Fake News Final Manuscript Sexy

St.
Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500
Impacts of Fake News among Social Media Users of St. Paul

University Philippines
A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
Senior High School Set-A
St. Paul University Philippines
By:
Corpuz, Brilarch I.
Dela Cruz, Roena K.
Dela Iglesia, Aries S.
Maggay, Maria Michaela T.
Rivera, Jen Nicca B.
Senior High School 1

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
In this current generation where technology and social
media has been widely used, it is easier to disseminate pieces
of information. In a survey published by Pulse Asia on September
2018, 47% of the Filipinos use the internet, and 98% of them
access the internet for the purpose of checking their social
media account. Different social media platforms such as
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat etc., which facilitates
the spread of information makes it easier for netizens to read
and share articles. Thus, allowing both real and fake
information to propagate.
The Philippines Star published that in October 2018 Pulse
Asia survey, 88% of the social media users believed that ‘fake
news’ exists in the different social media platforms used by
the Filipinos. The themes of these ‘fake information’ could be
about class suspensions, bad effects of a product, surveys,
business, political and societal issues etc., which are
published to mislead the readers regarding certain issues or
created by trolls to fool the readers. Fake news, rumors,
misinformation and disinformation that spread online allow users

to question the credibility of the online social media pages and
sites.
Students and teenagers, who access the internet and use
social media platforms often, are more likely to be a victim of
fake news. A study conducted in Stanford History Education Group
(SHEG) states that young people becomes vulnerable and
susceptible to fake news and bias posts that are posted online
because they are more fluent in social media. Additionally,
according to Anderson (2017), young people are more tech-savvy
than adults, but their ability in deciphering and
differentiating real news from fabricated news is questionable,
and they seemed to be confused like the rest of the society.
While news is constructed by journalists, it seems that fake
news is co-constructed by the audience, for its fakeness depends
a lot on whether the audience perceives the fake as real (Tandoc
et al., 2017).
Because of the emerging technology, anyone in the world can
be the source of news, people are inundated by information and
do not have time to separate facts from falsities, the huge
variety of news media in today’s culture means that people have
the freedom to tune into new source that tell them what they
want to hear (Lombrozo, 2018). Today, in the era of social
media, fake news had greatly influence the operation of social
media
outlets, the notion of individuals in terms of articles that are
published, and even the response of the government towards the
proliferation of fake news (Munsayac, 2018).
The proliferation of fake news has been circulating in the
society for the past years. Specially with the prevalence of
social media usage, it is easier to click and share a post
without verifying the source, thus, making the spread of
fabricated information easy and fast-pacing. Fake news had raise
serious societal issues, global concern and threats not only on
the field of business and politics but also to educational
institutions.
Thus, the study aims to determine the impacts of fake news
among social media users of St. Paul University Philippines.

Review of Related Literature
Fake News
Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) defined “fake news” to be news
articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could
mislead readers. While Lazer, Baum, Grinberg, Friedland, Joseph,
Hobbs & Mattsson (2017), defined fake news to be fabricated
information that mimics news media content in form but not in
organizational process or intent.
According to Rubin, Conroy, Chen and Cornwell (2016), in
the course of news production, dissemination, and consumption,
there are ample opportunities to deceive and be deceived. Direct
falsifications such as journalistic fraud or social media
misinformation pose obvious predicaments.
Lazer, Baum, Benkler, Berinsky, Greenhill, Menczer, &
Schudson (2018) stated that the rise of fake news highlights the
erosion of long-standing institutional protection against
misinformation in the internet age. Concern over the problem is
global.
Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) said that there are several
reasons to think that fake news is of growing importance. First,
barriers to entry in the media industry have dropped, both
because it is now easy to set up websites and because it is easy
to monetize web content through advertising platforms. Because

reputational concerns discourage mass media outlets from
knowingly reporting false stories, higher entry barriers limit
false reporting. Second, social media are well-suited for fake
news dissemination, and social media use has risen sharply.

