A DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
A. Utilize and interpret Pearson’s Correlation coefficient
B. Calculate the coefficient using the formula and statistical tool/s
C. Draw conclusion based on the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

II. SUBJECT MATTER: “Pearson Product Moment (r) correlation coefficient”

A. Reference: 1. Statistics and Probability
2. Elementary Statistics
B. Skills: Computing and Analyzing

III. MATERIALS: Books, Computer, Calculator, PPT, Pentel Pen, Cartolina

IV. PROCEDURE
A. Developmental Method

Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity

A. Preparation
a. Review
Class yesterday we discussed about Yes, Ma’am
hypothesis testing, right?
So, let me ask you this question: “What is The null hypothesis suggests that there is no
the difference between a Null and Alternative significant difference or relationship between
Hypothesis?” the compared entities while Alternative
hypothesis is the negation of the null hypothesis.
It simply suggests that there is a significant
difference or relationship between the compared
Okay, Very Good. entities.

What else? Null hypothesis is denoted by Ho while

Alternative Hypothesis is denoted by H1

How about the construction of the null and
alternative hypothesis?
The null and alternative hypotheses are
constructed in a way that when we reject the null
hypothesis, there is no other possibility other
than to accept the alternative hypothesis. With
this, the hypothesis proposed by researchers
which is usually in favor of the alternative
hypothesis has been supported.

Lastly, how about the 4 basic steps in testing
a hypothesis?
With that being said, is there any question
about hypothesis testing?
1. State the hypotheses
2. formulate an analysis plan
3. Analyze sample data: Alpha level, p- value,
Computed value and tabular value
4. Interpret Results

If none, kindly answer this example before

we proceed to our today’s lesson?

Example:

A random sample of 100 suspected

leptospirosis patients in Pangasinan last year
shows that the symptoms exhibit within 72
hours. Does the project that the symptoms
would exhibit earlier than the common 80
hours with a standard deviation of 16 hours?
Test the hypothesis at α= 0.05 level of
significance.
H0: μ= 80 hours
What are the hypotheses? H1: μ< 80 hours

72 − 80
𝑧=
How about the z computed value? Kindly 16
show your solution on the board? √100
𝑧 = |−5 |

Kindly recite your decision?
Very Good Class, Any question about
hypothesis testing?
b. Motivation
Okay class, let have first a short activity
before our lesson.
Decision: Since the absolute value of the
computed z- value = 5 is greater than the
absolute value of the critical value of z= 1.64
then we reject the null hypothesis and accept the
alternative hypothesis. This means that the
symptoms of leptospirosis exhibits in less than
80 hours.
None Ma’am.
Yes Ma’am.

Let the students play with JUMBLED WORDS.

The students are group into 4, the group who

correctly arranged the jumbled words, First
will get 1 point.

The jumbled words will be handed over to

students.

The students will post their answer on the The students response must be the following:
board.
1. EXCEL
The winner of the game will receive a token. 2. CALCULATOR
3. COMPUTER
JUMBLED WORDS 4. HYPOTHESIS
1. ELCXE 5. CORRELATION
2. ORATLCUACL
3. EUMCOPTR
4. YPHSSHPTEI
5. ORLTOCREAIN

Do you know that those words will help you No Ma’am

with our lesson today?

Those words that you see on the board will

enlighten you in our lesson for today. Some
words will help you and some will guide you
through the process.

B. Presentation
So be with me this morning class, as I “Pearson Product Moment (r) of correlation
discuss to you about “Pearson Product coefficient.”
Moment (r) of correlation coefficient.”

Everybody Read!

a. Statement of the aim

 Class listen carefully because after my
discussion you will be asked to compute,
interpret a problem using Pearson r
correlation and lastly, you will be ask to draw
a conclusion from a given set of problem.

Am I understood Class? Yes Ma’am.

C. Developmental Proper

Class, are you familiar with Aristotle?

Newton? Yes, Ma’am.
Pythagoras? Yes, Ma’am.
Yes, Ma’am.
How about Karl Pearson?
Let me introduce to you Sir Karl Pearson. NO ma’am

He developed a rigorous mathematical

treatment to describe the relationship
between two variables now known as the
PEARSON PRODUCT- MOMENT Coefficient
Correlation. Okay Ma’am.

With that being said, what are you trying to Using Pearson Correlation, we can describe the
describe using Pearson Correlation? relationship of variables.

How many variables?

Okay class so there are four concerns raised
when doing a regression analysis.
There are four concerns raised when doing
regression analysis.
1. Relationship of the variables
2. Strength of the relationship
3. Type of relationship
4. Predictions that can be made from the
relationship
Kindly Read!
Two variables ma’am.
There are four concerns raised when doing
regression analysis.
1. Relationship of the variables
2. Strength of the relationship
3. Type of relationship
4. Predictions that can be made from the
relationship

Here’s the formula in finding the r- value.

