Bacteria

Prokaryote &
Eukaryote
Structure and Function
Evolution

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Cellular Evolution Infolding Theory

• Current evidence • The infolding of the
indicates that eukaryotes prokaryotic plasma
evolved f
from pprokaryotes
y membrane gave rise to
eukaryotic
k ti organelles.
ll
between 1 and 1.5 billion
years ago
• Two theories:
1. Infolding theory
2. Endosymbiotic theory 3 infolding organelle 4

Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotic &

• Endosymbiosis refers to one
Eukaryotic Cells
species living within another(the
another(the
host)
• Movement of smaller
photosynthetic
p y & heterotrophic
p
prokaryotes into larger
prokaryotic host cells
• Formed cell organelles chloroplast

mitochondria
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1
 Earliest
Prokaryotes
• Most numerous
organisms on Classification
Earth
• Include all of Life
bacteria
• Earliest fossils
date 2.5 billion
years old
7 8

Three Domains of
Life Kingdoms of Bacteria
• Archaea –
prokaryotes living in Archaebacteria:
extreme habitats 9 Found in harsh
• Bacteria- environments
n i nm nt
Cyanobacteria and 9 Undersea volcanic vents,
vents,
eubacteria acidic hot springs,
springs, salty
• Eukarya – water
Protozoans, fungi,
plants, & animals 9 10

Archaebacteria Kingdoms of Bacteria

Eubacteria:
9 Called the true
bacteria
9 Most bacteria are in
this group
9 Include photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria
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2
 Eubacteria

Characteristics
of Bacteria

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Bacterial Cell
Bacterial Structure
• Microscopic prokaryotes
• No nucleus or membrane-
membrane-
bound organelles
• Contain ribosomes
• Single, circular
chromosome in nucleoid
region
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Sticky Bacterial
Protection
Capsule
• Cell Wall made of
Peptidoglycan
• May have a sticky
coating called the
Capsule for
attachment to host or
other bacteria
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 Bacterial
Structure
PLASMIDS

• Have small rings of

DNA called Plasmids
• Unicellular
• Small in size (0.5 to
2μm)
19 20

Staphylococcus
Bacterial Structure
Bacterial
• Most grow best at
pH of 6.5 to 7.0
• Many
M actt as
decomposers recycling
nutrients
• Some cause disease
21 22

Useful Bacteria Useful Bacteria

• Some • Other uses
bacteria for bacteria
can include
degrade oil making
• Used to yogurt,
clean up oil cheese, and
spills buttermilk.
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4
 Flagella Pili
• Bacteria that • Short protein appendages
are motile have • Smaller than flagella
appendages
called flagella
• Adhere bacteria to
surfaces
• Attached by • Used in conjugation for
Basal Body
Exchange of genetic
• A bacteria can information
have one or
many flagella
• Aid Flotation by
increasing buoyancy
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Pili in Conjugation

Bacterial
Shapes

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Shapes Are Used to

Classify
• Bacillus: Rod shaped
• Coccus: Spherical (round)
• Vibrio: Comma shaped with
flagella
• Spirillum: Spiral shape
• Spirochete: wormlike
spiral shape 29 30

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Grouping of Bacteria

• Diplo
Diplo-- Groups of
two
• Strepto
Strepto- - chains
• Staphylo
Staphylo- - Grapelike
clusters
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Diplococcus

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Streptococcus Causes
Strep Throat
Staphylococcus

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6
Bacillus - E. coli
Streptobacilli

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Spirillum Spirochetes

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Leptospira

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 Archaebacteria
Bacterial • Lack peptidoglycan in cell
walls
Kingdoms • Have different lipids in
their
h cell
ll membrane
b
• Different types of
ribosomes
• Very different gene
sequences
43 44

