Chapter 14 Solutions To Exercises PDF

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Fourteen Solutions 10 March 2006
1. (a) s = 0;
(b) s = ± j9 s-1;
(c) s = -8 s-1;
(d) s = -1000 ± j1000 s-1;
(e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit

analysis problem, superposition will need to be invoked, where the original function v(t)
is expressed as v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t), with v1(t) = 8 mV and v2(t) = 2 cos t mV. The complex
frequency of v1(t) is s = 0, and the complex frequency of v2(t) is s = ± 2 s-1.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers
and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
2. (a) s = 0
(b) s = ± j77 s–1
(c) s = –5 s–1
(d) s = 0.5 s–1, –5 ± j8 s–1
3. (a) 8e–t
(b) 19
(c) 9 + j7 = 11.4∠37.87o
(d) e− jωt → 1∠0o
(e) cos 4t → 1∠0o
(f) sin 4t → 1∠0o
(g) 88∠9o
4. (a) (6 – j)* = 6 + j
(b) (9)* = 9
(c) (-j30)* = +j30
(d) (5 e-j6)* = 5 e+j6
(e) (24 ∠ -45o )* = 24 ∠ 45o
*
⎛ 4 − j18 ⎞ ⎛ 4 + j18 ⎞ 18.44 ∠77.47o
(f) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 5.303 ∠ 94.19o
⎝ 3.33 + j ⎠ ⎝ 3.33 − j ⎠ 3.477 ∠ - 16.72o
* *
⎛ 5 ∠0.1o ⎞ ⎛ 5 ∠0.1o ⎞
(g) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ o ⎟
( )
⎟ = 0.6202 ∠60.36o * = 0.6202 ∠ − 60.36o
⎝ 4 − j7 ⎠ ⎝ 8.062∠ − 60.26 ⎠
(h) (4 – 22 ∠ 92.5o)* = (4 + 0.9596 – j21.98)* = (4.9596 – j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98
5. Q = 9∠43o μ C, s = j 20π . Thus, q = 9 cos(20π t + 43o ) μ C.
(a) At t = 1, q(1) = q (1) = 9 cos(20π + 43o ) μ C = 6.582 μ C.
(b) Maximum = 9 μC
(c) NO. The indication would be a negative real part in the complex frequency.
6. (a) The missing term is Vx*e( −2− j 60)t = (8 + j100)e( −2− j 60)t . We can tell it is missing since
vx(t) is not purely real as written; the complex conjugate term above was omitted.
(b) s = –2 ± j60 s–1
(c) This means simply that the sine term amplitude is larger than the cosine term
amplitude.
(d) This indicates that the source is oscillating more strongly than it is decaying.
7. Re { i (t )} = i (t ) . No units provided.
(a) ix (t ) = (4 − j 7) e( −3+ j15)t = (8.062∠ − 60.26°) e−3t e j15t = 8.062e−3t e j (15t −60.26° )
∴ ix (t ) = Re ix (t ) = 8.062e−3t cos(15t − 60.26°)
(b) iy (t ) = (4 + j 7)e−3t (cos15t − j sin15t ) = 8.062e−3t e− j15t + j 60.26°

∴ i y (t ) = 8.062e−3t cos(15t − 60.26°)
(c) iA (t ) = (5 − j8)e( −1.5t + j12)t = 9.434e− j 57.99°e−1.5t e j12t = 9.434e−1.5t e j (125−57.99°)

∴ Re iA (0.4) = 9.434e−0.6 cos(4.8rad − 57.99°) = −4.134
(d) iB (t ) = (5 + j8)e( −1.5+ j12) t = 9.434e j 57.99°e −1.5t e− j12t = 9.434e−1.5t e− j (12t −57.99°)
∴ Re iB (0.4) = −4.134
8. (a) ω = 279 Mrad/s, and ω = 2 πf. Thus, f = ω/2π = 44.4 MHz
(b) If the current i(t) = 2.33 cos (279×106 t) fA flows through a precision 1-TΩ resistor,
the voltage across the resistor will be 1012 i(t) = 2.33 cos (279×106 t) mV. We may write
this as 0.5(2.33) cos (279×106 t) + j (0.5)2.33 sin (279×106 t) + 0.5(2.33) cos (279×106 t)
- j (0.5)2.33 sin (279×106 t) mV
= 1.165 e j279×106 t + 1.165 e -j279×106 t mV
9. (a) vs(0.1) = (20 – j30) e(-2 + j50)(0.1) = (36.06 ∠ -56.31o) e(-0.2 + j5)
= 36.06e-0.2 ∠ [-56.31o + j5(180)/ π] = 29.52 ∠230.2o V (or 29.52 ∠-129.8o V).
(b) Re{ vs } = 36.06 e-2t cos (50t – 56.31o) V.
(c) Re{ vs(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2o) = -18.89 V.
(d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s-1
(e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 – j50 s-1
10. ( )
Let vS forced = 10∠3o est . Let i forced = I m est .
di di
(a) vS (t ) = Ri + L, so vS forced (t ) = Ri forced + L forced , a superposition of our actual
dt dt
voltages and currents with corresponding imaginary components.
Substituting, 10∠3o est = RIest + Lsest I [1]

10∠3 o
10∠3o
or I = = = 0.1∠2.99o
R + sL 100 + ( −2 + j10 ) 2 × 10−3
Thus, i(t) = Re{Iest} = 0.1e–2t cos (10t + 2.99o) A.
(b) By Ohm’s law, v1(t) = 100i(t) = 10 e–2t cos (10t + 2.99o) V.
We obtain v2(t) by recognising from Eq. [1] that V2 est = Lsest I ,

or
( )
V2 = (2×10–3)(–2 + j10) 0.1∠2.99o = 2.04∠104.3o mV
Thus, v2(t) = 2.04e–2t cos (10t + 104.3o) mV
11. (a) Let the complex frequency be σ + jω. V = Vm ∠θ . I = I m ∠θ
RESISTOR v = Ri
Vm eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) = RI m eσ t e j (ωt +θ )
Thus, Vm ∠θ = RI m ∠θ or V = RI
which defines an impedance R.
di
INDUCTOR v(t ) = L . Let i = I m est = I m eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) .
dt
v(t ) = (σ + jω ) LI m eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) = Vm eσ t e j (ωt +θ )
Thus, Vm ∠θ = (σ + jω ) LI m ∠θ or V = Z LI
which defines an impedance ZL = sL = (σ + jω ) L.
dv
CAPACITOR i (t ) = C . Let v = Vm est = Vm eσ t e j (ωt +φ ) .
dt
i (t ) = (σ + jω )CVm eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) = I m eσ t e j (ωt +θ )
Thus, I m ∠θ = ⎡⎣(σ + jω ) C ⎤⎦ (Vm ∠θ ) or V = ZC I
1 1
which defines an impedance ZC = =
(σ + jω )C sC
(b) ZR = 100 Ω. ZL = (–2 + j10)(0.002) = 20.4 ∠101.3o Ω .
1
(c) Yes. Z R → R; Z L → jω L; ZC →
jωC
12. (a) s = 0 + j120π = + j120π
(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 179 ∠ 0o with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
di di
v(t) = 100 i(t) + L = 100 i(t) + 500×10-6
dt dt
and we assume a response of the form Iest.
Substituting, we write (179 ∠ 0o) est = 100 Iest + sL Iest
Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
179∠0o 179∠0o 179∠0o