Linear correlation coefficient is used to
determine the strength of a linear
relationship between two variables. It is
denoted by the variable 𝑟 and is computed
using the following formula:
𝑟
𝑛 (∑ 𝑥𝑦) − (∑ 𝑥) (∑ 𝑦)
=
√[𝑛 (∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 ] [[𝑛 (∑ 𝑦2 ) − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]]
where n is the number of data pairs, x is the
first set of variable and y is the second set of
variable.
Yes Ma’am.
Are you familiar with PEMDAS?
P- parenthesis
E- Exponent
M- Multiplication
D- Division
A- Addition
S- Subtraction
Very Good! You have to follow PEMDAS in
order for you to get the correct answer for r-
value.
No Ma’am. Why ma’am?
Don’t you know class that it is important to
note that an r- value is meaningless if not
interpreted?

Because in statistics, for every numerical

value obtained, there is an equivalent
descriptive interpretation. The value of
Pearson r Correlation can be interpreted as
follows:

Yes Ma’am.

Am I understood, Class?
Okay, Let’s have this example.
Example: The scores of ten randomly
selected senior high school student on the
mathematical portion of the National
Achievement Test (NAT) and mathematical
ability part of a university admission test
were recorded as follows:
x y 𝑥2 𝑦2 xy
Scores on
Scores on NAT Admission 5 6 25 36 30
Student No. (x) Test (y) 7 15 49 225 105
1 5 6
9 16 81 256 144
2 7 15
10 12 100 144 120
3 9 16
4 10 12 11 21 121 441 231
5 11 21 12 22 144 484 264
6 12 22 15 8 225 64 120
7 15 8
17 26 289 676 442
8 17 26
20 5 400 25 100
9 20 5
10 26 30 26 30 676 900 780
∑ 𝑥 =13 ∑ 𝑦 =16 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 21 ∑ 𝑦 2 = 32 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 =23
2 1 10 51 36
The student will show his/her solution on the
board.

The teacher will check their answer.

Substitute every value to the formula of the
coefficient of correlation
𝑛 (∑ 𝑥𝑦) − (∑ 𝑥) (∑ 𝑦)
𝑟=
√[𝑛 (∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 ] [[𝑛 (∑ 𝑦2 ) − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]]
(10)(2336) − (132)(161)
𝑟=
√[10(2110) − (132)2 ][10(3251) − (161)2 ]
2108
𝑟= = 0.428
√(3676)(6589)
What is your interpretation from the
obtained r- value? The r value of 0.428 indicates a substantial
relationship. Since r is positive, it means that a
 senior high school student who will get a high
score on the mathematical portion on the
National Admission Test (NAT) will also score
high on the mathematical ability part of a
university admission. Likewise, if the student
will get a low score on the NAT, he will also have
a low score on the mathematical ability part of a
Very Good, Class! university admission.

That’s how you get the r-value. Moreover, we

introduced PPMCC or simply r as a measure It’s Long and time consuming ma’am!
of the STRENGTH of a relationship between
two variables x and y. But any relationship
should be assessed for its SIGNIFICANCE as
well as its STRENGTH.

So in testing the SIGNIFICANCE of r, we need

to follow the procedure.

1. State the Null and Alternative

Hypothesis 1. State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
2. Set the level of significance and 2. Set the level of significance and Degree of
Degree of freedom wherein df= n-2 freedom wherein df= n-2
3. Employ a two-tailed test and degree 3. Employ a two-tailed test and degree of
of freedom. Locate the tabular value freedom. Locate the tabular value of t.
of t. 4. Compute for the value of the t- statistics:
4. Compute for the value of the t-
𝑛−2
statistics: 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑟√
1 − 𝑟2
𝑛−2
𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑟√
1 − 𝑟2 5. State the Decision

5. State the Decision.

Note: Decision Rule- Reject Ho If tcomp ≥ ttab.

What is the decision rule in testing the Decision Rule- Reject Ho If tcomp ≥ ttab.
significance of r?

Am I understood Class? Yes Ma’am.

Then, Let us test the significance of r from

example no. 1 following the procedure given.

What would be the hypothesis?

1. Ho= There is no significant relationship

between students’ score in math NAT
and score in Math Admission Test

H1= There is significant relationship between

students’ score in math NAT and score in Math
Very Good, How about the level of Admission Test
significance and df?

2. α= 0.05
df= 8
What is the tabular value?

What is the value of t- statistic? Show your 3. ttab= 2.306

solution. 10−2
4. 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = .428√
1−(.428)2
 8
= .428 √
1 − 0.183

8
= .428 √
. 817
= .428√9.792
𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 1.339

Very Good! And Lastly, State your decision.
How do you feel while solving the Pearson R
Correlation?
5. Decision: Since the tcomp= 1.339 < ttab= 2.306. I
therefore accept the Null hypothesis and reject
the Alternative Hypothesis. It means that the
students’ score in math on NAT and Admission
Test is not significantly related.
Enjoyed it but its time consuming because of the
process of solving it.

