BUILDING SERVICES – II

UNIT-II

Fittings and Fixtures for domestic toilets

Fittings and Fixtures for domestic kitchens
Sanitary fittings, types of pipes and drains in different materials and usage.
Inspection and intercepting chambers and their details.
What are fittings?
Fittings basically include the range of components that are used to connect pipe
ends for in-line, multi-port, offset and mounting configurations.

Fitting cross sections are mostly, but not always, circular in shape to match with the
pipe section with which they are connected.

Pipes can be metallic or plastic and pipe fittings vary depending on the type of pipe
used.

Pipe fittings are used to:

extend or terminate pipe runs,
change a pipe's direction,
to connect two or more pipes and
to change the pipe size.
Application:

Pipe fittings are used with equal importance in pressurized applications and non-
pressure applications like drain, waste, and vent systems.

Pipes are primarily meant for transporting various solids and fluids, and hence, pipes
and pipe fittings are constructed from a wide range of materials.

In fact, the materials used for making pipe & pipe fittings depend much on their
application.
How are pipe fittings connected to pipes?

Pipe fittings are either male fittings or female fittings.

In threaded pipe fittings, female threads are on the inside

while male threads are on the outside.

Pipe fittings that have one female end and one male end are
called street fittings.

Pipe fittings are used to connect pipes or tubes in two ways:

By threading: Threaded pipes screw together to connect or

join. Generally metal pipes are threaded and they have
threaded fittings.

By slip fit: Slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another.
The plastic pipes are either threaded or slip fit.
Types of pipe fittings:
Depending on the purposes served, pipe fittings can be categorized as under:

Pipe fittings to extend or terminate pipe runs: For example, Couplings, Adapters,
Unions , Caps and Plugs Pipe.
Fittings to change a pipe's direction: For example , Elbows
Pipe fittings to connect two or more pipes: For example: Tees, Cross, Side-inlet
Elbows, Wyes
Pipe fittings to manage or regulate flow: For example, Valves
Pipe fitting tools: For example, Pipe fasteners
Pipe flanges
Pipe Coupling, Pipe adapters, Pipe Union
Couplings extend a run by joining two lengths of pipe. These fittings are also used to change
pipe size. They are known as reduced coupling if they are used to connect pipes of different
sizes.

Some of the materials used for making couplings are:

Brass
Aluminium
Cast Iron
Stainless Steel
Copper
Bronze etc.
Pipe elbow

When we talk about a pipe elbow, it means a length of pipe with a sharp bend in it.
A pipe elbow is a fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a
change of direction, usually in the 90° or 45° direction.
Pipe Tee, Pipe cross
Pipe Tee is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90° to the
connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. Tee is
used to connect pipelines with a pipe at a right angle with the line.
Pipe Wyes

Pipe wyes are used to allow one pipe to join another pipe at some degree or
angle. As the name suggests, the pipe wyes are Y-shaped pipe fitting devices.