I = = = = 1.79 ∠ -0.108o A
100 + s500 × 10 -6
100 + j120π (500 × 10 ) 100∠0.108
-6 o
Converting back to the time domain, we find that

i(t) = 1.79 cos (120πt – 0.108o) A.
13.
(a) vs = 10e −2t cos(10t + 30°) V ∴ s = −2 + j10, Vs = 10∠30° V

10 5 −1 − j 5 −5 − j 25 (−25 − j125) / 26
Zc = = = , Zc 5 =
−2 + j10 −1 + j 5 26 26 (−5 − j 25 + 130) / 26
−25 − j125 −1 − j 5
∴ Zc 5 = = = − j1 ∴ Zin = 5 + 0.5(−2 + j10) − j1 = 4 + j 4 Ω
125 − j 25 5 − j1
10∠30° (−5 − j 25) / 26 10∠30° −5 − j 25 5∠30° −5 − j 25 1∠30° −1 − j5
∴ Ix = × = = =
4 + j 4 5 + (−5 − j 25) / 26 4 + j 4 130 − 5 − j 25 2 + j 2 125 − j 25 2 + j 2 5 − j1
1∠30°
∴ Ix = (− j1) = 0.3536∠ − 105° A
2 2∠45°
(b) ix (t ) = 0.3536e −2t cos(10t − 105°) A
14. (a) s = 0 + j100π = + j100π

(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 339 ∠ 0o with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
dv dv
v(t) = 2000 i(t) + vC(t) = 2000 C C + vC(t) = 0.2 C + vC(t)
dt dt
and we assume a response of the form VCest.
Substituting, we write (339 ∠ 0o) est = 0.2s VCest + VCest
Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
339∠0o 339∠0o 339∠0o

VC = = = = 5.395 ∠ -89.09o A
1 + 0.2s 1 + j100π (0.2) 62.84∠89.09 o
Converting back to the time domain, we find that

vC(t) = 5.395 cos (100πt – 89.09o) V.
dvC
and so the current is i(t) = C = –0.1695 sin(100πt – 89.09o) A
dt
= 169.5 cos (100πt + 0.91o) mA.
15. iS 1 = 20e −3t cos 4t A, iS 2 = 30e−3t sin 4t A
(a) IS 1 = 20∠0°, IS 2 = − j 30, s = −3 + j 4

10 −3 − j 4
∴ Zc = = 0.4(−3 − j 4) = −1.2 − j1.6, Z L = −6 + j8
−3 + j 4 − 3 − j 4
5(7.2 + j 6.4) −6 + j 8 (−6 + j8)(3.8 − j1.6)
∴ Vx = 20 × − j 30
−2.2 + j 6.4 −7.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
−600 + j800 − j 30(−22.8 + 12.8 + j 30.4 + j 9.6) −600 + j800 − j 30(−10 + j 40)
= =
−2.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
−600 + 1200 + j1000 600 + j1000
= = = 185.15− ∠ − 47.58° V
−2.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
(b) vx (t ) = 185.15− e−3t cos(4t − 47.58°) V
16. (a) If v(t) = 240 2 e-2t cos 120πt V, then V = 240 2 ∠0o V where s = -2 + j120π.
240 2 ∠0o
Since R = 3 mΩ, the current is simply I = −3
= 113.1 ∠0o kA. Thus,
3 × 10
i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA
(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute

i(t) = v(t) / 3×10-3 = (240 2 e-2t cos 120πt ) / 3×10-3 = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA
(c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance

1 1 1
= = Ω in parallel with the 3-mΩ
sC (-2 + j120π )(1000 × 10 )
-3
- 2 + j120π
resistor. However, since the capacitor has been added in parallel (it would have been
more interesting if the connection were in series), the same voltage still appears across its
terminals, and so
i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA as before.
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − K − st
17. L {K u (t )} = ∫ - Ke u (t )dt = K ∫ - e u (t )dt = K ∫ e dt =
− st −st −st
e
0 0 0 s 0
⎛ − K − st ⎞ ⎛K ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e − st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t → 0
⎝s ⎠
If the integral is going to converge, then lim (e − st ) = 0 (i.e. s must be finite). This leads
t →∞
to the first term dropping out (l’Hospital’s rule assures us of this), and so
L {K u (t )} =
K
s
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − 3 −st
18. (a) L {3 u (t )} = ∫ - 3e u (t )dt = 3∫ - e u (t )dt = 3∫ e dt =
− st − st − st
e
0 0 0 s 0
⎛ − 3 − st ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e −st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s ⎠
t →∞
3
L {3 u (t )} =
s
∞
∞ − 3 −st ∞
(b) L {3 u (t − 3)} = ∫ - 3e u (t − 3)dt = 3∫ e dt =
− st
e −st
0 3 s 3
⎛ − 3 −st ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + ⎜ e − 3s ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝s ⎠
t →∞
3 − 3s
L {3 u (t − 3)} = e
s
(c)
∫0 [3u(t − 3) − 3]e dt
∞ ∞ ∞
L {3 u (t − 3) − 3} = -
− st
= 3∫ e −st dt - 3∫ - e −st dt
3 0
∞ ∞
− 3 −st − 3 −st
= e - e
s 3 s 0−
Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write
L {3 u (t − 3) − 3} =
3 − 3s
s
e −
3
s
=
3 − 3s
s
e -1 ( )
(d)
3
∞ − 3 −st
L {3 u (3 − t )}
3
= 3∫ - e u (3 − t )dt = 3∫ - e dt =
−st
e − st
0 0 s 0-
− 3 − 3s
=
s
e −1 ( ) =
3
s
(
1 − e − 3s )
∞
− 5 − st
∫ - e [2 + 3u (t )]dt =
∞ ∞
19. (a) L {2 + 3 u (t )} = − st
∫ 5e − st dt = e
0 0 s 0
⎛ − 5 − st ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e − st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s ⎠
t →∞
5
L {2 + 3 u (t )} =
s
∞
− 3 − (8 + s ) t
(b) L {3 e } ∞ ∞
∫ ∫
- 8t − st − (8 + s ) t
-8t
= 3 e e dt = 3e dt = e
0- 0- s+8 0−
⎛ − 3 − ( s + 8) t ⎞ ⎛ 3 − ( s + 8)t ⎞ 3 3
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e ⎟ = 0+ =
t →∞
⎝s+8 ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s + 8 ⎠ s+8 s+8
0-
(c) L { u (−t )} =
∞ 0
∫ - e u (−t )dt = ∫ - e u(−t )dt = ∫
− st − st
(0) e − st dt = 0
0 0 0-
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − K − st
(d) L {K } = ∫ Ke dt = K ∫ - e dt = K ∫
− st − st − st
e dt = e
0- 0 0 s 0
⎛ − K − st ⎞ ⎛K ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e − st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t → 0
⎝s ⎠
t →∞
L {K } =
K
s
20. (a) The frequency-domain representation of the voltage across the resistor is (1)I(s)
{
where I(s) = L 4e-t u (t ) = }4
s +1
A . Thus, the voltage is
4
s +1
V.
(b)
21. (a)
∞
L {5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)} ∫ [5 u(t ) − 5 u(t − 2)] e
− st
= dt
0-
∞ ∞
∞ ∞ −5 − st 5 −st
= 5∫ e − st dt − 5∫ e− st dt = e + e
0 2 s s
0 2
⎛ − 5 − st ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞ −5
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e −st ⎟ + lim ⎛⎜ e −st ⎞⎟ − ⎛ 5 −2 s ⎞
⎜ e ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s ⎠ t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝s ⎠
t →∞
to the first and third terms dropping out (l’Hospital’s rule assures us of this), and so
5
L {5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)} =
s
(
1 − e −2 s )
(b) The frequency domain current is simply one ohm times the frequency domain voltage,
or
5
s
1 − e −2s ( )
22.
∞
(a) f(t) = t + 1 ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − (t + 1) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
∞
(b) f (t ) = (t + 1) u (t ) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − (t + 1) e − ( σ+ jω) t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
∞
(c) f (t ) = e50t u (t ) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − e50t e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴σ > 50
0
∞
(d) f (t ) = e50t u (t − 5) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − e50t u (t − 5) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 50
0
∞
(e) f (t ) = e −50t u (t − 5) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − e −50t u (t − 5) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ < 50
0
23.
(a)
f (t ) = 8e −2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)]
∞ 3 8
F( s ) = ∫ f (t )e − st dt = ∫ 8e( −2+s )t dt = [1 − e −6−3s ]
0 0 2+s
(b)
f (t ) = 8e 2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)]
∞ 3
F(s) = ∫ − f (t )e − st dt = ∫ 8e(2−s )t dt
0 0
8 8
= [e6−3s − 1] = ⎡⎣1 − e6 e −3s ⎤⎦
2−s s−2
(c)
−2 t
f (t ) = 8e [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)]
∞ 3 8
F(s) = ∫ − f (t )e − st dt = ∫ − 8e( −2−s )t dt = ⎡⎣1 − e −6−3s ⎤⎦
0 0 s+2
⎧ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫ 1
24. (a) L ⎨L-1⎜ ⎟⎬ =
⎩ ⎝ s ⎠⎭ s
{
(b) L 1 + u (t ) + [u (t )]2 } =
1 1 1
+ + =
s s s
3
s
1 3
(c) L {t u (t ) − 3} = −
s2 s
1
(d) L {1 - δ (t ) + δ (t − 1) − δ (t − 2)} = − 1 + e − s − e − 2s
s
25. (a) f(t) = e-3t u(t)
(b) f(t) = δ(t)
(c) f(t) = t u(t)
(d) f(t) = 275 δ(t)
(e) f(t) = u(t)
26.
∫ [ f (t ) + f 2 (t )]e − st dt =
∞ ∞ ∞
L { f1 (t ) + f 2 (t )} = - 1 ∫ -
f1 (t )e − st dt + ∫ f 2 (t )e − st dt
0 0 0-
= L { f1 (t )} + L { f 2 (t )}
27. ∞
∞ −2 st 2 −2 s
(a) f (t ) = 2u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2∫ e − st dt + e = e ; s = 1+ j2
2 s s
2
2
∴ F(1 + j 2) = e−2 e − j 4 = 0.04655+ + j 0.11174
1+ j2
(b) f (t ) = 2δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2e −2 s , F (1 + j 2) = 2e −2 e − j 4 = −0.17692 + j 0.2048
∞
−∞ 1 1 −2 s − 2
(c) f (t ) = e u (t − 2) ∴ F( s) = ∫ e
−t − ( s +1) t
dt = e − ( s +1)t = e
2 −s + 1 2 s +1
1 4
∴ F(1 + j 2) = e−2 e −2 e− j = (0.4724 + j 6.458)10−3
2 + j2
∞
28. (a) ∫ −∞
8 sin 5t δ (t − 1) dt = 8 sin 5 × 1 = - 7.671
∞
∫ (t − 5) δ (t − 2)dt (2 − 5) 2
2
(b) = = 9
−∞
∞
∫
−4
(c) 5e − 3000tδ (t − 3.333 × 10− 4 )dt = 5e − 3000( 3.333×10 )
= 1.840
−∞
∞
(d) ∫
−∞
Kδ (t − 2)dt = K
29.
∞
(a) f (t ) = [u (5 − t )] [u (t − 2)] u (t ), ∴ F( s ) ∫ − [u (5 − t )] [u (t − 2)] u (t ) e − st dt
0
5
5 1 1 −2 s −5 s
∴ F( s) = ∫ e − st dt = − e− st = (e − e )
2 s s
2
∞ 4
(b) f (t ) = 4u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 4∫ e − st dt = e −2 s
2 s
∞
∞ −4 − ( s +3) t
(c) f (t ) = 4e−3t u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 4 ∫ e− ( s +3)t dt = e
2 s+3 2
4 −2 s −6
∴ F( s) = e
s+3
∞ 2+
(d) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s) = 4∫ − δ (t − 2) e − st dt = 4 ∫ e−2 s δ (t − 2) dt = 4e−2 s
0 2
0+
(e) f (t ) = 5δ (t ) sin (10t + 0.2π) ∴ F( s ) = 5∫ − δ(t ) [sin 0.2π] X 1dt = 5sin 36°
0
∴ F( s ) = 2.939
∞
30. (a) ∫ −∞
cos 500t δ (t ) dt = cos 500 × 0 = 1
∞
∫ (t ) δ (t − 2)dt (2) 5
5
(b) = = 32
−∞
∞
(c) ∫ 2.5e − 0.001tδ (t − 1000)dt = 2.5e − 0.001(1000 ) = 0.9197
−∞
∞
(d) ∫
−∞
− K 2δ (t − c)dt = - K2
31.
(a) f(t) = 2 u(t – 1) u(3 – t) u(t3)

3
2
F(s) = ∫ e − st dt = - e − st =
s
3
1 s
(e - e − 3s )
2 −s
1
∞ −2 2
(b) f (t ) = 2u (t − 4) ∴ F( s ) = 2 ∫ e − st dt = (0 − e−4 s ) = e−4 s
4 s s
∞ 3 −4 s −8
(c) f (t ) = 3e−2t u (t − 4) ∴ F( s) = 3∫ e − ( s + 2)t dt = e
4 s+2
∞
(d) f (t ) = 3δ (t − 5) ∴ F( s ) = 3∫ − δ(t − 5) e − st dt = 3e −5 s
0
(e) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ]

