Antibiotics

Therapeutic Indications Pharmacokinetics Contraindications Adverse Effects Drug-Drug Nursing

Actions and Cautions Interactions Considerations
Aminoglycosides Bactericidal – Treatment of Poorly absorbed Allergy to Ototoxicity Synergistic
Inhibit protein inhibits protein serious infections in GIT aminoglycosides Renal toxicity bactericidal
synthesis in synthesis in that are GI disturbances effect when given
susceptible susceptible susceptible to Half-life: 2-3 hrs Renal or hepatic Bone marrow with penicillins,
strains of Gram- strains of Gram- penicillin when disease depression cephalosporins,
negative bacteria negative bacteria penicillin is Widely Pre-existing Superinfections or ticarcillin
contraindicated. distributed hearing loss
Amikacin Irreversibly bind Avoid combining
Neomycin to a unit of the Can be used to Metabolized in Active infection with potent
Gentamycin bacteria infections before liver with herpes of diuretics
Kanamycin ribosomes, C and S have mycobacteria
Streptomycin leading to the been completed. Excreted in urine
Tobramycin misreading of the Myasthenia
genetic code and grains or
cell death parkinsonism

Lactation and
pregnancy
Carbapenems Bactericidal – Treatment of Half-life: 4 hrs Allergy to any GI effects:
New class of inhibit cell serious intra- carbanems or Diarrhea
broad-spectrum membrane abdominal, Excreted beta-lactams Dizziness
antibiotics synthesis in urinary tract, skin, unchanged in Superinfections
effective against susceptible bone, joint, and urine oSeizure
Gram-positive bacteria, leading gyne infections disorders
and Gram- to cell death
negative bacteria Meningitis

Meropenem – GI Lactation,
toxicities Pregnancy
Doripenem (caution)
Cephalosporins Both bactericidal Treatment of Half-life: 30-60 Allergy Nausea/vomiting
Large group of and bacteriostatic infections caused mins Diarrhea
antibiotics, similar by susceptible Renal failure Rash
to penicillin, that Interfere with the bacteria Excreted Superinfection
are effective cell wall-building unchanged in Bone marrow
against a wide activity of bacteria Ex) Respi, derma, urine infection
range of bacteria when they divide urinary tract, Risk for
middle ear pseudomembranous
HENPeCKSS infections colitis
Fluoroquinolones Enter the bacterial Treatment of Half-life: 3.5-4 hrs Allergy Headache
New synthetic cell by passive respiratory, Dizziness
class of antibiotics diffusion through derma, urinary Metabolized in Pregnant or Insomnia and
with a broad channels in the tract, ear, eye, liver lactating depression
spectrum of cell membrane. bone, and join
activity infections Excreted in bile Renal dysfunction Nausea/vomiting
Interfere with the and urine Diarrhea
Ciprofloxacin actions of DNA Seizures Dry mouth
Gemofloxacin enzymes Photosensitivity
Levofloxacin necessary for the reactions
Moxifloxacin growth and Tendonitis
Norfloxacin reproduction of Tendon rupture
Ofloxacin the bacteria.
Penicillins Bactericidaleffects High doses are Sensitive to the Avoid with GIT:
First antibiotic by interfering used to treat high gastric levels tetracyclines and N/V
introduced for with the ability of meningococcal in the stomach aminoglycosides Diarrhea
clinical use by Sir susceptible meningitis and should be Abdominal pain
Alexander bacteria to build taken on an Stomatitis
Fleming their cell walls empty stomach Gastritis
when they are Sore mouth
Ampicillin dividing Furry tongue
Amoxicillin

PRA
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Sulfonamides/ Blocks 2 Treatment of UTIs Half-life: 8-10 hrs Allergy CNS toxicity
Sulfa consecutive steps N/V
Drugs that inhibit in protein and Excreted in urine Pregnancy and Diarrhea
folic acid nuclei acid lactation Liver injury
synthesis production, Renal toxicity
leading to Renal disease Bone marrow
Sulfadiazine inability for cells depression
Sulfasalazine to multiply History of kidney
Cotrimoxazole stones

No longer used
much
Remain
inexpensive and
effective
treatment for UTIs
Tetracyclines Inhibit protein Treatment ofAbsorption is Allergy Fatal hepatotoxicity Oral
Semisynthetic synthesis and various infections affected by food, contraceptives
antibiotics based prevent bacteria caused by iron, calcium, and Pregnancy and Damage to teeth
on the structure from multiplying susceptible other drugs in the lactation and bones Administer on an
of a common soil strains of bacteriastomach empty stomach
mold Under 8 yrs old
When penicillin in Half-life: 12-25 hrs
-cyclines contraindicated Hepatic and renal
for eradicating of dysfunction
susceptible
organisms Fungal,
mycobacterial,
viral ocular
infections
Antimicrobials: Interferes with Treatment of TB Half-life: 1-4 hrs Peripheral
Antituberculosis lipid and nucleic as part of neuropathies
Drugs acid synthesis in combination Metabolized in N/V
actively growing therapy liver Hepatitis
First-line drugs tubercle bacilli
Rifampin Prophylactic Excreted in urine Bone marrow
Isoniazid treatment of suppression
Pyrazinamide household Fever
Ethambutol members of Gynecomastia
Streptomycin recently
Rifapentine diagnosed Rifampin –
tuberculars discoloration of
body fluids from
urine to sweat and
tears
Leprostatic Drugs
Dapsone –
mainstay of
leprosy treatment
for many years
Ketolides