A

Seminar Report
On
WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGING USING MICROWAVE

By
Reshma Indu A
M.Sc ELECTRONIC SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COCHIN-682022
1.INTRODUCTION

Microwaves are radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) with wavelengths

ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter. The prefix "micro-" in
"microwave" is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometer range. It indicates that
microwaves are "small" compared to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, For this we
required shorter wavelengths Microwave technology, which is extensively used for point-
to-point telecommunications (i.e., non-broadcast uses).

Microwaves are especially suitable for this use since they are more easily focused into
narrow beams than radio wave, their comparatively higher frequencies allow broad
bandwidth and high data transmission rates, smaller antenna sizes because antenna size is
inversely proportional to transmitted frequency. Microwaves signals are use in spacecraft
communication, and for the world wide data transmission, TV, and telephone
communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations and
communications satellites. All these electronic gadgets irrespective of their manufacturer
and batteries life have to be put to recharge after the battery once used.

The main objective of this current proposal is to make the recharging of the mobile phones
independent of their manufacturer and battery make. In this paper a new idea has been
made to make the recharging of the mobile phones automatically as you talk in your mobile
phone. This is done by the help of microwaves. The microwave signal is transmitted from
the transmitting station along with the message signal using a special kind of antennas
called slotted wave guide antenna.
2.ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic spectrum is a range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
When white light is shone through a prism it is separated out into all colors this is called a vibal
spectrum light. Consist of a very small particles are called as photons is a bundle of energy.Light
is travelling at the speed of 3,00,000 km/hr as light hit something that means it may be bounce
off, and it comes into our eyes and we can see object.

Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

Region Wavelength Wavelength Frequency Energy
(Angstroms) (centimeters) (Hz) (eV)

Radio > 109 > 10 < 3 x 109 < 10-5

Microwave 109 - 106 10 - 0.01 3 x 109 - 3 x 1012 10-5 - 0.01

Infrared 106 - 7000 0.01 - 7 x 10-5 3 x 1012 - 4.3 x 1014 0.01 – 2

Visible 7000 - 4000 7 x 10-5 - 4 x 10-5 4.3 x 1014 - 7.5 x 1014 2–3

Ultraviolet 4000 - 10 4 x 10-5 - 10-7 7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1017 3 - 103

X-Rays 10 - 0.1 10-7 - 10-9 3 x 1017 - 3 x 1019 103 - 105

Gamma Rays < 0.1 < 10-9 > 3 x 1019 > 105

Table1. Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

Radio: Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations, bringing your favorite tunes.
Radio waves are also emitted by stars and gases in space.
Microwave: Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few minutes, but is also used
by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies.

Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin and objects with
heat. In space, infrared light helps us map the dust between stars.

Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit visible light.

Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and is the reason skin tans and burns.
"Hot" objects in space emit UV radiation as well.

X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses them to see through
your bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays.

Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The biggest gamma-ray
generator of all is the Universe.

3.MICROWAVES
Microwave are the radio wave which has the wave length range of 1 mm to 1 meter and the
frequency is 3000 MHZ to300 GHZ. Microwaves have wavelength that can be measured in
centimeters microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to another place
because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds and smoke.
Microwave radiation is still associated with energy level that is usually considered harmless
except for people with pace makers.The microwave technology is used for point to point
communication, as they can be easily focused into narrow beams. They allow broad bandwidth
and high data transmission rates. The energy levels of microwave radiations are considered to be
harmless.
• L band (1-2 GHz)
• S band (2-4 GHz)
• C band (4-8 GHz)
• X band (8-12 GHz)
• Ku band (12-18 GHz)
• K band (18 -26.5 GHz)
• Ka band (26.5-40 GHz)
• Q band (33-50 GHz)
• U band (40-60 GHz)
• V band (50-75 GHz)
• W band (75-110 GHz)
• F band (90-140 GHz)
• D band 110-170 GHz)
For the purpose of wireless mobile charging we are going to use the S band of the microwave
spectrum.

4.FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER DESIGN:MAGNETRON
It is a vacuum tube oscillator that generates high-power electromagnetic signals in the
microwave frequency range. Magnetron is a high power microwave oscillator and it is used in
microwave oven and radar transmitter.It is itself a special kind of vacum tube that has permanent
magnet in its constructions.This magnet is setup to affect the path of travel of electrons that are in
transit from cathode to the plate.Magnetron is capable to deliver more power than reflex klystron
or gunn diode.