∞
∴ F( s) = 4∫ − δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ] e− st dt ∴ F( s) = −4e− s
0
32. (a) F(s) = 3 + 1/s; f(t) = 3δ(t) + u(t)
(b) F(s) = 3 + 1/s2; f(t) = 3δ(t) + tu(t)
1 1 1
(c) F(s) = = − ; f(t) = ⎡⎣ e−3t − e −4t ⎤⎦ u (t )
( s + 3)( s + 4 ) ( s + 3) ( s + 4 )
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
(d) F(s) = = − + ;
( s + 3)( s + 4 )( s + 5) ( s + 3) ( s + 4 ) ( s + 5 )
⎡1 1 ⎤
f(t) = ⎢ e−3t − e−4t + e−5t ⎥ u (t )
⎣2 2 ⎦
33. (a) G(s) = 90 – 4.5/s; g(t) = 90δ(t) – 4.5u(t)
(b) G(s) = 11 + 2/s; g(t) = 11δ(t) + 2u(t)
1
(c) G(s) = ; g(t) = te− t u (t )
( s + 1)
2
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 ⎡1 1 ⎤
(d) G(s) = = − + ; g(t) = ⎢ e− t − e−2t + e−3t ⎥ u (t )
( s + 1)( s + 2 )( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s + 2 ) ( s + 3) ⎣2 2 ⎦
34. (a) f(t) = 5 u(t) – 16 δ(t) + e-4.4t u(t)
(b) f(t) = δ(t) – u(t) + t u(t)
5 88 a b
(c) F(s) = + + +
s+7 s s+6 s +1
17 17
where a = = - 3.4 and b = = 3.4 .
s + 1 s = -6 s + 6 s = -1
Thus,
f(t) = 5 e-7t u(t) + 88 u(t) –3.4 e-6t u(t) + 3.4 e-t u(t)
Check with MATLAB:

EDU» T1 = '5/(s+7)';
EDU» T2 = '88/s';
EDU» T3 = '17/(s^2 + 7*s + 6)';
EDU» T = symadd(T1,T2);
EDU» P = symadd(T,T3);
EDU» p = ilaplace(P)
p=
5*exp(-7*t)+88-17/5*exp(-6*t)+17/5*exp(-t)
EDU» pretty(p)
5 exp(-7 t) + 88 - 17/5 exp(-6 t) + 17/5 exp(-t)
5
35. If V(s) = , then v(t) = 5 u(t) V. The voltage at t = 1 ms is then simply 5 V, and the
s
current through the 2-kΩ resistor at that instant in time is 2.5 mA.
5
36. I( s) = pA, so i(t) = 5 e-10t u(t) pA. The voltage across the 100-MΩ resistor is
s + 10
therefore 500 e-10t u(t) μV.
(a) The voltage as specified has zero value for t < 0, and a peak value of 500 μV.
(b) i(0.1 s) = 1.839 pA, so the power absorbed by the resistor at that instant = i2R
= 338.2 aW. (A pretty small number).
(c) 500 e-10t1% = 5

Taking the natural log of both sides, we find t1% = 460.5 ms
37.
s +1 2 1 2
(a) F(s) = + = 1+ + ⇔ δ(t ) + u (t ) + 2e− t u (t )
s s +1 s s +1
(b) F(s) = (e − s + 1) 2 = e−2s + 2e− s + 1 ⇔ δ (t − 2) + 2δ (t − 1) + δ(t )
(c) F(s) = 2e− (s +1) = 2e −1 e−2s ⇔ 2e−1 δ (t − 1)
(d) F(s) = 2e-3s cosh 2s = e-3s (e2s + e-2s) = e-s + e-5s ⇔ δ(t – 1) + δ(t – 5)
38. N(s) = 5s.

N(s) 5s 5s a b
(a) D(s) = s2 – 9 so = 2 = = +
D(s) s -9 (s + 3)(s - 3) (s + 3) (s − 3)
5s - 15 5s 15
where a = = = 2.5 and b = = = 2.5 . Thus,
(s − 3) s = -3 - 6 (s + 3) s = 3 6
f(t) = [2.5 e-3t + 2.5 e3t] u(t)
(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

N(s) 5s a b c
= = + +
D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) (s + 3) (s + 10) (s + 9)
5s - 15 5s - 50
a = = = - 0.3571, b = = = - 7.143
(s + 10)(s + 9) s = -3
(7)(6) (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1)
5s - 45
c = = = 7.5. ∴ f(t) = [-0.3571 e-3t - 7.143 e-10t + 7.5 e-9t] u(t)
(s + 3)(s + 10) s = -9
(-6)(1)
(c) D(s) = (4s + 12)(8s2 + 6s + 1) = 32(s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so
N(s) ⎛ 5 ⎞ s a b c
= ⎜ ⎟ = + +
D(s) ⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) (s + 3) (s + 0.5) (s + 0.25)
⎛ 5 ⎞ s ⎛ 5 ⎞ s
a = ⎜ ⎟ = − 0.06818, b = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.125
⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -3 ⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 3)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5
⎛ 5 ⎞ s
c =⎜ ⎟ = - 0.05682
⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 3)(s + 0.5) s = - -0.25
∴ f(t) = [-0.06818 e-3t + 0.125 e-0.5t – 0.05682e-0.25t] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU» N = [5 0]; EDU» N = [5 0]; EDU» N = [5 0];
EDU» D = [1 0 -9]; EDU» D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU» D = [32 120 76 12];
EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D)
r= r=
r= -7.1429 -0.0682
2.5000 7.5000 0.1250
2.5000 -0.3571 -0.0568
p= p= p=
3 -10.0000 -3.0000
-3 -9.0000 -0.5000
-3.0000 -0.2500
y= y= y=
[] [] []
39.
5
(a) F( s) = ↔ 5e −t u (t )
s +1
5 2
(b) F( s) = − ↔ (5e− t − 2e −4t ) u (t )
s +1 s + 4
18 6 6
(c) F( s) = = − ↔ 6 (e −t − e −4t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
18s −6 24
(d) F( s ) = = + ↔ 6 (4e−4t − e −t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
18s 2 6 96
(e) F( s) = = 18 + − ↔ 18δ (t ) + 6 (e − t − 16e−4t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s +1 s + 4
40. N(s) = 2s2.

