional cooperation in varied fields. Despite unstable international situation, the China-Pakistan
friendship remained strong vibrate
Beginning Of Pak China relation : (1949)
After 2 years of independence of Pakistan ,in 1949 China gained independence under president ‘’Chiang Kai-
Shek’’. Pakistan China relationship began in 1949 when Pakistan was the third non communist and first
Muslim country who recognized China. Pakistan supported the admission of China to the the UN and opposed
the claim of ‘’Chiang Kai Shek’’ to speak for China.

Diplomatic Relation Between Pakistan and China:-

Diplomatic relation between Pakistan and China were established on May 1951,Shortly after the defeat of the
republic of China in 1949.In 1951,when the UN General Assembly wanted to pass a Us backed resolution
declaring China as an aggressor, Pakistan had abstained, While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a
communist country on its borders, Pakistan hope that China serves as a counterweight to Indian influence.
India had recognized China a year beforehand Indian Prime-Minister Mr.Nehro also hoped for closer relation’s
with the Chinees, however tensions between the borders leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, China and
Pakistan aligned with each other in a joined effort to counter perceived Indian encroachment. One year after
China’s border war with India, Pakistan ceded the transport Karakorum Track to China to end border dispute
and improved diplomatic relation’s.

PAKISTAN CHINA BORDER AGREEMENT: (1963)

Pakistan and China signed a border agreement on second March 1963 as a result Pakistan gained seven-fifty
square miles of territory which had been under actual possession of China.

CHINA CONDEMNED INDIAN AGRESSION:-

In 1965,China condemned the Indian aggression against Pakistan and accused the US and USSR of showing
partially towards India. When there was a danger to attack on East Pakistan, China issued an ultimatum to
India on 16 September to remove all military installations from border within 3 days. This timely support of
China to Pakistan not only stopped India to attack East Pakistan but also reduced military pressure on the
borders of West Pakistan. On 19 September, China issued a second Ultimatum to India and just after 3 days a
ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan and the USSR offered its offices to the parties to settle the
conflict.

PAK CHINA MILITARY AGREEMENT (1966-1968)

Pakistan and China signed the first agreement of military assistance of 120 Million Dollars in July 1966.Within
2 years China supplied Pakistan 100 T-59 tanks,80 MIG19-S and 10 alyshin 28 bombers. China also provided
military support and assistance to Pakistan during a crucial time in 1966 when USA imposed embargo on
military sales

HENRY TRIPS TO CHINA AND ROLD OF PAKISTAN(1970):-

by arranging Henry Kissinger’s secret trip to China in 1970.Pakistan played an important role in normalization
of relations between China and the US.

CHINESE CONTRIBUTION IN INDUSTRIES(1971):-

A significant contribution of China to Pakistan’s defense needs is the establishment of a mechanical complex,
near Taxila. China also offered a 300 MW Nuclear Power Plant to Pakistan to meet the shortage.

KARAKORUM HIGHWAY (1978):-

In 1978,Karakorum Highway linking mountainous Northern Pakistan with Western Officially open.

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT(1989):-

Chinese Prime Minister visited to Pakistan in 1989 was of great significance as an agreement was signed to
assist Pakistan in establishing a Nuclear Power Plant. This Further strengthened the relations between the two
countries

CO-OPERATION IN FIELD OF SPACE EXPLORATION(1990):-

Pakistan and China are also co-operating in the field of space exploration and Pakistan’s first satellite(Badr-
I)was launched with Chinese assistance in July 1990

CHINA GIVE MISSLES TO PAKISTAN (1992):-

Maintaining strong defense relations with Pakistan, in 1992.China provided Pakistan with short range ballistic
M-11 Missiles showing another Significant development related to Defense Co-Operation. Pakistan has also
extended support to their Chinese counter parts whenever the need arose. Due to this co-operation and
support lent by both countries to each other, they are also referred to as “all weather friend”

US SANCTIONS AND CHINA SUPPORT(1993):-

In 1993,friendship with china was exposed to the new realities of a uni-polar world. After the US Sanctions
were imposed, China reviewed its policy of missiles supply to Pakistan. The better relations of China with India
haven’t disturbed Pak China friendship. China continued to support Pakistan stands on Kashmir.When a
Chinese ship harassed by the US forces in the gulf on charges of carrying chemical weapons for Iran, Pakistan
expressed concern over the incident

PAKISTAN SUPPORT CHINA(1993):-

In December 1993,Pakistan announced that it would resist all pressures against China on human rights issue
and any other that questioned china’s integrity .The two countries signed four agreements for cooperation in
science and technology, declaring the province of ‘Punjab’ and ‘Sian’ as sister provinces, border trade and
transport agreement and a loan agreement.