It is a high power oscillator and has high efficiency of 50% to 80%.Magnetron is a device which
produces microwave radiation of radar application and microwaves.Magnetron functions as self-
excited microwave oscillator.Crossed electron and magnetic fields are used to produce magnetron
to produce the high power output required in radar equipment.These multi cavity devices are
used in transmitters as pulsed or cw oscillators to produce microwave radiation.Disadvantage of
magnetron is that it works only on fixed frequency.

fig 1:magnetron
SLOTTED WAVEGUIDE ANTENNA
It is used as ideal power transmitter (because of its high aperture efficiency >95%). It has high
power handling capacity, along with 64 slots of power uniformly through free space to the
rectenna.

CHANNEL
Channel is a medium through which Microwaves radiations moves from transmitter to subscriber
(mobile handset).For this application, vacuum (or Air) isrequired.

RECEIVER DESIGN:RECTENNA
Rectenna = Rectifier + Antenna.
On the reception of the microwave signal,the sensor circuitry start working and send
acknowledgment. Rectenna circuit converts microwave energy to dc output. Mobile phone
begins to charge using the microwave power as long as the user talks over cell phone. Rectenna
is a rectifying circuit that converts microwave energy into DC output. Single Rectenna is approx
23 mm2, arranged to form an array suitable to the shape of mobile phone. Very thin as sheets and
can be used at the back of the Cell phones In our design it consists of a single diode power
rectifier in “hybrid technology” with improved sensitivity at low power levels.

The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying
antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC
electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from
most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed between
antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves.
Rectennae are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory
environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity. Some experimentation
has been done with inverse rectenna, converting electricity into microwave energy, but
efficiencies are much lower--only in the area of 1%. With the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS
the size of these devices can be brought down to molecular level. It has been theorized that similar
devices, scaled down to the proportions used in nanotechnology, could be used to convert light
into electricity at much greater efficiencies than what is currently possible with solar cells. This
type of device is called an optical rectenna.

Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device shrinks, but experiments funded
by the United States National Renewable energy Laboratory have so far only obtained roughly 1%
efficiency while using infrared light. Another important part of our receiver circuitry is a simple
sensor. This is simply used to identify when the mobile phone user is talking. As our main objective
is to charge the mobile phone with the transmitted microwave after rectifying it by the rectenna,
the sensor plays an important role.

PROCESS OF RECTIFICATION
A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, an antenna used to convert microwaves into DC power. Being
that an antenna refers to any type of device that converts electromagnetic waves into electricity
or vice versa, a rectenna is simply a microwave antenna in contrast to the ubiquitous radio and
TV antennas. You've probably seen the word rectenna pop up in discussions of solar power
satellites, or other power generation schemes involving microwave power transmission or
beaming.

Rectennas are quite good at what they do: efficiencies above 90% are quite common. Inverse
rectennas, which convert electricity into microwave beams, are only in the early stages of
development, with efficiencies of only about 1%. This poses a problem for solar power satellite
proposals.It rectifies received microwaves into DC current.

A rectenna comprises of a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a
transmitter and converting it into electric power. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern,
giving it a distinct appearance from most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a
Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles.The diode rectifies the current induced in the
antenna by the microwaves. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to
electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity.
In future rectennas will be used to generate large-scale power from microwave beams delivered
from orbiting SPS satellites.

Fig 2 process of rectification

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SCHOTTKY BARRIE

DIODE

A Schottky barrier diode is different from a common P/N silicon diode. The common diode is
formed by connecting a P type semiconductor with an N type semiconductor, this is connecting
between a semiconductor and another semiconductor; however, a Schottky barrier diode is formed
by connecting a metal with a semiconductor. When the metal contacts the semiconductor, there will
be a layer of potential barrier (Schottky barrier) formed on the contact surface of them, which shows
a characteristic of rectification. The material of the semiconductor usually is a semiconductor of n-
type (occasionally p-type), and the material of metal generally is chosen from different metals such
as molybdenum, chromium, platinum and tungsten. Sputtering technique connects the metal and the
semiconductor.