The massive spread of fake news has been identified as a
major global risk (Shao, Ciampaglia, Varol, Flammini, & Menczer,
2017). According to Klein and Wueller (2017), the concept of
“fake news” has garnered substantial attention in recent years.
Whether described as rumors, “counterknowledge,” misinformation,
“post-truths,” “alternative facts” or just plain lies, these
false statements of fact typically are published on Web sites
and disseminated via social media for profit or social
influence.
According to Horne and Adali (2017), fake news is not a new
problem and its spread in social networks is well-studied. Often
an underlying assumption in fake news discussion is that it is
written to look like real news, fooling the reader who does not
check for reliability of the sources or the arguments in its
content.
Fake News and Social Media
Today, users are reading the news through social platforms.
These platforms are built to facilitate crowd engagement, but
not necessarily disseminate useful news to inform the masses.
Hence, the news that is highly engaged with may not be the news
that best informs (Horne & Adali, 2017).

Recent shifts in the media ecosystem raise new concerns
about the vulnerability of democratic societies to fake news and
the public’s limited ability to contain it. Fake news as a form
of misinformation benefits from the fast pace that information
travels in today’s media ecosystem, in particular across social
media platforms (Mele, Lazer, Baum, Grinberg, Friedland, Joseph,
& Mattsson, 2017).
According to Shu, Sliva, Wang, Tang and Liu (2017), social
media for news consumption is a double-edged sword. On the one
hand, its low cost, easy access, and rapid dissemination of
information lead people to seek out and consume news from social
media. On the other hand, it enables the wide spread of fake
news", low quality news with intentionally false information.
The extensive spread of fake news has the potential for
extremely negative impacts on individuals and society.
Growth in social media for news is flattening out in some
markets (Newman, Fletcher, Kalogeropoulos, Levy & Nielsen,
2017). Greater attention is paid to the role of digital
advertising in causing, and combating, both the contemporary
fake news phenomenon, and the near-horizon variant of
empathically optimised automated fake news (Bakir & Mcstay,
2018).
In a study concudted by Guess, Nyhan, and Reifler (2018),
they found out that Facebook played an important role in

directing people to fake news websites — heavy Facebook users
were differentially likely to consume fake news, which was often
immediately preceded by a visit to Facebook.
In recent years, the reliability of information on the
Internet has emerged as a crucial issue of modern society.
Social network sites have revolutionized the way in which
information is spread by allowing users to freely share content.
The amount of disseminated information and the rapidity of its
diffusion make it practically impossible to assess reliability
in a timely manner (Tachini, Ballarin, Della Vedova, Moret & de
Alfaro, 2017).
The impact of social websites can be good on students but
today it is ruining the future and carrier of students (Tariq,
Mehboob, Khan & Ullah, 2012).
According to Mcgrew, Ortega, Breakstone and Wineburg
(2017), the Internet dominates young people’s lives. Teenagers
spend nearly nine hours a day online. Today’s students are more
likely to learn about the world through social media than
through traditional sources like print newspapers. Thus, when it
comes to evaluating information that flows through social media
channels, they’re easily duped.

Factors Affecting Proliferation of Fake News on Social Media
According to Pazon (2018), sources of information, purpose,
relevance of the article, accuracy, precision, intended
receiver, social media user engagement and user characteristics
were assumed to be the factors in determining fake news.
According to Shao et al. (2017), social bots play a key
role in the spread of fake news. Accounts that actively spread
misinformation are significantly more likely to be bots.
Automated accounts are particularly active in the early
spreading phases of viral claims, and tend to target influential
users. Humans are vulnerable to this manipulation, retweeting
bots who post false news. Successful sources of false and biased
claims are heavily supported by social bots.
While Vosoughi, Roy and Aral (2018) stated that contrary to
conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and
false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads
more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely
to spread it.
In a study conducted by Pennycook, Cannon and Rand (2018),
they demonstrated one mechanism that contributes to the
believability of fake news: fluency via prior exposure. Using