ECONOMIC AGREEMENT(1995):-
On 17th March 1995 Pakistan and China agreed to collaborate in the production of a combat air-craft called
super-7 which is an under graded version of Chinese F-7 aircraft.

GHAZI BROTHER DAM(1995):-

On 11th April 1995,China expressed its willingness to help set up 2.5 billion dollar expansion of “Ghazi Brother”
dam and the expansion of Pakistan steel mill by providing substantial suppliers to credit and transfer of
technology.
COMPUTER SYSTEM POWER PLANT(1997):-
On 21st August 1997,China decided to export a new developed nuclear power plant computer system to
Pakistan for use. Chinese built chashme 300MW nuclear power plant .This control system manufactured by
“Beijing Heliski Automated Engineering Company”, And it is first large scale product exported from China.

CHINESE GOVERNMENT THANKS TO PAKISTAN (1996):-

On 23rd April 1996, Chinese govt expressed thanks to Pakistan in the words, ”Chinese govt is grateful to
Pakistan’s government for its support on the issues of human rights ,Taiwan ,Tibet etc.

JOINT VENTURED PAK-CHINA TANK MBT (2001):-

A joint ventured, Chinese and Pakistani tank the MBT , comes in full production

CHINESE ATTEND CEREMONY IN PAKISTAN (2002):-

Chinese vise premier attends ground ceremony for Pakistan’s “Gwadar deep sea Port “

COOPERATION IN CONSTRUCTION (2003):-

In 2003, Pakistan and China signed a 110 million contract for the construction of housing project on Multan
road in Lahore.

J-F-17 FIGHTER PLANE(2003):-

With the Chinese assistance , Pakistan became capable of manufacturing the
J-F-17 fighter plane in 2003. The fighter plane tested in China , possesses the capabilities of Mirage 2000 and
F-7s . The collaboration on the development of J-F-17 , signifies the growing trust and support between the
two neighbor countries.

JOINT VENTURED SINO-PAK AIR-CRAFT(2007):-

Sino – Pakistan joint ventured fighter air craft J-F-17 thunder is formerly rolled out.

CHINA WARNS US (2007):-

China warns US of war against Pakistan, during this Pakistan president Musharraf visits China and raised issues
of US attacks inside Pakistan. China and Pakistan signed on FTA(signed trade agreement).As a direct result
China has opened new industries in Pakistan.

PAKISTAN INTELLIGENCE HELPED CHINA (2009):-

In 2009 Pakistani intelligence helped the Chinese government of catching several terrorists seeking haven in
Pakistan and planning to launch illegal operations.

60TH ANNIVERSARY OF PAK-SINO RELATIONS(2011):-

The year 2011 was declared as ‘The Pakistan - China Friendship Year ’ during the recent visit of Chinese to
Pakistan, the two governments decided to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of Sino-Pakistan
relations with full zeast.
PAK-CHINA ECONONMIC CORRIDOR(2013):-
The government of Pakistan , on 18th February 2013, formally awarded a multi billion dollar contract for the
construction and operation of the Gwadar Port to China with a hope that the two ports development would
open up new visitors of progress in Pakistan, particularly Baluchistan.

CONCLUSION:-
In the recent years, the two countries signed many agreements which further cemented their time-tested
friendship and cooperation. China has also provided technical and financial assistance to Pakistan . China
proves to be a good friend and shows sincerity towards Pakistan. In the past 60 years , the two countries have
carried out multi dimensional cooperation in varied fields. Despite the unstable international situations, the
Chinese friendship remained strong and vibrant. The strength of this relationship obviously will depend on the
convergence of the national interests of the two countries, the greater the convergence , the stronger will be
the relationship.

RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA (USSR) AND

PAKISTAN:
When Pakistan came into existence in 1947, Russia was known as the Godless Empire of Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics under brutal dictator Joseph Stalin. This inherent difference in ideologies resulted in
tensions from the very start, but the refusal of the first prime minister of Pakistan to accept the cordial
invitation of the Soviet leadership to visit USSR started the full scale Cold War.
Relations between two our countries were established on May 1, 1948 through the agreement concluded in
New York by Sir Zafrulla Khan, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, and Andrei A. Gromyko, the First
Deputy Foreign Minister of the USSR, and succeeded by a consequent exchange of the relevant notes. Shortly
the Embassies of the USSR and Pakistan commenced their functioning.
In June 1949 the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, received an invitation to pay a visit to our
country but could not avail himself of that opportunity due to a number of reasons, otherwise it could be a
historical event, since, bilateral cooperation at that time had already been taking its shape. At the end of 1948
the first trade delegation from our country visited Pakistan. In November of 1949 representatives of the Union
of Soviet Writers came to Lahore. During the first years after establishment of diplomatic relations trade
between the USSR and Pakistan was carried on under single contracts. It was a genuine breakthrough when
the parties signed the first intergovernmental trade agreement in 1956, granting most-favoured nation
treatment to each other.
From the late 1950s summits and high-level official contacts had been taking place on a regular basis. In 1956
First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Anastas I. Mikoyan visited Pakistan and took part in
the events arranged on the occasion of proclaiming the country a republic. Officials of Pakistani ministers and
agencies also visited the USSR. Among them was Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who visited Moscow for the first time in
1960 in his capacity as the Minister of Fuel Power and Natural Resources.
At that stage as well as later on our relations endured ups and downs. For instance, in 1960 the American
plane U-2 which took off from the airport in Pakistani Peshawar and made a reconnaissance flight over the
Soviet territory created an unfavourable background. However, the incident did not gravely affect speedy
development of bilateral cooperation in the 1960s when “realistic relationship” between the USSR and
Pakistan started emerging. Presidents of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan visited Moscow: Mohammad Ayub
Khan – twice, in 1965 and 1967 and Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan – in 1970. In 1968 and 1969 Chairman of
the USSR Council of Ministers Alxey N. Kosygin visited Islamabad. In the course of the visits a number of
important agreements were signed paving the way for further progressive development of trade and
economic ties. Agreement on Cooperation in Search and Prospecting the Oil signed in 1961, Agreement on
Economic and technical Assistance to Pakistan in the Construction of a Steel Mill (1971) are to be mentioned
among them.
The first bilateral Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation signed in 1965 became a notable
landmark. Contacts between public characters and scientists of the USSR and Pakistan were found revitalized.
In the midst of the 1960s Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations between the peoples of the two
countries were established. The Pakistani Society was headed by the outstanding poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz,
Laureate of the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace among Peoples. Representatives of academic
and creative circles’ intelligentsia of both countries formed a core of those organizations. Scholars of the
Pakistani Studies’ Sector of the Institute of Oriental Studies under the USSR Academy of Sciences established
in 1964 also vigorously participated in the activities of the Soviet Society.
The USSR played a pivotal role in the settlement of the armed conflict of 1965 between Pakistan and India.
Both parties were offered our good offices with signing of the famous Tashkent Declaration in January 1966
crowning our mediatory role (Alexey N. Kosygin, Mohammad Ayub Khan and the Prime Minister of India Lal
Bahadur Shastri took part in the ceremony). That document laid the corner stone for normalization of
relations between the two largest countries of South Asia and set good example of the settlement of complex
interstate disputes.
New Pakistani-Indian armed conflict in December of 1971 somewhat embarrassed our relations, though as it
had happened before, complications did not last long and in the 1970s bilateral cooperation got into its stride.
Pakistani leader Zulfikar Ali Bhuto visited Moscow twice – firstly, as the President in 1972 and then as the
Prime Minister in 1974. Delegations exchange visibly rose, legal and contractual foundation expanded. The
volume of Soviet-Pakistani trade almost tripled in 1970-1979. Cooperation with Pakistan in the economic
sphere, limited to the USSR assistance in geological prospecting of oil and gas fields until the end of 1960s,
were diversified and considerably increased in the 1970s. It was with the assistance of our country when the
construction of a steel mill began in Karachi in 1973, now being the flagship of the industry of the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. In the second half of the 1070s Soviet specialists constructed the biggest for that time
Guddu Thermal Power Station, which was put into operation in 1980. By 1976 a medium-wave broadcasting
radio station had been erected in the vicinities of Islamabad with the USSR assistance. The USSR continued to
assist in searching oil, gas and other natural resources in the Pakistan’s territory. It is worth mentioning that
nowadays there are quite a number of oil and gas fields under operation discovered by Soviet geologists.
With General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haque coming to power relations between our countries entered into hard
times once more. Political contacts grew short and volume of trade, economic and cultural ties decreased.
Heated and complex developments in Afghanistan involving both our countries, though on the opposite sides