N(s) 2s 2 2s 2 a b
(a) D(s) = s2 – 1 so = 2 = = + +2
D(s) s -1 (s + 1)(s - 1) (s + 1) (s − 1)
2s 2 2 2s 2 2
where a = = = - 1 and b = = = 1 . Thus,
(s − 1) s = -1
-2 (s + 1) s = 1 2
f(t) = [2δ(t) – e–t + et] u(t)
(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so
N(s) 2s 2 a b c
= = + +
D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) (s + 3) (s + 10) (s + 9)
2s 2 18 2s 2 200
a = = = 0.4286, b = = = 28.57
(s + 10)(s + 9) s = -3
(7)(6) (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1)
2s 2 162
c = = = - 27. ∴ f(t) = [0.4286 e-3t + 28.57 e-10t - 27 e-9t] u(t)
(s + 3)(s + 10) s = -9
(-6)(1)
(c) D(s) = (8s + 12)(16s2 + 12s + 2) = 128(s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so
N(s) ⎛ 2 ⎞ s2 a b c
= ⎜ ⎟ = + +
D(s) ⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) (s + 1.5) (s + 0.5) (s + 0.25)
⎛ 2 ⎞ s2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ s2
a=⎜ ⎟ = 0.02813, b = ⎜ ⎟ = - 0.01563
⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -1.5 ⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 1.5)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5
⎛ 2 ⎞ s2
c =⎜ ⎟ = 0.003125
⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5) s = - 0.25
∴ f(t) = 0.02813 e-1.5t – 0.01563 e-0.5t + 0.003125e-0.25t] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU» N = [2 0 0]; EDU» N = [2 0 0]; EDU» N = [2 0 0];
EDU» D = [1 0 -1]; EDU» D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU» D = [128 288 160 24];
EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D)
r= r=
r= 28.5714 0.0281
-1.0000 -27.0000 -0.0156
1.0000 0.4286 0.0031
p= p= p=
-1.0000 -10.0000 -1.5000
1.0000 -9.0000 -0.5000
-3.0000 -0.2500
y= y= y=
2 [] []
41.
2 3
(a) F( s ) = − so f(t) = 2 u(t) – 3 e-t u(t)
∴
s s +1
2 s + 10 4
(b) F( s ) = = 2+ ↔ 2δ(t ) + 4e−3t u (t )
s+3 s+3
(c) F( s ) = 3e−0.8 s ↔ 3δ (t − 0.8)
12 3 3
(d) F( s) = = − ↔ 3(e −2t − e−6t ) u (t )
( s + 2) ( s + 6) s + 2 s + 6
12 3 A 0.75
(e) F( s ) = = + +
( s + 2) ( s + 6) ( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
2 2
12 3 A 0.75
Let s = 0 ∴ = + + ∴ A = −0.75
4× 6 4 2 6
3 0.75 0.75
∴ F( s ) = − + ↔ (3te −2t − 0.75e −2t + 0.75e −6t ) u (t )
( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
2
1 π
42. F(s) = 2 − + 3
s s + 4s + 5s + 2
2
1 π
= 2 − +
s (s + 2)(s + 1) 2
1 a b c
= 2 − + + +
s (s + 2) (s + 1) 2
(s + 1)
π
where a = = π
(s + 1) 2 s = −2
π
b = = π
(s + 2) s = −1
d ⎡ π ⎤ d ⎡ π ⎤ ⎡ π ⎤
⎢( s + 1)
2
and c = ⎥ = = ⎢− = −π
ds ⎢ (s + 2) ( s + 1)
2
⎥ ds ⎣⎢ (s + 2) ⎦⎥ 2⎥
⎣ (s + 2) ⎦ s = −1
⎣ ⎦s = −1 s = −1
Thus, we may write
f(t) = 2 δ(t) – u(t) + πe–2t u(t) + πte–t u(t) – πe–t u(t)
(s + 1)(s + 2) a b
43. (a) F(s) = = 1+ +
s(s + 3) s (s + 3)
(s + 1)(s + 2) 2 (s + 1)(s + 2) (-2)(-1) 2

a = = and b = = = -
(s + 3) s = 0 3 s s = -3 -3 3
so
2 2 −3t
f(t) = δ (t ) + u (t ) − e u (t )
3 3
(s + 2) a b c c*
(b) F(s) = = + + +
s (s 2 + 4)
2
s 2
s (s + j 2) (s − j 2)
(s + 2) 2
a = = = 0.5
(s 2 + 4) s =0
4
d ⎡ (s + 2) ⎤ ⎡ (s 2 + 4) − 2s(s + 2) ⎤ 4
b = ⎢ 2 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = 2 = 0.25
⎣ (s + 4) ⎦ s = 0 ⎣ (s + 4)
2 2
ds ⎦s = 0 4
(s + 2)
c = = 0.1768∠ − 135o (c* = 0.1768∠135o)
s (s − j 2)
2
s = − j2
so
o o
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.1768 e–j135 e-j2t u(t) + 0.1768 ej135 ej2t u(t)
The last two terms may be combined so that
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.3536 cos (2t + 135o)
44. (a) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some
intermediate steps are not shown):
12s − 36 −36
( s 2
+ 3s + 2 ) 12s 3
( s + 3s + 2 ) −36s − 24s
2 2
− 36s 2 − 24s , and 84s +72
84s + 72 12 96
so G(s) = 12s − 36 + = 12s − 36 − +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s +1 s + 2
d
Hence, g(t) = 12 δ (t ) − 36δ (t ) − 12e− t u (t ) + 96e−2t u (t )
dt
(b) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some
intermediate steps are not shown):
12
( s + 4s + 5s + 2 ) 12s
3 2 3
12s3 + 48s 2 + 60s + 24 ,