Really? Okay Class, let me introduce to you a

statistical tool that you may use in this lesson
at the same time in your research.
Yes Ma’am.
Are you guys excited?
Yes Ma’am
Have you heard of the word Excel?

Bring out your laptop and follow the

instruction in installing Data Analysis.

1. Open Excel
2. Click File
3. Click options
4. Click Add Ins
5. Click Analysis ToolPak then GO
6. Check Data Analysis ToolPAk and
VBA
7. Then Data, check if Data Analysis was
successfully installed.

Can you follow the procedure? Yes Ma’am

You can use this in computing for the r and
significance of r.

To appreciate this toolpak, we will be using

the same example 1.

Just Simply Type the values of x and y.

Then Click data analysis, look for regression.

Input: Variable X and Y. Highlight the values

of Y and X, respectively
Click Output Range, Make sure to click it
anywhere in the sheet.

You will see this.

See, the value of the multiple R there is the r-

value and the t- stat in the X variable 1 will be
the t computed value.

Is it easy?

What can you say about data analysis?

Yes, Ma’am!
Yes, but take note class that you will just use
Data analysis in your activity and future
calculations but you are not allow to use this It’s easy to follow and not time consuming.
in your exam. IS that clear?

Any question about Pearson Product Moment

Correlation Coefficient?
Yes Ma’am!
Okay, Let’s proceed to your activity!
None Maam.
D. Application
Students are grouped into four.
Each group will be given problem set.
Cartolina/ Manila Paper and Pentel Pen.

Each student should participate in this

activity.
Teacher will assign a leader. Leader will
assign her member. Someone will compute,
interpret and explain the results in front of
the class.

ACTIVITY
Direction: Use Excel in Computing for r- value
and its significance. Follow the steps in
showing your answer.

1. The age and systolic blood pressure

(SBP) readings of 15 individuals were
recorded as follows:
AGE SBP
1. Ho= there is no significant relationship
32 115
between the age and systolic blood
35 123
pressure
36 125
H1= there is a significant relationship between
40 100 the age and systolic blood pressure
43 120
44 120 2. α= 0.05 df= 15-2= 13
46 131 3. ttab= 2.160
48 130
 50 140
53 152
60 133
61 148
64 155
71 163
75 165
a. Compute Pearson r and interpret
its value
b. Is there a significant relationship 4.
between the age and systolic 5. Since the t computed= 6.633 greater than
blood pressure? Use α= 0.05 (>) t tab= 2.160, reject the Ho, accept H1.
Therefore, there is significant
relationship between the age and systolic
blood pressure.

2. A study was made to determine the

relationship between monthly
advertising expenditures and sales.
The following data were recorded:
Advertising Cost Sale
(in Thousands) (in thousands)
8 77
4 80
5 79
4 73
6 95
10 88
8 98
4 84
10 112
8 105
5 96
10 102
a. Calculate Pearson r and interpret
its value
b. Test the significance of r at 0.05
level
1. Ho= There is no significant relationship
between monthly advertising
expenditures and sales.
H1= There is a significant relationship
between monthly advertising
expenditures and sales
2. α= 0.05 df= 12-2= 10
3. t tab= 2.228
4.
5. Decision: Since the t computed= 2.598
greater than (>) t tab= 2.228, reject the
Ho, accept H1.
Therefore, there is significant
relationship between the monthly
advertising expenditures and sales.

V. Evaluation
Direction: Bring out your big note book and
answer the problem, manually, using the
formula.

1. The test score in Mathematics and

Science of 12 college students are
recorded as follows:
Student Math Science
No. Scores Scores 1. Ho= there is no significant relationship
1 18 20 between score in mathematics and
2 16 18 science
3 11 12 H1= there is a significant relationship
4 15 17 between score in mathematics and
5 15 15 science
6 11 14
 7 11 12 2. α=0.05
8 13 14 3. r= 0.92 t tab= 2.228 df= 10
9 8 10 4. t comp= 7.42
10 9 13 5. Since t comp is greater than t tab, i.e,
11 13 12 7.42> 2.228, therefore reject Ho. A
12 7 9 students’ score in mathematics is
significantly related to his score in
a. Compute the Pearson r at 0.05 level of science.
significance
b. Is there a relationship between score
in mathematics and science?

VI. Assignment

1. What is Spearman Rank- Order

Coefficient of Correlation (rs)
2. Formula for Spearman rho
3. How to test the significance or rs?
PREPARED BY:

ABBYGAIL D. BALGUA
MED- MATH ED.

SUBMITTED TO:

MICHAEL HOWARD MORADA

PROFESSOR