01/10/2018

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Teori dan
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Anatomi API
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file.

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TEORI ANATOMI API

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Api
Kebakaran
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Peledakan

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file.

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

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Apakah ...?
Suatu proses kimia yaitu proses oksidasi
cepat yang menghasilkan asap, panas
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dan cahaya.
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Apakah ...?
Api yang tidak dikehendaki dan tidak
dapat dikendalikan dan dapat
menimbulkan kerugian baik harta benda
maupun korban jiwa.
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file.

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TEORI SEGITIGA API

triangle of fire)
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file.

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NYALA API

GEJALA FISIK
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CAHAYA,
PANAS,

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file.

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GEJALA FISIK ?
Asap
Nyala api Bara
Abu
Cair Arang
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GAS
Padat

Meledak
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file.

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file.

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Kebakaran

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Kebakaran = Energi Panas

yang tidak terkendali
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file.

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FENOMENA
GEJALA : Nyala Meluas/menjalar
Panas Tidak terkendali
Asap
Kebakaran
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Api
Peledakan
Pressure impact &
Vibration The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

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Peledakan
2. Ledakan
Gas LPG
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1. Ledakan
tabung
LPG

PAPARAN
TANKI LPG
PANAS
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file.

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Percobaan 1

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BENSIN

LANGSUING NYALA
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file.

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Percobaan 2

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SOLAR

DIPANASKAN
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file.

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Percobaan 3

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Lilin Gelas
penutup

Air

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file.

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Percobaan 3

Perlahan nyala padam

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Tek. Vakum
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Tanpa Oksigen
API PADAM The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

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PANAS
RADIASI FEEDBACK

BARA dan/atau NYALA

RANTAI REAKSI
REGENERASI
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DIFUSI
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UAP
MENYUBLIM

MENGUAP

GAS OKSIGEN
CAIR The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

PADAT

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Di udara mengandung
- Oxygen ( O2 ) 21% ,
- Nitrogen ( N2 ) 78% dan
- gas lain-lain 1%
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Angin
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Pada saat terjadi kebakaran O2 akan

berkurang yang mengakibatkan tekanan udara
menurun, maka akan terjadi arus angin besar
sehingga kobaran nyala api cepat menjalar

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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

? Fuel ?
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file.

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HEAT
OUT PUT
SEGITIGA API
(FUEL-OXYGEN-HEAT)
DIHUBUNGKAN OLEH
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BESARAN ANGKA -ANGKA
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FEEDBACK
? FLAMMABLE RANGE
VAPOR
FIRE
? ?
FUEL ? • FLASH POINT
• FIRE POINT
• AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE

SOURCE ENERGY BESARAN ANGKA-ANGKA TSB.

HARUS DIKENALI DAN DIKENDALIKAN
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file.

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PANAS 4. Reaksi berantai

CO2 H2 O Dalam siklus nyala api adalah reaksi
kimia oksidasi eksotermal secara
berantai (Gejala kimia)
3. Fire Point
Reaksi nyala akan kontinyu apabila
ada siklus panas yang sanggup
Rantai reaksi
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

Flammable range. menghasilkan uap terus menerus.

2. Flammable range.
VAPORIZATION Kadar uap bahan bakar di udara
harus dalam campuran yang
seimbang.
FUEL 1. Vaporization.
Cx Hx Diperlukan energi awal untuk
merubah bahan bakar kedalam
bentuk uap. Suhu yang dibutuhkan
SOURCE ENERGY disebut flash point The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

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CURVE VAPOR EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

IN AIR % BY VOLUME

UPPER EXPLOSIVE
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LIMIT ( % )

LOWER EXPLOSIVE
EXPLOSIVE
LIMIT ( % )
RANGE

O2 100 % 21% 0%
78 % N 2

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file.

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Berat Jenis Uap

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file.

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Berat Jenis Uap

Lebih berat dari Udara

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file.

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Berat Jenis Uap

Lebih Ringan dari Udara

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file.

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AWAN API
UAP FLAMMABLE

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.
FLARE

AKIBAT KEBOCORAN GAS

TANGKI, PIPA ATAU DALAM PROSES
BAHAN MUDAH TERBAKAR
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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

BACK DRAFT
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file.

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Gejala Kimia Api

Bahan padat, cair maupun gas yang mengandung unsur Carbon
dan/atau Hidrogen, memiliki sifat dapat terbakar. terbakarnya

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

O2
O2
Hx The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

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GEJALA KIMIA
Sebelum dan sesudah reaksi
hilang sifatnya yang semula (baik fisika
dan kimia) menjadi zat baru
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

Kayu  Arang  Abu  Asap/Gas

Minyak  ..……………  Asap/Gas

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file.

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 01/10/2018

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

OXYGEN
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FUEL

Free radicals reaction

OH* + OH* --> H2O + O* + Panas

HEAT
(Exothermal)

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file.

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4 sangat mudah menyala

Flammability

mudah terbakar tanpa pemanasan

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3
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2 dapat terbakar setelah sedikit dipanaskan

1 dapat terbakar setelah dipanaskan

0 tidak dapat terbakar

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file.