− 48s 2 − 60s − 24
48s 2 + 60s + 24 A B C
so G(s) = 12 − = 12 + + +
(s + 2s + 1)(s + 2) ( s + 1) s + 1 s + 2
2 2
Where A = –12, B = 48 and C = –96.
Hence, g(t) = 12δ (t ) − 12te−t u (t ) + 48e − t u (t ) − 96e−2t u (t )
(c) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division on the
second term (some intermediate steps are not shown):
12
(
s + 6s + 11s + 6 12s
3 2 3
)
12s3 + 72s 2 + 132s + 72 ,
− 72s − 132s − 72
2
72s 2 + 132s + 72 A B C
so G(s) = 3s − 12 + = 3s − 12 + + +
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s +1 s + 2 s + 3
Where A = 6, B = –96 and C = 162.
d
Hence, g(t) = 3 δ (t ) − 12δ (t ) + 6e−t u (t ) − 96e −2t u (t ) + 162e−3t u (t )
dt
s +1 1
45. (a) H(s) = = 1− , hence h(t) = δ(t) – e–2t u(t)
s+2 s+2
s+3 2 1
(b) H(s) = = − , hence h(t ) = ⎡⎣ 2e − t − e −2t ⎤⎦ u (t )
( s + 1)( s + 2 ) s + 1 s + 2
(c) We need to perform long division on the second term prior to applying the method of
residues (some intermediate steps are not shown):
s−5
3
(
s + 5s + 7s + 3 s
2 4
)
18s 2 + 32s + 15
18s 2 + 32s + 15 A B C
Thus, H(s) = 3s − s + 5 − + 1 = 2s + 6 + + +
(s + 1) (s + 3) ( s + 1) s + 1 s + 3
2 2
where A = –1/2, B = 9/4, and C = –81/4.
d 1 9 81
Thus, h(t) = 2 δ (t ) + 6δ (t ) − te −t u (t ) + e−t u (t ) − e−3t u (t )
dt 2 4 4
46.
4
(a) 5[sI(s) – i(0-)] – 7[s2I(s) – si(0-) – i'(0-)] + 9I(s) =
s
(b) m[s2P(s) – sp(0-) – p'(0-)] + μf [sP(s) – p(0-)] + kP(s) = 0
ΔN p (s ) GL
(c) [s ΔNp(s) – Δnp(0-)] = − +
τ s
47.
15u (t ) − 4δ(t ) = 8 f (t ) + 6 f ′(t ), f (0) = −3
15 15 − 4s 15 − 4 s
∴ − 4 = 8F( s ) + 6sF( s) + 18 = ∴ F( s) (6 s + 8) = 18 +
s s s
−22s + 15 15 / 8
∴ F( s ) = = ∴ f (t ) = (1.875 − 5.542e −4t / 3 ) u (t )
6s ( s + 4 / 30) s + 4 / 3
48.
diL
(a) -5 u(t – 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 = 0
dt
− 5 − 2s
(b) e + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0
s
5 − 2s
e + 5 iL (0- )
s e −2s + 5 × 10-3 s
IL(s) = =
5s + 10 s (s + 2 )
⎡a − 2s b ⎤ 5 × 10-3
(c) IL(s) = e ⎢ + ⎥ + s+2
⎣s s + 2 ⎦
1 1 1 1
where a = = , and b = = - , so that we may write
s + 2 s=0 2 s s = -2 2
1 − 2s ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 5 × 10-3
IL(s) = e ⎢ − ⎥ + s+2
2 ⎣s s + 2⎦
Thus, iL(t) =
1
2
[ ]
u (t − 2) − e − 2(t − 2 ) u (t − 2) + 5 × 10-3 e - 2t u (t )
=
1
2
[ ]
1 − e − 2 (t − 2 ) u (t − 2) + 5 × 10-3 e- 2t u (t )
49.
(a) vc (0− ) = 50 V, vc (0+ ) = 50 V
(b) 0.1 vc′ + 0.2 vc + 0.1(vc − 20) = 0

2
(c) ∴ 0.1 vc′ + 0.3 vc = 2, 0.1sVc − 5 + 0.3Vc =
s
2 5s + 2
∴ Vc (0.1s + 0.3) = 5 + =
s s
5s + 2 20 / 3 130 / 3 ⎛ 20 130 −3t ⎞
∴ Vc ( s ) = = + ∴ vc (t ) = ⎜ + e ⎟ u (t ) V
s (0.1s + 0.3) s s+3 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
50.
diL
(a) 5 u(t) – 5 u(t – 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 = 0
dt
5 5
(b) − e − 2s + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0
s s
5 −2 s 5
e − + 5 iL (0- )
e −2s + 5 ×10−3s − 1
IL(s) = s s =
5s + 10 s (s + 2)
⎡a b ⎤ c d
(c) IL(s) = e − 2s ⎢ + ⎥ + + where
⎣s s + 2 ⎦ s s+2
1 1 1 1 5 × 10−3 s − 1 1
a = = ,b = =- , c = = − , and
s + 2 s=0 2 s s = -2 2 s+2 s =0
2
−3 −3
5 × 10 s − 1 −10 × 10 − 1
d = = = 0.505 ,
s s = −2
−2
so that we may write

1 ⎡1 1 ⎤ 0.505 ⎛ 1 ⎞1
IL(s) = e −2s ⎢ − ⎥ + − ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎣s s + 2⎦ s+2 ⎝2⎠s
1 ⎡ 1
Thus, iL(t) = ⎣ u (t − 2) − e −2( t − 2) u (t − 2) ⎤⎦ + 0.505e-2t u (t ) − u (t )
2 2
51.
12
12 u (t ) = 20 f 2′ (t ) + 3 f 2 (0− ) = 2 ∴
= 20sF2 − 20 (2) + 3F2
s
12 12 + 40 s 2s + 0.6
∴ + 40 = (20s + 3) F2 = ∴ F2 ( s ) =
s s s ( s + 0.15)
4 2
∴ F2 ( s ) = − ↔ (4 − 2e −0.15t ) u (t )
s s + 0.15
52. (a) f(t) = 2 u(t) - 4δ(t)
(b) f(t) = cos ( 99 t )

