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Type-1 fuzzy set I, is an ordinary fuzzy set that can be (1) Read the two input registered images I1 and I 2 .
represented in a finite set Y y1 , y2 , y3 ,..., yn (2) The two images are fuzzified using the equation [16]
mathematically as R Rmin
I ( R) (7)
Rmax Rmin
I ( y, I ( y)) | y Y (1)
Where R defines the gray level of the image that
Where the function I ( y) : Y [0, 1] measures the degree
ranges from 0 to L 1 ( L is the maximum gray level
of belongingness or the membership function of an value). Rmin , Rmax represents the minimum and
element y in the finite set Y and the measure of non-
maximum gray level values of the images
belongingness or non-membership function is 1 I ( y) .
respectively. The function I (R) measures the degree
Atanassov introduced a new fuzzy set called intuitionistic
of membership function.
fuzzy set which takes both membership function ( y ) and (3) The upper and lower membership values for both
non-membership function v ( y ) into consideration holding input images are computed using the below equations
I ( y) [0, 1], v I ( y) [0, 1] . An intuitionistic fuzzy set I
in a finite set Y holding the condition 0 I ( y) vI ( y) 1 upper ( R) [ I ( R)]0.5
(8)
is mathematically represented as lower ( R ) [ I ( R )]1 / 0.5
I ( y, I ( y), v I ( y)) | y Y (2) Where I (R) represents the fuzzified input image.
(4) Find fuzzified Type-2 fuzzy set images for the two
Atanassov also introduced a new parameter I ( y ) called input images by using below equations and denote as
intuitionistic fuzzy index or hesitation degree which I Y 1 and I Y 2
arises due to lack of knowledge or personal error in
assigning the membership degree. An IFS I in a finite set
Y with the condition I ( y) I ( y) v I ( y) 1 , and
I Y1 I1 , 1upper ( R), 1lower ( R) (9)
(7) The fused image FI Type2 is obtained based on DM boundaries are common in medical images. Type-2 fuzzy
and is finally defuzzified to get a crisp image using sets are well suited for such imprecise information.
defuzzification equation
I ' (i, j ) (l max l min ) FI Type2 (i, j ) l min (23)
Where l min and l max in the above equation represent the
lowest and extreme gray level values of the fused
(a) (b) (c) (d)
image FI Type2 .
4 Experimental Results
Experiments on two different modality images are
performed in this work and all the source images are (g)
(e) (f) (h)
assumed to be properly registered. The first example Figure 1. Fusion results for CT and MRI images. (a) CT image
which is shown in figure 1 deals with CT and MRI (b) MRI image (c) Fused image by non-fuzzy (d) Fused image
images [17]. Fusing these images provides abundant by Type-1 fuzzy set (e) Fused image by IFS (f) Fused image by
information regarding bones, hard and soft tissues YIFS (g) Fused image by SIFS (h) Fused image by Type-2 fuzzy
information in a single image which helps in better
diagnosis of a disease. Figure 1(h) is the fusion result of a
proposed method which visually proves that the fused
image is of high contrast and luminance than the fused
images of other methods such as non-fuzzy, Type-1 fuzzy
and intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Further comparison of (a) (b) (c) (d)
results is performed using different objective criteria [18]
and the results are listed in Table 1.
The second example deals with T1 weighted MR image
and MRA image with some illness as white structures in
the image shown in figure 2. Fusing these two images (e) (f) (g) (h)
provides soft tissues information with abnormalities in a Figure 2. Fusion results for T1-weighted MR and MRA images.
more clear way with high spatial resolution. Figure 2(h) (a) T1-MR image (b) MRA image (c) Fused image by non-fuzzy
gives the fused image for the proposed method. Table 1 (d) Fused image by Type-1 fuzzy set (e) Fused image by IFS (f)
gives the further comparison of results in terms of Fused image by YIFS (g) Fused image by SIFS (h) Fused image
objective criteria. The third example deals with MRI and by Type-2 fuzzy
PET images shown in figure 3 and these images are taken
from Harvard University website [19]. Here, MRI image
is registered to corresponding PET image and both
images are gray colored. Fusion of these two images
gives anatomy of brain tissues and functional information
(a) (b) (c) (d)
of the brain with high spatial resolution and no spatial
distortion in a single image. Figure 3(h) shows the fused
image for the proposed method. Table 1 briefs the
objective criteria for MRI and PET medical data set.
The fourth set of images are MRI and SPECT brain
tumor images of size 256 x 256 taken from Harvard (e) (f) (g) (h)
University website [19] and are shown in figure 4 for Figure 3. Fusion results for MRI and PET images having Mild
evaluation of different fusion algorithms. Fusing the two Alzheimer’s disease. (a) MRI image (b) PET image (c) Fused
images, we get anatomical information and functional image by non-fuzzy (d) Fused image by Type-1 fuzzy set (e)
knowledge of the human brain in a single image. Figure Fused image by IFS (f) Fused image by YIFS (g) Fused image
4(h) shows the fused image by the proposed method and by SIFS (h) Fused image by Type-2 fuzzy
tumor is clearly enhanced when compared with other
methods, it is also compared in terms of fusion metrics in
Table 1.
5 Conclusion
(a) (b) (c) (d)
This paper presents a new method for fusing multimodal
medical images using Type-2 fuzzy sets. The proposed
algorithm is tested on several pairs of medical images. It
is found that the proposed method gives better results
visually and quantitatively with high contrast and
luminance. Improvement in the quality of the fused image (e) (f) (g) (h)
may be attributed to the fuzziness of the membership Figure 4. Fusion results for MRI and SPECT images having
function itself in Type-2 fuzzy sets. Medical images are Mild Alzheimer’s disease. (a) MRI image (b) SPECT image (c)
usually of low contrast. Vague regions and imprecise Fused image by non-fuzzy (d) Fused image by Type-1 fuzzy set
(e) Fused image by IFS (f) Fused image by YIFS (g) Fused
image by SIFS (h) Fused image by Type-2 fuzzy
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