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria can live in • Subdivided into 3
extremely harsh groups:
environments
• They do not require oxygen
9Methanogens
h
and can live in extremely
salty environments as well as 9Thermoacidophiles
extremely hot environments 9Extreme Halophiles
• Called the Ancient bacteria
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Methanogens Methanogens
• Live in anaerobic • Break down
environments (no oxygen) cellulose in a
• Get energy by changing H2 cow’s
& CO2 into methane gas stomach
• Found in swamps
swamps,, sewage • Produce
treatment plants, digestive marsh
tracts of animals (methane)
gas
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8
 Thermoacidophiles or
Extreme Halophiles Thermophiles
• Live in very • Live in
salty water extremely hot
• Use salt to environments
generate • Found in
ATP (energy) volcanic vents,
• Dead Sea, hot springs,
Great Salt cracks on ocean
Lake floor that leak
inhabitants acid
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Characteristics
Kingdom • 3 basic shapes (coccus,
Eubacteria bacillus, spirilla)
• Most are heterotrophic
(can’t make their own food)
True Bacteria
• May be aerobic or
anaerobic
• Identified by Gram staining
51 52

Gram Staining Gram Positive

• Developed in 1884 by • Have thick layer
Hans Gram of peptidoglycan
(protein-
(protein -sugar
• Bacteria treated with complex)
l )
purple Crystal Violet & red • Single lipid
Safranin stains layer
• Cell walls either stain • Stain purple
purple or reddish pink • Can be treated
with antibiotics
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9
 Gram Positive Gram Negative
Bacteria Bacteria
9 Lactobacilli (makes yogurt & • Thin layer of peptidoglycan in
buttermilk) cell wall
9 Actinomycetes
y (make
(make • Extra thick layer
y of lipids
p
antibiotics) • Stain pink or reddish
9 Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria) • Hard to treat with antibiotics
9 Streptococcus (strep throat) • Some photosynthetic but
9 Staphylococcus (staph
(staph make sulfur not oxygen
infections) • Some fix nitrogen for plants
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Gram Negative Gram Negative

• Rhizobacteria • Rickettsiae are
grow in root parasitic
nodules of bacteria
l
legumes carried by ticks
(soybeans,
peanuts) • Cause Lyme
• Fix N2 from air disease & Rocky
into usable Mountain
ammonia Spotted Fever
57 58

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria
• Gram negative • May be red, yellow, brown, black,
or blue
blue--green
• Photosynthetic • May grow in chains (Oscillatoria)
• Called
ll d blue
bl -green bacteria
blue- b • Have
H H t
Heterocystst to
t hhelp
l fix
fi N2
• First to re
re--enter devastated
• Contain phycocyanin (red
(red-- areas
blue) pigments & • Some cause Eutrophication (use up
O2 when die & decompose in
chlorophyll water)
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 Cyanobacteria Nutrition,
Respiration,
and
Reproduction

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Modes of Nutrition Methods of Respiration

• Saprobes – feed on dead
organic matter
• Parasites – feed on a host
cell
• Photoautotroph – use
sunlight to make food
• Chemoautotroph – oxidize
inorganic matter such as
iron or sulfur to make food
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• Obligate Aerobes – require
O2 (tuberculosis bacteria)
• Obligate Anaerobes – die if
O2 is present (tetanus)
• Facultative Anaerobes – don’t
need O2, but aren’t killed by
it (E. coli)
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Bacterial Respiration Reproduction

• Anaerobes • Bacteria reproduce
carry on asexually by binary fission
fermentation
• Single
Sin l chromosome
h m m
• Aerobes
replicates & then cell
carry on
cellular divides
respiration • Rapid
• All new cells identical
65
(clones) 66

11
 Binary Fission E. coli

Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information

then splits into two identical daughter cells
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Reproduction Conjugation
• Bacteria reproduce
sexually by Conjugation
• Form
F m a tube
t b bbetween
t n 2
bacteria to exchange
genetic material
• Held together by pili
• New cells NOT identical
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Transduction &
Spore Formation Transformation
• Form endospore • Genetically change bacteria
whenever when
habitat conditions • May become antibiotic resistant
become harsh • Transformed bacteria p pick up
p
(little
(littl food)
f d) pieces of DNA from dead
• Able to survive for bacterial cells
long periods of
time as endosperm • Transduction – viruses carry
• Difficult to foreign DNA to bacteria; used
destroy (heat to make insulin
resistant)
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 Pathogens
Pathenogenic • Called germs or microbes
Bacteria • Cause disease
• May produce poisons or
toxins
• Endotoxins released after
bacteria die (E. coli)
• Exotoxins released by Gram
+ bacteria (C.
(C. tetani)
tetani)
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