A Schottky barrier diode is a majority carrier device, while a common diode is a minority carrier
device. When a common PN diode is turned from electric connecting to circuit breakage, the
redundant minority carrier on the contact surface should be removed to result in time delay. The
Schottky barrier diode itself has no minority carrier, it can quickly turn from electric connecting to
circuit breakage, its speed is much faster than a common P/N diode, so its reverse recovery time Trr
is very short and shorter than 10 nS. And the forward voltage bias of the Schottky barrier diode is
under 0.6V or so, lower than that (about 1.1V) of the common PN diode. So, The Schottky barrier
diode is a comparatively ideal diode, such as for a 1 ampere limited current PN interface.

Below is the comparison of power consumption between a common diode and a Schottky barrier
diode:

P=0.6*1=0.6W

P=1.1*1=1.1W

It appears that the standards of efficiency differ widely. Besides, the PIV of the Schottky barrier
diode is generally far smaller than that of the PN diode; on the basis of the same unit, the PIV of the
Schottky barrier diode is probably 50V while the PIV of the PN diode may be as high as 150V.
Another advantage of the Schottky barrier diode is a very low noise index that is very important for
a communication receiver; its working scope may reach20GHz.

SENSOR CIRCUITRY
The sensor circuitry is a simple circuit, which detects if the mobile phone receives any message
signal. This is required, as the phone has to be charged as long as the user is talking. Thus a simple
F to V converter would serve our purpose. In India the operating frequency of the mobile phone
operators is generally 900MHz or 1800MHz for the GSM system for mobile communication. Thus
the usage of simple F to V converters would act as switches to trigger the rectenna circuit to on.

A simple yet powerful F to V converter is LM2907. Using LM2907 would greatly serve our purpose.
It acts as a switch for triggering the rectenna circuitry. The general block diagram for the LM2907 is
given below. Thus on the reception of the signal the sensor circuitry directs the rectenna circuit
to ON and the mobile phone begins to charge using the microwave power.
A sensor is devised to sense the activities such as texting, calling, SMS and MMS, being carried
out in a cell phone within a specified range. It is an easy to use handy mobile device, sometimes
also called as sniffer or pocket-size mobile transmission detector. A number of phone sensor
manufacturing companies have sprouted in the industry, each offering some or the other
exceptional features in their products.You can choose the one as per your own requirements.A
cell phone sensor can sense the presence of an activated cell phone within the range of around
one and a half metres.

The cell phone sensor circuit has been designed to perfection so that it may be able to track the
appearance of a mobile phone and all its activities, including SMS, video transmissions,
incoming calls as well as outgoing calls.The device is quiet capable to function properly even if
the cell phone under surveillance is on silent mode.As soon as the sensor senses the RF
transmission signals from a phone located somewhere in its vicinity, it starts raising a beep alarm
which continues till the signal transmission is not ceased.

5.ADVANTAGES

• Use of separate chargers is eliminated.

• Electricity is saved.
• The phone can be charged anywhere anytime.
• Wireless charging has the low risk of electrical shock or shorting.
• The wireless phone charging never allows the phone to die and it becomes easier for the
users to change their mobiles.
• The need of different type of chargers by different manufactures is totally eliminated.

6.DISADVANTAGE

• The size of the rectenna is very large and so it has to be reduced with the help of
nanotechnology which is costlier.
7.CONCLUSION
This paper successfully demonstrates the method of using the power of the microwave to charge the
mobile phones without the use of wired chargers.This method provides great advantage to the
mobile phone users to carry their phones anywhere even if the place is devoid of facilities for
charging.The use of rectenna and a sensor in a mobile phone could provide a new dimension in the
mobile phone.

8.REFERENCES
[1] Wireless Charging Of Mobile Phones Using MicrowavesInternational Journal of Engineering
Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 5,September 2013.
[2] Wireless charging of mobile phones using microwaves International Conference on
Electronics and Electrical Engineering ISBN NO: 9788192710457.
[3] Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System;
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 1 – No.13.
[4] Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, Ben Johnston, Ed., Austin, Hart Brothers, p. 91,1982.
[5] W.C. Brown, J.R. Mims and N.I. Heenan, “An Experimental Microwave- Powered
Helicopter”, 965 IEEE International Convention Record, Vol. 13,Part 5,pp.225-235