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Process
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Collection Network
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Sludge Treatment Incineration
Plant
REASONS FOR INCREASED POPULARITY WITH
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Basic Principles
Osmosis
H2O
Osmotic Head
H2O
H2O
Equilibrium
Reverse Osmosis
Applied Pressure, PF > Permeate Pressure, PP
Osmotic H2O
Pressure, PO,F
Strong H2O Pure
Solution Water
H2O
Osmotic Pressure, PO,P
•ONE INFLUENT
•TWO EFFLUENT STREAMS
•HIGH VELOCITY MINIMIZES MEMBRANE
SCALING AND FOULING
REVERSE OSMOSIS
CARTRIDGE
PRESSURE
FILTER HIGH-PRESSURE
VESSELS
FEED PUMP
FEED PRODUCT
TO WASTE
Cross Flow Filtration Methods
Polyamide
Ultrathin
Barrier Layer
0.2 micron
Microporous
40 micron Polysulfone
Reinforcing
120 micron Fabric
TFC Membrane
Membrane Comparison
Characteristic CA TFC
Operating pH 5 - 6.5 2 - 11
Feed Pressure > 400 PSI < 200 PSI
Salt Rejection 90-96% >99%
Flux Rate (GPD/Ft2) 12-16 15-20
Bacteria Resistance Poor Excellent
Cl2 Tolerance 0.2-1.0 0.0
Physical Stability Good Better
Max T (0F) 104 113
Membrane Comparison Cont.
Characteristic CA TFC
Hydrolysis 2X None
Typical Passage of Ions
Ion % Salt Passage % Salt Rejection
Ammonium 5 95
Sodium 2 98
Potassium 2 98
Magnesium <1 99+
Strontium <1 99+
Calcium <1 99+
Nitrate 15 85
Bisilicate 10 90
Chloride 2 98
Fluoride 2 98
Bicarbonate 2 98
Sulfate 1 99
Phosphate 1 99
* TFC element rated for a 98% NaCl rejection
Membrane Configurations
• Spiral Wound
• Hollow Fiber
• Tubular
Spiral Wound Membrane Elements
Spiral Wound Membrane Elements
Wound Elements
Flow
Pattern
for a
Spiral
Wound
Element
Hollow Fiber Membrane
Hollow Fiber Membrane Element
Concentrate
P
e
r
Feedwater m
e
a
t
e
Concentrate
Note: Only 4 hollow fibers are shown
Tubular Membrane
Reverse Osmosis
• Concentrate
– Reject
– Brine
• Permeate
– Product
Reverse Osmosis Basics
FEEDWATER PERMEATE
75 gpm
100 gpm
75% Recovery
25 gpm
25% Concentrate
CONCENTRATE
2310 ppm TDS
95% Salt Rejection
REVERSE OSMOSIS
What is RO Permeate and % Recovery?
RECOVERY CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
50% 2
75% 4
80% 5
83% 6
87.5% 8
REVERSE OSMOSIS
– Reject Staging
• Multi-stages for reject
• Increased utilization of water
– Incremental increase in investment
– Minimal decrease in water quality
– Multi - Pass
• Product staging
• Improves water quality
– May eliminate the need for downstream
polishing
Two-Stage RO System - Reject Staging
TRAIN #1
FEED PERMEATE
HIGH
PRESSURE PUMP TRAIN #2
2:1 ARRAY
1st STAGE
PERMEATE
CONCENTRATE
CONCENTRATE
VESSEL
ELEMENTS
Reject Staging
• Increased Utilization of
Water
– Incremental Increase in
Investment
– Minimal Degradation in
Water Quality
Double Pass RO System
* pH 9.0
w/ NaOH
Permeate
• Applications:
– Seawater (High TDS)
– Ultra-high purity applications
• Benefits of interstage pH
adjustment
– Improved Alkalinity Rejection
– Improved Silica Rejection
– Improved TOC Rejection
Typical RO Machine
What Are the Advantages of RO ?