1 a b
(c) F(s) = - 5 = + - 5
s + 5s + 6
2
s−3 s−2
1 1
where a = = 1 and b = = -1
s−2 s=3 s−3 s=2
Thus,
f(t) = e-3t u(t) – e-2t u(t) – 5δ(t)
(d) f(t) = δ '(t) (a “doublet”)
(e) f(t) = δ'"(t)
53.
x′ + y = 2u (t ), y′ − 2 x + 3 y = 8u (t ), x(0− ) = 5, y (0− ) = 8
2 8 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 5 Y
sX − 5 + Y = , sY − 8 − 2X + 3Y = ∴ X = ⎜ + 5 − Y ⎟ = 2 + −
s s s⎝s ⎠ s s s
4 10 2Y 8 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 4 18
∴ sY + 3Y − 2
− + = 8+ ∴ Y⎜s + 3+ ⎟ = 2 + +8
s s s s ⎝ s⎠ s s
⎛ s 2 + 3s + 2 ⎞ 4 + 18s + 8s 2 8s 2 + 18s + 4 2 6 0
Y⎜ ⎟ = , Y( s ) + = + +
⎝ s ⎠ s 2
s ( s + 1) ( s + 2) s s + 1 s + 2
1 1
∴ y (t ) = (2 + 6e − t ) u (t ); x(t ) = [ y′ + 3 y − 8u (t )] = y′ + 1.5 y − 4u (t )
2 2
1
∴ x(t ) = [−6e −t u (t )] + 1.5 [2 + 6e − t ] u (t ) − 4u (t )
2
∴ x(t ) = 6e − t u (t ) − u (t ) = (6e − t − 1) u (t )
8
54. (a) F(s) = 8s + 8 + , with f(0-) = 0. Thus, we may write:
s
f(t) = 8 δ(t) + 8 u(t) + 8δ ' (t)
s2
(b) F(s) = -s + 2.
(s + 2)
f(t) = δ ' (t) - 2δ(t) + 4e-2t u(t) - δ ' (t) + 2δ(t) = 4e-2t u(t)
55.
40 − 100
(a) ic (0− ) = 0, vc (0) = 100 V, ∴ ic (0+ ) = = −0.6 A
100
∞
(b) 40 = 100 ic + 50 ∫ − ic dt + 100
0
(c) 60 50
− = 100 Ic ( s ) + Ic ( s)
s s
6 10 s + 5 −6 −0.6
∴ = Ic , Ic ( s) = = ↔ ic (t ) = −0.6e −0.5t u (t )
s s 10 s + 5 s + 0.5
4s
56. (a) 4 cos 100t ↔
s + 1002
2
2 × 103 3s
(b) 2 sin 103t – 3 cos 100t ↔ - 2
s + 10
2 6
s + 1002
14s 2 sin 8o
(c) 14 cos 8t - 2 sin 8o ↔ -
s 2 + 64 s
6
(d) δ(t) + [sin 6t ]u(t) ↔ 1 +
s + 36
2
4 1
(e) cos 5t sin 3t = ½ sin 8t + ½ sin (-2t) = ½ (sin 8t – sin 2t) ↔ - 2
s + 64 s + 4
2
t
57. is = 100e −5t u (t ) A; is = v′ + 4v + 3∫ − vdt
0
v 1 t 1 1
(a) is = + Cv′ + ∫ − vdt ; R = Ω, C = 1F, L = H
R L 0 4 3
(b) 100 3
= sV( s ) + 4V( s ) + V( s )
s+5 s
⎛ 3⎞ s 2 + 4 s + 3 100 100s
V( s ) ⎜ s + 4 + ⎟ = V( s ) = , V( s ) =
⎝ 4⎠ s s+5 ( s + 1) ( s + 3) ( s + 5)
−12.5 75 62.5
∴ V( s ) = + − , v(t ) = (75e −3t − 12.5e − t − 62.5e−5t ) u (t ) V
s +1 s + 3 s + 5
58.
7 e −2 s
(a) V(s) = + V
s s
e −2s
(b) V(s) = V
s +1
(c) V(s) = 48e-s V
59.
∞
4 u (t ) + ic + 10 ∫ − ic dt + 4 [ic − 0.5δ (t )] = 0
0
4 10 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 4 2s − 4
∴ + Ic + Ic + 4Ic = 2, Ic ⎜ 5 + ⎟ = 2 − +
s s ⎝ s ⎠ s s
2s − 4 1.6
∴ Ic = = 0.4 −
5s + 10 s+2
∴ ic (t ) + 0.4δ (t ) − 1.6e −2t u (t ) A
60.
t
v′ + 6v + 9 ∫ − v( z ) dz = 24 (t − 2) u (t − 2), v′(0) = 0
0
9 1 s 2 + 6s + 9 ( s + 3) 2
∴sV( s ) − 0 + 6 V( s ) + V( s) = 24e −2 s 2 = V( s ) = V( s )
s s s s
1 s ⎡1/ 9 1/ 9 1/ 3 ⎤
∴ V( s ) = 24e −2 s = 24e −2 s ⎢ − −
s ( s + 3)
2 2
⎣ s s + 3 ( s + 3) 2 ⎥⎦
⎡8 / 3 8 8 ⎤ 8
∴ V( s) = e −2 s ⎢ − − 2⎥
↔ [u (t − 2) − e −3( t − 2) u (t − 2)]
⎣ s s + 3 ( s + 3) ⎦ 3
⎡8 8 ⎤
−8(t − 2) e −3(t − 2) u (t − 2) ∴ v(t ) = ⎢ − e−3( t − 2) − 8(t − 2) e−3(t − 2) ⎥ u (t − 2)
⎣3 3 ⎦
61. (a) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the
Routh test:
1 47
13 35
44.308 0 [(13)(47) – 35]/13
35 [35(44.308) – 0]/44.308
No sign changes, so STABLE.
(b) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the
Routh test:
1 1
13 35
–1.69 0 [13 – 35]/13
No need to proceed further: we see a sign change, so UNSTABLE.
Routh test:
1 8
3 0
8 [(3)(8) – 0]/3
1
2
3 ⎛3⎞ 3 ⎛ 23 ⎞ 2
Verification: roots of D(s) = − ± ⎜ ⎟ − 8 = − ± j ⎜ ⎟ , which have negative real
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
parts, so the function is indeed stable.
Routh test:
1 1
2 0
1 [(2)(1) – 0]/2
Verification: roots of D(s) = –1, –1, which have negative real parts, so the function is
indeed stable.
Routh test:
1 3 1
3 3 0
2 1 [(3)(3) – 3]/3
1.5 [6 – 3]/2
Routh test:
1
3
64. (a) v(t ) = 7u (t ) + 8e −3t u (t ) Therefore
7 8 15s + 21
V (s) = + = .
s s + 3 s(s + 3)
21
15 +
15s + 21 s = 15 V
lim sV (s) = lim = lim
s →∞ s →∞ s+3 s →∞ 3
1+
s
(b) v(0) = 7 + 8 = 15 V (verified)
65. (a) v(t ) = 7u (t ) + 8e −3t u (t ) Therefore
7 8 15s + 21
V (s) = + = .
s s + 3 s(s + 3)
15s + 21
lim sV (s) = lim = 7V
s→0 s →0 s+3
(b) v(∞) = 7 + 0 = 7 V (verified)
66. 5( s 2 + 1) lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
+
(a) F( s) = 3 ∴ f (0 ) = =5
( s + 1) s →∞ s3 + 1
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
f (∞ ) = , but 1 pole in RHP ∴ indeterminate
s →0 s3 + 1
(b) 5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =0
s 3 + 16 s→∞ s 4 + 16
f (∞) is indeterminate since poles on jω axis
( s + 1) (1 + e−4 s ) +
lim s ( s + 1) (1 + e −4 s )
(c) F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =1
s2 + 2 s →∞ s2 + 2
f (∞) is indeterminate since poles on jω axis
⎛ 2s 2 + 6 ⎞
67. (a) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2
s →∞ s → ∞ s + 5s + 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2s 2 + 6 ⎞ 6
f(∞) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = = 3
s →0 s → 0 s + 5s + 2 2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2se − s ⎞
(b) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0
s →∞ s →∞ s + 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2se − s ⎞
f(∞) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0
s →0 s →0 s + 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ s(s 2 + 1)⎤
(c) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim ⎢ 2 ⎥ = ∞
s →∞ s →∞
⎣ s +5 ⎦
f(∞) : This function has poles on the jω axis, so we may not apply the final value
theorem to determine f(∞).
68.
5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
(a) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =5
( s + 1)3 s →∞ ( s + 1)3
⎡ 5(s 2 + 1) ⎤
f (∞) = lim ⎢s = 0 (pole OK)
s→0 ⎣ (s + 1)3 ⎥⎦
5( s 2 + 1) + 5( s 2 + 1)
(b) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = l im =0
s ( s + 1)3 s→∞ ( s + 1)3
5( s 2 + 1)
f (∞) = lim = 5 (pole OK)
s→0 ( s + 1)3
(c) (1 − e − 3 s ) + 1 − e −3s
F(s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = l im =0
s2 s →∞ s
⎡ 1 − e −3s ⎤
f ( ∞ ) = l im ⎢ = (using L'Hospital's rule) l im ( 3e − 3 s ) = 3
s→ 0 ⎣ s ⎥⎦ s→ 0
69.
1
f (t ) = (eat − e− bt ) u (t )
t
1 ∞ 1 1
(a) Now,
t
f (t ) ↔ ∫
s
F( s) ds ∴ e− at u (t ) ↔
s+a
, − e− bt u (t ) ↔ −
s+b
∞ ∞
1 ∞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ s+a s+a s+b
∴ (e− at − e− bt u (t ) ↔
t ∫s ⎜ − ⎟ ds = ln
⎝ s+a s+b⎠ s+b s
= ln
s+b s
= ln
s+a
(b) lim 1 − at −bt lim 1 − at + ... − 1 + bt

