DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

-Consists of complex interconnected pipes, service reservoirs and/or pumps which delivers
water from treatment plant to the consumer

Design to adequately satisfy the requirements for combination of the following demands
 Domestic
 Commercial
 Industrial
 Fire fighting
COMPONENTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTE
 Storage tanks
 Pipes
 Valves
 Hydrant

Layout of Distribution Network

-the distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and such as their
layouts generally follow the layouts of roads.
Types of Pipe Networks

1. Dead End System (Tree System)

-It is the system in which each street or block is supplied separately from the main. So
there is end of system at each end of the block.
Advantages
 Cheap
 System is easy to design and simple
Disadvantages
 Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes.

2. Grid Iron System (Reticulation or Interlaced System)

-suitable for cities with rectangular layout where the water mains and branches are laid
in rectangles.
Advantages:
 Water will flow continuously
 Head loss is minimum
 Large of quantity of water available for firefighting
 Repair works can be easily done
Disadvantages:
 the pipes should be of large diameters and longer lengths
 design is difficult
 Skilled workers are necessary while laying pipes
 More number of cutoff valves are necessary
3. Ring System (Circular System)
-the supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub mains branch out from the
mains.

Same advantages and disadvantages to Grid Iron System.

 Main Pipe is much larger than Grid Iron System

4. Radial System
-the area is divided into different zones
-the water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle of each zone.
-the supply pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery.
Advantages:
 The water distributed with high velocity and high pressure
 Head loss is very small

Disadvantages:
-very costly

Pipe Network Analysis

Involves the determination of the:
 Pipe flow rates
 Pressure heads
Methods of Pipe Network Analysis

1. Hardy Cross Method

-an iterative method for determining the flow in closed loop pipe network system where the
inputs and outputs are known, but the flow inside the network is unknown.

2. Newton-Raphson Method
-A powerful numerical method solving systems of nonlinear equation

Methods of water distribution:

-for efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at various points.
-depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and other local conditions
the water may be forced into distribution system by following ways:
1. Gravity System
-suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height
-most reliable and economical distribution system
-the water head available at the consumer is just minimum required.
-the remaining head is consumed in the frictional and other losses.

2. Pumping System
-treated water is directly pumped in to the distribution main without storing
-also called pumping without storage system.
-This method is not generally used.
3. Combined gravity and pumping system
-most common system
-Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir then supplies
to consumer by action of gravity
-the excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied
during high demand period.
-Economical, efficient and reliable system
Distribution Reservoirs
-are also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which store the treated
water for supplying water during emergencies (such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and
also to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.
-absorb the hourly variations in demand
Types of Reservoirs
• Surface reservoirs- also called underground reservoir
-these reservoirs are constructed on high natural grounds and are usually made of
stones, bricks, plain or reinforced cement concrete.
-the side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the reservoir is
full and the earth pressure when it is empty.
• Elevated Storage reservoirs
-Also referred to as Overhead tanks are required at distribution areas which are not
governed and controlled by gravity system of distribution
-they are constructed where combine gravity and pumping system of water distribution is
adopted.
TYPES OF TANKS
 Reinforced cement concrete tanks
 Galvanized iron tanks
 H.D.P.E. tanks

STORAGE CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR

 Balancing storage
 Breakdown storage
 Fire storage

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WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Group 4
Alulod Camela Diana
Enriquez Feena
Morota Reeve Adam
Nalica Christine Mae