actual fake-news headlines presented as they were seen on
Facebook, they showed that even a single exposure increases
subsequent perceptions of accuracy, both within the same session
and after a week. These results suggest that social media
platforms help to incubate belief in blatantly false news
stories.
New social technologies, which facilitate rapid information
sharing and large-scale information cascades, can enable the
spread of misinformation. (Vosoughi et al., 2018). Gelfert
(2018) argues that fake news should be reserved for cases of
deliberate presentation of false or misleading claims as news,
where these are misleading by design by which fake news
propagates and, thereby, manipulates the audience’s cognitive
processes.
According to Nelson & Taneja (2018), in light of the 2016
US election, many fear that “fake news” has become a force of
enormous reach and influence within the news media environment.
They revealed that fake news audience comprises a small,
disloyal group of heavy Internet users and social network sites
play an outsized role in generating traffic to fake news.
Socia Media Users’ Perception on Fake News
In a study conducted by Marchi (2012), the results reveal
changing ways in which news information is being accessed, new

attitudes about what it means to be informed, and a social media
user preference for opinionated rather than objective news. This
does not indicate that social media users disregard the basic
ideals of professional journalism but, rather, that they desire
more authentic renderings of them.

Newman et al. (2017) suggests that users feel the
combination of a lack of rules and viral algorithms are
encouraging low quality and ‘fake news’ to spread quickly.
Almost a 29% of their respondents say they often or sometimes
avoid the news. For many, this is because it can have a negative
effect on mood. For others, it is because they can’t rely on
news to be true.
According to Balmas (2014), there is indirect positive
effect of fake news viewing in fostering the feelings of
inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism, through the mediator
variable of perceived realism of fake news.
According to Nielsen and Graves (2017), most people
disagree as to which and very few sources are seen as reliable
by all. Fake news is only in part about fabricated news reports
narrowly defined, and much more about a wider discontent with
the information landscape— including news media and politicians
as well as platform companies. People feel much of the
information they come across, especially online, consists of
poor journalism, political propaganda, and misleading forms of
advertising and sponsored content.

According to Nielsen and Graves (2017), people see the
difference between fake news and news as one of degree rather
than a clear distinction and when asked to provide examples of
fake news, people identify poor journalism, propaganda and some
kinds of advertising more frequently than false information
designed to masquerade as news reports.
Impacts of Fake News
Over recent years, fake news and the effect of the social
media on users have become of increasing importance both in
academic and general discourse (Spohr, 2017).
Fake news results a backdrop of low trust in news media,
politicians, and platforms (Nielsen & Graves, 2017). Through
the spread of misinformation, the appropriation of cultural
iconography, and the willing engagement of mainstream media to
perpetuate partisan and polarizing information, the
proliferation of populist rhetoric, polarizing views, and
vitriolic opinions spread (Mihailidis & Viotty, 2017).
Fighting the Proliferation of Fake News

Filtering, vetting, and verifying online information
continues to be essential in library and information science, as
the lines between traditional news and online information are
blurring (Rubin, Chen & Conroy, 2015).

Classification of social media content is a fundamental
task for social media, however, for many emerging applications

like fake news and rumor detection, it is very challenging, if
not impossible, to identify useful features from content.
Intentional spreaders of fake news may manipulate the content to
make it look like real news (Wu & Liu, 2018).