Pipe wyes are similar to pipe tees. The only difference is in that the branch line is
angled to reduce friction which could hamper the flow. The pipe connection is
typically at a 45-degree angle rather than a usual 90-degree angle.
GI Plumbing Pipes
&
Fittings
PVC Plumbing Pipes
&
Fittings
CPVC Plumbing Pipes
&
Fittings
PPR Pipes
 Parameters GI Pipes PVC Pipes CPVC Pipes
Chlorinated Poly Vinyl
Full Form Galvanised Iron Poly Vinly Chloride
Chloride
IS Code IS 1239:2004 IS 4985:2000 IS 15778
Chlorine/ Ethylene/ Chlorine/ Ethylene/
Composition Iron/ Zinc Color Pigments/ Color Pigments/
Additives Additives
Only for Cold Water Supply /
Can be used for Hot water Only for Cold Water Both Hot & Cold Water
Hot Water Lines
supply with woolen insulation Supply Supply
around the pipe
Used for water supply/
Used for water supply Used for water supply/
Uses especially for underground
and drain pipes Hot water supply pipes
water supplying piping
Durability Very Good Good Good
Bendability No No No
Yes/ Chlorination process
makes the CPCV pipes Fire
Fire Resistance Yes No
Retardant upto 220
Degrees Fahrenheit
 Parameters GI Pipes PVC Pipes CPVC Pipes
Time consuming and Easily done through cold Easily done through cold
Installation requires more man hours welding and saves man welding and saves man
than CPVC / PVC hours hours
Corrosion Resistance No Yes Yes
Interior Pipe Smoothness Smooth Smooth Very Smooth
Chlorine Resistance Reactive to Chlorine Reactive to Chlorine Uneffected by Chlorine
Bacterial Growth More than PVC Lower than GI Lower than PVC
20/ 25/
Thicknesses Available
32/40/50/63/75/90/110/ 15/ 20/ 25/ 32/ 40/ 50 20/25/32/40/50
(mm)
140/160Upto 450mm
Pipe Length (Meters) 3 Meters 3 Meters/6 Meters 3 Meters/5 Meters
Costly Compared to PVC /
Cost Lesser than GI Lesser than PVC
CPVC
Class A (Low) / Class
Types of Pipe Quality Class 1/ Class 2/ Class3/ Class 1 SDR 11/ Class 2
B(Medium) / Class C
(Gauge) Class5 SDR 13.5
(Heavy)
Ductility Poor Good Very Good
Possibility of developing Absence of scaling/ Absence of scaling/
Full Bore Flow scales/ pitting can restrict pitting leads to full bore pitting leads to full bore
the full bore flow flow flow
Spigot and socket joint

The joint is also called bell

and spigot joint.

The enlarged end is called

‘socket’ or ‘bell’ whereas
the normal end is called
spigot.

The joint is made by

caulking in spun yarn (jute)
and then filling the
remainder of the joint space
by molten lead and then
thoroughly caulking the
lead. The molten lead
solidifies quickly and makes
the joint water tight.
Flanged Joint

A flange can be a plate or ring to form a rim at the

end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe.

A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the

connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts
are bolted together.

These joints are used where pipe-joints have to

occasionally opened out for carrying out repair
work.
Valves
In process operations, fluids and their movement and transfer from place to
place, plays a large part in the process. Fluids are contained in various types of
vessels and are transported in pipelines. In order to Start or Stop fluid flow, to
Control flow and to Prevent Back-flow, various types of valves are installed in the
piping. To prevent over-pressure in piping and vessels, we use Safety Relief
valves and, to isolate equipment for maintenance etc, Block valves are installed.

Valves are used for the following purposes :

a. To start and stop flow of fluids

b. To regulate, control fluid flow or pressure
c. To prevent back-flow
d. To relieve excess pressure / vacuum
Gate valve, sluice
valve & Stop valve

This is the most

common type of valve
iand is used to start or
stop the flow of fluids.

The gate valve must be

either fully closed or
fully open and never
used to control flow.

The valve consists of a

body which houses the
valve mechanism - the
stem (or spindle), the
disc(s) (or gate), and the
disc and body seats.
Check or Non-Return
valves (NRV's)

These valves will allow fluid

flow in one direction only.
Their purpose is to prevent
backflow - for example -in
pump discharge lines and
where back-flow is
undesirable.

When flow stops, the weight of the piston, ball or

flapper closes the valve. If the pressure
downstream of the valve, is higher than the
upstream side, the valve will close more firmly and
back-flow cannot occur.

There are two main types of check valve :

the 'lift' type. (spring loaded 'ball' & 'piston' types).
the 'swing' (or flapper type).
THE GLOBE VALVE

The Globe valve is used where

control of fluid flow or pressure is
required and it can be operated in
any position between open and
closed.
THE NEEDLE VALVE

This is simply a variation of

the Globe valve and, as its
name implies consists of a
narrow, tapered plug and
port arrangement. The
needle valve is, in itself,
small in size and is used for
very fine and normally
manual, control of fluid
flow.