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The Causes and Effects of Procrastination on school works to Selected Senior

High school Students

A thesis Presented to the faculty of the Immaculate Conception Academy

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Procrastination Research for the

subject Research 1

By:

Saria, Jan Michael

Canaon, Mark Ian

Loreto, Jeanrenz

Lomibao, Lea

Dungo, Ishi

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Everybody had already done procrastination in their lives, some people do

not realize that they did it or how they even do it, but this often happened to
students, by letting your works just pass by for another day.

Procrastination is the action of delaying or postponing something,

postponement by itself simply does not suffice, as procrastination is not the only
activity that has a component of delay. It is no stranger to today’s culture in time
management. “Postponement by itself simply does not suffice, as procrastination
is not the only activity that has a component of delay” (Steel, 2002).

The act of procrastination always refers to a negative act that reduces

performance and quality of work. This however is a stereotype and might not be
true. Procrastination is mainly caused by personality and mental state and can
affect the procrastinator’s performance and health.

Background of the Study

A mass number of students these days spend less time in studying.

Students today about 10 hours less on average than SHS students in the year
2017. Different factors are to be considered regarding the decrease in the amount
of time in studying of students. Some factors include procrastination, non-
academic after-school activities, setting priorities, and appalling habits that might
affect the academic performance of students.

Most students experience procrastination from the school itself,

Procrastination is not uncommon this year and the previous years as many
students are still relying on procrastination itself. Previous Study shows that 70%
of SHS Students has this behavior. Research also stated that procrastination
corresponds with fear of failure and evaluation threat. (Knezevic, 2012).

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to know that procrastination can have a good/bad cause
and effect to students as well as the following:

1. What is the possibility of a student to procrastinate while doing school works.

2. What are the possible reasons of a student procrastinate .

3. Is it possible to overcome procrastination by doing and finishing school

works one at a time.

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Theoretical Hypothesis
Sometimes there seems to be as many theories on a topic as there are

people researching it. Fortunately, over the last 30 years, George Miller have been

testing these theories, trying to determine which one works best. Here’s the fourth

of the most popular theories of procrastination and consider the evidence for and

against them. Much of the empirical evidence comes from my meta-analysis, The

Nature of Procrastination.(Miller, George)

1. Anxiety: Fear of Failure, Perfectionism, etc.
There is a host of anxiety-related reasons that have been thought to cause

procrastination. Essentially, people are believed to procrastinate on tasks because

the task itself is aversive or stressful. Consequently, those who are more

susceptible to experiencing stress should procrastinate more. There are a variety

of conditions that make people anxious, especially irrational beliefs. Irrational

beliefs, cognition, or thought is a broad term that includes several dysfunctional or

anxiety-provoking worldviews. Ellis (1973) characterizes them as: (1) almost

6
certainly hindering the pursuit of happiness and fulfillment of desires, and (2)

almost completely arbitrary and unproved. Some examples of irrational beliefs are

fear of failure and perfectionism. (Ellis)

2. Self-Handicapping
There is dispute over whether self-handicapping should be considered a

form of procrastination. Self-handicapping is when people place obstacles that

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hinder their own good performance. The motivation for self-handicapping is often

to protect self-esteem by giving people an external reason, an “out,” if they fail to

do well. However, self-handicapping isn’t necessarily a form of procrastination,

which is “To voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to

be the worse-off for the delay.” Self-handicappers appear to be acting in their own

self-interest, thinking they are protecting themselves from shame and humiliation.

Consequently, Dr. Clarry Lay, one of the first researchers into procrastination and

developer of the General Procrastination Scale, concludes “to intend to put off

some activity to protect one’s self-esteem in not procrastinatory behavior.”( Lay,

Clarry)

Objectives

The researchers would like to conduct this study in order to help those
people realize that procrastination is not a good thing to practice and to change
their attitude regarding procrastination.

This study aims to show how procrastination affects people and how to
lessen people who are suffering procrastination especially on how to avoid it.

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1) The researchers will investigate the reason behind the procrastination of the

students when it comes to school works.

2) The researchers will investigate for the dominancy of procrastination is on

students and affecting their school works.

3) The researchers will investigate how procrastination can affect students when it
comes to offering jobs and other universities.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will be conducted at Immaculate Conception Academy West

Campus during the morning and will be involving selected Senior High School
students and the researchers expect it to be finished by the afternoon.

Researchers will focus solely on the selected Senior High School students
for the interviewing of the respondents and will be given some questions that the
researchers need to have an answer for.

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The researchers will be giving out questionnaire to the students for the
purpose of getting information. The coverage of the interview will be, but not
limited to the Immaculate Conception Academy West Campus Senior High
School.