Albright (2017) stated that fact-based evidence is not
relevant to a growing segment of the populace. Journalists need
facts to tell stories, but they need data to understand how to
engage audiences with this accurate information. The
implementation of data is part of the solution to countering the
erosion of trust and the decay of social discourse across
networked spaces. Rather than following “trends”, news
organizations should establish the groundwork to make facts
“matter” by shaping the narrative instead of following deceptive
statements.
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Research Paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Social networking sites Survey Impacts of
that are more questionnaire Fake News
susceptible to the from George among Social
proliferation of fake Mavridis’s Media Users of
news. “Fake news St. Paul
and Social University

 Individual behaviors
Media: How Philippines.
that determine whether
Greek users
the participants are
identify and
alert to the possibility
curb
of a news item being
misinformatio
distorted or fake.
n online”
 Impacts of fake news that will be used.
are generated and
distributed on social
media among the social
media users.
FEEDBACK
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
The paradigm shows how the researchers were guided in
conducting the study. The framework shows the input-process-
output model.

The input includes the Social networking sites that are
more susceptible to the proliferation of fake news, Individual
behaviors that determine whether the participants are alert to
the possibility of a news item being distorted or fake, and the
Impacts of fake news that are generated and distributed on
social media among the social media users.
The process includes the use of survey questions from
George Mavridis’s “Fake news and Social Media: How Greek users
identify and curb misinformation online” which was written in
2018.
The output is the determined impacts of fake news among
social media users of St. Paul University Philippines.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine the impacts of fake news among
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following:

1. What social networking sites are more susceptible to the
proliferation of fake news?

2. What individual behaviors determine whether the
participants are alert to the possibility of a news item
being distorted or fake?

3. What are the impacts of fake news that are generated and
distributed on social media among the social media
users?
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study will be beneficial to the
following:
To the Social Media Users. The study can enlighten the
social media users and can be an instrument to spread awareness
regarding the proliferation of fake news, its impacts, and the
possible solution to fight the proliferation of fake news.
To the Students. The study can enlighten the students by
providing them information about the impacts of fake news that

are disseminated on social media which can help them improve
their news literacy.
To the Faculty Members. The study can contribute to the
knowledge of the faculty members regarding the proliferation of
fake news, its perceived impacts, and the possible course of
actions.
To the Researchers. The result of the study will be
beneficial to the researchers in providing them knowledge and
understanding about the impacts of fake news among social media
users. The study can also increase their level of awareness on
the fake news that are being published online.
To the Future Researchers. The study will help the future
researchers in providing them information about the impacts of
fake news among social media users and by giving them knowledge
and understanding in order for them to have a basis when
conducting their research.

Scope and Delimitations
The study aims to determine the impacts of fake news among
The respondents of the study will be the the social media
users of Grade 11 Senior High School Set-A students of St. Paul
University Philippines (Academic Year 2018-2019).
The study will mainly identify the social networking sites
that are more susceptible to the proliferation of fake news, the

individual behaviors of social media users on fake news, and the
impacts of fake news among social media users.
The study will be conducted with limited amount of time and
financial resources.
Definition of Terms
For clearer understanding of the terms used in the study,
the following terms are defined operationally:
Fake News. It refers to the proliferation or spread of
fabricated information, rumors, misinformation and
disinformation encountered by social media users across online
social media.
Impacts. It refers to negative effects of fake news among
social media users.

Media Outlets. It refers to a publication that provides
either real news or fabricated news and feature different news
through traditional print, broadcast news media, and online
social media.
News consumption. It refers to sum of information and news
that are taken by the social media users.
News Literacy. It refers to the critical thinking skills
that help social media users to make accurate judgments
regarding the reliability and credibility of information
published online social media.
Proliferation. It refers to the rapid and wide spread of
fake news on online social media.
Social Media. It refers to the instrument of communication
that facilitates the spread of fake news online.
Susceptible. It refers to the vulnerability of social media
users towards fake news that are being published or disseminated
on social media.