( e − e ) u (t ) = =b−a
t →0+ t t →0+ t
lim s + b lim ln ( s + b) − ln ( s + a)
sln =
s→∞ s + a s→∞ 1/ s
lim 1/( s + b) − 1/( s + a) lim ⎡ 2 ( a − b) ⎤
Use l′ Hospital. ∴ sF( s) = = ⎢ −s =b−a
s→∞ −1/ s 2 s →∞
⎣ ( s + b) ( s + a) ⎥⎦
70. 8s − 2 lim s (8s − 2)

(a) F( s) = ∴ f (0+ ) = =8
s + 6s + 10
2 s →∞ s 2 + 6 s + 10
lim s (8s − 2) ⎛ −6 ± 36 − 40 ⎞
f (∞ ) = = 0 ⎜⎜ poles: s = , LHP, ∴ OK ⎟⎟
s →0 s + 6 s + 10
2
2
⎝ ⎠
(b) 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5 +
lim 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5
F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =∞
s 3 + 6 s 2 + 10s s →∞ s 2 + 6 s + 10
lim 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5
f (∞ ) = = −0.5 (poles OK)
s →0 s 2 + 6 s + 10
8s − 2 lim s (8s − 2)
(c) F( s) = ∴ f (0+ ) = =8
s − 6 s + 10
2 s →∞ s 2 − 6 s + 10
lim s (8s − 2) 6 ± 36 − 40
f (∞ ) = , s= RHP ∴ indeterminate
s →0 s − 6 s + 10
2
2
8s 2 − 2
(d) F(s) = ∴ f (0+ ) = lim sF(s) = 0
(s + 2) (s + 1) (s + 6s + 10)
2 2 s→∞
s (8s 2 − 2)
f ( ∞ ) = lim = 0 (pole OK)
s→0 (s + 2) 2 (s + 1) (s 2 + 6s + 10)

Chapter 14 Solutions To Exercises PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter 14 Solutions To Exercises PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Fourteen Solutions 10 March 2006

(d) s = -1000 ± j1000 s-1;

(e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit

(b) s = ± j77 s–1

(d) s = 0.5 s–1, –5 ± j8 s–1

(d) e− jωt → 1∠0o

(e) cos 4t → 1∠0o

(f) sin 4t → 1∠0o

(c) (-j30)* = +j30

(d) (5 e-j6)* = 5 e+j6

(e) (24 ∠ -45o )* = 24 ∠ 45o

(h) (4 – 22 ∠ 92.5o)* = (4 + 0.9596 – j21.98)* = (4.9596 – j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98

5. Q = 9∠43o μ C, s = j 20π . Thus, q = 9 cos(20π t + 43o ) μ C.

(a) At t = 1, q(1) = q (1) = 9 cos(20π + 43o ) μ C = 6.582 μ C.

(b) s = –2 ± j60 s–1

(b) iy (t ) = (4 + j 7)e−3t (cos15t − j sin15t ) = 8.062e−3t e− j15t + j 60.26°

(c) iA (t ) = (5 − j8)e( −1.5t + j12)t = 9.434e− j 57.99°e−1.5t e j12t = 9.434e−1.5t e j (125−57.99°)

8. (a) ω = 279 Mrad/s, and ω = 2 πf. Thus, f = ω/2π = 44.4 MHz

= 1.165 e j279×106 t + 1.165 e -j279×106 t mV

= 36.06e-0.2 ∠ [-56.31o + j5(180)/ π] = 29.52 ∠230.2o V (or 29.52 ∠-129.8o V).

(b) Re{ vs } = 36.06 e-2t cos (50t – 56.31o) V.

(c) Re{ vs(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2o) = -18.89 V.

(d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s-1

(e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 – j50 s-1

Substituting, 10∠3o est = RIest + Lsest I [1]

Thus, i(t) = Re{Iest} = 0.1e–2t cos (10t + 2.99o) A.

(b) By Ohm’s law, v1(t) = 100i(t) = 10 e–2t cos (10t + 2.99o) V.

We obtain v2(t) by recognising from Eq. [1] that V2 est = Lsest I ,

Thus, v2(t) = 2.04e–2t cos (10t + 104.3o) mV

11. (a) Let the complex frequency be σ + jω. V = Vm ∠θ . I = I m ∠θ

which defines an impedance ZL = sL = (σ + jω ) L.

(b) ZR = 100 Ω. ZL = (–2 + j10)(0.002) = 20.4 ∠101.3o Ω .

12. (a) s = 0 + j120π = + j120π

179∠0o 179∠0o 179∠0o

Converting back to the time domain, we find that

(a) vs = 10e −2t cos(10t + 30°) V ∴ s = −2 + j10, Vs = 10∠30° V

(b) ix (t ) = 0.3536e −2t cos(10t − 105°) A

14. (a) s = 0 + j100π = + j100π

339∠0o 339∠0o 339∠0o

Converting back to the time domain, we find that

= 169.5 cos (100πt + 0.91o) mA.

15. iS 1 = 20e −3t cos 4t A, iS 2 = 30e−3t sin 4t A

(a) IS 1 = 20∠0°, IS 2 = − j 30, s = −3 + j 4

(b) vx (t ) = 185.15− e−3t cos(4t − 47.58°) V

(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute

(c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance

Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write

25. (a) f(t) = e-3t u(t)

(b) f(t) = δ(t)

(c) f(t) = t u(t)

(d) f(t) = 275 δ(t)

(e) f(t) = u(t)

(b) f (t ) = 2δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2e −2 s , F (1 + j 2) = 2e −2 e − j 4 = −0.17692 + j 0.2048

(a) f(t) = 2 u(t – 1) u(3 – t) u(t3)

(e) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ]

32. (a) F(s) = 3 + 1/s; f(t) = 3δ(t) + u(t)

(b) F(s) = 3 + 1/s2; f(t) = 3δ(t) + tu(t)

33. (a) G(s) = 90 – 4.5/s; g(t) = 90δ(t) – 4.5u(t)

(b) G(s) = 11 + 2/s; g(t) = 11δ(t) + 2u(t)

34. (a) f(t) = 5 u(t) – 16 δ(t) + e-4.4t u(t)

(b) f(t) = δ(t) – u(t) + t u(t)

Check with MATLAB:

(c) 500 e-10t1% = 5