In the American Colonial and Contemporary Period, the Philippine architecture

adopted the modern Western architectural style while taking into consideration the

physical and socio cultural situation of the country. The Philippine architecture was

characterized as sim rational, and functional. In the early 20t century the young Filipinos who studied in
American universities and institutes

went back to the country and

brought changes in the Philippine architecture. Among them were Juan Arellano, Carlos Barreto, and
Antonio Toledo. These Filipinos introduced the neoclassic style in building structures. They tend to
revive the classic architecture. One of the structures built during this period was the Metropolitan
Theater. Arellano designed the theater and experimented with romanticism. Decorative motifs
incorporating native plants and variety of colors were employed in the building.

It was also in the early 20th century when the "tsalet" was developed. It is a type of house

on stilts with a front porch made of wood and concrete. Also, it was during this time when

steel was used in buildings as protection for calamities like earthquakes. The succeeding

generations of architects changed path and deviated from the traditional architectural style. These
architects introduced new architectural design. Different business emerged at that

time, and there had been a growing demand for commercial buildings.

It was after the World War I when the architecture in the country departed from the

native tradition. Real estate development started to take place, and two-story houses were

introduced. Filipino houses were Americanized. Urban housing, multi-story tenements,

and government housing projects emerged due to the increasing population and decreasing land
availability. Because government housing cannot accommodate all those who are

needing low-cost housing, slums and shanties started to proliferate. On the other hand.

those houses owned by the upper class were characterized as huge with large front garden.

Condominiums also emerged.

Starting from the Marcos era, there had been constructions of expressways, co

centers, hospitals, hotels, malls, high-rise buildings, amusement centers, etc. All these

comes with technological advancements like escalators, elevators, air-conditioning system,

computers, etc.

In the regional set up, residential houses, churches, public markets, business space tend to

imitate the architectural styles in the urban. Also, eco-cultural tourism was introduced.

Theme parks and resorts were developed in tourist spots like Palawan, Davao, Bohol, Batangas, etc.
Given cultural heritage preservation, heritage towns like Vigan, Intramuros,

Dapitan, etc. were given attention.

FILM

The film industry in the Philippines started in 1897 through the initiatives of foreign

businessmen. Swiss entrepreneurs were the first to feature film shows in Manila. The film

became popular in 1912 when foreigners Edward Gross and Harry Brown produced the

film about the life of Dr. Jose Rizal. This started filmmaking in the country. The first

Filipino, who produced a film and is also tagged as the "Father of Philippine Movies,

Jose Nepomuceno. His work was entitled 'Dalagang Bukid". Philippine film during the

early times was greatly influenced by Hollywood since the local directors set Hollywood

movies as their model, However, the Filipino producers still cannot level with the quality
of American movies due to outdated technology and limited budget. The only edge of the

Philippine movies during those times was that the local films portrayed the lives of the

Filipinos and used tagalog as its language. The use of Tagalog garnered more audience

since the majority of the Filipinos cannot understand English during those times. The different theater
forms like the sarswela. sinakulo, and komedya influenced the succeeding film productions. There were
films produced which were closely related to the mentioned theater forms. Philippine literature was
also another source of movie themes There were film adaptations of the works ofFrancisco Baltazar's
Florante at Laura and Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Other literary sources like
novels and folklores inspired filmmaking. Due to the boost of the film in the Philippines, film companies
were established like the Filippine Films, Parlatone Hispano-Filipino, Excelsior Pictures, Sampaguita

In 1942 movie production stopped and the Filipinos went back to watching and producing

stage shows. Movie production resumed after the war. Films produced after the war con-

tained war stories and heroism like Garrison 13 and Dugo ng Bayan. Philippine started to

regain rength and flourished during the 1950s. Four film studios became prominent and

considered as the Big Four. These are LVN.Sampaguita, Lebran, and Premiere. Film

awards were also instituted like the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences

(FAMAS) and Maria Clara Awards. Moreover, Filipino movies, directors and producers

started to be recognized not just locally but internationally like "Ifugao" of Gerardo De

Leon, and'Anak Dalita" of Lamberto Avellana.In the succeeding periods, there had been a

decline of studios. Independent producers dominated film industry.

Sex films started to enter the movie industry. Fan movies whose target audience were the avid fans of
the stars

also entered the scene. Slapstick comedies and action movies also became popular.

During Marcos regime, the government regulated filmmaking. With the establishment of

the Board of Censorship Motion Pictures (BCMP), film scripts had to be submitted prior

production. In this way, the content of the film was given attention. During also the Mar

cos era, new young directors rose who started the so-Called new cinema. Three of these

directors were Lino Brocka, Celso Ad. and Ishmael Bernal. The movies under new cinema
revolved around the themes on nationhood, love in a hostile setting and social issues. More

filmmakers made a name in the film industry afterward like Marilou Diaz-Abaya, Mike de

Leon, Laurice Guillen, Maria OHara, and Mel Chionglo.

Apart from the mainstream movie industry, there are also other filmmakers producing

alternative cinema or independent films. These filmmakers produced movies through

lightweight technologies. Their usual screening venues are schools, international film fes-

tivals, and outreach programs. One of the known independent tilm directors is Kidlat Ta-

himik.

In the contemporary period, Philippine film revolved around a variety of subjects and

themes like martyr wife, superhero, action, melodramas, comedies, etc. Among all the art

forms, the film has the largest audience.

In the regional setting, through CCP's Coordinating Center for Film, educational and out-

reach programs which promote quality film and conducts film training courses has been

established,