International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
Power Quality and Dynamic Performance Improvement of Grid
Connected DFIG Based Wind Farms
Dr.S.Sundeep1, Sefaalli2, M.Rachana3
Assoc.Prof, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, VBIT, Hyderabad1
Graduating student, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,VBIT2
Graduating student, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,VBIT3
sundeep.siddula@gmail.com1, sefaallinigam31@gmail.com2, rachnareddy555@gmail.com3
Abstract: Renewable energy sources are
alternative energy source, can bring new
challenges when it is connected to the power grid.
When the wind power is connected to an electric
grid it affects the power quality. The effects of the
power quality measurements are the active power,
reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker,
harmonics, and electrical behaviour of switching
operations. This paper presents a new approach of
a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and
related fully-tuned (FT) branches based on an
inductive filtering method for a wind farm equipped
with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). The
control strategy of STATCOM is introduced briefly
in this paper. Simulation studies are illustrate that
the new approach can not only enhance the low-
voltage ride-through capability of wind turbines,
but also significantly prevent harmonic components
flowing into the primary (grid) winding of the new
grid connected transformer.
Keywords—Inductive filtering method, STATCOM;
grid connected system; wind farm
I. INTRODUCTION
There is no reason why wind power should not
become as important to the world's future energy
supply as nuclear power is today [2]. The question
that has to be asked is how wind power will affect
the whole electrical grid, in particular the
distribution network to which it is usually
connected to. The role of the distribution network
is to inter connect the generation and transmission
systems on one side and load centers on the second
side. Networks with such an arrangement are
described as passive networks. However, the
integration of renewable energy sources into the
distribution networks transforms them from being
passive to active networks. Many papers have been
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published on this particular topic [3 - 6] and they
have shown that generators embedded into the
distribution networks can significantly affect their
operation.There is a requirement for new protection
practices in order to provide network protection
against abnormal operating conditions, like
transients and islanding conditions. When making
decisions about new wind turbines placement the
energy gain is not the only criteria to be considered
during the planning phase; cost, efficiency, the
impact on the environment and the impact on the
electric grid are some of the most important issues.
There are currently three main issues: 1)
harmonics generated by voltage source converter
(VSC)-based wind turbine generators flow through
the wind farm transformer, harmonics will lead to a
serious effect on the grid-connected transformer,
such as noise, loss, vibration, etc; 2) the output
power variation caused by the wind speed will lead
to voltage fluctuation; 3) the low-voltage ride-
through (LVRT) capability during fault conditions.
For the voltage stability problem, the reactive
compensation devices are usually applied to
compensate the reactive power that the wind farms
demanded, such as SVC, STATCOM and capacitor
banks [7]. Moreover, for the harmonic problem, the
wind farms mainly adopt passive power filtering
(PPF) method to suppress the harmonic generated
by the wind turbines [8]. However, its filtering
performance is easily affected by its own
parameters change. In addition, in order to avoid
potential series/parallel resonance with the system
impedance, the passive filter usually adopts
detuned design, which means that the filtering
ability is limited to a certain degree. Unlike the
traditional topology of grid connected wind power
system with PPF method and dynamic reactive
compensation method, this paper proposes a new
topology with an inductive filtering method [9].
This new system fully utilizes the filtering and
reactive compensation ability of the transformer
with related FT branches and STATCOM, thus
improves the power quality of wind farms.
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The paper will investigate the new grid
connected wind power system. The main circuit
topology of the new system is proposed in section
II, which contains a new grid connected
transformer, related FT branches and a
STATCOM; in section III, a mathematical model
reflecting the harmonic distribution in grid
connected transformer is established to reveal the
mechanism of inductive filtering method; in
section IV, the reactive power compensation
characteristic is revealed briefly. In section V, the
transient simulation of a grid connected wind
power system in Digsient / Power factor is carried
out to verify the feasibility of theoretical analysis.
Finally, the conclusions will be given in section
VI.
II. MAIN CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY OF THE NEW
GRID CONNECTED WIND POWER SYSTEM