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 01/10/2018

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Flammability Hydro karbon

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A Flash point < 22,8 o C

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Flash point 22,8 - 60 o C

B

Flash point > 60 o C

C

V LPG 37 o C tek 1 atm

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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

KLASIFIKASI KEBAKARAN

Jenis kebakaran CIRI KHUSUS

1. Terdapat bara (kayu/arang/kertas)

Klas A Bahan padat kecuali logam
2. Barang yang sulit/tidak ada gantinya
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1. Tidak dapat bercampur air

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Bahan cair
2. Dapat bercampur air
Klas B
Bahan gas 3. Gas mengalir
4. Karena bereaksi dengan air

Klas C Listrik 1. Aparat listrik bertegangan

2. Peralatan elektrik

Klas D Logam Bertemperatur tinggi

Kalium, litium, magnesium

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file.

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

DIFINISI LEDAKAN
• PELEDAKAN FISIKA
(Physical Explosion)  Expanse
Pelepasan tekanan uap/gas seperti :
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

Ketel uap, bejana tekanan, kompresor dll.

• PELEDAKAN KIMIA
(Chemical Explosion)  Explosive)
Pelepasan energi potensial dari reaksi bahan
kimia yang disertai pelepasan energi panas
yang tinggi dalam waktu yang cepat
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file.

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Fuel + Oksigen + Panas ----> Terbakar

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

(Fuel + Oksigen) + Panas/

Pukulan/ ---->
Gesekan Meledak

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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

(Bahan Oksidator) + Panas/

Pukulan/ ---->
Gesekan Pelepasan
Oksigen
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(Bahan Oksidator) + Fuel ---->

Terbakar
/
Meledak

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file.

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Bahan oksidator
senyawa kimia yang mengikat
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banyak oksigen disebut bahan
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oksidator (Oxidizer material)

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file.

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the
file.

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

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TANKI BAHAN BAKAR

GAS CAIR
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file.

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BLEVE
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(Boiling Liquid Expanding

Vapor Explosion)
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peledakan tangki gas cair

yang mendidih akibat paparan
panas
PAPARAN TANKI BAHAN BAKAR
PANAS GAS CAIR
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file.

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SUMBER POTENSI LEDAKAN

Sumber bahaya ditempat kerja dapat berasal dari :

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

BAHAN / MATERIAL
ALAT/MESIN
METODE KERJA
LINGKUNGAN KERJA

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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

KLASIFIKASI BAHAN KIMIA BERBAHAYA

(KEPMEN 187/MEN/1999)

Bahan beracun
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Bahan sangat beracun
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Cairan mudah terbakar (Flash point >21oC - >55oC)

Cairan sangat mudah terbahar (Flash point < 21o C)
Gas mudah terbakar (Boiling point < 20o C)
Bahan mudah meledak
Bahan reaktif -----> + air
-----> + asam
Bahan oksidator

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file.

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ANCAMAN BAHAYA
Sasaran kemungkinan yang dapat terkena dampak
bahaya ledakan :
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 Manusia
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 Produk
 Peralatan/fasilitas
 Lingkungan
 Proses
 Reputasi
 Lainnya??
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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

Outcome
Effect of Fire on  Rate of heat release
People, Property  Flame spread
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Environment  Toxicity
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 Ignitibility by heat
transfer

Fire Hazard volume

(Flammability & Quantity Materials)
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file.

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Volume
Height = Radius of
Exposure

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Radius of
Exposure

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file.

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BEJANA, TANKI, TABUNG “LPG”

Per - 02/Men/1981

LPG
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

LPG

LPG

LPG
Tabung baja

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file.

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PUIL 2000

LEDAKAN
DEBU/SERAT
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

• Kapas,
• Batu bara
• Tepung terigu, susu
• dll
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file.

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UNDANG-UNDANG
No 1 TAHUN 1970

Pasal 3 (1)
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

Dengan peraturan perundangan ditetapkan

sysrat-syarat keselamatan kerja untuk :
a.
b.
c. mencegah dan mengurangi bahaya peledakan

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file.

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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.
Nama produk
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Identifikasi bahaya
Tanda bahaya / artinya
Resiko dan pengendaliannya
Tindakan pencegahan
Instruksi P3K,
Instruksi

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file.

The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

NFPA
Tanki Penyimpanan bahan bakar cair

Tangki harus diletakkan paling tidak :

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a. 15m dari gedung/bangunan .
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b. 15 m dari penampung bahan

Mak 12.000 gallon bakar lainnya.
c. 15m dari sisi jalan umum.
d. 30m dari komplek pemukiman.

Jarak tsb dapat dikurangi hingga 50% apabila dibatasi

dengan tembok yang memadai

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file.

25
 01/10/2018

NFPA
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Tanki bahan bakar cair

Di dalam tanah (bunker)
• Tidak diijikan diberikan tekanan
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• Lubang inspeksi
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• Peralatan tidak boleh berada didalam bunker

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file.

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PUIL 2000

LEDAKAN
UAP /GAS FLAMMABLE
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

• RUANG PENGECATAN;
• PROSES PRINTING;
• GUDANG SOLVENT,
• DSB.

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file.

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Ijin kerja panas

Inspection &Assessment
supervisor
Safety assessor
Mengajukan ijin kerja Peninjauan lapangan
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The image part with relationship ID rId21 was not found in the file.

Kepala Safety
Supervisor Menganalisis
Bertanggung jawab potensi & resiko bahaya
pelaksanaan syarat Menerbitkan ijin
+ Syarat

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file.

27