of the fence, could not but leave their negative imprint on the state of Soviet-Pakistani cooperation in the
1980s. Nevertheless, Soviet Union did not interrupt its assistance to Pakistan stipulated by the agendas by the
agendas approved earlier. Thus, for instance, Pakistan Steel Mill, still remaining the largest industrial
enterprise of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, launched its first products in 1982.
It was after the demise of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haque, Benazir Bhutto’s democratic government accession to
power in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1988 and withdrawal of the Soviet forces from Afghanistan in
1989 when favourable preconditions for improving Soviet-Pakistani and since 1991 Russian-Pakistani relations
appeared. Former Ambassador of the USSR and Russia to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1988-1993 Victor
P. Yakunin recalls that Pakistan actually has been the first state to recognize Russia as a legal successor of the
USSR.
However, regrettably, in the 1990s we failed to duly avail ourselves of the existing favourable opportunities.
Thus, trade and economic interrelations between our countries considerably leveled down. Worsening of
macroeconomic situation and beginning transition to market society in Russia objectively contributed to that.
At the same time, political dialogue had been gradually gaining its momentum. Foreign Ministers paid visits to
the other country. The Minister of Foreign affairs of the Russian Federation visited Islamabad in 1993 with his
counterparts coming to Moscow in 1994 and 1997. In 1999 Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister of the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, visited Russia while the Russian parliamentarian delegation headed by the Chairman of
the State Duma Gennady N. Seleznev visited Islamabad. Despite deterioration of the economic interaction, our
country assisted with the completion of three phases of a major thermal power plant in Multan put into
operation in the midst of the 1990s, lent its hand in ensuring the functioning of Pakistan Steel Mill as well as in
its repairing etc.
The universal menace of international terrorism threating the world in the beginning of 21st century united
many countries, including Russia and Pakistan, in their joint struggle with this major evil of the present. So, the
new phase of the relations between our countries began.
In February 2003 Pervez Musharraf, the President of Pakistan paid an official visit to Moscow. Speaking at the
concluding press conference, the Head of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan among other things stated that “a
new era of friendship” was coming up between two countries and both ones needed to “reinforce the good of
the past and bury the bad”. Pervez Musharraf’s visit laid the solid foundation for further development of the
Russian – Pakistani interaction during the latest five years. Visits to Pakistan paid by the Chairman of the
Government of the Russian Federation, Mikhail E. Fradkov (Head of our Government visited the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan for the first time in last 38 years), and of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 2003 and 2006
became major events for bilateral relations. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan visited Moscow in 2004.
For recent years Russia and Pakistan have been maintaining regular inter – Parliamentary ties, having their
state and public structures interacting and regions developing contacts. There have been bilateral Joint
Working Groups on Counterterrorism and Other New Challenges to International Stability (three meetings
held) and on Strategic Stability (four meetings held) established by our countries and functioning dynamically.
It was decided that the mechanism of the Russian – Pakistani Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and
Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation would be launched. We hope that now the functioning will
facilitate visible progress in the development of trade and economic ties including that ones in the fields of
fuel and energy and communications engaging “OAO Gazprom”, “RAO UESR”, JSC “Russian Railways”.
It was an auspicious trend that bilateral trade between Russia and Pakistan has been significantly growing for
recent years. If its volume amounted to 92 million US dollars in 2003, it was 411,4 million in 2006, 630 million
in 2008 and over 400 million in 2009.
Recently Pakistan purchased transport helicopters from Russia. Another big deal involving “Kamaz” trucks in
the being negotiated while a joint venture for producing small cars is in the offing. Although, trade between
Pakistan and Russia has declined in recent years owing to the economic crises in both the countries, serious
efforts are being made to revive the bilateral trade as well.
Russia attaches great importance to its relations with Pakistan, particularly taking into account the latter’s
influence in South and South – Western Asia, which directly border southern frontiers of the CIS, and in the
Muslim World, bearing in mind its significant role in the war against international terrorism. Our countries
have been effectively and constructively cooperating within the UN and other international organizations.
Mutual support granted to each other when the issues of accepting Russia and Pakistan as observers to the
OIC and SCO accordingly were under consideration was an illustrative demonstration of the closer relations.
Presently, our cooperation within those organizations is gaining momentum. It is a matter of deep satisfaction
that the stands of Russia and Pakistan on a wide range of international problems including issues of peaceful
crises settlement, formation of the multipolar world order, strengthening of the central role of the UN and
consolidation of the international law principles in relations between states are similar.
 WESTERN AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
INTRODUCTION:
The west had no concept of human rights before 17th century. Even after the 17th century, the philosophers
though presented these ideas, the practical proof and demonstration of these concepts can only be found at
the end of 18th century when revolutions swept in the proclamations and constitutions in Britain, America and
France. In the 18th and 19th centuries, several philosophers evolved the concept of citizenship in a particular
country.