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
The chapter presents the methodology and procedures that
will be used in the present study. It contains the research
design, respondents of the study, data gathering procedures
and data analysis.
Research Design
The research will utilize descriptive qualitative approach
which aims to describe the information from participants on a

specific topic or set of topics without influencing it in any
way. This study aims to determine the impacts of fake news among
Participants of the study
The researchers will use purposive sampling on the social
media users of Grade 11 STEM Senior High School Set-A students
of St. Paul University Philippines to identify the respondents
of the study.
Instrumentation
The researchers will use questionnaire type to gather
information on the Impacts of Fake News on Social Media Users
among the Grade 11 STEM Senior High School Set-A students of
St. Paul University Philippines. The study will use an adapted
questionnaire based on the study, “Fake news and Social Media:
How Greek users identify and curb misinformation online”, by
George Mavridis which was written in 2018.
Data Gathering Procedures
This study will use questionnaire as one of the key ways to
gather qualitative data for analysis. A letter of permission and
informed consent will be given to the respondents to seek their
approval before the conduct of the study and for the
distribution of the questionnaires to the participants.

The researchers, then, personally distributed the
questionnaires to target respondents to ensure more reliable and
valid response. Retrieval and collation were followed after the
distribution of the questionnaires. After the collection of data,
the researchers forwarded it to the researchers‘ adviser who
will compute for the result of the questionnaires.
The data obtained through the questionnaire will be
interpreted and analyzed using frequency count and percentage
which helps to specify the percentage of observations for each
data point or grouping of data points obtained from the
responses on the survey.
The frequency count and percentage will be used to
identify the impacts of fake news among social media users of
St. Paul University Philippines.

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Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Schudson, M. (2018).
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Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news
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Joseph, K., ... & Mattsson, C. (2017). Combating fake news:
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St.

Paul University Philippines

Impacts of Fake News among Social Media Users of St. Paul

Presented to the Faculty of the

Senior High School Set-A

St. Paul University Philippines

Dela Cruz, Roena K.

Dela Iglesia, Aries S.

Maggay, Maria Michaela T.

Rivera, Jen Nicca B.

Senior High School 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this current generation where technology and social

media has been widely used, it is easier to disseminate pieces

of information. In a survey published by Pulse Asia on September

access the internet for the purpose of checking their social

media account. Different social media platforms such as

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat etc., which facilitates

the spread of information makes it easier for netizens to read

and share articles. Thus, allowing both real and fake

The Philippines Star published that in October 2018 Pulse

news’ exists in the different social media platforms used by

the Filipinos. The themes of these ‘fake information’ could be

about class suspensions, bad effects of a product, surveys,

business, political and societal issues etc., which are

published to mislead the readers regarding certain issues or

created by trolls to fool the readers. Fake news, rumors,

misinformation and disinformation that spread online allow users

Senior High School 2

to question the credibility of the online social media pages and

Students and teenagers, who access the internet and use

social media platforms often, are more likely to be a victim of

fake news. A study conducted in Stanford History Education Group

(SHEG) states that young people becomes vulnerable and

because they are more fluent in social media. Additionally,

according to Anderson (2017), young people are more tech-savvy

than adults, but their ability in deciphering and

differentiating real news from fabricated news is questionable,

and they seemed to be confused like the rest of the society.

While news is constructed by journalists, it seems that fake

news is co-constructed by the audience, for its fakeness depends

a lot on whether the audience perceives the fake as real (Tandoc

Because of the emerging technology, anyone in the world can

be the source of news, people are inundated by information and

do not have time to separate facts from falsities, the huge

variety of news media in today’s culture means that people have

want to hear (Lombrozo, 2018). Today, in the era of social

media, fake news had greatly influence the operation of social

outlets, the notion of individuals in terms of articles that are

published, and even the response of the government towards the

proliferation of fake news (Munsayac, 2018).

The proliferation of fake news has been circulating in the

society for the past years. Specially with the prevalence of

social media usage, it is easier to click and share a post

without verifying the source, thus, making the spread of

fabricated information easy and fast-pacing. Fake news had raise

serious societal issues, global concern and threats not only on

the field of business and politics but also to educational

Thus, the study aims to determine the impacts of fake news

among social media users of St. Paul University Philippines.

Senior High School 4

Review of Related Literature

Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) defined “fake news” to be news

articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could