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ERIK ERIKSON
The Psychosocial Theory
It proposes that individuals go through 8 psychological stages of
development. While Erikson believed that each stage is important, he
gives particular emphasis on the development of the ego.
The ego is the positive force that contributes to identify formation and
lays the foundation for certain strengths and virtues in life such as hope,
will etc.
STAGE PSYCHO- PSYCHO- BASIC CORE SIGNIFICANT
SEXUAL SOCIAL STAGE STRENGTH PATHOLOGY RELATIONS
STAGE

1 Oral and Trust versus Hope Withdrawal The

Infan Kinesthetic mistrust mothering
cy one

2 Anal Autonomy Will Compulsion Parents

Early muscular versus
child- (toddler- shame and
hood years) doubt
3 Phallic or Initiative Purpose Inhibition Family
Play genital- versus guilt
Age locomotor
(pre-school
years)

3
STAGE PSYCHO- PSYCHO- BASIC CORE SIGNIFICANT
SEXUAL SOCIAL STAGE STRENGTH PATHOLOGY RELATIONS
STAGE

4 Latency Industry Compete Inertia Neighborh

Scho period versus nce ood,
ol (school inferiority school
Age years)
5 Genital Ego identity Fidelity Role Peer
Adole versus role Repudiation groups
scenc (adolescenc confusion
e e)
6 (Young Intimacy Love Exclusivity Sexual
adulthood) versus partner,
isolation friends

4
STAGE PSYCHO- PSYCHO- BASIC CORE SIGNIFICANT
SEXUAL SOCIAL STAGE STRENGTH PATHOLOGY RELATIONS
STAGE

7 Generativity Care Rejectivity Divided

(Adulthood) versus labor
stagnation and shared
household
8 Ego integrity Wisdom Disdain All
(Maturity) versus humanity
despair

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 SIGMUND FREUD
The Psychosexual Stages of Development
The dynamic forces within the self are many and inevitable
conflict.
The Three Structures of the Mind: id , ego and superego
 Sigmund Freud

The Three Structures of the Mind

ID Pleasure-seeking side, impulsive, child-like, and

demands instant gratifications
Refers to the I and operates on the reality
EGO principle and controls the id. It can conform with
existing societal consideration.

SUPEREGO “The conscience” and “moral judge” of one’s

conduct
 Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual Stages of Development

STAGES AGES CHARACTERISTICS
Oral Birth–1 Mouth is the primary erogenous zone; pleasure derived from
sucking: id is dominant.
Anal 1–3 Toilet training (external reality) interferes with gratification
received from defecation.
Phallic 4–5 Incestuous fantasies; Oedipus complex; anxiety; superego
development.
Latency 5–Puberty Period of sublimation of sex instinct.
Genital Adolescence–Adulthood Development of sex-role identity and adult social
relationships
 CARL JUNG
Archetypes
q are the universal models after which roles are patterned.
q represents the hidden personalities of the psyche, or total personality.
q are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective
unconscious.
 PERSONA
It refers to the social roles that individual present to others. The side of
personality that people show to the world is designated as the persona.
The term is well chosen because it refers to the mask worn by actors in
the early theater

SHADOW
It refers to the repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable. This
is often considered as the dark side of the psyche.
 Carl Jung

ANIMA
It is the feminine side of the male psyche.

ANIMUS
It is the masculine side of the female psyche.

SELF
It is the central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche.
 ALBERT BANDURA
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
Agency embodies the endowments, belief systems, self-
regulatory capabilities, and distributed structures and function
through which personal influence is exercised, rather than reside
as discrete entity.
Main Features of Human Agency
1. Intentionality
2. Forethought
3. Self Reactiveness
4. Self reflectiveness
 WINICOTT
TRUE AND FALSE SELF
The purpose of the False self is to protect the TRUE SELF
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WILLIAM JAMES
THE ME-SELF and the I-SELF
He believes that people have different social selves depending
on the context of a social situation.
He believed that the path to understanding the spiritual self is
through introspection
 William James
The Me-Self and the I-Self

I-Self Material
Self
Me-Self Social

Spiritual
 William James
The Me-Self and the I-Self

– self that knows who he or she

I-Self
is which is also called the
thinking self.
- Reflects the souls of a person
or the mind which is also called
the pure ego.
 William James
The Me-Self and the I-Self

The empirical self which refers

to the person’s personal
experiences and is further
divided into sub categories:
Me-Self
material, social, spiritual
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CARL ROGERS
SELF THEORY: REAL AND IDEAL SELF
q SELF CONCEPT refers to the image of oneself.
q He defines the self as a flexible and changing perception of
personal identity.
q He suggests that the self develops from interactions with
significant people and awareness of one’s own characteristics
and level of functioning.
 SELF THEORY: REAL AND IDEAL SELF
q Human beings are always striving for self-fulfillment or self-
actualization
q When the needs of the self are denied, severe anxiety may arise.
q Development of self-concept is the central to achieving self-
actualization
 SELF THEORY: REAL AND IDEAL SELF
q Real Self – what is and what one can do
q Ideal Self – what one should do