Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
Reference:
Geankoplis, C.J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
B, Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N. (2007). Transport
Phenomena, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Outline
Shell Balances
Examples
Heat conduction with an electrical heat source
Heat conduction with a nuclear heat source
Heat conduction with a viscous heat source
Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances For steady-state systems,
Examples
Energy
Generation
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Examples (solid cylinder)
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Examples (solid cylinder)
1. k and Se are constant &
uniform.
2. No convective terms.
3. The surface of the wire is
maintained at T0.
4. Heat flux is finite at the center.
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
We are left with:
𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
+ 𝑆𝑒 = 0
𝑟∆𝑟
𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
= −𝑆𝑒 𝑟
∆𝑟
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Taking the limit as Dr approaches zero:
𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
lim = −𝑆𝑒 𝑟
∆𝑟→0 ∆𝑟
We then have:
𝑑
− 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 = −𝑆𝑒 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Integrating:
𝑆𝑒 𝑟 𝑐1
𝑞𝑟 = +
2 𝑟
Therefore,
𝑆𝑒 𝑟
𝑞𝑟 = This is the heat flux distribution!
2
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
From Fourier’s Law:
𝑑𝑇 𝑆𝑒 𝑟
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 =
𝑑𝑟 2
Integrating with respect to r (and assuming k is constant):
𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = + 𝑐2
4
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Applying the other boundary condition:
BC2: at r = R, T = To
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑐2
4
Rearranging:
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑐2 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇𝑜 −
4
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Substitution into the particular solution:
𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑇𝑜 −
4 4
Rearranging:
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 = 1− This is our temperature profile!
4𝑘 𝑅
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 = 1−
4𝑘 𝑅
Important Note
𝐼2 𝐸
𝑆𝑒 = 𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑘𝑒 𝐿
I = current density 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝐸 2 𝑅2 𝑘𝑒
=
4𝑘 4𝐿2 𝑘
E = voltage drop over a length
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Maximum temperature rise (at r = 0)
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜 =
4𝑘
Average temperature rise
2𝜋 𝑅
0 0
𝑇 𝑟 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
< 𝑇 > −𝑇𝑜 = 2𝜋 𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 8𝑘
0 0
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
𝑆𝑒 𝑅
𝑄 = 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 2𝜋𝑅𝐿 = ∙ 2𝜋𝑅𝐿 = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿 ∙ 𝑆𝑒
2
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
The stress profile versus the temperature profile:
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
Examples
Consider a spherical nuclear fuel assembly (solid
sphere): 𝑆𝑛 = volumetric heat
rate of production within the
fissionable material only
(𝐹) (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
(𝐶) (𝐶)
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 =0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
For the fissionable material, the shell balance gives:
(𝐹) (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
2 (𝐹) 2 (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
𝐹 𝐹
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛
=0
4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟
𝐹 𝐹
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
= −𝑆𝑛
𝑟 2 ∆𝑟
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
𝐹 𝐹
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
= −𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2
∆𝑟
Taking the limit as Dr approaches zero:
𝐹 𝐹
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
lim = −𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2
∆𝑟→0 ∆𝑟
𝑑 2 (𝐹)
𝑟 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
Substituting the function for the source:
𝑑 2 (𝐹) 𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 1 + 𝑏 𝑟2
𝑑𝑟 𝑅𝐹
Integrating:
(𝐹) 𝑏
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 𝑟2 + 2 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟
𝑅 𝐹
Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
For the fissionable material:
(𝐹) (𝐶) 1 𝑏 𝐹 3
𝐶1 =0 𝐶1 = 𝑆𝑛0 + 𝑅
3 5
Integrating: Integrating:
1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝐻 𝒗 + [𝝉 ∙ 𝒗] + 𝒒
2
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Shell Balances Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
Examples
𝑣𝑧 𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑣𝑏
𝑏
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
We now make the shell balance:
Rate of Rate of
- =0
Energy IN Energy OUT
𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙 − 𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙 =0
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
We then divide the equation by the volume of the shell, ADx:
𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙 − 𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
=0
𝑊𝐿∆𝑥
𝒆𝒙 𝑥+∆𝑥− 𝒆𝒙 𝑥
=0
∆𝑥
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
Taking the limit as Δx approach 0
𝒆𝒙 𝑥+∆𝑥− 𝒆𝒙 𝑥
lim =0
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝒆𝒙
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝒆𝒙 = 𝐶1
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
And plugging in Newton’s Law and Fourier’s Law
1 2
𝒆𝒙 = 𝐶1 where 𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝐻 𝒗 + [𝝉 ∙ 𝒗] + 𝒒
2
𝑑𝑇
Fourier’s Law: 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑧
Newton’s Law: 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑣𝑧 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
We then substitute the velocity profile
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑣𝑧 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑣𝑏 2
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑏
Integrating:
𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝐶1
𝑇=− − 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑘
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
Applying the boundary conditions gives
𝑇 − 𝑇0 1 𝜇𝑣𝑏2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 1− +
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 2 𝑘 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
The rate of energy addition per unit volume
𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑊𝐿 𝑣𝑏
𝑆𝑣 = −
𝑊𝐿𝑏
𝑣𝑏 2
𝑆𝑣 = 𝜇
𝑏
Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
Scenarios when viscous heating is significant: