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Machines
Alternating-Current Motors
ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS
In our present day and age, most of the power generating systems produces AC
different sizes, shapes, and ratings for many different types of jobs. These motors are
SINGLE-PHASE AC MOTORS
a. Capacitor-Start Motor
3. Universal Motor
4. Shaded-Pole Motor
require a small inexpensive motor are the split-phase and capacitor type motors.
MAIN PARTS
1. ROTOR
o It is the rotating part of the
motor
Elements:
called laminations.
mechanical energy is
transferred.
Elements:
closed slots.
provide torque
stator.
operation.
reached a pre-determined
speed.
Elements:
mechanism.
start winding.
Types:
capacitor.
capacitor.
to south poles.
conductors
conductors
A rotating magnetic field is probably most easily seen in a two-phase stator. The
stator of a two-phase induction motor is made up of two windings (or a multiple of two).
They are placed at right angles to each other around the stator.
If the voltages applied to phases 1-1A and 2-2A are 90° out of phase, the currents
that flow in the phases are displaced from each other by 90°. Since the magnetic fields
generated in the coils are in phase with their respective currents, the magnetic fields
are also 90° out of phase with each other. These two out-of-phase magnetic fields,
whose coil axes are at right angles to each other, add together at every instant during
AC.
The arrow represents the rotor. For each point set up on the voltage chart,
consider that current flows in a direction that will cause the magnetic polarity indicated
at each pole piece. Note that from one point to the next, the polarities are rotating
from one pole to the next in a clockwise manner. One complete cycle of input voltage
The waveforms are of the two input phases, displaced 90° because of the way
match their associated phase. Although not shown in this figure, the windings for the
(because the phase voltage is at maximum). The current flow and magnetic field
in winding 2-2A is zero (because the phase voltage is zero). The resultant
b. At position 2 (the 45-degree point), the resultant magnetic field lies midway
between windings 1-1A and 2-2A. The coil currents and magnetic fields are equal
in strength.
c. At position 3 (90°), the magnetic field in winding 1-1A is zero. The magnetic field in
d. Now the resultant magnetic field lies along the axis of the 2-2A winding as shown.
The resultant magnetic field has rotated clockwise through 90° to get from
position 1 to position 3. When the two-phase voltages have completed one full
cycle (position 9), the resultant magnetic field has rotated through 360°.
e. Thus, by placing two windings at right angles to each other and exciting these
windings with voltages 90° out of phase, a rotating magnetic field results.
splits the single-phase current into what appears to be a two-phase current; this is
where the motor took its name from. The two phases produces a rotating magnetic
field.
o The Single-Phase current is split by two windings, the main or running winding and the
auxiliary of the starting winding, the starting winding which is displaced in the stator
by 90 electrical degrees from the running winding. The starting winding is connected
windings and the physical displacement of the windings. The starting winding
contains comparatively few turns of small wire. Few turns means reduced inductive
reactance and the small wire means increased resistance to limit current flow. Thus
limited current flow and few turns reduce inductive reactance in the starting winding
o The running winding contains a comparatively large number of turns of large size
o As stated earlier, the development of the rotating magnetic field needs that the
current producing the magnetic field be displaced from one another to provide
placement of the coils are displaced by 90 mechanical degrees, This in turn provides
the displacement of the current on the running winding and starting winding
The Start current leads the Run current by 30-50 electrical degrees.
much lower.
maximum.
speed (the speed at which the stator field rotates) is determined by the frequency of
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
o It is the speed of stator field rotation. It is determined by the number of poles and the
frequency of the input voltage. Thus, for a given motor, synchronous speed is
constant.
o The definition tells us that; the greater the number of poles, the slower the
synchronous speed and the higher the frequency of applied voltage, the higher the
synchronous speed. Remember, however, that neither the frequency nor the
numbers of poles are variables. They are both fixed by the manufacturer.
Where:
120 f
SS = SS o Synchronous speed in rpm
P F o Frequency of the applied voltage
in hertz
P o Number of poles in the stator
o Let's use an example of a 4-pole motor, built to operate on 60 hertz. The synchronous
SLIP
o It is the difference between actual rotor speed and the synchronous speed in
induction motors. Slip must exist for there to be torque at the rotor shaft.
o There must be a relative difference in speed between the rotor and the rotating
magnetic field. If the rotor and the rotating magnetic field were turning at the same
speed no relative motion would exist between the two, therefore no lines of flux
o Slip is dependent on load. An increase in load will cause the rotor to slow down or
increase slip. A decrease in load will cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip.
Slip is expressed as percentage and can be determined with the following formula.
Where:
RPM. If the rotor speed at full load is 1765 RPM, then slip is 1.9%.
Slip (%) =
1,800 - 1,765 X 100
1,800
NAMEPLATE
horsepower AC motor. Specifications are given for the load and operating
motor is designed for use on 460 VAC systems. Full-load current for this motor is 34.9
amps.
RPM
o Base speed is the nameplate speed, given in RPM, where the motor develops rated
output shaft will turn the connected equipment when fully loaded with proper
o The base speed of this motor is 1765 RPM at 60 Hz. It is known that the synchronous
speed of a 4-pole motor is 1800 RPM. When fully loaded there will be 1.9% slip. If the
connected equipment is operating at less than full load, the output speed (RPM) will
factor of 1.0. This means the motor can operate at 100% of its rated horsepower.
Some applications may require a motor to exceed the rated horsepower. In these
o The service factor is a multiplier that may be applied to the rated power. A 1.15
service factor motor can be operated 15% higher than the motor’s nameplate
horsepower. The 30 HP motor with a 1.15 service factor, for example can be
operated at 34.5 HP. It should be noted that any motor operating continuously at a
service factor greater than 1 will have a reduced life expectancy compared to
CLASS INSULATION
environments. The four insulation classes are A, B, F, and H. Class F is commonly used.
o Class A is seldom used. Before a motor is started, its windings are at the temperature
of the surrounding air. This is known as ambient temperature. NEMA has standardized
on an ambient temperature of 40° C, or 104° F within a defined altitude range for all
motor classes.
o Temperature will rise in the motor as soon as it is started. Each insulation class has a
motor with Class F insulation, for example, has a maximum temperature rise of 105° C
when operated at a 1.0 service factor. The maximum winding temperature is 145° C
(40° ambient plus 105° rise). A margin is allowed to provide for a point at the center
life. Operating a motor above the limits of the insulation class reduces the motor’s life
MOTOR DESIGN
for motor construction and performance. NEMA design B motors are most commonly
used.
EFFICIENCY
o The higher the percentage the more efficiently the motor converts the incoming
would consume less energy than a 30 HP motor with an efficiency rating of 83%. This
can mean a significant savings in energy cost. Lower operating temperature, longer
life, and lower noise levels are typical benefits of high efficiency motors.
Note 1: The centrifugal switch can either be connected in series with the start winding
terminals. It will have the terminal marking of the lead that it is connected
with.
Note 2: The centrifugal switch is always connected in series with the start winding.
Note 3: The centrifugal switches can either connected internally (inside the motor) or
o A capacitor-start motor has the same parts and connections as the split-phase
o In comparison, the run windings of both motors of the same horse power ratings are
identical. They only differ on the size of wire and number of turns on the start
winding.
NOTE: All motors can be reconnected to reverse its rotation. This only means that, it
depends whether the terminal leads are accessible for reconnection without
NON-REVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE
reconnection outside of
the motor.
FORWARD REVERSE
winding
(CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR)
2. The capacitor and start winding is 2. The capacitor and start winding is
disconnected from the line after the always connected to the line.
type and value may range from 100 and value may range from 1 - 30 μF.
– 500 μF.
rotation.
winding.
reversible type.