Fig.1. Main circuit topology of the grid connected
wind power system
Fig.1 shows the main circuit topology of the grid
connected wind power system. From this, it can be
seen t is a 50 MW wind farm composed of 25
double-fed induction generators (DFIGs), and each
DFIG has a rating of 2 MW. Each wind turbine is
connected to the wind farm internal 35 kV cable
network via a 2.2 MVA, 0.69/35 kV transformer.
The wind farm is connected to the power grid by
means of a new grid-connected transformer, which
has the grid winding, the secondary winding and
the filtering winding, respectively. The FT
branches and STATCOM are connected to the
filtering winding of the new grid-connected
transformer. The point of common coupling (PCC)
voltage should be regulated at the 110 kV.
III. HARMONIC MODEL AND EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT MODEL
To study the filtering mechanism of the inductive
method, the single-phase equivalent circuit model
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of the new grid connected transformer is
established as shown in Fig. 2, in which, the VSC-
based wind turbine generators can be regarded as
the voltage source. The harmonic current in the
grid winding, secondary winding and filtering
winding are the I1n, I2n and I3n respectively.
Fig.2. the single phase equivalent circuit model of
the new grid connected transformer with FT
branches
According to Fig. 2, the equations of the harmonic
current and voltage can be obtained:
=− (1)
=
Moreover,the magnetic potential balance equation
can be expressed as follows:
N1I1n + N2I2n+N3I3n = 0 (2)
where N1, N2, N3 are the numbers of turns of the
grid winding, the secondary winding and the
filtering winding respectively. Then, according to
the theory of the multi-winding transformer, the
voltage transfer equations can be obtained:
U − =− −
U − U =− Z I − Z I (3)
Where Z21nis the short-circuit impedance between
the secondary winding and the primary winding;
Z23n is the short-circuit impedance between the
secondary winding and the filtering winding. They
can be obtained by the transformer short-circuit
test. Z2n is the equivalent impedance of the
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International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
secondary winding and can be calculated by the
short-circuit impedance, as shown in follows
Z = (Z +Z − ) (4)
There are no harmonic current in the primary
winding of the new grid connected transformer,
thus we can obtain U1n=0. According to the
mathematic model, the current in the primary
winding of the new grid connected transformer can
be expressed as
=− (5)
From equation (5), it can be seen that as long as the
Z3n and Zfn approximately equal or equal zero, the
condition of the inductive filtering method can be
satisfied. Thereby, there is no or few harmonic
current in the grid (primary) winding, which
reveals the filtering mechanism of the new grid
connected transformer and related FT branches.
Moreover, the special impedance design of the new
grid connected transformer can make the equivalent
impedance of the filtering winding (Z3n)
approximately equal zero .
IV. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
CHARACTERISTIC
A. Phasor Analysis
In the new grid connected wind power system, FT
branches and STATCOM can support voltage
stability by compensating reactive power.
According to the current distribution in the new
grid connected transformer, as shown in Fig. 3, we
can obtain the phasor diagram of the secondary
winding’s voltage and current of the new grid
connected transformer, as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig.3. The current distribution of the new grid
connected transformer
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Taking the A-phase winding in Fig. 4 as an
example, assume the secondary winding current Ia
lags the phase of the secondary winding voltage Ua
by δ. Since the impedance of the FT branches is
capacitive for the fundamental, when we carry out
the FT branches and STATCOM, the phase current
of the FT branches will lead 90º to the secondary
winding voltage Ua. In addition, the currents Ica
that the STATCOM injected lags the phase of the
secondary winding voltage UA by 90º, also. Thus,
we can obtain that the angle of the load-side I′a
(with the inductive filtering method and
STATCOM) lags the secondary winding voltage
Ua is smaller than δ. Hence, it is known that the FT
branches and STACOM have reactive power
compensation ability in the secondary winding,
which means the FT branches and STATCOM can
improve the power quality of the wind farms.
Fig.4. Phasor diagram of the voltage and current of
the secondary winding
B. Control Scheme of STATCOM
The STATCOM and its controller are shown in
Fig. 5. It connects the filtering winding and can
improve transient stability of power grid (Vac).
Fig.5. schematic diagram of STATCOM controller
The STATCOM regulate voltage of the grid
winding of the new grid connected transformer by
controlling the reactive power injected into or
absorbed from the power grid. In the Fig. 5, an
outer regulation loop contains an ac voltage
regulator and a dc voltage regulator, while an inner
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regulation loop contains a current regulator. The A. Test 1:Filtering Performance