Significance of the Study

1) Student. To know that procrastination have many different bad effects on the
way we want to finish our school works.

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2) Teacher. To lessen their works and to be able to work on other important things
and for them to have some free time.

3) Parent. To guide their child that procrastination is a bad habit.

4) Government. To finish works before or earlier than the due deadline.

5) Companies/Employers. To finish their work and have more time for other
works or may even have a promotion.

Definition of Terms

Equivocation.an ambiguous expression

Misgiving. feeling of doubt, distrust, or apprehension

Mistrust. lack of confidence

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Moratorium. suspension of activity

Vacillation. state of indecision or irresolution

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This part of the study will consist of the review of related literature. It will
include different previous works from local and foreign materials related to this
current study.

The information that will be gathered will contribute in defining the

problem and the insights of the researchers that will be a great part of the study.

Related Literature

Local Articles

Sex, Education and Procrastination: An Epidemiological Study of

Procrastinators' Characteristics from a Global Sample

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Procrastination is a common form of self‐regulatory failure with

substantive connections to lower levels of health, wealth and well‐being.
Conducting an epidemiological study, we determined the characteristics of
prototypical procrastinators from a global sample based on several relevant self‐
reported demographic variables. Procrastinators tended to be young, single men
with less education, residing in countries with lower levels of self‐discipline.
Notably, procrastination mediated the relationship between sex and education,
providing further support that men are lagging behind women academically
because of lower self‐regulatory skills.

Perfectionism and Procrastination: Cross Cultural Perspective

The fierce desire for attainment of perfection strongly influences the

psyche of individuals, turning them into slaves of success. People find themselves
combating with the persistent will of attaining the optimal present and future
quality of spiritual, mental, physical and material being. Although the
perfectionist aspirations in the normal range, may take the person towards the
high levels of performance, but in its pathological forms it can be hazardous as it
forms a vicious circle around perfectionist and takes him or her to the world of
work-holism, depression, fear of failure, low productivity, and procrastination and
more.

Foreign Articles

Cognitive factors predicting checking, procrastination and other maladaptive

behaviors: Prospective versus 11
Inhibitory Intolerance of Uncertainty

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Intolerance of Uncertainty is a cognitive construct which is strongly linked

to psychopathology, particularly anxiety and obsessive–compulsive symptoms. IU
has also been proposed to be linked to maladaptive behaviors such as checking
and procrastination in uncertain situations checking behaviors may be associated
with additional unwillingness to leave outcomes to chance. This research provides
new information about specific cognitive factors associated with checking and
procrastination and other maladaptive behaviors, which could potentially be
targeted in interventions.

An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality to variance in

academic procrastination

The construct of procrastination has been investigated in terms of task

approach and performance or through the perspective of personality and
individual differences. Recent articles have addressed the role of the three-factor
theory of personality in procrastination. However, little information is known
regarding the five-factor model of personality and procrastination. The present
investigation involves a comprehensive evaluation of this relationship.

Related Studies

Local Articles

Examining the Differences in Procrastination Tendencies among University

Students

The study explored the differences in procrastination behaviors among the

students in terms of gender, academic courses, level of performance and level of
academic self-efficacy. Responses were gathered from the 200 college students of
Bulacan State University, Philippines. The hypothesized difference in
procrastination scores were analyzed using independent samples t-test. Results
revealed gender differences in procrastination where male students procrastinate
more than the female students. Students with low perceived academic self-

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efficacy showed significantly higher procrastination scores than those with high
self-efficacy. No significant difference in procrastination score was found when
students were grouped according to type of academic course and level of
performance

Procrastination in folklore

Procrastination is one of the big obstacles in academic performance. It

delays and deprives the student’s performance that can cause of their failed

grades. This research purpose is to know what are the causes and history of

procrastination, and the ways to avoid procrastination in order to cease this bad

phenomenon and learn the importance of time management. This research is only

exclusive for the Filipino college student. So, the prospect sample of this research

will be the students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, as this research

intend to know how Filipino college students deal with procrastination.

Foreign Articles

Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior

To examine the possible links between anxiety and procrastination, trait

measures and self-report measures of dilatory behavior and state anxiety were
obtained. Trait procrastination enhanced the prediction of pre-examination and
exam-day dilatory behavior; trait and state anxiety did not. Furthermore, trait
procrastination and trait anxiety were unrelated. It was concluded that anxiety
plays a minor role, if any, in dilatory behavior, and should not be viewed as a
strong correlate of trait procrastination.