FORWARD REVERSE
SINGLE-VOLTAGE
DUAL-VOLTAGE
o The connections for a
centrifugal switch is
starting capacitor
o The construction of the AC series motor differs slightly from the dc series motor.
Special metals, laminations, and windings are used. They reduce losses caused by
eddy currents, hysteresis, and high reactance. DC power can be used to drive an
a. The field poles are connected in series with the armature and are made up of
e. Series motors are used for driving fans, electric drills, and other small appliances.
g. To reverse the rotation, interchange the connections of either the armature leads
o Since the series ac motor has the same general characteristics as the series dc
motor, a series motor has been designed that can operate both on AC and DC. This
AC/DC motor is called a universal motor. It finds wide use in small electric
series motor. They are built in small sizes only. Universal motors do not operate on
poly-phase AC power.
o It uses a unique method to start the rotor turning. The effect of a moving magnetic
field is produced by constructing the stator in a special way. This motor has
projecting pole pieces just like some dc motors. In addition, portions of the pole
o To reverse the rotation of a shaded pole motor, disassemble the motor and
reverse the position of the whole stator so that the position of the shading coil is
o It is noted that the direction of the rotor is from the un-shaded area towards the
OPERATION:
o As the alternating stator field starts increasing from zero, the lines of force expand
across the face of the pole piece and cut through the strap. A voltage is induced in
the strap. The current that results generates a field that opposes the cutting action
o As the field increases from zero to a maximum at 90°, a large portion of the
magnetic lines of force are concentrated in the un-shaded portion of the pole.
o At 90° the field reaches its maximum value. Since the lines of force have stopped
generated. As a result, the main field is uniformly distributed across the pole
generated in the strap opposes the collapsing field. The effect is to concentrate the
o You can see that from 0° to 180°, the main field has shifted across the pole face from
o The motion of the field back and forth between shaded and un-shaded portions
produces a weak torque to start the motor. Because of the weak starting torque,
shaded-pole motors are built only in small sizes. They drive such devices as fans,
o Poly-phase induction motors have two (2) windings, one on the stationary part of the
machine or the stator, and one on the revolving part called the rotor.
o The stator winding is embedded in slots in the inner surface of the frame of the
generator.
bars embedded in the laminated iron core of the rotor and connected together at
each end by a copper or aluminum rings. The rotor winding thus forms a complete
circuit in itself.
o The rotor winding of a wound rotor machine is similar to the armature winding of a
revolving armature type of AC generator. The free ends are connected either
magnetic field. The figure below shows the individual windings for each phase and
how the three phases are tied together in a Y-connected stator. The dot in each
diagram indicates the common point of the Y-connection. You can see that the
individual phase windings are equally spaced around the stator. This places the
o At point 1, the magnetic field in coils 1-1A is at maximum with polarities as shown. At
the same time, negative voltages are being felt in the 2-2A and 3-3A windings. These
create weaker magnetic fields, which tend to aid the 1-1A field.
o At point 2, maximum negative voltage is being felt in the 3-3A windings. This creates
a strong magnetic field which, in turn, is aided by the weaker fields in 1-1A and 2-2A.
As each point on the voltage graph is analyzed, it can be seen that the resultant
o When the three-phase voltage completes one full cycle (point 7), the magnetic field
o Three-phase squirrel cage-cage motors are the most commonly used motors for
industrial applications. This is especially true for motors rated 5 hp and higher and
voltage over 200-V. The construction of the rotor is essentially that of the single-phase
squirrel-cage motor.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 36
o Three-phase motors, however, are self-starting and therefore require no starting
windings, capacitors or other separate starting methods. This simplicity in design, the
maintenance requirements are some of the reasons for this motors popularity.
o One of the drawbacks of this type of motor in the past was the difficultly in
controlling its speed. Modern solid state devices, however, are able to provide
effective accurate speed control by varying the voltage and frequency applied to
the motors.