control signal of STATCOM (e.g. Vd, Vq) can be
obtained by the regulator loop and they are usually
used by the PWM module to generate the pulse
signals to drive IGBT of the STATCOM. The
objective of the STATCOMis primarily to keep the
ac voltage constant. During the normal conditions,
the grid voltage is stability and the reactive power
flow from or to STATCOM is approximately zero.
When the grid is under fault conditions, The
STATCOM will inject amount of reactive power
for the system instantly. Hence, this voltage
control strategy reacts immediately to a sudden
voltage variation and is well-suitable for fault
condition operation in the grid connected wind
power system.
Taking the A-phase winding as an example,
Fig. 6 shows the A-phase current of grid winding
of the new grid connected transformer without
filters and with inductive filtering. We can know
that the waveform of the grid winding current is
represented as a relatively good sinusoidal when
carrying out the inductive filtering method. Hence,
the inductive filtering method can successfully
suppress the harmonic current at the grid winding
of the new grid-connected transformer, thus
improving the power quality of the PCC

V. SIMULATION RESULTS

Simulation studies have been performed using (a)

Digsilent/ Powerfactory for the system shown in
Fig. 1. The parameters of the new grid-connected
transformer and related FT branches are shown in
Tables I and II, respectively. A ±5 MVA
STATCOM is applied in the new grid-connected
wind power system. To illustrate the effectiveness
of the proposed wind power integrated system, the (b)
filtering performance and reactive compensation
performance are considered in this paper. Fig.6. Current in the grid winding of the new grid
connected transformer.(a) without inductive
TABLE I. IMPENDANCE PARAMETERS OF filtering method.(b) With inductive filtering
THE NEW GRID-CONNECTED method
TRANSFORMER
Furthermore, Fig. 7 gives more details about main
Short circuit order harmonic currents in the grid winding. It is
impedance(%) clear that when implementing the inductive
Primary –secondary winding 10.35 filtering method in the wind power integrated
(Z12) system, the harmonic currents are reduced greatly,
Primary-filtering winding 6.5 the total harmonic distortion (THD) is decline
(Z23)
from 7.77% to 2.49%. It is important that there are
Secondary-filtering winding 3.85
(Z13) few 5th-, 7th-, 11th, 13th-order harmonic currents
TABLE II. BASIC PARAMETERS OF FULLY- in the grid winding of the new grid-connected
TUNED BRANCHES transformer.

No.of fully 5th 7th 11th 13th

tuned branches
Compensating 2 2 2 2
capacity(Mvar)
Capacitance(µF) 4.9 5.090 5.153 5.166
890 8 9 1
Reactance (mH) 81. 40.6 16.24 11.60
235 71 51
3 Fig.7.FFT results on the current waveform in the
grid winding

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International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
B. Test 2: Three-phase Short Circuit at the Grid
To investigate the effect of the STATCOM on the
dynamic reactive compensation performance of the
new grid connected wind power system, a three-
phase short circuit is applied for 0.2 s to the line 1
in Fig. 1 at t=1s. It is worth noting that the
protective system of the DFIG is disabled. Fig. 8
shows the magnitudes of the voltage at the PCC.
Fig.8. Magnitudes of the voltage at the PCC
From Fig. 8, we can see that the voltage of PCC
will become instability without the STATCOM
provides the reactive compensation for the wind
power integrated system. In addition, the
magnitudes of the PCC voltage after grid fault is
about 0.72 pu, this will be result in the wind farm
is disconnected from the power grid. However, the
PCC voltage is instantly reestablished after the
fault has cleared when using the STATCOM and
the wind farm successfully ride through the grid
fault. Thus, the proposed grid connected wind
power system has a better fault ride-through
capability
C. Test 3: Wind Speed Fluctuation
Fig. 9 shows the wind speed for the test system.
The wind speed varies in the range of 5-20m/s and
its mean value is 13 m/s. As we all known the
output power variation caused by the wind speed
will lead to the PCC voltage fluctuation.
Fig. 10 shows the magnitudes of the PCC voltage
in the case of no STATCOM and with
STATCOM. It is clear that the PCC voltage has
been fluctuated because there are no STATCOM
provide dynamic reactive compensation. However,
the FT branches also compensate the reactive
power which the wind farm needed, thus the PCC
voltage fluctuates in a reasonable range. On the
contrary, when using the STATCOM, the PCC
voltage always maintains the nominal value of 1.0
pu. Therefore, the voltage regulation using the FT
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branches and STATCOM significantly reduces the
voltage fluctuations and improves the power
quality of the wind farm for grid connection.
Fig.9. Wind speed vs time for the wind farm
Fig.10.Magnitudes of the voltage at the pcc
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a new grid connected wind
power system based on an inductive filtering
method, which consists of a new grid connected
transformer with the special impedance design, the
fully tuned branches and a STATCOM. The
mathematical model and equivalent circuit are
established to reveal a special filtering mechanism.
Through the phasor analysis, it presents that this
new system can compensate the reactive power for
the wind farm and improves the power factor of
the wind farm. The simulation results indicate that
the new approach not only can significantly
improve the filtering performance, but also
effectively reduced the level of voltage fluctuation
when the wind speed varies in a large range.
Moreover, the new approach can successfully
reestablished the PCC voltage in case of the grid
fault, and therefore, enhanced the low-voltage ride
through capability of the wind farm.
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