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The Procrastination of Everyday Life

Procrastinating in routine life tasks was investigated in university students

by administering self-report measures of the phenomenon and various personality
tests. Two conceptually independent aspects of procrastination when one
performed the task and how one handled scheduling tasks and adhering to
schedule were found to be highly correlated. Procrastination was greater on tasks
regarded as unpleasant or as impositions, and to a lesser extent on tasks requiring
skills the respondent did not believe he or she possessed

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Chapter III Methodology

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at Immaculate Conception Academy. The

respondents will be interviewed in grade 11 students. The respondents will be
Interviewed with questionnaires. The researchers choose this place because the
Place is much closer to be interviewed.
Research Design

The present study focused on analyzing the factors of procrastination and

its effects on learning of university students. It was conducted on 500 students and
40 teachers of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan through survey
approach. The study concluded that procrastination effects on the academic
performance of students in terms of classroom learning and participation in
activities, submission of their assignments, preparing for the examinations and
achievement. Likewise, the work load of assignments' and improper time
management by the students caused procrastination.In addition, procrastination
may result in developing other unhealthy cognitive-behavioural tendencies such
as laziness and hesitant as well as fear in taking initiative or starting to work on an
assignment (Hussain & Sultan, 2010).

Moreover, a study found strong effects of procrastination to other

academic misconduct such as cheating in examinations, copying assignments
from friends as well as fabricating and falsifying data, and the strongest
association found was toward making fraudulent excuses in order to extend the
deadline. ( Patrzek, Sattler, van Veen, Grunschel, & Fries, 2015)

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Population and Sampling

Previous researchers have focused their work on the perspectives and

benefits of procrastination in students in various schools. However, to the
researchers, several students have been asked to provide their opinions about the
causes and effects of procrastination in a systematic manner. Through this study,
the researchers sought to fill this gap in the research literature. Approximately 30
students from the Grade 11 - Rizal of Immaculate Conception Academy West
Campus were interviewed and asked to provide their answers regarding the topic
of procrastination. As previous researches have said that about 86- 88% of Senior
High School students nowadays are doing or experiencing procrastination itself

The researchers have preferred to define all Grade 11- Rizal students at
Immaculate Conception Academy West Campus as the population for the study,
but some students do not want to participate or are not always present. The
process of contacting the students who are not present would have been
prohibitively time-consuming and would have limited access to non-respondents.
Therefore, the researchers contacted the teachers to request permission to survey a
sample of the procrastination test for the study. Agreement to participate was
subsequently received. Only Grade 11 students from the Rizal section were a part
of the population of the study.

The researchers will do a random sampling wherein a list of Grade 11 –

Rizal students studying in Immaculate Conception Academy will be asked. Each
student will be assigned a corresponding number; from the list, the researchers
will randomly choose a number through a large box. These students will be asked
to answer a survey with questions related to the causes and effects of
procrastination. The researchers aim to collect 30 respondents from the section of
Grade 11 – Rizal.

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Data Gathering

The researchers will be handing out 30 survey forms to the selected Senior
High School Grade 11 - Rizal students for them to answer. Therefore, there would
be 30 students randomly chosen by the researcher from the Senior High School at
Immaculate Conception Academy. The researchers will allot a day to distribute
the questionnaires to the 30 selected Senior High School students within the said
section. Each student will get a questionnaire to answer within the day. In total,
the data collection will be done within 2 to 3 weeks since there are 30 students.

After the collection of the questionnaires from all the 30 selected Senior
High School students from the Grade 11 - Rizal, the researchers will group the
respondents and classify them based on their answers. A comparative analysis will
be done through a counting of the breakdown of their answers. Each question in
the survey is very significant to the study and is connected to the main topic itself.

Statistical Treatment

The Statistical tool the researchers will use is the percentage it is much
easier to use in our Statistical Instrument. The steps where gonna be using is,
number of answer over overall score then move two decimels to get the
percentage.

Statistical Instrument

The Statistical Instrument the researchers will use questionnaire to know if

the corresponding students frequently or seldom procrastinate in school works.

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References:

Milana Knezevic (2012, May. 9) Procrastination: a student's worst enemy?

https://www.theguardian.com/education/mortarboard/2012/may/09/students-
procrastinating-exams

Kousuke Muramatsu (2011) An Analysis for the Causes of the Academic

Procrastination Behaviour.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-
23854-3_56

Steel (2016) The causes and effects of procrastination.

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/the-causes-and-effects-of-
procrastination-psychology-essay.php

Cem Badadogan (2010, Jan. 14) The impact of academic procrastination

behaviors of the students in the certificate program in English language teaching
on their learning modalities and academic achievements

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