Electrical
44%
Chemicals
14%
Membrane
Replacement
12% Other Labor
5% 25%
Reverse Osmosis
Scaling
- Mineral Salts
- Silica
Fouling
- Metal Oxides
- Colloidal Silt & Crud
- Biological & Organics
Frequent cleaning
Membrane Replacement
• Prevention:
– Reduce Recovery
– Acid Feed (CaCO3)
– Sodium Zeolite Softening
– Antiscalant
Concentration Polarization
Mineral Scale
Silica Fouling
Metal Oxide
Iron, Manganese and Aluminum
• Cause:
– Feedwater
– Corrosion in system piping
– Clarifier carryover
• Prevention:
– Oxidation & Filtration
– Greensand Filtration (Mn)
– Softening (Fe & Mn)
– Chemical Antifoulant
Iron Fouling
REVERSE OSMOSIS
SCALE CONTROL
•RO
For:
• DOSAGE CONTROL
• LEAK ANALYSIS DIAGNOSTICS
• TRUE SYSTEM RECOVERY
• MEMBRANE INTEGRITY
• COST CONTROL
Components of RO TRASAR®
30 30
25 25 Actual Dose
PPM as Antiscalant
ppm antiscalant
20 20 Target Dose & Control
Limits
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
100
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
0
100
150
200
250
50
0
Savings
Before After % $/yr
Antiscalant 12 ppm 9 ppm 25% $5,600
• Cause:
– Surface water
– Corrosion in system piping - (Line
all vessels)
• Prevention:
– Coagulation & filtration
– Zeolite softening
– Chemical Antifoulant
Bacteria, Slime
• Cause:
– Surface water
– Non-Cl2 Feed
– Off-Line RO System
• Prevention:
– Biocide
• Cl2 residual
– Dechlorination
• Non-Oxidizing Biocide
• UV Sterilization
Microbiological Fouling
Organic
• Cause:
– Polymer overfeed
– Surface Water
– Process Leaks
Monitoring
Monitoring
• Pretreatment
– 90% of operational
problems are found here
• System
– 10% of operational
problems are found here
RO System Monitoring
• Pretreatment monitoring
- Silt Density (SDI), Turbidity, pH,
Oxidants Particle Size and Counts
• Performance monitoring
- Percent salt rejection
- Differential pressure
Pretreatment
• Feedwater Analysis
Silt Density Index (SDI)
Filter
Holder
• Turbidity
• pH
• Oxidants
• Temperature
• Pressure
• TDS / Conductivity
• Foulants - bacteria, metals, hardness, silica
etc.
Affect of SDI on Flux & % Recovery per
Element
Max. Flux Max. %
Feed source SDI (gal/ft2/day) Recovery
RO permeate <1 21 – 25 22
Nalco recommendations
for longer membrane life
Effect of Temperature on Permeate Flowrate
120
Permeate Flowrate,
110
% of Design
100
90
80
70
60
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0F
-1.1 4.4 10.0 15.6 21.1 26.7 32.2 37.8 43.3 0C
TEMPERATURE
System Monitoring
The Critical 3
TDSfeed
D P = Pf - Pc
DP differential pressure, “delta P” or pressure drop
Pf = feed pressure
Pc = concentrate pressure
Normalized Permeate Flowrate
Flownormalize : Qn = NDP(start-up) * FT * Qp
NDP(daily)
• Permeate Flow
• Differential
Pressure
• Salt Rejection
Effect of Driving Pressure on Permeate Flowrate
Permeate Flowrate, %
100%
Percent Rejection, %
80%
100%
60%
80%
40% 60%
40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
DRIVING PRESSURE
Feed Flow Vs. NDP
Raw Data Vs. Normalized Data
Start Up Information
• RO-EYE
T
M
• REVERSE OSMOSIS
MONTIROING AND
CONTROL SYSTEM
• Real time data monitoring
• Data normalization
• TRASAR control
Reverse Osmosis
Trouble Shooting
Flow Through a Pressure Vessel
Product
Feed Concentrate
Indications of Trouble
Change
• Salt Rejection
• Differential Pressure
• Others
Trouble Shooting Changes
• Thermometers
Trouble Shooting / Changes in Salt Rejection
– Autopsy
• Potentially Destructive
• More detailed Information`
Problems
Cause General Symptoms
Salt Passage Permeator D P Product Flow
Higher Lower
Biofouling Lower Flow Rates
Scaling Higher Feed Temp.
Inorganic Fouling
Higher Flow Rates
Lower Feed Temp.
Frequent Causes of Change
Change in Feed Pressure
Higher Lower
Scaling Higher Feed Temp.
Pluggage Lower Feed TDS
Higher Feed TDS Membrane Damage
Lower Feed Temp.
Improper Valving
Frequent Causes of Change
Change in Feed Chemistry
Chemistry Change Effect on System
pH Too High Membrane Damage
pH Too Low Membrane Damage
Cl2 outside Specs. Membrane Damage
Scaling Ions above Specs. Scaling
Increased SDI / Turbidity Fouling
Reverse Osmosis
Cleaning
When do I clean?
Time
Time
Cleaning Skid
Isolate Stages
Cleaning
P Solution
Permeate Return Return
F Permeate
Recirculation
Supply
DP
SS/Plastic
Cleaning L
5m Pump TC Heater
T
CF
• pH Doesn’t Change
Globe
Valve Needle
Differential Valve
Pressure
Reject Reject
Pressure Flowrate
Gauge
Benefits of Maintaining an RO
• Reduced downtime
(CARBON FILTER
GREENSAND FILTER)
CHLORINE ANTISCALANT
COAGULANT BISULFITE
ACID TO WASTE
CAUSTIC TREATMENT OR
COOLING TOWER
Pretreatment Selection
Technique Controls
Multimedia Filters Suspended solids
Carbon Filters Suspended solids, organics, chlorine
Greensand Filters Suspended solids, iron, manganese
Sodium Softeners Hardness, scale formers, iron,
manganese, some suspended solids
Chlorine Microbes, organics
Bisulfite Free chlorine
Acid / Caustic Scale formers (acid), pH
Antiscalant Scale formers, foulants
Ultrafiltration Color or Bacteria
Recovery Scale
REVERSE OSMOSIS SUMMARY