o Squirrel-cage motors have good speed regulation and therefore are considered
constant-speed motors. However, speed does vary with load, and if zero percent
o The stator winding of squirrel-cage motor is its only winding. It serves as the primary of
the rotor. The magnetic poles produced by the rotor current and the magnetic poles
of the stator interact to produce the motor’s torque. To maintain its torque
phase motor with an insulated winding on the rotor. This winding, known as the
secondary winding, with the same number of poles as the stator, is wound lap or
wave and connected as either a wye or delta three-phase winding, the three
starting leads of the rotor winding are connected to three collector rings.
connected either wye or delta, with the same number of poles as the rotor, and
o Brushes on the rotor collector rings conduct current, induced in the rotor winding by
possible to vary the resistance and current in the rotor circuits. As in the case of a
primary current. This makes possible the control of inrush stator current during starting
and provides for varying the starting torque and running speed. When starting this
decreases rotor current and increases slip at the lower speeds. At no load, a wound-
rotor motor runs near synchronous speed. Although resistances in the rotor circuits do
usual speed control consists of a variable three-phase rheostat that varies the
c. When the three brushes are short circuited, the speed is at maximum.
d. When the brushes are opened, the rotor will not rotate.
e. When two brushes are shorted and the remaining brush is open, the rotor will
sway or quiver due to unbalanced phase current. This will increase the current
load range regardless of the variation of its load. It is more efficient than any other
electric drive. It is especially suited for heavy low-speed loads served by direct drives.
rotor is equipped with two collector (or slip) rings and DC poles, which are sometimes
called rotating fields. Direct current is supplied through the collector rings to the DC
poles, which maintain a fixed polarity. The rotor is also equipped with a squirrel-cage
winding which functions as a starting winding. Except for the induction winding in
same construction.
o In operation;
a. Three-phase current is supplied the stator winding, and the motor starts as a
c. The poles lock the rotor in step with the three-phase rotating magnetic field which
direct current to the rotor for running and short-circuit the rotor DC windings during
o Synchronous motors, with or without load, are frequently used for power-factor
correction. Over-exciting the DC fields can create a leading power factor which is
EP = 220-V
EL = EP
EL = 220-V
EP = 220-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 220-V X 1.732
EL = 380-V
SUMMARY OF CONNECTIONS
Voltage
L1 L2 L3 Tie
Operation
Low Voltage
1,6 2,4 3,5 none
(220-V)
High Voltage
1 2 3 4,5,6
(380-V)
EL = EP
IL = IP X 1.732
IP = IL X 0.58
IL = I P
EL = EP X 1.732
EP = EL X 0.58
EP = 254-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 254-V X 1.732
EL = 440-V
EP = 127-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 127-V X 1.732
EL = 220-V
(4,7)
High Voltage
1 2 3 (5,8)
(440-V)
(6,9)
o Standard arrangement
before connection
EL = EP
EP = 220-V
EL = 220-V
EL = EP
EP = 110-V
EL = 110-V
SUMMARY OF CONNECTIONS
Voltage
L1 L2 L3 Tie
Operation
Low Voltage
1,7,6 2,8,4 3,9,5 none
(110-V)
(4,7)
High Voltage
1 2 3 (5,8)
(220-V)
(6,9)
o Standard arrangement
before connection
EP = 440-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 440-V X 1.732
EL = 760-V
EP = 220-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 220-V X 1.732
EL = 380-V
EP = 440-V
EL = 440-V
EL = EP
EP = 220-V
EL = 220-V
SUMMARY OF CONNECTIONS
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 51
Connections L1 L2 L3 Tie
SERIES Y (SINGLE Y)
1 2 3 10,11,12
Connection
PARALLEL Y (DOUBLE (4,5,6)
1,7 2,8 3,9
Y) Connection (10,11,12)
(4,7)
SERIES Δ (SINGLE Δ)
1, 12 2,10 3, 11 (5,8)
Connection
(6,9)
PARALLEL Δ (DOUBLE
1,7,6,12 2,8,4,10 3,9,5,11 None
Δ) Connection