WESTERN PERSPECTIVE:
In the west, the rights of humans are acquired after a long and endurable human struggle. The source of
human rights is human mind and experience. The modern concept of human rights has its foundation in the
English, French and British revolutions of 17th and 18th centuries. It was the liberal democratic tradition of
Western Europe which gave birth to the concept of human rights.

HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES:

In the middle of 19th century, number of human rights violation issues remained in the world. These included
slavery, serfdom, brutal working conditions, low wages, child labor etc. A bloody war over slavery came close
in America in the 2nd half of 19th century and Russia also freed its serfs. Neither the American slaves nor the
freed Russians serfs saw any real degree of freedom or basic rights for many more decades.

LAWS AND ORGANIZATIONS:

The development of International Humanitarian Law for the treatment of sick and wounded soldiers and
prisoners of war and protection of minorities took place after the WWI under peace settlement of 1919. The
International Labor Organization after the WWI was another effort taken in this regard as it aimed at
protecting industrial workers from gross exploitation and to improve their working conditions. The League of
Nations established in 1919 also provided a system of ensuring peace and security but made no provision for
protection of human rights.

WORLD WAR II:

There were many flaws in the covenant of League of Nations as it earned the name of League of Victors. The
WWII broke out after 20 years of WWI. The WWII was more destructive than WWI. It was the most
widespread war in history and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The war
resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made WWII the deadliest in human history.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM:

There is a fundamental difference in the perspective from which Islam and West see the matters of human
rights. In Islam, all kinds of rights and freedom are granted by Almighty Allah and the revelation (Wahi) is the
sole base of them. Islam gives ideal code of human rights. Many verses of the Holy Quran and saying of Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.W) describe these rights.
In Islamic context, the concept of human rights is as old as Islam itself. There is found constantly the term
“Huqooq-ul-Ibad” in the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh and Islamic history from its beginning. It is a constant term of the
Islamic Shariah.
In Islam, the rights have been granted by God, not by any king, philosopher or any legislative assembly.
A renowned scholar defines human rights as:
“The human rights are those rights which are given by the Creator (Allah) of the humanity through His
Messengers. These rights are immutable but have reciprocal relationship to the Duties.”

THE LAST SERMON:

In Islam, the last sermon of Holy Prophet (PBUH) is considered as the Charter of human rights. The Prophet
(PBUH) wanted to give final instructions to his followers because the end of his life was near. This Sermon is
remarkable not only for its eloquence but also for the submit message for the whole of human race.
In this sermon, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:
“There is no superiority for an Arab over a non-Arab. There is no superiority for a non-Arab over an Arab. There
is no superiority for a red (race) person over a white person. Likewise, there is no superiority for a white person
over a red person except for the piety and God consciousness.”

COMPARISON OF WESTERN AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE:

Human rights in Islam have ability of enforcement than western rights given to human. According to a scholar
of social sciences: The UNO Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is simply a statement of beautifully worded
human aspirations and wishes. It is not supported by legal, moral or executive authority to make it
observance. The UNO has no power to enforce it. Whereas in Islam, these rights are morally, legally and
executively practicable and enforceable by Islamic state. All Islamic states are bound to implement these rights
and all Muslims are individually answerable to Allah for their acts. Further, these rights are not for a particular
race or community, they are for everyone. All humans whether they belong to Islam or not. In the last sermon,
the language and context of Holy Prophet is general not specific.
Moreover, the source of Islamic rights is Revelation while the source of western rights is human mind. It can
be observed easily that Islamic rights are deeper, valuable than UDHR because Islamic rights are declared by
the Lord of the world, Almighty Allah.